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Wang X, Fei Y, Shao Y, Liao Q, Meng Q, Chen R, Deng L. Transcriptome analysis reveals immune function-related mRNA expression in donkey mammary glands during four developmental stages. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101169. [PMID: 38096640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The low susceptibility to mastitis of female donkey (jenny) mammary glands and the strong immune properties of donkey milk are acknowledged, but little is known about the genes involved in mammary gland immunity in jennies. Herein, we used RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses to explore jenny mammary gland transcriptomes and detect potential functional differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs related to immunity during four specific developmental stages: foetal (F), pubertal (P), adult parous nonlactation (N) and lactation (L). A total of 2497, 583 and 1820 DE mRNAs were identified in jenny mammary glands at F vs. P, P vs. N, and N vs. L, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed numerous GO terms related to immune function, especially between F and P. Seven significantly enriched profiles were identified, among which 497 and 1261 DE mRNAs were upregulated in profiles 19 and 17. Eleven mRNAs were enriched in over 10 KEGG pathways. β-2-microglobulin (B2M), immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (IGHM), toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) were mainly involved in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling, phagosome and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) signalling pathways. The findings provide insight into the molecular features underpinning the low prevalence of intramammary infections (i.e., mastitis) in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yaqi Fei
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qingchao Liao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qingze Meng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone M, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-Cell Transcription Mapping of Murine and Human Mammary Organoids Responses to Female Hormones. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:3. [PMID: 38289401 PMCID: PMC10827859 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Lewis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Michael Ciccone
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Samantha Henry
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Adam Siepel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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3
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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone MF, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-cell transcription mapping of murine and human mammary organoids responses to female hormones. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559971. [PMID: 37808747 PMCID: PMC10557705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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Clemenceau A, Lacouture A, Bherer J, Ouellette G, Michaud A, Audet-Walsh É, Diorio C, Durocher F. Role of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 in Early Breast Carcinogenesis and Breast Cancer Aggressiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082251. [PMID: 37190179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A human transcriptome array on ERα-positive breast cancer continuum of risk identified Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 (SFRP1) as decreased during breast cancer progression. In addition, SFRP1 was inversely associated with breast tissue age-related lobular involution, and differentially regulated in women with regard to their parity status and the presence of microcalcifications. The causal role of SFRP1 in breast carcinogenesis remains, nevertheless, not well understood. In this study, we characterized mammary epithelial cells from both nulliparous and multiparous mice in organoid culture ex vivo, in the presence of estradiol (E2) and/or hydroxyapatite microcalcifications (HA). Furthermore, we have modulated SFRP1 expression in breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF10A series, and investigated their tumoral properties. We observed that organoids obtained from multiparous mice were resistant to E2 treatment, while organoids obtained from nulliparous mice developed the luminal phenotype associated with a lower ratio between Sfrp1 and Esr1 expression. The decrease in SFRP1 expression in MCF10A and MCF10AT1 cell lines increased their tumorigenic properties in vitro. On the other hand, the overexpression of SFRP1 in MCF10DCIS, MCF10CA1a, and MCF7 reduced their aggressiveness. Our results support the hypothesis that a lack of SFRP1 could have a causal role in early breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Clemenceau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Aurélie Lacouture
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Juliette Bherer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Geneviève Ouellette
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Annick Michaud
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francine Durocher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Cancer Research Centre, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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5
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Han XX, Zhao FY, Gu KR, Wang GP, Zhang J, Tao R, Yuan J, Gu J, Yu JQ. Development of precocious puberty in children: Surmised medicinal plant treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Plante I, Winn LM, Vaillancourt C, Grigorova P, Parent L. Killing two birds with one stone: Pregnancy is a sensitive window for endocrine effects on both the mother and the fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112435. [PMID: 34843719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex process requiring tremendous physiological changes in the mother in order to fulfill the needs of the growing fetus, and to give birth, expel the placenta and nurse the newborn. These physiological modifications are accompanied with psychological changes, as well as with variations in habits and behaviors. As a result, this period of life is considered as a sensitive window as impaired functional and physiological changes in the mother can