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Zhang B, Xu Y, Zhang L, Yu S, Zhu Y, Liu C, Wang P, Shi Y, Li L, Liu H. Root endodermal suberization induced by nitrate stress regulate apoplastic pathway rather than nitrate uptake in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109166. [PMID: 39366201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen levels and distribution in the rhizosphere strongly regulate the root architecture. Nitrate is an essential nutrient and an important signaling molecule for plant growth and development. Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in endodermal suberization in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) roots at three nitrate levels. Nitrogen accumulation was detected in the roots, shoots, and xylem sap. Nitrate influx on the root surface was also measured using the non-invasive self-referencing microsensor technique (SRMT). RNA-Seq analysis was performed to identify the genes related to endodermal suberization, nitrate transport, and endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. The results showed that root length, root-shoot ratio, nitrate influx on the root surface, and NiA and NRT2.4 genes were regulated to maintain the nitrogen nutrient supply in tobacco under low nitrate conditions. Low nitrate levels enhanced root endodermal suberization and hence reduced the apoplastic transport pathway, and genes from the KCS, FAR, PAS2, and CYP86 families were upregulated. The results of exogenous fluridone, an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, indicated that suberization of the tobacco root endodermis had no relevance to radial nitrate transport and accumulation. However, ABA enhances suberization, relating to ABA biosynthesis genes in the CCD family and degradation gene ABA8ox1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunxiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shunyang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- Shandong Weifang Tobacco Co., Ltd., Weifang 261061, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lianzhen Li
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Peng Q, Shrestha A, Zhang Y, Fan J, Yu F, Wang G. How lignin biosynthesis responds to nitrogen in plants: a scoping review. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 39032003 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) plays a critical role in the functioning of key amino acids and synthetic enzymes responsible for the various stages of lignin biosynthesis. However, the precise mechanisms through which N influences lignin biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated. This scoping review explores how lignin biosynthesis responds to N in plants. A systematic search of the literature in several databases was conducted using relevant keywords. Only 44 of the 1842 selected studies contained a range of plant species, experimental conditions, and research approaches. Lignin content, structure, and biosynthetic pathways in response to N are discussed, and possible response mechanisms of lignin under low N are proposed. Among the selected studies, 64.52% of the studies reter to lignin content found a negative correlation between N availability and lignin content. Usually, high N decreases the lignin content, delays cell lignification, increases p-hydroxyphenyl propane (H) monomer content, and regulates lignin synthesis through the expression of key genes (PAL, 4CL, CCR, CAD, COMT, LAC, and POD) encoding miRNAs and transcription factors (e.g., MYB, bHLH). N deficiency enhances lignin synthesis through the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and soluble carbohydrates, and indirect changes in phytohormones, secondary metabolites, etc. This review provides new insights and important references for future studies on the regulation of lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Shrestha
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Fan
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Wang
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Jiménez JDLC, Visser EJW, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Shabala S, Pedersen O. Outer apoplastic barriers in roots: prospects for abiotic stress tolerance. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:NULL. [PMID: 37814289 DOI: 10.1071/fp23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Floods and droughts are becoming more frequent as a result of climate change and it is imperative to find ways to enhance the resilience of staple crops to abiotic stresses. This is crucial to sustain food production during unfavourable conditions. Here, we analyse the current knowledge about suberised and lignified outer apoplastic barriers, focusing on the functional roles of the barrier to radial O2 loss formed as a response to soil flooding and we discuss whether this trait also provides resilience to multiple abiotic stresses. The barrier is composed of suberin and lignin depositions in the exodermal and/or sclerenchyma cell walls. In addition to the important role during soil flooding, the barrier can also restrict radial water loss, prevent phytotoxin intrusion, salt intrusion and the main components of the barrier can impede invasion of pathogens in the root. However, more research is needed to fully unravel the induction pathway of the outer apoplastic barriers and to address potential trade-offs such as reduced nutrient or water uptake. Nevertheless, we suggest that the outer apoplastic barriers might act as a jack of all trades providing tolerance to multiple abiotic and/or biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juan de la Cruz Jiménez
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, Netherlands
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; and International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Liu T, Kreszies T. The exodermis: A forgotten but promising apoplastic barrier. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 290:154118. [PMID: 37871477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The endodermis and exodermis are widely recognized as two important barriers in plant roots that play a role in regulating the movement of water and ions. While the endodermis is present in nearly all plant roots, the exodermis, characterized by Casparian strips and suberin lamellae is absent in certain plant species. The exodermis can be classified into three types: uniform, dimorphic, and inducible exodermis. Apart from its role in water and ion transport, the exodermis acts as a protective barrier against harmful substances present in the external environment. Furthermore, the exodermis is a complex barrier influenced by various environmental factors, and its resistance to water and ions varies depending on the type of exodermis and the maturity of the root. Therefore, investigations concerning the exodermis necessitate a plant-specific approach. However, our current understanding of the exodermal physiological functions and molecular mechanisms governing its development is limited due to the absence of an exodermis in the model plant Arabidopsis. Due to that, unfortunately, the exodermis has been largely overlooked until now. In this review, we aim to summarize the current fundamental knowledge regarding the exodermis in common research used crop species and propose suggestions for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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Liu L, Cui K, Qi X, Wu Y, Huang J, Peng S. Varietal responses of root characteristics to low nitrogen application explain the differing nitrogen uptake and grain yield in two rice varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1244281. [PMID: 37600168 PMCID: PMC10435752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1244281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice root characteristics are tightly associated with high-efficient nitrogen uptake. To understand the relationship of root plastic responses with nitrogen uptake when reducing nitrogen application for green rice production, a hydroponic experiment and a soil pot experiment were conducted under high (HN) and low (LN) nitrogen applications, using two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, NK57 and YD6, three nitrogen absorption traits (total nitrogen accumulation, net NH4 + influx on root surface, nitrogen uptake via apoplasmic pathway) and root characteristics were investigated. In comparison with HN, LN significantly reduced nitrogen absorption and grain yield in both varieties. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in total root length, root surface area, root number, root volume, and root cortical area under LN, while single root length, root aerenchyma area, and root lignin content increased. The expression of OsAMT1;1 and OsAMT1;2 down-regulated in both varieties. The findings revealed that YD6 had smaller reduction degree for the three nitrogen absorption traits and grain yield, accompanied by smaller reduction degree in total root length, root surface area, root cortical area, and expression of the two genes under LN. These root characteristics were significantly and positively correlated with the three nitrogen absorption traits and grain yield, especially under LN. These results indicate that a large root system, lower reduction degree in several root characters, and high expression of OsAMT genes in YD6 explains its high nitrogen accumulation and grain yield under reduced nitrogen application. The study may provide rationale for developing varieties with low nitrogen fertilizer requirements for enabling green rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kehui Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Chen A, Liu T, Deng Y, Xiao R, Zhang T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Lakshmanan P, Shi X, Zhang F, Chen X. Nitrate _dependent suberization regulates cadmium uptake and accumulation in maize. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162848. [PMID: 36931522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effect of nitrate-dependent suberization in maize root on cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation was investigated. Suberization in maize roots was significantly lower in plants grown with a high nitrate supply compared with low nitrate. This decrease was seen in the total amount of suberin, in which the aliphatic suberin amount was significantly decreased, whereas no difference in aromatic suberin content between different N-treatments. RNA-sequencing showed that suberin biosynthesis genes were upregulated in low nitrate treatment, which correlated well with the increased suberin content. Bioimaging and xylem sap analysis showed that reduced exodermal and endodermal suberization in roots of plants grown under high nitrate promoted radial Cd transport along the crown root. The enhanced suberization in crown roots of plants grown in low nitrate restricted the radial transport of Cd from epidermis to cortex via decreased accessibility to Cd related transporters at the plasmalemma. Also, under low nitrate supply, the Cd transport gene ZmNramp5 was upregulated in the crown root, which may enhance Cd uptake by root tip where exodermis and endodermis were not fully suberized. These results suggest that high nitrate supply enhances Cd uptake and radial transport in maize roots by reducing exodermal and endodermal suberization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anle Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xinping Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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7
