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Qu Y, Ou Z, Yong QQ, Yao X, Luo J. Coloration differences in three Camellia reticulata Lindl. cultivars: 'Tongzimian', 'Shizitou' and 'Damanao'. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:18. [PMID: 38166751 PMCID: PMC10759361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Camellia reticulata Lindl., also known as Yunnan Camellia, is an important ornamental plant in China, especially for its large and stunning flowers. A comprehensive understanding of their coloration mechanisms can aid breeders in developing new cultivars and improving their ornamental value; however, it is still unclear in Yunnan Camellia, especially in mixed-color flowers. In this study, we conducted metabolic and transcriptomic comparison analyses to investigate the coloration differences in three Yunnan Camellia cultivars: C. reticulata 'Shizitou' (SZT), C. reticulata 'Damanao' (MN), and C. reticulata 'Tongzimian' (TZM). Our results revealed that the initial flowering stage may play a critical role in the color change of MN. Metabolome analysis demonstrated that cyanidin was the primary anthocyanin in SZT and MN's red region, while its content was low in TZM and MN's white region. According to the transcriptome analysis, the anthocyanins biosynthesis pathway was reconstructed in Yunnan Camellia, and the low expression of CHS was detected in TZM and MN's white region, while ANR maintained a high expression level, which may lead to the low content of cyanidin in them. Transcription factors MYBs, bHLH, and bZIP may play a key role in regulating anthocyanin-structural genes. The co-expression analysis showed that the meristem tissue may play a crucial role in the formation of the mixed white-red color in MN. Our study enriched the genetic basis of flower coloration differences in Yunnan Camellia which will be a valuable genomic resource to understanding the biology of coloration formation and for breeding the Camellia cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China.
| | - Zhi Ou
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Qing Qing Yong
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Xiang Yao
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
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2
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Zeng H, Chen M, Zheng T, Tang Q, Xu H. Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Accumulation Patterns of Flavonoids and Volatile Compounds in Camellia oleifera Petals with Different Color. Molecules 2023; 28:7248. [PMID: 37959668 PMCID: PMC10650325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To systematically and comprehensively investigate the metabolic characteristics of coloring substances and floral aroma substances in Camellia oleifera petals with different colors, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) metabolomics methods were applied to determine the metabolic profiles of white, candy-pink and dark-red petals. The results revealed that 270 volatile organic compounds were detected, mainly terpenoids, heterocyclic, esters, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and alcohols, in which phenylethyl alcohol, lilac alcohol, and butanoic acid, 1-methylhexyl ester, hotrienol, alpha-terpineol and 7-Octen-4-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, (S)-, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylbutyl ester, 2,4-Octadienal, (E,E)- could act as the floral scent compounds. A total of 372 flavonoid compounds were identified, and luteolin, kaempferol, cyanidin and peonidin derivatives were considered as the main coloring substances for candy-pink and dark-red petal coloration. In conclusion, this study intuitively and quantitatively exhibited the variations in flower color and floral scent of C. oleifera petal with different colors caused by changes in variations of flavonoids and volatile organic compound composition, and provided useful data for improving the sensory quality and breeding of C. oleifera petals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Zheng
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Qinba Mountain Area Collaborative Innovation Center of Bioresources Comprehensive Development, Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment (Incubation), School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (H.Z.); (M.C.); (Q.T.); (H.X.)
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3
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Hedycaryol – Central Intermediates in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis, Part II. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200405. [PMID: 35239190 PMCID: PMC9310801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The known sesquiterpenes that arise biosynthetically from hedycaryol are summarised. Reasonings for the assignments of their absolute configurations are discussed. The analysis provided here suggests that reprotonations at the C1=C10 double bond of hedycaryol are directed toward C1 and generally lead to 6–6 bicyclic compounds, while reprotonations at the C4=C5 double bond occur at C4 and result in 5–7 bicyclic compounds. Read more in the Review by H. Xu and J. S. Dickschat (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200405).