have short- and long-term impacts on her health. In addition, dysregulation of the placenta and of mechanisms governing placentation have been linked to chronic diseases later-on in life for the fetus, in a concept known as the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). This concept stipulates that any change in the environment during the pre-conception and perinatal (in utero life and neonatal) period to puberty, can be "imprinted" in the organism, thereby impacting the health and risk of chronic diseases later in life. Pregnancy is a succession of events that is regulated, in large part, by hormones and growth factors. Therefore, small changes in hormonal balance can have important effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect both the mother and the fetus giving rise to growing concerns surrounding these exposures. This review will give an overview of changes that happen during pregnancy with respect to the mother, the placenta, and the fetus, and of the current literature regarding the effects of EDCs during this specific sensitive window of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Louise M Winn
- Queen's University, School of Environmental Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Petya Grigorova
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Santiano FE, Campo Verde Arboccó F, Bruna FA, Zyla LE, Sasso CV, Gómez S, Pistone-Creydt V, López-Fontana CM, Carón RW. The epigenetic role of breastfeeding in mammary differentiation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:578-586. [PMID: 33023719 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal milk consumption can cause changes in the mammary epithelium of the offspring that result in the expression of molecules involved in the induction of differentiation, reducing the risk of developing mammary cancer later in life. We previously showed that animals that maintained a higher intake of maternal milk had a lower incidence of mammary cancer. In the present study, we evaluated one of the possible mechanisms by which the consumption of maternal milk could modify the susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis. We used Sprague Dawley rats reared in litters of 3 (L3), 8 (L8), or 12 (L12) pups per mother in order to generate a differential consumption of milk. Whole mounts of mammary glands were performed to analyze the changes in morphology. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we analyzed the expression of mammary Pinc, Tbx3, Stat6, and Gata3 genes. We use the real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction method to assess the methylation status of Stat6 and Gata3 CpG sites. Our findings show an increase in the size of the epithelial tree and a smaller number of ducts called terminal end buds in L3 vs. L12. We observed an increased expression of mRNA of Stat6, Gata3, Tbx3, and a lower expression of Pinc in L3 with respect to L12. Stat6 and Gata3 are more methylated in the CpG islands of the promoter analyzed in L12 vs. L3. In conclusion, the increased consumption of maternal milk during the postnatal stage generates epigenetic and morphological changes associated with the differentiation of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia E Santiano
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia A Bruna
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leila E Zyla
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, University of Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Corina V Sasso
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gómez
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Virginia Pistone-Creydt
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Constanza M López-Fontana
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén W Carón
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU, CONICET UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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9
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Lyons KE, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1039. [PMID: 32283875 PMCID: PMC7231147 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability to provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast feeding is associated with improved infant health and immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease and lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients to the growing infant, breast milk is a source of commensal bacteria which further enhance infant health by preventing pathogen adhesion and promoting gut colonisation of beneficial microbes. While breast milk was initially considered a sterile fluid and microbes isolated were considered contaminants, it is now widely accepted that breast milk is home to its own unique microbiome. The origins of bacteria in breast milk have been subject to much debate, however, the possibility of an entero-mammary pathway allowing for transfer of microbes from maternal gut to the mammary gland is one potential pathway. Human milk derived strains can be regarded as potential probiotics; therefore, many studies have focused on isolating strains from milk for subsequent use in infant health and nutrition markets. This review aims to discuss mammary gland development in preparation for lactation as well as explore the microbial composition and origins of the human milk microbiota with a focus on probiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katríona E. Lyons
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
| | - Eugene M. Dempsey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork T12 YE02, Ireland
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 DFK4, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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10
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Hara A, Abe T, Hirao A, Sanbe K, Ayakawa H, Sarantonglaga B, Yamaguchi M, Sato A, Khurchabilig A, Ogata K, Fukumori R, Sugita S, Nagao Y. Histochemical properties of bovine and ovine mammary glands during fetal development. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:263-271. [PMID: 29249731 PMCID: PMC5836762 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain more information on the development of bovine and ovine fetal mammary
glands, a series of mammary glands from fetuses of different ages were analyzed. A total
of 16 bovine fetuses with curved crown rump lengths ranging from 12 cm (80 days) to 75 cm