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Grünhofer P, Schreiber L. Cutinized and suberized barriers in leaves and roots: Similarities and differences. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153921. [PMID: 36780757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, histochemical, chemical, and biosynthetic similarities and differences of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls are presented and reviewed in brief. Based on this, the functional properties of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls acting as transport barriers are compared and discussed in more detail. This is of general importance because fundamental misconceptions about relationships in plant-environment water relations are commonly encountered in the scientific literature. It will be shown here, that cuticles represent highly efficient apoplastic transport barriers significantly reducing the diffusion of water and dissolved compounds. The transport barrier of cuticles is mainly established by the deposition of cuticular waxes. Upon wax extraction, with the cutin polymer remaining, cuticular permeability for water and dissolved non-ionized and lipophilic solutes are increasing by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas polar and charged substances (e.g., nutrient ions) are only weakly affected (2- to 3-fold increases in permeability). Suberized apoplastic barriers without the deposition of wax are at least as permeable as the cutin polymer matrix without waxes and hardly offer any resistance to the free movement of water. Only upon the deposition of significant amounts of wax, as it is the case with suberized periderms exposed to the atmosphere, an efficient transport barrier for water can be established by suberized cell walls. Comparing the driving forces (gradients between water potentials inside leaves and roots and the surrounding environment) for water loss acting on leaves and roots, it is shown that leaves must have a genetically pre-defined highly efficient transpiration barrier fairly independent from rapidly changing environmental influences. Roots, in most conditions facing a soil environment with relative humidities very close to 100%, are orders of magnitude more permeable to water than leaf cuticles. Upon desiccation, the permanent wilting point of plants is defined as -1.5 MPa, which still corresponds to nearly 99% relative humidity in soil. Thus, the main reason for plant water stress leading to dehydration is the inability of root tissues to decrease their internal water potential to values more negative than -1.5 MPa and not the lack of a transport barrier for water in roots and leaves. Taken together, the commonly mentioned concepts that a drought-induced increase of cuticular wax or root suberin considerably strengthens the apoplastic leaf or root transport barriers and thus aids in water conservation appears highly questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Yang X, Hu J, Wang Z, Huang T, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Peng J, Tomas-Barberan FA, Yang Q. Pre-harvest Nitrogen Limitation and Continuous Lighting Improve the Quality and Flavor of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) under Hydroponic Conditions in Greenhouse. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:710-720. [PMID: 36574360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Short-term nitrogen limitation and continuous lighting (red/blue = 3:1) were applied individually and in combination to butterhead and red oak leaf lettuce for 1, 2, or 3 days before harvest to assess their effects on improving the nutritional value and sweet taste and reducing nitrate content and bitterness of lettuce. The results suggested that a 3-day nitrogen limitation combined with continuous lighting reduced the lettuce content of nitrate and sesquiterpene lactones and improved the quantities of soluble sugar, soluble protein, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds without reducing the fresh weight of lettuce. In addition, in vitro simulated digestion results suggested that the 3-day nitrogen limitation combined with continuous lighting significantly improved the sweetness and reduced the bitterness of lettuce compared to the control. In conclusion, nitrogen limitation combined with continuous lighting for 3 days before harvest effectively enhanced the quality and taste of lettuce, showing great potential for its use in hydroponic lettuce production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Jiangtao Hu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Francisco A Tomas-Barberan
- Centre for Applied Biology and Soil Science of Segura, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IUA-CAAS), Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
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Chen A, Liu T, Wang Z, Chen X. Plant root suberin: A layer of defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1056008. [PMID: 36507443 PMCID: PMC9732430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1056008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots have important functions, such as acquiring nutrients and water from the surrounding soil and transporting them upwards to the shoots. Simultaneously, they must be able to exclude potentially harmful substances and prevent the entry of pathogens into the roots. The endodermis surrounds the vascular tissues and forms hydrophobic diffusion barriers including Casparian strips and suberin lamella. Suberin in cell walls can be induced by a range of environmental factors and contribute to against biotic and abiotic threats. Tremendous progress has been made in biosynthesis of suberin and its function, little is known about the effect of its plasticity and distribution on stress tolerance. In field conditions, biotic and abiotic stress can exist at the same time, and little is known about the change of suberization under that condition. This paper update the progress of research related to suberin biosynthesis and its function, and also discuss the change of suberization in plant roots and its role on biotic and abiotic stresses tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anle Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, and College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, and College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinping Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, and College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Tao Q, Li M, Xu Q, Kováč J, Yuan S, Li B, Li Q, Huang R, Gao X, Wang C. Radial transport difference mediated by root endodermal barriers contributes to differential cadmium accumulation between japonica and indica subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:128008. [PMID: 34986570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although Cd concentration of grains is generally lower in japonica than in indica subspecies, the effects of root endodermal barriers on the subspecific differences in Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the differences in endodermal differentiation between japonica and indica subspecies and their effects on Cd radial transport. Casparian strips (CSs) and suberin lamellae (SL) in japonica subspecies were initiated at the 6%- 7% and 21%- 27% position from the root tip, respectively, which were 65% and 26% earlier than in indica subspecies, respectively. The lignin/suberin content in japonica subspecies was 47%/42% greater than that in indica subspecies because of the higher expression of lignin/suberin biosynthesis-related genes (OsCASP1, OsPAL, OsCYP86A1 and OsKCS20). Cd exposure induced endodermal plasticity in both subspecies, but the changes in japonica were greater than in indica subspecies. The earlier formation of CSs/SL in japonica subspecies significantly restricted the flow of radial transport tracer to reach the xylem and decreased Cd influx into roots, that is, endodermal barriers inhibited Cd radial transport via both apoplastic and cell-to-cell pathways, thus decreasing the root-to-shoot transport of Cd in japonica subspecies. Our findings are beneficial for the genetic modification of rice with low-Cd-accumulating ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Meng Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ján Kováč
- Department of Phytology, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, Zvolen, Slovakia; Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiquan Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuesong Gao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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11
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Yang D, Zhao J, Bi C, Li L, Wang Z. Transcriptome and Proteomics Analysis of Wheat Seedling Roots Reveals That Increasing NH 4 +/NO 3 - Ratio Induced Root Lignification and Reduced Nitrogen Utilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:797260. [PMID: 35095967 PMCID: PMC8792948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.797260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat growth and nitrogen (N) uptake gradually decrease in response to high NH4 +/NO3 - ratio. However, the mechanisms underlying the response of wheat seedling roots to changes in NH4 +/NO3 - ratio remain unclear. In this study, we investigated wheat growth, transcriptome, and proteome profiles of roots in response to increasing NH4 +/NO3 - ratios (N a : 100/0; N r1: 75/25, N r2: 50/50, N r3: 25/75, and N n : 0/100). High NH4 +/NO3 - ratio significantly reduced leaf relative chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and ΦII values. Both total root length and specific root length decreased with increasing NH4 +/NO3 - ratios. Moreover, the rise in NH4 +/NO3 - ratio significantly promoted O2 - production. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteome analyses identified 14,376 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,819 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that glutathione metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the main two shared enriched pathways across ratio comparisons. Upregulated DEGs and DEPs involving glutathione S-transferases may contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress. An increment in the NH4 +/NO3 - ratio induced the expression of genes and proteins involved in lignin biosynthesis, which increased root lignin content. Additionally, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that both A0A3B6NPP6 and A0A3B6LM09 belong to the cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase subfamily. Fifteen downregulated DEGs were identified as high-affinity nitrate transporters or nitrate transporters. Upregulated TraesCS3D02G344800 and TraesCS3A02G350800 were involved in ammonium transport. Downregulated A0A3B6Q9B3 is involved in nitrate transport, whereas A0A3B6PQS3 is a ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. This may explain why an increase in the NH4 +/NO3 - ratio significantly reduced root NO3 --N content but increased NH4 +-N content. Overall, these results demonstrated that increasing the NH4 +/NO3 - ratio at the seedling stage induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn enhanced root glutathione metabolism and lignification, thereby resulting in increased root oxidative tolerance at the cost of reducing nitrate transport and utilization, which reduced leaf photosynthetic capacity and, ultimately, plant biomass accumulation.