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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4
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Xu H, Lackus ND, Köllner TG, Dickschat JS. Isotopic Labeling Experiments Solve the Hedycaryol Problem. Org Lett 2022; 24:587-591. [PMID: 34985289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hedycaryol is a widespread sesquiterpene alcohol and important biosynthetic intermediate toward eudesmols and guaiols. A full NMR assignment for this compound has been hampered because of the unique molecular mechanics of its conformers in complex mixtures. This problem was solved through the enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled materials using a mutated plant and a bacterial enzyme for access to both enantiomers of hedycaryol, which also allowed us to follow the stereochemical course of its Cope rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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5
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Schriever K, Saenz-Mendez P, Rudraraju RS, Hendrikse NM, Hudson EP, Biundo A, Schnell R, Syrén PO. Engineering of Ancestors as a Tool to Elucidate Structure, Mechanism, and Specificity of Extant Terpene Cyclase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3794-3807. [PMID: 33496585 PMCID: PMC8023661 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural information is crucial for understanding catalytic mechanisms and to guide enzyme engineering efforts of biocatalysts, such as terpene cyclases. However, low sequence similarity can impede homology modeling, and inherent protein instability presents challenges for structural studies. We hypothesized that X-ray crystallography of engineered thermostable ancestral enzymes can enable access to reliable homology models of extant biocatalysts. We have applied this concept in concert with molecular modeling and enzymatic assays to understand the structure activity relationship of spiroviolene synthase, a class I terpene cyclase, aiming to engineer its specificity. Engineering a surface patch in the reconstructed ancestor afforded a template structure for generation of a high-confidence homology model of the extant enzyme. On the basis of structural considerations, we designed and crystallized ancestral variants with single residue exchanges that exhibited tailored substrate specificity and preserved thermostability. We show how the two single amino acid alterations identified in the ancestral scaffold can be transferred to the extant enzyme, conferring a specificity switch that impacts the extant enzyme's specificity for formation of the diterpene spiroviolene over formation of sesquiterpenes hedycaryol and farnesol by up to 25-fold. This study emphasizes the value of ancestral sequence reconstruction combined with enzyme engineering as a versatile tool in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schriever
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Saenz-Mendez
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie M. Hendrikse
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish
Orphan Biovitrum AB, 112
76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elton P. Hudson
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonino Biundo
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Schnell
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17 165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Syrén
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science
for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Dwivedi V, Rao S, Bomzan DP, Kumar SR, Shanmugam PV, Olsson SB, Nagegowda DA. Functional characterization of a defense-responsive bulnesol/elemol synthase from potato. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:7-21. [PMID: 32880963 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) produce a variety of terpenoids that play numerous functional roles in primary and secondary metabolism, as well as in ecological interactions. Here, we report the functional characterization of an inducible potato TPS gene encoding bulnesol/elemol synthase (StBUS/ELS). The expression of StBUS/ELS in potato leaves was significantly induced in response to both bacterial (Pseudomonas syringae) and fungal (Alternaria solani) infection as well as methyl jasmonate treatment, indicating its role in defense. The leaves exhibited the highest StBUS/ELS expression followed by the stem with least and similar expression in tuber, sprout and root. Recombinant StBUS/ELS catalyzed the formation of different sesquiterpenes by utilizing farnesyl diphosphate as substrate, and the monoterpene geraniol from geranyl diphosphate. Among the sesquiterpenes formed by StBUS/ELS, elemol was the predominant product followed by α-bulnesene, bulnesol and β-elemene. Further gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of StBUS/ELS assay products at different injection temperatures revealed elemol and bulnesol as the major products at 275 and 200/150°C, respectively, without much change in the levels of minor products. This indicated thermal rearrangement of bulnesol into elemol at higher temperatures. Transient overexpression of StBUS/ELS in potato leaves conferred tolerance against the growth of bacteria P. syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum, and the fungus A. solani. Further, expression analysis of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in StBUS/ELS overexpressing leaves showed no significant change in comparison to control, indicating a direct involvement of StBUS/ELS enzymatic products against pathogens. Overall, our study suggested that StBUS/ELS is a pathogen-inducible TPS encoding bulnesol/elemol synthase and could provide a direct role in defense against biotic stress in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dikki P Bomzan
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Sarma R Kumar
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Pragadheesh V Shanmugam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Shannon B Olsson
- Naturalist-Inspired Chemical Ecology, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Molecular Plant Biology and Biotechnology Lab, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
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7