(240 days) and 15 ovine fetuses ranging from 55 days to 131 days were examined. We used
hematoxylin and eosin stain and Oil-Red-O stain to analyze the developmental and
morphogenetic processes of mammary glands. In addition, we used immunohistochemical
staining to determine the pattern of expression of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) during luminal
epithelial differentiation, α-smooth-muscle actin (α-SMA) for myoepithelial
differentiation, Ki-67 for cell proliferation, and estrogen receptor α (ERα). Our analyzes
showed: (a) The primary mammary duct begin to proliferate in a lengthwise within the teat
at 90 days in bovine fetuses and 63 days in ovine fetus; (b) luminal epithelial cells and
myoepithelial cells appeared from 90 days in bovine fetuses and 63 days in ovine fetus;
(c) proliferation of epithelial cells appeared to coincide with the development of the
primary and secondary ducts; and (d) ERα was not found in the fetal mammary gland, but
adipocytes showed the presence of ERα. Overall, these results indicate that the sequence
of events in the prenatal development of the mammary gland of sheep is similar to that of
cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hara
- Department of Animal Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Abe
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Basic Science related to Nursing, School of Nursing, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sanbe
- University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ayakawa
- University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | | | - Mio Yamaguchi
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Akane Sato
- Department of Animal Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Atchalalt Khurchabilig
- Department of Animal Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ogata
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Rika Fukumori
- Department of Health and Environmental Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shoei Sugita
- Department of Animal Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nagao
- Department of Animal Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-4415, Japan
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11
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Song S, Wang B, Gu S, Li X, Sun S. Expression of Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 in pancreatic neoplasms and its effect on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7849-7861. [PMID: 29344231 PMCID: PMC5755265 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of Beclin 1 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) has been identified in a variety of human tumors; however, little information is available for pancreatic neoplasms. The present study analyzed the expression of Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas, and evaluated their prognostic significance for PDAC. The present study included 117 PDAC, 43 SPN and 32 chronic pancreatitis (CP) cases. Levels of Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 expression were evaluated semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry, and their correlation with the survival of patients with PDAC was determined. Beclin 1 was upregulated in 74 (63.2%) PDAC, 26 (60.5%) SPN, and 14 (43.8%) CP cases. Bcl-2 was upregulated in 38 (32.5%) PDAC, 11 (25.6%) SPN and 24 (75.0%) CP cases. High Beclin 1 and low Bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated with poor differentiation and distant metastasis in PDAC, and associated with the presence of nuclear pleomorphism in SPN and with advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage in PDAC. Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 levels were inversely correlated in PDAC, whereas they were positively correlated in SPN. Low Beclin 1 and high Bcl-2 expression was associated with improved disease-free survival and overall survival (OS). However, the association of Beclin 1 with survival was not significant in the Cox analysis, whereas Bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated with OS in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, Beclin 1 upregulation exacerbated the progression and aggressiveness of pancreatic neoplasms, and Bcl-2 downregulated expression was an independently poor prognostic factor for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Song
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Baosheng Wang
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuailin Gu
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shaolong Sun
- Department of Pancreas and Endocrine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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12
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Hindman AR, Mo XM, Helber HL, Kovalchin CE, Ravichandran N, Murphy AR, Fagan AM, St. John PM, Burd CJ. Varying Susceptibility of the Female Mammary Gland to In Utero Windows of BPA Exposure. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3435-3447. [PMID: 28938483 PMCID: PMC5659685 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In utero exposure to the endocrine disrupting compound bisphenol A (BPA) is known to disrupt mammary gland development and increase tumor susceptibility in rodents. It is unclear whether different periods of in utero development might be more susceptible to BPA exposure. We exposed pregnant CD-1 mice to BPA at different times during gestation that correspond to specific milestones of in utero mammary gland development. The mammary glands of early-life and adult female mice, exposed in utero to BPA, were morphologically and molecularly (estrogen receptor-α and Ki67) evaluated for developmental abnormalities. We found that BPA treatment occurring before mammary bud invasion into the mesenchyme [embryonic day (E)12.5] incompletely resulted in the measured phenotypes of mammary gland defects. Exposing mice up to the point at which the epithelium extends into the precursor fat pad (E16.5) resulted in a nearly complete BPA phenotype and exposure during epithelial extension (E15.5 to E18.5) resulted in a partial phenotype. Furthermore, the relative differences in phenotypes between exposure windows highlight the substantial correlations between early-life molecular changes (estrogen receptor-α and Ki67) in the stroma and the epithelial elongation defects in mammary development. These data further implicate BPA action in the stroma as a critical mediator of epithelial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Hindman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaokui Molly Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Hannah L. Helber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Claire E. Kovalchin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Alina R. Murphy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Abigail M. Fagan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York New Paltz, New Paltz, New York 12561