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12
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Shiono K, Yoshikawa M, Kreszies T, Yamada S, Hojo Y, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Schreiber L, Yoshioka T. Abscisic acid is required for exodermal suberization to form a barrier to radial oxygen loss in the adventitious roots of rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:655-669. [PMID: 34725822 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To acclimate to waterlogged conditions, wetland plants form a barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) that can enhance oxygen transport to the root apex. We hypothesized that one or more hormones are involved in the induction of the barrier and searched for such hormones in rice. We previously identified 98 genes that were tissue-specifically upregulated during ROL barrier formation in rice. The RiceXPro database showed that most of these genes were highly enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). We then examined the effect of ABA on ROL barrier formation by using an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor (fluridone, FLU), by applying exogenous ABA and by examining a mutant with a defective ABA biosynthesis gene (osaba1). FLU suppressed barrier formation in a stagnant solution that mimics waterlogged soil. Under aerobic conditions, rice does not naturally form a barrier, but 24 h of ABA treatment induced barrier formation. osaba1 did not form a barrier under stagnant conditions, but the application of ABA rescued the barrier. In parallel with ROL barrier formation, suberin lamellae formed in the exodermis. These findings strongly suggest that ABA is an inducer of suberin lamellae formation in the exodermis, resulting in an ROL barrier formation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiono
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Marina Yoshikawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Department of Crop Science, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Sumiyo Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Germany
| | - Toshihito Yoshioka
- Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, 2416 Hiranedai, Tainai, Niigata, 959-2702, Japan
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13
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Grünhofer P, Guo Y, Li R, Lin J, Schreiber L. Hydroponic cultivation conditions allowing the reproducible investigation of poplar root suberization and water transport. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:129. [PMID: 34911563 PMCID: PMC8672600 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing joint research cooperation on national and international levels, there is a high need for harmonized and reproducible cultivation conditions and experimental protocols in order to ensure the best comparability and reliability of acquired data. As a result, not only comparisons of findings of different laboratories working with the same species but also of entirely different species would be facilitated. As Populus is becoming an increasingly important genus in modern science and agroforestry, the integration of findings with previously gained knowledge of other crop species is of high significance. RESULTS To ease and ensure the comparability of investigations of root suberization and water transport, on a high degree of methodological reproducibility, we set up a hydroponics-based experimental pipeline. This includes plant cultivation, root histochemistry, analytical investigation, and root water transport measurement. A 5-week-long hydroponic cultivation period including an optional final week of stress application resulted in a highly consistent poplar root development. The poplar roots were of conical geometry and exhibited a typical Casparian band development with subsequent continuously increasing suberization of the endodermis. Poplar root suberin was composed of the most frequently described suberin substance classes, but also high amounts of benzoic acid derivatives could be identified. Root transport physiology experiments revealed that poplar roots in this developmental stage have a two- to tenfold higher hydrostatic than osmotic hydraulic conductivity. Lastly, the hydroponic cultivation allowed the application of gradually defined osmotic stress conditions illustrating the precise adjustability of hydroponic experiments as well as the previously reported sensitivity of poplar plants to water deficits. CONCLUSIONS By maintaining a high degree of harmonization, we were able to compare our results to previously published data on root suberization and water transport of barley and other crop species. Regarding hydroponic poplar cultivation, we enabled high reliability, reproducibility, and comparability for future experiments. In contrast to abiotic stress conditions applied during axenic tissue culture cultivation, this experimental pipeline offers great advantages including the growth of roots in the dark, easy access to root systems before, during, and after stress conditions, and the more accurate definition of the developmental stages of the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Yayu Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 10083, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 10083, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 10083, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Calvo‐Polanco M, Ribeyre Z, Dauzat M, Reyt G, Hidalgo‐Shrestha C, Diehl P, Frenger M, Simonneau T, Muller B, Salt DE, Franke RB, Maurel C, Boursiac Y. Physiological roles of Casparian strips and suberin in the transport of water and solutes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2295-2307. [PMID: 34617285 PMCID: PMC9298204 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of Casparian strips (CS) and the deposition of suberin at the endodermis of plant roots are thought to limit the apoplastic transport of water and ions. We investigated the specific role of each of these apoplastic barriers in the control of hydro-mineral transport by roots and the consequences on shoot growth. A collection of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in suberin deposition and/or CS development was characterized under standard conditions using a hydroponic system and the Phenopsis platform. Mutants altered in suberin deposition had enhanced root hydraulic conductivity, indicating a restrictive role for this compound in water transport. In contrast, defective CS directly increased solute leakage and indirectly reduced root hydraulic conductivity. Defective CS also led to a reduction in rosette growth, which was partly dependent on the hydro-mineral status of the plant. Ectopic suberin was shown to partially compensate for defective CS phenotypes. Altogether, our work shows that the functionality of the root apoplastic diffusion barriers greatly influences the plant physiology, and that their integrity is tightly surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Calvo‐Polanco
- BPMPUniv MontpellierCNRSINRAEInstitut Agro34060MontpellierFrance
- Excellence Unit AGRIENVIRONMENTCIALEUniversity of Salamanca37185SalamancaSpain
| | - Zoe Ribeyre
- LEPSEUniv MontpellierINRAEInstitut Agro34060MontpellierFrance
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSEUniv MontpellierINRAEInstitut Agro34060MontpellierFrance
| | - Guilhem Reyt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamLE12 5RDUK
| | | | - Patrick Diehl
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | - Marc Frenger
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | | | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSEUniv MontpellierINRAEInstitut Agro34060MontpellierFrance
| | - David E. Salt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamLE12 5RDUK
| | - Rochus B. Franke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of Bonn53115BonnGermany
| | | | - Yann Boursiac
- BPMPUniv MontpellierCNRSINRAEInstitut Agro34060MontpellierFrance
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15
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Root Suberin Plays Important Roles in Reducing Water Loss and Sodium Uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110735. [PMID: 34822393 PMCID: PMC8618449 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suberin is a cell-wall-associated hetero-polymer deposited in specific plant tissues. The precise role of its composition and lamellae structure in protecting plants against abiotic stresses is unclear. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we tested the biochemical and physiological responses to water deficiency and NaCl treatment in mutants that are differentially affected in suberin composition and lamellae structure. Chronic drought stress increased suberin and suberin-associated waxes in wild-type plants. Suberin-deficient mutants were not more susceptible than the wild-type to the chronic drought stress imposed in this study. Nonetheless, the cyp86a1-1 cyp86b1-1 mutant, which had a severely altered suberin composition and lamellae structure, exhibited increased water loss through the root periderm. Cyp86a1-1 cyp86b1-1 also recorded lower relative water content in leaves. The abcg2-1 abcg6-1 abcg20-1 mutant, which has altered suberin composition and lamellae, was very sensitive to NaCl treatment. Furthermore, cyp86a1-1 cyp86b1-1 recorded a significant drop in the leaf K/Na ratio, indicating salt sensitivity. The far1-2 far4-1 far5-1 mutant, which did not show structural defects in the suberin lamellae, had similar responses to drought and NaCl treatments as the wild-type. Our results provide evidence that the suberin amount and lamellae structure are key features in the barrier function of suberin in reducing water loss and reducing sodium uptake through roots for better performance under drought and salt stresses.