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Booth JK, Yuen MMS, Jancsik S, Madilao LL, Page JE, Bohlmann J. Terpene Synthases and Terpene Variation in Cannabis sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:130-147. [PMID: 32591428 PMCID: PMC7479917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) resin is the foundation of a multibillion dollar medicinal and recreational plant bioproducts industry. Major components of the cannabis resin are the cannabinoids and terpenes. Variations of cannabis terpene profiles contribute much to the different flavor and fragrance phenotypes that affect consumer preferences. A major problem in the cannabis industry is the lack of proper metabolic characterization of many of the existing cultivars, combined with sometimes incorrect cultivar labeling. We characterized foliar terpene profiles of plants grown from 32 seed sources and found large variation both within and between sets of plants labeled as the same cultivar. We selected five plants representing different cultivars with contrasting terpene profiles for clonal propagation, floral metabolite profiling, and trichome-specific transcriptome sequencing. Sequence analysis of these five cultivars and the reference genome of cv Purple Kush revealed a total of 33 different cannabis terpene synthase (CsTPS) genes, as well as variations of the CsTPS gene family and differential expression of terpenoid and cannabinoid pathway genes between cultivars. Our annotation of the cv Purple Kush reference genome identified 19 complete CsTPS gene models, and tandem arrays of isoprenoid and cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. An updated phylogeny of the CsTPS gene family showed three cannabis-specific clades, including a clade of sesquiterpene synthases within the TPS-b subfamily that typically contains mostly monoterpene synthases. The CsTPSs described and functionally characterized here include 13 that had not been previously characterized and that collectively explain a diverse range of cannabis terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Lufiani L Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jonathan E Page
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Aurora Cannabis, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3J5
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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8
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Zhou F, Pichersky E. The complete functional characterisation of the terpene synthase family in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1341-1360. [PMID: 31943222 PMCID: PMC7422722 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the updated reference tomato genome found 34 full-length TPS genes and 18 TPS pseudogenes. Biochemical analysis has now identified the catalytic activities of all enzymes encoded by the 34 TPS genes: one isoprene synthase, 10 exclusively or predominantly monoterpene synthases, 17 sesquiterpene synthases and six diterpene synthases. Among the monoterpene and sesquiterpene and diterpene synthases, some use trans-prenyl diphosphates, some use cis-prenyl diphosphates and some use both. The isoprene synthase is cytosolic; six monoterpene synthases are plastidic, and four are cytosolic; the sesquiterpene synthases are almost all cytosolic, with the exception of one found in the mitochondria; and three diterpene synthases are found in the plastids, one in the cytosol and two in the mitochondria. New trans-prenyltransferases (TPTs) were characterised; together with previously characterised TPTs and cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), tomato plants can make all cis and trans C10 , C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphates. Every type of plant tissue examined expresses some TPS genes and some TPTs and CPTs. Phylogenetic comparison of the TPS genes from tomato and Arabidopsis shows expansions in each clade of the TPS gene family in each lineage (and inferred losses), accompanied by changes in subcellular localisations and substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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9
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Wang Y, Li J, Fan Z, Wu D, Yin H, Li X. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Camellia brevistyla, an oil-rich and evergreen shrub. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:386-387. [PMID: 33366568 PMCID: PMC7748852 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1703607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Camellia brevistyla is an economic species for its seeds with high oil content and ornamental value, which is cultivated widespreadly across southern China. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of C. brevistyla was assembled and annotated in order to future genetic research. The whole cp genome of C. brevistyla is 159,281 bp in size, composed of a small single copy (SSC) region of 15,662 bp and a large single copy (LSC) region of 86,251 bp separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, IRA: 130598: 159281, IRB: 86252: 114935). The overall GC content of C. brevistyla cp genome is 37.19%, with the base content A (31.03%), T (31.78%), C (18.94%), and G (18.25%). Phylogenetic analysis of 20 species based on 74 protein-coding genes shows that C. brevistyla is evolutionarily closest to Camellia danzaiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongyang Wu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Hattan JI, Shindo K, Sasaki T, Ohno F, Tokuda H, Ishikawa K, Misawa N. Identification of novel sesquiterpene synthase genes that mediate the biosynthesis of valerianol, which was an unknown ingredient of tea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12474. [PMID: 30127518 PMCID: PMC6102311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven cDNA clones encoding terpene synthases (TPSs), their structures closely related to each other, were isolated from the flower of Camellia hiemalis (‘Kantsubaki’). Their putative TPS proteins were phylogenetically positioned in a sole clade with the TPSs of other Camellia species. The obtained Tps genes, one of which was designated ChTps1 (ChTps1a), were introduced into mevalonate-pathway-engineered Escherichia coli, which carried the genes for utilizing acetoacetate as a substrate, and cultured in a medium including lithium acetoacetate. Volatile products generated in the E. coli cells transformed with ChTps1 were purified from the cell suspension culture, and analyzed by NMR. Consequently, the predominant product with ChTPS1 was identified as valerianol, indicating that the ChTps1 gene codes for valerianol synthase. This is the first report on a gene that can mediate the synthesis of valerianol. We next synthesized a Tps ortholog encoding ChTPS1variant R477H (named CsiTPS8), whose sequence had been isolated from a tea tree (Camellia sinensis), carried out similar culture experiment with the E. coli transformant including CsiTps8, and consequently found valerianol production equally. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of several teas revealed that valerianol had been an unknown ingredient in green tea and black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasaki
- Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, 2-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Harukuni Tokuda
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishikawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda-shi, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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11
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Liang J, Liu J, Brown R, Jia M, Zhou K, Peters RJ, Wang Q. Direct production of dihydroxylated sesquiterpenoids by a maize terpene synthase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:847-856. [PMID: 29570233 PMCID: PMC6020683 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The astounding structural and biological diversities of the large class of terpenoid natural products are imparted by both their complex hydrocarbon backbones and further elaboration by the addition of multiple hydroxyl groups, which provide both solubility and specific binding properties. While the role of terpene synthases (TPSs) in generating hydrocarbons with complex backbones is well known, these also are known to generate (singly) hydroxylated products by the addition of water prior to terminating deprotonation. Here a maize sesquiterpene synthase was unexpectedly found to generate dually hydroxylated products directly from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate, primarily eudesmane-2,11-diol, along with two closely related structural isomers. The unprecedented formation of these diols was proposed to proceed via initial addition of water to a germacradienyl+ intermediate, followed by protonation of the internal carbon-6,7-double-bond in the resulting hedycarol, with subsequent cyclization and further addition of water to an eudesmolyl+ intermediate. Evidence for the proposed mechanism was provided by labeling studies, as well as site-directed mutagenesis, based on structural modeling, which identified an active site phenylalanine required for the protonation and further elaboration of hedycaryol. This dihydroxylated sesquiterpenoid synthase was specifically expressed in maize roots and induced by pathogen infection, with its major enzymatic product only detected in root exudates or infected roots, suggesting a role in defense. Regardless of the ultimate metabolic fate or physiological role of these diols, this report not only reveals an unanticipated extension of the catalytic prowess of TPSs, but also provides insight into the underlying enzymatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Reid Brown
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Ke Zhou
- The Multidisciplinary Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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12
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Chuang L, Wen CH, Lee YR, Lin YL, Hsu LR, Wang SY, Chu FH. Identification, Functional Characterization, and Seasonal Expression Patterns of Five Sesquiterpene Synthases in Liquidambar formosana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1162-1172. [PMID: 29746128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large group of important secondary metabolites that are involved in a variety of physiological mechanisms, and many are used commercially in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. During the past decade, the topic of seasonal variation in terpenoid biosynthesis has garnered increasing attention. Formosan sweet gum ( Liquidambar formosana Hance) is a deciduous tree species. The expression of terpene synthase and accumulation of terpenoids in leaves may vary in different seasons. Here, four sesquiterpene synthases (i.e., LfTPS01, LfTPS02, LfTPS03, and LfTPS04) and a bifunctional mono/sesquiterpene synthase ( LfTPS05) were identified from Formosan sweet gum. The gene expression of LfTPS01, LfTPS02, and LfTPS03 showed seasonal diversification, and, in addition, expression of LfTPS04 and LfTPS05 was induced by methyl jasmonate treatment. The major products LfTPS01, LfTPS02, LfTPS04, and LfTPS05 are hedycaryol, α-selinene, trans-β-caryophyllene, α-copaene/δ-cadinene, and nerolidol/linalool, respectively. The data indicated that the sesquiterpenoid content in the essential oil of Formosan sweet gum leaves shows seasonal differences that were correlated to the sesquiterpene synthase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chuang
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Wen
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Lee
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Lin
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Li-Ren Hsu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry/Agricultural Biotechnology Center , National Chung-Hsing University , Taichung 40227 , Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Experimental Forest , National Taiwan University , Nan-Tou 55750 , Taiwan
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13
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Hattan JI, Shindo K, Sasaki T, Misawa N. Isolation and Functional Characterization of New Terpene Synthase Genes from Traditional Edible Plants. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1235-1246. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | | | | | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University
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14