| | - Pamela M. St. John
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York New Paltz, New Paltz, New York 12561
| | - Craig J. Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Preliminary results of a new approach for three-dimensional reconstruction of Dynamic AngioThermography (DATG) images based on the inversion of heat equation. Phys Med 2016; 32:1052-64. [PMID: 27618585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.07.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic AngioThermography (DATG) is a contact-plate technique capable of producing a digital representation of breast vascularity. The inception and growth of a tumor are associated with neoangenesis, which may result in a demonstrable alteration in the regional blood flow, while in normal health conditions the vascularity remains unchanged throughout life. DATG, if included in the clinical evaluation for breast cancer, could potentially improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of this disease. Conventional DATG is limited, however, in that it is a projection (i.e. two-dimensional) imaging technique that does not provide any information on the depth and its effect on the pattern of the perfusion revealed by this technique. In fact, the blood pattern is detected by projecting temperature signals on the plate, thus acquiring a digital two-dimensional image. In this article we propose a new approach for extracting information on depth through the inversion of the Fourier heat equation. The idea is to extract the information along the third axis while acquiring and analyzing the temporal sequence during the process of image formation. The method implemented has been tested on a dedicated "electric phantom" and in one in vivo experiment. In spite of the limits of these preliminary tests, the experimental results have shown that this method makes it possible to obtain a 3D representation of the vascularity. Although it appears to be promising, further validation and characterization of our technique are required.
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14
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A 15-year-old Girl with an Asymmetric Hemitruncal Fat Distribution: Hemihyperthrophy or Hemiatrophy? PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 4:e684. [PMID: 27200246 PMCID: PMC4859243 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old girl presented to the pediatrician with complaints of excessive fat distribution on the right side and breast asymmetry. At age 2, she had undergone a left-sided nephrectomy because of a stage III Wilms tumor using a transverse cut supraumbilical approach, followed by systemic chemotherapy and local radiotherapy. In the case of trunk asymmetry, it is questionable which side is deviant. The asymmetry may be an expression of isolated hemihyperthrophy, syndromal hemihypertrophy related to the Wilms tumor, or an expression of left-sided hemiatrophy as a late consequence of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. Late clinical manifestations of childhood cancer treatment are difficult to distinguish from other independent diseases but must be considered as explanations for new onset of symptoms in adolescents.
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15
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Abstract
Mammalia are so named based on the presence of the mammary gland in the breast. The mammary gland is an epidermal appendage, derived from the apocrine glands. The human breast consists of the parenchyma and stroma, originating from ectodermal and mesodermal elements, respectively. Development of the human breast is distinctive for several reasons. The human breast houses the mammary gland that produces and delivers milk through development of an extensive tree-like network of branched ducts. It is also characterized by cellular plasticity, with extensive remodeling in adulthood, a factor that increases its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Also, breast development occurs in distinct stages via complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, orchestrated by signaling pathways under the regulation of systemic hormones. Congenital and acquired disorders of the breast often have a basis in development, making its study essential to understanding breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Javed
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aida Lteif
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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16
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Hilakivi-Clarke L, de Assis S, Warri A. Exposures to synthetic estrogens at different times during the life, and their effect on breast cancer risk. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:25-42. [PMID: 23392570 PMCID: PMC3635108 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are using estrogens for many purposes, such as to prevent pregnancy or miscarriage, or to treat menopausal symptoms. Estrogens also have been used to treat breast cancer which seems puzzling, since there is convincing evidence to support a link between high lifetime estrogen exposure and increased breast cancer risk. In this review, we discuss the findings that maternal exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk in both exposed mothers and their daughters. In addition, we review data regarding the use of estrogens in oral contraceptives and as postmenopausal hormone therapy and discuss the opposing effects on breast cancer risk based upon timing of exposure. We place particular emphasis on studies investigating how maternal estrogenic exposures during pregnancy increase breast cancer risk among daughters. New data suggest that these exposures induce epigenetic modifications in the mammary gland and germ cells, thereby causing an inheritable increase in breast cancer risk for multiple generations.