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16
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Artur MAS, Kajala K. Convergent evolution of gene regulatory networks underlying plant adaptations to dry environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3211-3222. [PMID: 34196969 PMCID: PMC8518057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants transitioned from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle during their evolution. On land, fluctuations on water availability in the environment became one of the major problems they encountered. The appearance of morpho-physiological adaptations to cope with and tolerate water loss from the cells was undeniably useful to survive on dry land. Some of these adaptations, such as carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), desiccation tolerance (DT) and root impermeabilization, appeared in multiple plant lineages. Despite being crucial for evolution on land, it has been unclear how these adaptations convergently evolved in the various plant lineages. Recent advances on whole genome and transcriptome sequencing are revealing that co-option of genes and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is a common feature underlying the convergent evolution of these adaptations. In this review, we address how the study of CCMs and DT has provided insight into convergent evolution of GRNs underlying plant adaptation to dry environments, and how these insights could be applied to currently emerging understanding of evolution of root impermeabilization through different barrier cell types. We discuss examples of co-option, conservation and innovation of genes and GRNs at the cell, tissue and organ levels revealed by recent phylogenomic (comparative genomic) and comparative transcriptomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. S. Artur
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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17
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Melino VJ, Plett DC, Bendre P, Thomsen HC, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L, Kronzucker HJ. Nitrogen depletion enhances endodermal suberization without restricting transporter-mediated root NO 3- influx. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153334. [PMID: 33373827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Roots vary their permeability to aid radial transport of solutes towards xylem vessels in response to nutritional cues. Nitrogen (N) depletion was previously shown to induce early suberization of endodermal cell walls and reduce hydraulic conductivity of barley roots suggesting reduced apoplastic transport of ions (Armand et al., 2019). Suberization may also limit transcellular ion movement by blocking access to transporters (Barberon et al., 2016). The aim of this study was to confirm that N depletion induced suberization in the roots of barley and demonstrate that this was a specific effect in response to NO3- depletion. Furthermore, in roots with early and enhanced suberization, we assessed their ability for transporter-mediated NO3- influx. N depletion induced lateral root elongation and early and enhanced endodermal suberization of the seminal root of each genotype. Both root to shoot NO3- translocation and net N uptake was half that of plants supplied with steady-state NO3-. Genes with predicted functions in suberin synthesis (HvHORST) and NO3- transport (HvNRT2.2) were induced under N-deplete conditions. N-deplete roots had a higher capacity for high-affinity NO3- influx in early suberized roots than under optimal NO3-. In conclusion, NO3- depletion induced early and enhanced suberization in the roots of barley, however, suberization did not restrict transcellular NO3- transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Melino
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - D C Plett
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - P Bendre
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - H C Thomsen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia; Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - V V Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - L Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - H J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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18
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Cheng H, Liu Y, Jiang ZY, Wang YS. Radial oxygen loss is correlated with nitrogen nutrition in mangroves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1548-1560. [PMID: 32705132 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the possible functions of radial oxygen loss (ROL) on mangrove nutrition. A field survey was conducted to explore the relations among ROL, root anatomy and leaf N in different mangrove species along a continuous tidal gradient. Three mangroves with different ROL (Avicennia marina [A. marina], Kandelia obovata and Rhizophora stylosa) were then selected to further explore the dynamics of N at the root-soil interface. The results showed that seaward pioneer mangrove species such as A. marina appeared to exhibit higher leaf N despite growing under poorer nutrient conditions. Greater leaf N in pioneer mangroves coincided with their special root structure (e.g., high porosity together with a thin lignified/suberized exodermis) and powerful ROL. An interesting positive relation was observed between ROL and leaf N in mangroves. Moreover, rhizo-box data further showed that soil nitrification was also strongly correlated with ROL. A. marina, which had the highest ROL among the three mangrove species studied, consistently possessed the highest levels of NO3-, nitrification and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea gene copies in the rhizosphere. Besides, both NO3- and NH4+ influxes were found to be higher in the roots of A. marina when compared to those of K. obovata and R. stylosa. In summary, greater N acquisition by pioneer mangroves such as A. marina was strongly correlated with ROL which would regulate N transformation and translocation at the root-soil interface. The implications of this study may be significant in mangrove nutrition and the mechanisms involved in mangrove zonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography and Daya Bay Marina Biology Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164th Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ecology and Products Quality and Safety, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 231th Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography and Daya Bay Marina Biology Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164th Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, middle-region of Shuangling Road, Linyi 276000, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography and Daya Bay Marina Biology Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164th Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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19
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Qi X, Tam NFY, Li WC, Ye Z. The role of root apoplastic barriers in cadmium translocation and accumulation in cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different Cd-accumulating characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114736. [PMID: 32417578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The radial translocation of cadmium (Cd) from the root to the shoot is one of the major processes affecting Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, but few studies have focused on Cd apoplastic transport in rice. The aim of this study was to determine how apoplastic barriers affect Cd translocation via the apoplastic pathway, Cd accumulation levels in upper parts (shoot and grains) of rice cultivars, and the possible mechanism involved. Hydroponic and soil pot trials were conducted to study the development and chemical constituents of apoplastic barriers and their permeability to bypass flow, and to determine Cd localization in the roots of rice cultivars with different Cd-accumulating characteristics. The Cd accumulation in upper parts was positively correlated with bypass flow in the root and the apparent Cd concentration in the xylem, indicating that the apoplastic pathway may play an important role in Cd root-shoot translocation in rice. Apoplastic barriers were deposited closer to the root tip and were thicker in low Cd-accumulating cultivars than in high Cd-accumulating cultivars. The amounts and rates of increase in lignin and suberin were significantly higher in ZD14 (a low Cd-accumulating cultivar) than in FYXZ (a high Cd-accumulating cultivar) under Cd stress, indicating that stronger barriers were induced by Cd in ZD14. The stronger and earlier formation of barriers in the low Cd-accumulating cultivar decreased bypass flow more efficiently, so that more Cd was retained in the root during apoplastic translocation. This was confirmed by localization analyses of Cd in root transverse sections. These results suggest that apoplastic barriers reduce Cd root-to-shoot translocation via the apoplastic pathway, leading to lower Cd accumulation in the upper parts of rice plants. Bypass flow may have the potential to be used as a rapid screening indicator for low Cd-accumulating rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Chin Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihong Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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20