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Shindo K. A modern purification method for volatile sesquiterpenes produced by recombinant Escherichia coli carrying terpene synthase genes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:935-939. [PMID: 29191086 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1403882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Most volatile sesquiterpenes had been purified from plants using distillation and preparative gas chromatography, which is not applicable to many laboratories that do not possess a needed facility. Thus, this review focuses on a modern purification method for volatile sesquiterpenes using Escherichia coli cells that functionally express terpene synthase (Tps) genes. It was recently developed that recombinant E. coli cells carrying Tps genes were cultured in two-layer media (n-octane/TB medium) without harming the cells, and the volatile hydrophobic compounds trapped in the n-octane were purified by two-phase partition (alkane/alkaline 50% MeOH), silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (if necessary). Consequently, it was found that the volatile sesquiterpenes are easily purified, the structures of which can then be determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, [α]D and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The antioxidant activities of several volatile sesquiterpenes are also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Shindo
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
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15
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Shindo K, Hattan JI, Kato M, Sato M, Ito T, Shibuya Y, Watanabe A, Sugiyama M, Nakamura Y, Misawa N. Purification and structural analysis of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by Escherichia coli carrying unidentified terpene synthase genes from edible plants of the family Araliaceae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:978-985. [PMID: 29161962 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1386085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple method to purify volatile sesquiterpenes from recombinant Escherichia coli was developed using the cells that carried known sesquiterpene synthase (Tps) genes ZzZss2 (ZSS2) and ZoTps1. This method was applied for the purification and structural analyses of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by E. coli cells that carried unidentified Tps genes, which were isolated from the Aralia-genus edible plants belonging to the family Araliaceae. Recombinant cells carrying each Tps gene were cultured in the two-layer medium (n-octane/TB medium), and volatile sesquiterpenes trapped in n-octane were purified through two-phase partition, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, if necessary. Further, their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, [α]D, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Herein, the products of E. coli cells that carried two Tps gene (named AcTps1 and AcTps2) in Araria cordata "Udo" and a Tps gene (named AeTps1) in Aralia elata "Taranoki" were studied resulting in identifying functionalities of these cryptic Tps genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Shindo
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Hattan
- b Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology , Ishikawa Prefectural University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Mariko Kato
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Miho Sato
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yurika Shibuya
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Arisa Watanabe
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Maki Sugiyama
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Japan Women's University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- b Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology , Ishikawa Prefectural University , Ishikawa , Japan
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16
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Huang H, Xia EH, Zhang HB, Yao QY, Gao LZ. De novo transcriptome sequencing of Camellia sasanqua and the analysis of major candidate genes related to floral traits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 120:103-111. [PMID: 28992542 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sasanqua is one of the most famous horticultural plants in Camellia (Theaceae) due to its aesthetic appeal as landscape plant. Knowledge regarding the genetic basis of flowering time, floral aroma and color in C. sasanqua is limited, but is essential to breed new varieties with desired floral traits. Here, we described the de novo transcriptome of young leaves, flower buds and flowers of C. sasanqua. A total of 60,127 unigenes were functionally annotated based on the sequence similarity. After analysis, we found that two floral integrator genes, SOC1 and AP1, in flowering time pathway showed evidence of gene family expansion. Compared with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway, some genes in the mevalonate pathway were most highly expressed, suggesting that this might represent the major pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis related to floral aroma in C. sasanqua. In flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, PAL, CHI, DFR and ANS showing significantly higher expression levels in flowers and flower buds might have important role in regulation of floral color. The top five most transcription factors (TFs) families in C. sasanqua transcriptome were MYB, MIKC, C3H, FAR1 and HD-ZIP, many of which have a direct relationship with floral traits. In addition, we also identified 33,540 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the C. sasanqua transcriptome. Collectively, the C. sasanqua transcriptome dataset generated from this study along with the SSR markers provide a new resource for the identification of novel regulatory transcripts and will accelerate the genetic improvement of C. sasanqua breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - En-Hua Xia
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hai-Bin Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Qiu-Yang Yao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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17