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17
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Hassiotou F, Geddes D. Anatomy of the human mammary gland: Current status of knowledge. Clin Anat 2012; 26:29-48. [PMID: 22997014 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammary glands are unique to mammals, with the specific function of synthesizing, secreting, and delivering milk to the newborn. Given this function, it is only during a pregnancy/lactation cycle that the gland reaches a mature developmental state via hormonal influences at the cellular level that effect drastic modifications in the micro- and macro-anatomy of the gland, resulting in remodeling of the gland into a milk-secretory organ. Pubertal and post-pubertal development of the breast in females aids in preparing it to assume a functional state during pregnancy and lactation. Remarkably, this organ has the capacity to regress to a resting state upon cessation of lactation, and then undergo the same cycle of expansion and regression again in subsequent pregnancies during reproductive life. This plasticity suggests tight hormonal regulation, which is paramount for the normal function of the gland. This review presents the current status of knowledge of the normal macro- and micro-anatomy of the human mammary gland and the distinct changes it undergoes during the key developmental stages that characterize it, from embryonic life through to post-menopausal age. In addition, it discusses recent advances in our understanding of the normal function of the breast during lactation, with special reference to breastmilk, its composition, and how it can be utilized as a tool to advance knowledge on normal and aberrant breast development and function. Finally, anatomical and molecular traits associated with aberrant expansion of the breast are discussed to set the basis for future comparisons that may illuminate the origin of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Hassiotou
- Hartmann Human Lactation Research Group, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Han D, Nie J, Bonner MR, Ambrosone C, Marian C, Shields P, Trevisan M, Edge SB, Freudenheim JL. Clustering of place of birth for women with breast cancer: differences by tumor characteristics. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 24:587-94. [PMID: 22644665 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing evidence that exposures in early life affect breast cancer risk, and that breast cancer etiology differs by tumor subtype. If environmental exposures in early life contribute to risk, it is expected that there would be clustering of women with breast cancer by their place of birth, and that clustering might differ by subtype. We examined spatial associations between place of birth and breast cancer by subtype, using hormone receptor status and molecular profiles of breast tumors. METHODS Data were drawn from the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer study, a population-based case-control study of incident, pathologically confirmed breast cancer (1996-2001) in Erie and Niagara Counties. Included were women born in the study area (579 cases and 931 controls). Clustering of breast cancer subgroups relative to controls was examined by the k-function method in groups stratified by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status, and by DNA methylation status and p53 mutation status, and the k-function difference was used to compare relative spatial aggregation and spatial range of the difference between case subgroups and controls. RESULTS We found a tendency to cluster among ER positive, PR positive, and HER2 negative cases (i.e., luminal A subtype), especially among premenopausal women, but not among the other groups defined by hormonal receptor status, or by either methylation or p53 mutation status. CONCLUSIONS While our findings cannot rule out clustering of cases by birth place because of shared behaviors related to residence location, they also suggest that early life environmental exposures may affect subsequent breast cancer risk, and that premenopausal breast tumors of the luminal A subtype may be more affected by these early life exposures than other subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daikwon Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M School of Rural Public Health, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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19
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Tufail R, Jorda M, Zhao W, Reis I, Nawaz Z. Loss of Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression is associated with estrogen and progesterone receptors negativity in invasive breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:743-50. [PMID: 21399893 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a well characterized transcriptional coactivator that interacts with various transcription factors and modulates their transcriptional activities. Phosphorylation of YAP by specific kinases regulates its cellular distribution and transcriptional activation functions. Sequestration of phosphorylated YAP in cytoplasm results in the reduction of transcription from its target genes. Since, YAP has been characterized as a coactivator of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, we examined the immunohistochemical expression profile of YAP and correlation of YAP expression with that of ER