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Plett DC, Ranathunge K, Melino VJ, Kuya N, Uga Y, Kronzucker HJ. The intersection of nitrogen nutrition and water use in plants: new paths toward improved crop productivity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4452-4468. [PMID: 32026944 PMCID: PMC7382376 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Water and nitrogen availability limit crop productivity globally more than most other environmental factors. Plant availability of macronutrients such as nitrate is, to a large extent, regulated by the amount of water available in the soil, and, during drought episodes, crops can become simultaneously water and nitrogen limited. In this review, we explore the intricate relationship between water and nitrogen transport in plants, from transpiration-driven mass flow in the soil to uptake by roots via membrane transporters and channels and transport to aerial organs. We discuss the roles of root architecture and of suberized hydrophobic root barriers governing apoplastic water and nitrogen movement into the vascular system. We also highlight the need to identify the signalling cascades regulating water and nitrogen transport, as well as the need for targeted physiological analyses of plant traits influencing water and nitrogen uptake. We further advocate for incorporation of new phenotyping technologies, breeding strategies, and agronomic practices to improve crop yield in water- and nitrogen-limited production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C Plett
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
| | - Vanessa J Melino
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Noriyuki Kuya
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yusaku Uga
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Ejiri M, Sawazaki Y, Shiono K. Some Accessions of Amazonian Wild Rice ( Oryza glumaepatula) Constitutively Form a Barrier to Radial Oxygen Loss along Adventitious Roots under Aerated Conditions. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070880. [PMID: 32668711 PMCID: PMC7412225 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL), which reduces the loss of oxygen transported via the aerenchyma to the root tips, enables the roots of wetland plants to grow into anoxic/hypoxic waterlogged soil. However, little is known about its genetic regulation. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping can help to understand the factors that regulate barrier formation. Rice (Oryza sativa) inducibly forms an ROL barrier under stagnant conditions, while a few wetland plants constitutively form one under aerated conditions. Here, we evaluated the formation of a constitutive ROL barrier in a total of four accessions from two wild rice species. Three of the accessions were wetland accessions of O. glumaepatula, and the fourth was a non-wetland species of O. rufipogon. These species have an AA type genome, which allows them to be crossed with cultivated rice. The three O. glumaepatula accessions (W2165, W2149, and W1183) formed an ROL barrier under aerated conditions. The O. rufipogon accession (W1962) did not form a constitutive ROL barrier, but it formed an inducible ROL barrier under stagnant conditions. The three O. glumaepatula accessions should be useful for QTL mapping to understand how a constitutive ROL barrier forms. The constitutive barrier of W2165 was closely associated with suberization and resistance to penetration by an apoplastic tracer (periodic acid) at the exodermis but did not include lignin at the sclerenchyma.
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Yang S, Hao D, Jin M, Li Y, Liu Z, Huang Y, Chen T, Su Y. Internal ammonium excess induces ROS-mediated reactions and causes carbon scarcity in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:143. [PMID: 32264840 PMCID: PMC7140567 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse of nitrogen fertilizers is often a major practice to ensure sufficient nitrogen demand of high-yielding rice, leading to persistent NH4+ excess in the plant. However, this excessive portion of nitrogen nutrient does not correspond to further increase in grain yields. For finding out the main constraints related to this phenomenon, the performance of NH4+ excess in rice plant needs to be clearly addressed beyond the well-defined root growth adjustment. The present work isolates an acute NH4+ excess condition in rice plant from causing any measurable growth change and analyses the initial performance of such internal NH4+ excess. RESULTS We demonstrate that the acute internal NH4+ excess in rice plant accompanies readily with a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and initiates the downstream reactions. At the headstream of carbon production, photon caption genes and the activity of primary CO2 fixation enzymes (Rubisco) are evidently suppressed, indicating a reduction in photosynthetic carbon income. Next, the vigorous induction of glutathione transferase (GST) genes and enzyme activities along with the rise of glutathione (GSH) production suggest the activation of GSH cycling for ROS cleavage. Third, as indicated by strong induction of glycolysis / glycogen breakdown related genes in shoots, carbohydrate metabolisms are redirected to enhance the production of energy and carbon skeletons for the cost of ROS scavenging. As the result of the development of these defensive reactions, a carbon scarcity would accumulatively occur and lead to a growth inhibition. Finally, a sucrose feeding cancels the ROS burst, restores the activity of Rubisco and alleviates the demand for the activation of GSH cycling. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that acute NH4+ excess accompanies with a spontaneous ROS burst and causes carbon scarcity in rice plant. Therefore, under overuse of N fertilizers carbon scarcity is probably a major constraint in rice plant that limits the performance of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongli Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Man Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zengtai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanhua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Namyslov J, Bauriedlová Z, Janoušková J, Soukup A, Tylová E. Exodermis and Endodermis Respond to Nutrient Deficiency in Nutrient-Specific and Localized Manner. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E201. [PMID: 32041139 PMCID: PMC7076471 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exodermis is a common apoplastic barrier of the outer root cortex, with high environmentally-driven plasticity and a protective function. This study focused on the trade-off between the protective advantages provided by the exodermis and its disadvantageous reduction of cortical membrane surface area accessible by apoplastic route, thus limiting nutrient acquisition from the rhizosphere. We analysed the effect of nutrient deficiency (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, K, Fe) on exodermal and endodermal differentiation in maize. To differentiate systemic and localized effects, nutrient deficiencies were applied in three different approaches: to the root system as a whole, locally to discrete parts, or on one side of a single root. Our study showed that the establishment of the exodermis was enhanced in low-N and low-P plants, but delayed in low-K plants. The split-root cultivation proved that the effect is non-systemic, but locally coordinated for individual roots. Within a single root, localized deficiencies didn't result in an evenly differentiated exodermis, in contrast to other stress factors. The maturation of the endodermis responded in a similar way. In conclusion, N, P, and K deficiencies strongly modulated exodermal differentiation. The response was nutrient specific and integrated local signals of current nutrient availability from the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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24
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Kreszies T, Eggels S, Kreszies V, Osthoff A, Shellakkutti N, Baldauf JA, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Hochholdinger F, Ranathunge K, Schreiber L. Seminal roots of wild and cultivated barley differentially respond to osmotic stress in gene expression, suberization, and hydraulic conductivity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:344-357. [PMID: 31762057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wild barley, Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum, has a wider genetic diversity than its cultivated progeny, Hordeum vulgare spp. vulgare. Osmotic stress leads to a series of different responses in wild barley seminal roots, ranging from no changes in suberization to enhanced endodermal suberization of certain zones and the formation of a suberized exodermis, which was not observed in the modern cultivars studied so far. Further, as a response to osmotic stress, the hydraulic conductivity of roots was not affected in wild barley, but it was 2.5-fold reduced in cultivated barley. In both subspecies, osmotic adjustment by increasing proline concentration and decreasing osmotic potential in roots was observed. RNA-sequencing indicated that the regulation of suberin biosynthesis and water transport via aquaporins were different between wild and cultivated barley. These results indicate that wild barley uses different strategies to cope with osmotic stress compared with cultivated barley. Thus, it seems that wild barley is better adapted to cope with osmotic stress by maintaining a significantly higher hydraulic conductivity of roots during water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kreszies