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Xin T, Huang W, De Riek J, Zhang S, Ahmed S, Van Huylenbroeck J, Long C. Genetic diversity, population structure, and traditional culture of Camellia reticulata. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8915-8926. [PMID: 29152187 PMCID: PMC5677478 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia reticulata is an arbor tree that has been cultivated in southwestern China by various sociolinguistic groups for esthetic purposes as well as to derive an edible seed oil. This study examined the influence of management, socio‐economic factors, and religion on the genetic diversity patterns of Camellia reticulata utilizing a combination of ethnobotanical and molecular genetic approaches. Semi‐structured interviews and key informant interviews were carried out with local communities in China's Yunnan Province. We collected plant material (n = 190 individuals) from five populations at study sites using single‐dose AFLP markers in order to access the genetic diversity within and between populations. A total of 387 DNA fragments were produced by four AFLP primer sets. All DNA fragments were found to be polymorphic (100%). A relatively high level of genetic diversity was revealed in C. reticulata samples at both the species (Hsp = 0.3397, Isp = 0.5236) and population (percentage of polymorphic loci = 85.63%, Hpop = 0.2937, Ipop = 0.4421) levels. Findings further revealed a relatively high degree of genetic diversity within C. reticulata populations (Analysis of Molecular Variance = 96.31%). The higher genetic diversity within populations than among populations of C. reticulata from different geographies is likely due to the cultural and social influences associated with its long cultivation history for esthetic and culinary purposes by diverse sociolinguistic groups. This study highlights the influence of human management, socio‐economic factors, and other cultural variables on the genetic and morphological diversity of C. reticulata at a regional level. Findings emphasize the important role of traditional culture on the conservation and utilization of plant genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Minzu University of China Beijing China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Minzu University of China Beijing China
| | - Jan De Riek
- Plant Sciences Unit Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Melle Belgium
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Minzu University of China Beijing China
| | - Selena Ahmed
- Department of Health & Human Development Montana State University Bozeman MT USA
| | | | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Minzu University of China Beijing China.,Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
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18
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Abstract
![]()
The
year 2017 marks the twentieth anniversary of terpenoid cyclase
structural biology: a trio of terpenoid cyclase structures reported
together in 1997 were the first to set the foundation for understanding
the enzymes largely responsible for the exquisite chemodiversity of
more than 80000 terpenoid natural products. Terpenoid cyclases catalyze
the most complex chemical reactions in biology, in that more than
half of the substrate carbon atoms undergo changes in bonding and
hybridization during a single enzyme-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
The past two decades have witnessed structural, functional, and computational
studies illuminating the modes of substrate activation that initiate
the cyclization cascade, the management and manipulation of high-energy
carbocation intermediates that propagate the cyclization cascade,
and the chemical strategies that terminate the cyclization cascade.
The role of the terpenoid cyclase as a template for catalysis is paramount
to its function, and protein engineering can be used to reprogram
the cyclization cascade to generate alternative and commercially important
products. Here, I review key advances in terpenoid cyclase structural
and chemical biology, focusing mainly on terpenoid cyclases and related
prenyltransferases for which X-ray crystal structures have informed
and advanced our understanding of enzyme structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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19
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Hu Z, Tang B, Wu Q, Zheng J, Leng P, Zhang K. Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals a Difference in Monoterpene Biosynthesis between Scented Lilium 'Siberia' and Unscented Lilium 'Novano'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1351. [PMID: 28824685 PMCID: PMC5543080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lilium is a world famous fragrant bulb flower with high ornamental and economic values, and significant differences in fragrance are found among different Lilium genotypes. In order to explore the mechanism underlying the different fragrances, the floral scents of Lilium 'Sibeia', with a strong fragrance, and Lilium 'Novano', with a very faint fragrance, were collected in vivo using a dynamic headspace technique. These scents were identified using automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS) at different flowering stages. We used RNA-Seq technique to determine the petal transcriptome at the full-bloom stage and analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to investigate the molecular mechanism of floral scent biosynthesis. The results showed that a significantly higher amount of Lilium 'Siberia' floral scent was released compared with Lilium 'Novano'. Moreover, monoterpenes played a dominant role in the floral scent of Lilium 'Siberia'; therefore, it is believed that the different emissions of monoterpenes mainly contributed to the difference in the floral scent between the two Lilium genotypes. Transcriptome sequencing analysis indicated that ~29.24 Gb of raw data were generated and assembled into 124,233 unigenes, of which 35,749 unigenes were annotated. Through a comparison of gene expression between these two Lilium genotypes, 6,496 DEGs were identified. The genes in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway showed significantly different expression levels. The gene expressions of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (HDS), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (HDR), isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI), and geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS/GGPS), were upregulated in Lilium 'Siberia' compared to Lilium 'Novano', and two monoterpene synthase genes, ocimene synthase gene (OCS) and myrcene synthase gene (MYS), were also expressed at higher levels in the tepals of Lilium 'Siberia', which was consistent with the monoterpene release amounts. We demonstrated that the high activation levels of the pathways contributed to monoterpene biosynthesis in Lilium 'Siberia' resulting in high accumulations and emissions of monoterpenes, which led to the difference in fragrance between these two Lilium genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
| | - Biao Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
| | - Pingsheng Leng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pingsheng Leng
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
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