and PR in normal (40 samples) and tumor breast (226 samples) from microarray tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. Here we show that YAP expression is significantly reduced in invasive carcinoma samples compared to normal breast tissues, which express high levels of YAP (YAP was positive for 45.1% of invasive carcinoma samples versus 82.5% of normal samples P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the data shows that reduced expression of YAP in invasive carcinoma samples is significantly associated with ER negativity (YAP was negative for 59.9% in ER negative versus 38.9% in ER positive invasive carcinoma samples, P = 0.007) and PR negativity (YAP was negative for 60.1% in PR negative versus 28.9% in PR positive, P = 0.0004). Among invasive carcinoma samples, 42.9% were YAP, ER, and PR negative, whereas only 7.5% were found to be YAP, ER, and PR positive. On the contrary, 20 out of 23 (87%) normal breast tissues that were positive for ER and PR were also positive for YAP. These data suggest that YAP may act as a tumor suppressor in invasive breast carcinomas and it can also be used as a molecular marker for ER and PR negative breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina Tufail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, BRB Building, Room 723, 1501 N.W. 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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20
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Tan R, Van Bosstraeten B, Casteels K. Does bloody nipple discharge occur during normal breast development in infancy? Pediatr Int 2010; 52:825-7. [PMID: 20880303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2010.03182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Polyak K, Kalluri R. The role of the microenvironment in mammary gland development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a003244. [PMID: 20591988 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is composed of a diverse array of cell types that form intricate interaction networks essential for its normal development and physiologic function. Abnormalities in these interactions play an important role throughout different stages of tumorigenesis. Branching ducts and alveoli are lined by an inner layer of secretory luminal epithelial cells that produce milk during lactation and are surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells and basement membrane. The surrounding stroma comprised of extracellular matrix and various cell types including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infiltrating leukocytes not only provides a scaffold for the organ, but also regulates mammary epithelial cell function via paracrine, physical, and hormonal interactions. With rare exceptions breast tumors initiate in the epithelial compartment and in their initial phases are confined to the ducts but this barrier brakes down with invasive progression because of a combination of signals emitted by tumor epithelial and various stromal cells. In this article, we overview the importance of cellular interactions and microenvironmental signals in mammary gland development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Kurbel S. Selective reduction of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer occurrence by estrogen receptor modulators supports etiological distinction between ER positive and ER negative breast cancers. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:1182-7. [PMID: 15823713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reports that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) reduce occurrence of only estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors strongly support the etiological distinction between ER positive and ER negative breast cancers. Based on these evidences three concepts are described: Concept I. The occurrence of ER negative tumor cells might be a consequence of the clonal selection among tumor cells. This would lead to mosaicism in the ER expression. If ER negative cells become the most prevalent clone, the patient will be diagnosed to have an ER negative breast cancer. Since all cancers start as ER positive, SERMs should equally prevent occurrence of ER positive and ER negative breast cancers, but this prediction is evidently wrong. Concept II. Mammary ducts normally contain ER positive and ER negative cells, both prone to malignancy. Cancer occurrence in ductal cells that normally lack ER would be unrelated to estrogen exposure or SERMs protection. Estrogen and SERMs can influence cancer occurrence only in ER positive ductal cells. The main drawback is that this concept does not predict occurrence of mosaicism in ER expression among tumor cells. Unified Concept I and II. To overcome limitations of described concept a unified concept is presented. Cancers from ER positive ductal cells start as pure ER positive tumors and those from ER negative ductal cells as pure ER negative tumors. During the preclinical phase, in some ER positive tumors, clonal selection introduces ER negative clones. These tumors become mosaic in the cellular ER expression, some of them predominantly ER positive other ER negative. Estrogen deprivation, or SERMs can help mostly to patients with pure ER positive, or mosaic ER positive tumors. Since the dominant metastatic clone can have different ER status from the primary breast tumor, both surprising successes and failures of endocrine therapy can be expected in tumors with mosaic ER expression.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/etiology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/classification