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Stella Eggels
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
- Plant Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85354, Germany
| | - Victoria Kreszies
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Alina Osthoff
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Nandhini Shellakkutti
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Jutta A Baldauf
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- Crop Functional Genomics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
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25
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Effects of Salt on Root Aeration, Nitrification, and Nitrogen Uptake in Mangroves. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential effects of salt on the growth, root anatomy, radial oxygen loss (ROL), and nitrogen (N) dynamics in mangroves were investigated using the seedlings of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. The results showed that a moderate salinity (200 mM NaCl) appeared to have little negative effect on the growth of A. marina. However, higher salt stresses (400 and 600 mM NaCl) significantly inhibited the biomass yield. Concentrations of N in the roots and leaves decreased sharply with increasing salinity. Nevertheless, the presence of salt directly altered root anatomy (e.g., reduced root porosity and promoted suberization within the exodermis and endodermis), leading to a significant reduction in ROL. The results further showed that reduced ROL induced by salt could restrain soil nitrification, resulting in less ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria (AOA and AOB) gene copies and lower concentrations of NO3− in the soils. While increased root suberization induced by salt inhibited NH4+ and NO3− uptake and influx into the roots. In summary, this study indicated that inhibited root aeration may be a defense response to salt, however these root symptoms were not advantageous for rhizosphere nitrification and N uptake by A. marina.
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26
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Mahmood K, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ, Ranathunge K. Overexpression of ANAC046 Promotes Suberin Biosynthesis in Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246117. [PMID: 31817232 PMCID: PMC6940730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NAC (NAM (no apical meristem), ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon)) proteins are one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors, and this family is present in a wide range of land plants. Here, we have investigated the role of ANAC046 in the regulation of suberin biosynthesis and deposition in Arabidopsis. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activity assays showed that ANAC046 localizes in the nucleus, where it functions as a transcription activator. Analysis of the PANAC046:GUS lines revealed that ANAC046 is mainly expressed in the root endodermis and periderm, and is also induced in leaves by wounding. The transgenic lines overexpressing ANAC046 exhibited defective surfaces on the aerial plant parts compared to the wild-type (WT) as characterized by increased permeability for Toluidine blue stain and greater chlorophyll leaching. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of suberin biosynthesis genes was significantly higher in the roots and leaves of overexpression lines compared to the WT. The biochemical analysis of leaf cuticular waxes showed that the overexpression lines accumulated 30% more waxes than the WT. Concurrently, overexpression lines also deposited almost twice the amount of suberin content in their roots compared with the WT. Taken together, these results showed that ANAC046 is an important transcription factor that promotes suberin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Mahmood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
- Noble Research Institute, Limited Liability Company (LLC), 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Viktoria Valeska Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.V.Z.-D.); (L.S.)
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.V.Z.-D.); (L.S.)
| | - Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawly, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-2047
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27
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Ramakrishna P, Barberon M. Polarized transport across root epithelia. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:23-29. [PMID: 31323542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots explore the soil to acquire water and nutrients which are often available at concentrations that drastically differ from the plant's actual need for growth and development. This stark difference between availability and requirement can be dealt with owing to the root's architecture as an inverted gut. In roots, the two epithelial characteristics (selective acquisition and diffusion barrier) are split between two cell layers: the epidermis at the root periphery and the endodermis as the innermost cortical cell layer around the vasculature. Polarized transport of nutrients across the root epithelium can be achieved through different pathways: apoplastic, symplastic, or coupled transcellular. This review highlights different features of the root that allow this polarized transport. Special emphasis is placed on the coupled transcellular pathway, facilitated by polarized nutrient carriers along root cell layers but barred by suberin lamellae in endodermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ramakrishna
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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28
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Colmer TD, Kotula L, Malik AI, Takahashi H, Konnerup D, Nakazono M, Pedersen O. Rice acclimation to soil flooding: Low concentrations of organic acids can trigger a barrier to radial oxygen loss in roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2183-2197. [PMID: 30989660 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogged soils contain monocarboxylic acids produced by anaerobic microorganisms. These "organic acids" can accumulate to phytotoxic levels and promote development of a barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) in roots of some wetland species. Environmental cues triggering root ROL barrier induction, a feature that together with tissue gas-filled porosity facilitates internal aeration, are important to elucidate for knowledge of plant stress physiology. We tested the hypothesis that comparatively low, non-toxic, concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric, and/or hexanoic acids might induce root ROL barrier formation in rice. Each organic acid, individually, triggered the ROL barrier in roots but with no effect (acetic or butyric acids) or with only slight effects (propionic or hexanoic acids) on root extension. Transcripts of four genes related to suberin biosynthesis were increased by some of the organic acid treatments. Respiration in root tissues was not, or moderately, inhibited. Beyond a narrow concentration range, however, respiration declined exponentially and the order (least to greatest) for EC50 (effective concentration for 50% inhibition) was butyric, propionic, acetic, then hexanoic acid. An understanding of the environmental cue for root ROL barrier induction should enhance future work to elucidate the molecular regulation of this root trait contributing to plant flooding tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Al Imran Malik
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ole Pedersen
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Kreszies T, Shellakkutti N, Osthoff A, Yu P, Baldauf JA, Zeisler‐Diehl VV, Ranathunge K, Hochholdinger F, Schreiber L. Osmotic stress enhances suberization of apoplastic barriers in barley seminal roots: analysis of chemical, transcriptomic and physiological responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:180-194. [PMID: 30055115 PMCID: PMC6586163 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is more drought tolerant than other cereals, thus making it an excellent model for the study of the chemical, transcriptomic and physiological effects of water deficit. Roots are the first organ to sense soil water deficit. Therefore, we studied the response of barley seminal roots to different water potentials induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000. We investigated changes in anatomical parameters by histochemistry and microscopy, quantitative and qualitative changes in suberin composition by analytical chemistry, transcript changes by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), and the radial water and solute movement of roots using a root pressure probe. In response to osmotic stress, genes in the suberin biosynthesis pathway were upregulated that correlated with increased suberin amounts in the endodermis and an overall reduction in hydraulic conductivity (Lpr ). In parallel, transcriptomic data indicated no or only weak effects of osmotic stress on aquaporin expression. These results indicate that osmotic stress enhances cell wall suberization and markedly reduces Lpr of the apoplastic pathway, whereas Lpr of the cell-to-cell pathway is not altered. Thus, the sealed apoplast markedly reduces the uncontrolled backflow of water from the root to the medium, whilst keeping constant water flow through the highly regulated cell-to-cell path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kreszies