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/etiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/prevention & control
- Cell Death
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Clone Cells/drug effects
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Human/chemistry
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Models, Biological
- Mosaicism
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/drug effects
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/etiology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/prevention & control
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- Selection, Genetic
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kurbel
- Department of Physiology, Osijek Medical Faculty, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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23
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Abstract
Mammary myoepithelial cells have been a neglected facet of breast cancer biology, largely ignored since they have been considered to be less important for tumorigenesis than luminal epithelial cells from which most of breast carcinomas are thought to arise. In recent years as our knowledge of stem cell biology and the cellular microenvironment has been increasing, myoepithelial cells are slowly starting to gain more attention. Emerging data raise the hypothesis whether myoepithelial cells play a key role in breast tumor progression by regulating the in situ to invasive carcinoma transition and that myoepithelial cells are part of the mammary stem cell niche. Paracrine interactions between myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells are known to be important for regulation of cell cycle progression, establishing epithelial cell polarity, and inhibiting cell migration and invasion. Based on these functions, normal mammary myoepithelial cells have been called "natural tumor suppressors." However, during tumor progression myoepithelial cells seem to loose these properties, and eventually this cell population diminishes as tumors become invasive. Better understanding of myoepithelial cell function and their role in tumor progression may lead to their exploitation for cancer therapeutic and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street D740C, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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24
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Abstract
As their name implies, the myoepithelial cells found at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface of the human mammary gland disclose features suggestive of a dual epithelial-like and muscle-like differentiation, i.e. they co-express various keratins and vimentin intermediate filaments, as well as smooth muscle-related antigens. This article provides an overview of the literature on intrauterine breast development with special emphasis on the myoepithelial component of the fetal human mammary gland epithelium. It discusses original and recently published immunohistochemical data on myoepithelial precursors and reasserts the relevance of developmental, morphological fetal tissue-based studies to the understanding and the clinical management of adult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Jolicoeur
- Pathology Department, Sainte-Justine's Hospital, 3175, Chemin de la Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5.
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25
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Fridriksdottir AJR, Villadsen R, Gudjonsson T, Petersen OW. Maintenance of cell type diversification in the human breast. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2005; 10:61-74. [PMID: 15886887 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-005-2541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide expression analysis of breast cancer has brought new life to the classical idea of tumors as caricatures of the process of tissue renewal as envisioned by Pierce and Speers (Cancer Res 1988;48:1996-2004) more than a decade ago. The search for a cancer founder cell or different cancer founder cells is only possible if a hierarchy of differentiation has been established for the particular tissue in question. In the human breast, the luminal epithelial and myoepithelial lineages have been characterized extensively in situ by increasingly elaborate panel of markers, and methods to isolate, culture, and clone different subpopulations have improved dramatically. Comparisons have been made with the mouse mammary gland in physiological three-dimensional culture assays of morphogenesis, and the plasticity of breast epithelial cells has been challenged by immortalization and transformation. As a result of these efforts, several candidate progenitor cells have been proposed independently of each other, and some of their features have been compared. This research has all been done to better understand breast tissue homeostasis, cell-type diversification in general and breast cancer evolution in particular. The present review discusses the current approaches to address these issues and the measures taken to unravel and maintain cell type diversification for further investigation.
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26
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Jolicoeur F, Gaboury LA, Oligny LL. Basal cells of second trimester fetal breasts: immunohistochemical study of myoepithelial precursors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2003; 6:398-413. [PMID: 14708733 DOI: 10.1007/s10024-003-1125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of human mammary myoepithelial cells is incomplete, hindering our understanding of its importance in breast physiology and pathology. Because data on the precursors of this cell lineage remain scarce and often contradictory, basal epithelial cells of second trimester fetal breasts were studied by light microscopy (LM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Up to 20 wk of gestational age, the mammary rudiments only comprised roundish primary outgrowths, "primary buds," more likely to represent immature nipples than true mammary tissue. At 21 wk secondary outgrowths, "projections," extended from enlarged primary buds into well-vascularized layers of dense mesenchyme. Basal projection cells had a partial myoepithelial-like phenotype: they reacted with CD29, CD49f, CD104, keratin 14, vimentin, S100beta protein, and p63; furthermore, many became positive for keratin 17, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and CD10 (but not for keratin 19) between wk 21 and 25. The continuous basement membrane associated with the fetal mammary rudiments was strongly positive for collagens type IV and VII, and for laminin 5. Consistently strong and basally polarized staining for hemidesmosomal components suggested that although incompletely differentiated, most second trimester myoepithelial precursors might already mediate local epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, i.e., complex signaling pathways which are crucial for both orderly growth during development and maintenance of homeostasis during adult life. Because they are likely implicated in the phenomenon of menstrual cycle-related growth spurts in the adult resting breast, the strategically positioned cells of the myoepithelial lineage might constitute critical protagonists in defective epithelial-mesenchymal signaling associated with cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Jolicoeur
- Départment de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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27
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Hovey RC, Trott JF, Vonderhaar BK. Establishing a framework for the functional mammary gland: from endocrinology to morphology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2002; 7:17-38. [PMID: 12160083 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015766322258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From its embryonic origins, the mammary gland in females undergoes a course of ductal development that supports the establishment of alveolar structures during pregnancy prior to the onset of lactogenesis. This development includes multiple stages of proliferation and morphogenesis that are largely directed by concurrent alterations in key hormones and growth factors across various reproductive states. Ductal elongation is directed by estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and epidermal growth factor, whereas ductal branching and alveolar budding is influenced by additional factors such as progesterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormone. The response by the ductal epithelium to various hormones and growth factors is influenced by epithelial-stromal interactions that differ between species, possibly directing species-specific morphogenesis. Evolving technologies continue to provide the opportunity to further delineate the regulation of ductal development. Defining the hormonal control of ductal development should facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying mammary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Hovey
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1402, USA
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28
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Abstract
Mesenchymal cells of the rodent breast express both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Searches for these molecules in the human breast have yielded conflicting results. Following immunohistochemical staining of samples of normal human breast tissue, the authors detected estrogen receptor alpha protein and progesterone receptor protein in extralobular (non-specialized) fibroblasts and estrogen receptor alpha protein in adipocytes. Tissues from young teenage girls and pregnant women contained the greatest number of receptor positive fibroblasts. These observations confirm prior reports of the presence of ovarian hormone receptors in mammary fibroblasts. The findings also illustrate similarities in the organization of the rodent and human breasts and thereby suggest that regulation of the gland by ovarian hormones involves similar mechanisms in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Koerner
- James Homer Wright Laboratory of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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29
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Campani D, Esposito I, Boggi U, Cecchetti D, Menicagli M, De Negri F, Colizzi L, Del Chiaro M, Mosca F, Fornaciari G, Bevilacqua G. Bcl-2 expression in pancreas development and pancreatic cancer progression. J Pathol 2001; 194:444-50. [PMID: 11523052 DOI: 10.1002/path.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is important for both tissue development and differentiation; its deregulation may contribute to tumourigenesis. In order to clarify the role of Bcl-2, an apoptosis-inhibiting protein, in pancreatic morphogenesis and tumour progression, its immunohistochemical expression was evaluated in 12 samples of fetal pancreas, in 10 samples of adult pancreas with ductal hyperplastic lesions, in 120 cases of primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and in 43 synchronous metastatic lymph nodes. To evaluate the role of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer, p53 expression was also studied in tumour samples. Bcl-2 cytoplasmic acinar and ductal immunostaining was found in all fetal and adult tissue samples; ductal hyperplastic lesions were constantly negative. Thirty out of 120 (25%) tumours and 3 out of 43 (7%) lymph nodes expressed Bcl-2, whereas 67 out of 120 (56%) expressed nuclear p53. Well-differentiated tumours (G1) were more frequently Bcl-2-positive (p=0.002); furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between Bcl-2 and p53 expression in primary tumours (p=0.02). Neither Bcl-2 nor p53 influenced patients' prognosis, which was instead affected by N (p=0.02) and M (p<0.0001) status and stage of the disease (p=0.002). It is concluded that Bcl-2 regulates pancreatic morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis from early fetal to adult life and can be considered a phenotypic marker of normal exocrine pancreas. On the other hand, the lack of expression in preneoplastic lesions and the low positivity found in primary tumours and lymph node metastases suggest that Bcl-2 does not play a centralrole in pancreatic tumourigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campani
- Department of Oncology, Division of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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