- Department of EcophysiologyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of BonnKirschallee 153115BonnGermany
| | - Nandhini Shellakkutti
- Department of EcophysiologyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of BonnKirschallee 153115BonnGermany
| | - Alina Osthoff
- Crop Functional GenomicsInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)University of Bonn53113BonnGermany
| | - Peng Yu
- Crop Functional GenomicsInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)University of Bonn53113BonnGermany
| | - Jutta A. Baldauf
- Crop Functional GenomicsInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)University of Bonn53113BonnGermany
| | - Viktoria V. Zeisler‐Diehl
- Department of EcophysiologyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of BonnKirschallee 153115BonnGermany
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley6009PerthAustralia
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- Crop Functional GenomicsInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)University of Bonn53113BonnGermany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of EcophysiologyInstitute of Cellular and Molecular BotanyUniversity of BonnKirschallee 153115BonnGermany
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30
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Bao Z, Bai J, Cui H, Gong C. A Missing Link in Radial Ion Transport: Ion Transporters in the Endodermis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:713. [PMID: 31231406 PMCID: PMC6558311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, roots have important functions, such as the acquisition of water and ions, as well as transportation into the aerial parts of the plant via the xylem vessels. Radial ion transport in the root is strongly regulated in the endodermis, which is characterized by the presence of the Casparian strip (CS) and suberin lamellae. Although tremendous progress has been made with regard to the ion transporters and endodermal cells, little is known about the relationship between the ion transporters in the endodermis and ion homeostasis in aboveground tissues. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the location of the ion transporters (or channels) in the endodermis. We mainly discuss the effects of mutants related to the CS and/or suberin formation on the role of endodermal ion transporters in ion homeostasis. We also wish to emphasize the critical role of endodermal ion transporters in the regulation of radial ion transport in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulatai Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juan Bai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongchang Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Hongchang Cui,
| | - Chunmei Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Chunmei Gong, ;
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31
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Ding L, Lu Z, Gao L, Guo S, Shen Q. Is Nitrogen a Key Determinant of Water Transport and Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Upon Drought Stress? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1143. [PMID: 30186291 PMCID: PMC6113670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major global issue limiting agricultural productivity. Plants respond to drought stress through a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular changes for survival. The regulation of water transport and photosynthesis play crucial roles in improving plants' drought tolerance. Nitrogen (N, ammonium and nitrate) is an essential macronutrient for plants, and it can affect many aspects of plant growth and metabolic pathways, including water relations and photosynthesis. This review focuses on how drought stress affects water transport and photosynthesis, including the regulation of hydraulic conductance, aquaporin expression, and photosynthesis. It also discusses the cross talk between N, water transport, and drought stress in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Limin Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Kreszies T, Schreiber L, Ranathunge K. Suberized transport barriers in Arabidopsis, barley and rice roots: From the model plant to crop species. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 227:75-83. [PMID: 29449027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Water is the most important prerequisite for life and plays a major role during uptake and transport of nutrients. Roots are the plant organs that take up the major part of water, from the surrounding soil. Water uptake is related to the root system architecture, root growth, age and species dependent complex developmental changes in the anatomical structures. The latter is mainly attributed to the deposition of suberized barriers in certain layers of cell walls, such as endo- and exodermis. With respect to water permeability, changes in the suberization of roots are most relevant. Water transport or hydraulic conductivity of roots (Lpr) can be described by the composite transport model and is known to be very variable between plant species and growth conditions and root developmental states. In this review, we summarize how anatomical structures and apoplastic barriers of roots can diversely affect water transport, comparing the model plant Arabidopsis with crop plants, such as barley and rice. Results comparing the suberin amounts and water transport properties indicate that the common assumption that suberin amount negatively correlates with water and solute transport through roots may not always be true. The composition, microstructure and localization of suberin may also have a great impact on the formation of efficient barriers to water and solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kreszies
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Perth, Australia.
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Kim YX, Ranathunge K, Lee S, Lee Y, Lee D, Sung J. Composite Transport Model and Water and Solute Transport across Plant Roots: An Update. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:193. [PMID: 29503659 PMCID: PMC5820301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The present review examines recent experimental findings in root transport phenomena in terms of the composite transport model (CTM). It has been a well-accepted conceptual model to explain the complex water and solute flows across the root that has been related to the composite anatomical structure. There are three parallel pathways involved in the transport of water and solutes in roots - apoplast, symplast, and transcellular paths. The role of aquaporins (AQPs), which facilitate water flows through the transcellular path, and root apoplast is examined in terms of the CTM. The contribution of the plasma membrane bound AQPs for the overall water transport in the whole plant level was varying depending on the plant species, age of roots with varying developmental stages of apoplastic barriers, and driving forces (hydrostatic vs. osmotic). Many studies have demonstrated that the apoplastic barriers, such as Casparian bands in the primary anticlinal walls and suberin lamellae in the secondary cell walls, in the endo- and exodermis are not perfect barriers and unable to completely block the transport of water and some solute transport into the stele. Recent research on water and solute transport of roots with and without exodermis triggered the importance of the extension of conventional CTM adding resistances that arrange in series (epidermis, exodermis, mid-cortex, endodermis, and pericycle). The extension of the model may answer current questions about the applicability of CTM for composite water and solute transport of roots that contain complex anatomical structures with heterogeneous cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin X. Kim
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Seulbi Lee
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Deogbae Lee
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Jwakyung Sung
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
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Doblas VG, Geldner N, Barberon M. The endodermis, a tightly controlled barrier for nutrients. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:136-143. [PMID: 28750257 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots acquire nutrients from the soil and transport them upwards to the aerial parts. To reach the central vasculature of the root, water and nutrients radially cross all external cell layers. The endodermis surrounds the vascular tissues and forms diffusion barriers. It thereby compartmentalizes the root and allows control of nutrient transport from the soil to the vasculature, as well as preventing backflow of nutrients from the stele. To achieve this role, endodermal cells undergo two specialized differentiations states consisting of deposition of two impermeable polymers in the cell wall: lignin, forming the Casparian strips, and suberin lamellae. Recent publications showed that endodermal barrier formation is not a hard-wired, irreversible process. Synthesis and degradation of suberin lamellae is highly regulated by plant hormones in response to nutrient stresses. Moreover, Casparian strip continuity seems to be constantly checked by two small peptides produced in the vasculature that diffuse into the apoplastic space in order to test endodermal barrier integrity. This review discusses the recent understanding of endodermal barrier surveillance and plasticity and its role in plant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Doblas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Barberon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sun L, Di D, Li G, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. Spatio-temporal dynamics in global rice gene expression (Oryza sativa L.) in response to high ammonium stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 212:94-104. [PMID: 28282528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) is the predominant nitrogen (N) source in many natural and agricultural ecosystems, including flooded rice fields. While rice is known as an NH4+-tolerant species, it nevertheless suffers NH4+ toxicity at elevated soil concentrations. NH4+ excess rapidly leads to the disturbance of various physiological processes that ultimately inhibit shoot and root growth. However, the global transcriptomic response to NH4+ stress in rice has not been examined. In this study, we mapped the spatio-temporal specificity of gene expression profiles in rice under excess NH4+ and the changes in gene expression in root and shoot at various time points by RNA-Seq (Quantification) using Illumina HiSeqTM 2000. By comparative analysis, 307 and 675 genes were found to be up-regulated after 4h and 12h of NH4+ exposure in the root, respectively. In the shoot, 167 genes were up-regulated at 4h, compared with 320 at 12h. According to KEGG analysis, up-regulated DEGs mainly participate in phenylpropanoid (such as flavonoid) and amino acid (such as proline, cysteine, and methionine) metabolism, which is believed to improve NH4+ stress tolerance through adjustment of energy metabolism in the shoot, while defense and signaling pathways, guiding whole-plant acclimation, play the leading role in the root. We furthermore critically assessed the roles of key phytohormones, and found abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) to be the major regulatory molecules responding to excess NH4+ and activating the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal-transduction pathway. Moreover, we found up-regulated hormone-associated genes are involved in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis and are regulated by tissue flavonoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dongwei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Meng D, Fricke W. Changes in root hydraulic conductivity facilitate the overall hydraulic response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to salt and osmotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 113:64-77. [PMID: 28189051 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the significance of changes in root AQP gene expression and hydraulic conductivity (Lp) in the regulation of water balance in two hydroponically-grown rice cultivars (Azucena, Bala) which differ in root morphology, stomatal regulation and aquaporin (AQP) isoform expression. Plants were exposed to NaCl (25 mM, 50 mM) and osmotic stress (5%, 10% PEG6000). Root Lp was determined for exuding root systems (osmotic forces driving water uptake; 'exudation Lp') and transpiring plants (hydrostatic forces dominating; 'transpiration-Lp'). Gene expression was analysed by qPCR. Stress treatments caused a consistent and significant decrease in plant growth, transpirational water loss, stomatal conductance, shoot-to-root surface area ratio and root Lp. Comparison of exudation-with transpiration-Lp supported a significant contribution of AQP-facilitated water flow to root water uptake. Changes in root Lp in response to treatments were correlated much stronger with root morphological characteristics, such as the number of main and lateral roots, surface area ratio of root to shoot and plant transpiration rate than with AQP gene expression. Changes in root Lp, involving AQP function, form an integral part of the plant hydraulic response to stress and facilitate changes in the root-to-shoot surface area ratio, transpiration and stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
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Zhong S, Mahmood K, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ, Ranathunge K. Altered Expression of OsNLA1 Modulates Pi Accumulation in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:928. [PMID: 28626465 PMCID: PMC5454049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Current agricultural practices rely on heavy use of fertilizers for increased crop productivity. However, the problems associated with heavy fertilizer use, such as high cost and environmental pollution, require the development of crop species with increased nutrient use efficiency. In this study, by using transgenic approaches, we have revealed the critical role of OsNLA1 in phosphate (Pi) accumulation of rice plants. When grown under sufficient Pi and nitrate levels, OsNLA1 knockdown (Osnla1-1, Osnla1-2, and Osnla1-3) lines accumulated higher Pi content in their shoot tissues compared to wild-type, whereas, over-expression lines (OsNLA1-OE1, OsNLA1-OE2, and OsNLA1-OE3) accumulated the least levels of Pi. However, under high Pi levels, knockdown lines accumulated much higher Pi content compared to wild-type and exhibited Pi toxicity symptoms in the leaves. In contrast, the over-expression lines had 50-60% of the Pi content of wild-type and did not show such symptoms. When grown under limiting nitrate levels, OsNLA1 transgenic lines also displayed a similar pattern in Pi accumulation and Pi toxicity symptoms compared to wild-type suggesting an existence of cross-talk between nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), which is regulated by OsNLA1. The greater Pi accumulation in knockdown lines was a result of enhanced Pi uptake/permeability of roots compared to the wild-type. The cross-talk between N and P was found to be nitrate specific since the knockdown lines failed to over-accumulate Pi under low (sub-optimal) ammonium level. Moreover, OsNLA1 was also found to interact with OsPHO2, a known regulator of Pi homeostasis, in a Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) assay. Taken together, these results show that OsNLA1 is involved in Pi homeostasis regulating Pi uptake and accumulation in rice plants and may provide an opportunity to enhance P use efficiency by manipulating nitrate supply in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Zhong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, LondonON, Canada
| | - Kashif Mahmood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, CrawleyWA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kosala Ranathunge,
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Baldoni E, Bagnaresi P, Locatelli F, Mattana M, Genga A. Comparative Leaf and Root Transcriptomic Analysis of two Rice Japonica Cultivars Reveals Major Differences in the Root Early Response to Osmotic Stress. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:25. [PMID: 27216147 PMCID: PMC4877341 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops cultivated in both tropical and temperate regions and is characterized by a low water-use efficiency and a high sensitivity to a water deficit, with yield reductions occurring at lower stress levels compared to most other crops. To identify genes and pathways involved in the tolerant response to dehydration, a powerful approach consists in the genome-wide analysis of stress-induced expression changes by comparing drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive genotypes. RESULTS The physiological response to osmotic stress of 17 japonica rice genotypes was evaluated. A clear differentiation of the most tolerant and the most sensitive phenotypes was evident, especially after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Two genotypes, which were characterized by a contrasting response (tolerance/sensitivity) to the imposed stress, were selected. A parallel transcriptomic analysis was performed on roots and leaves of these two genotypes at 3 and 24 h of stress treatment. RNA-Sequencing data showed that the tolerant genotype Eurosis and the sensitive genotype Loto mainly differed in the early response to osmotic stress in roots. In particular, the tolerant genotype was characterized by a prompt regulation of genes related to chromatin, cytoskeleton and transmembrane transporters. Moreover, a differential expression of transcription factor-encoding genes, genes involved in hormone-mediate signalling and genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin was observed between the two genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a transcriptomic characterization of the osmotic stress response in rice and identify several genes that may be important players in the tolerant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baldoni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology - National Research Council, via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Genomics Research Centre, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Franca Locatelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology - National Research Council, via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Mattana
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology - National Research Council, via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Genga
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology - National Research Council, via Bassini 15, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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