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Wei J, Wang Y, Tu S, Zhang S, Feng Y, Hou Y, Ai H, Chen Z. Circadian rhythm disruption upregulating Per1 in mandibular condylar chondrocytes mediating temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis via GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway. J Transl Med 2024; 22:662. [PMID: 39010104 PMCID: PMC11251328 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) has a high incidence rate, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Circadian rhythm is an important oscillation in the human body and influences various biological activities. However, it is still unclear whether circadian rhythm affects the onset and development of TMJOA. METHODS We disrupted the normal rhythm of rats and examined the expression of core clock genes in the mandibular condylar cartilage of the jaw and histological changes in condyles. After isolating rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes, we upregulated or downregulated the clock gene Per1, examined the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes, tested the activation of the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway and verified it using agonists and inhibitors. Finally, after downregulating the expression of Per1 in the mandibular condylar cartilage of rats with jet lag, we examined the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes and histological changes in condyles. RESULTS Jet lag led to TMJOA-like lesions in the rat mandibular condyles, and the expression of the clock gene Per1 and cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes increased in the condylar cartilage of rats. When Per1 was downregulated or upregulated in mandibular condylar chondrocytes, the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway was inhibited or activated, and the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes decreased or increased, which can be rescued by activator and inhibitor of the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway. Moreover, after down-regulation of Per1 in mandibular condylar cartilage in vivo, significant alleviation of cartilage degradation, cartilage loss, subchondral bone loss induced by jet lag, and inhibition of the GSK3β/β-CATENIN signaling pathway were observed. Circadian rhythm disruption can lead to TMJOA. The clock gene Per1 can promote the occurrence of TMJOA by activating the GSK3β/β-CATENIN pathway and promoting the expression of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes. The clock gene Per1 is a target for the prevention and treatment of TMJOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wei
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoqin Tu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China
| | - Yuluan Hou
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China
| | - Hong Ai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 500630, China.
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Bering T, Gadgaard C, Vorum H, Honoré B, Rath MF. Diurnal proteome profile of the mouse cerebral cortex: Conditional deletion of the Bmal1 circadian clock gene elevates astrocyte protein levels and cell abundance in the neocortex and hippocampus. Glia 2023; 71:2623-2641. [PMID: 37470358 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Circadian oscillators, defined by cellular 24 h clock gene rhythms, are found throughout the brain. Cerebral cortex-specific conditional knockout of the clock gene Bmal1 (Bmal1 CKO) leads to depressive-like behavior, but the molecular link from clock gene to altered behavior is unknown. Further, diurnal proteomic data on the cerebral cortex are currently unavailable. With the aim of determining the diurnal proteome profile and downstream targets of the cortical circadian clock, we here performed a proteomic analysis of the mouse cerebral cortex. Proteomics identified approximately 2700 proteins in both the neocortex and the hippocampus. In the neocortex, 15 proteins were differentially expressed (>2-fold) between day and night, mainly mitochondrial and neuronal plasticity proteins. Only three hippocampal proteins were differentially expressed, suggesting that daily protein oscillations are more prominent in the neocortex. The number of differentially expressed proteins was reduced in the Bmal1 CKO, suggesting that daily rhythms in the cerebral cortex are primarily driven by local clocks. The proteome of the Bmal1 CKO cerebral cortex was dominated by upregulated proteins expressed in astrocytes, including GFAP (4-fold) and FABP7 (>20-fold), in both the neocortex and hippocampus. These findings were confirmed at the transcript level. Cellular analyses of astrocyte components revealed an increased number of GFAP-positive cells in the Bmal1 CKO cerebral cortex. Further, BMAL1 was found to be expressed in both GFAP- and FABP7-positive astrocytes of control animals. Our data show that Bmal1 is required for proper cellular composition of the cerebral cortex, suggesting that increased cortical astrocyte activity may induce behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Gadgaard
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wei JM, Tu SQ, Wang YX, Zhang S, Feng Y, Ai H, Chen Z. Clock gene Per1 regulates rat temporomandibular osteoarthritis through NF-κB pathway: an in vitro and in vivo study. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:817. [PMID: 37907921 PMCID: PMC10619284 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a common disease that negatively affects the life quality of human beings. Circadian rhythm acts an important role in life activities. However, whether the clock genes are rhythmic expressed in mandibular condylar chondrocytes, or the clock genes have an effect on the progression of TMJOA remains unknown. In this study, we aim to explore expression of clock genes and regulatory mechanism of TMJOA in rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes. METHODS After synchronized by dexamethasone, the expression of core clock genes Per1, Per2, Clock, Cry1, Cry2 and Bmal1 and cartilage matrix degrading factor gene Mmp13 were analyzed in mandibular condylar chondrocytes every 4 h with RT-qPCR. The mandibular condylar chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1β, and expression of Per1, Mmp13, P65 and p-P65 was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Sh-Per1 lentivirus was used to assess the effect of clock gene Per1 in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes, and expression of Mmp13, P65 and p-P65 was measured. After establishing a rat TMJOA model using unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC), micro-CT, H & E, Alcian Blue & Nuclear Fast Red and Safranin O & Fast Green, cartilage thickness was utilized to assess the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone. Immunohistochemistry of PER1, MMP13 and P65 was performed in condylar sections. RESULTS All core clock genes and Mmp13 were rhythmically expressed. And Mmp13 expression curve was closed in phase and amplitude with Per1. After stimulation with IL-1β, the expression of MMP13, PER1 and P65 and ratio of p-P65/P65 increased in condylar chondrocytes. After Per1 was down-regulated in condylar chondrocytes, the expression of MMP13 and P65 and ratio of p-P65/P65 decreased. Compared with the condyles of Sham group, the bony parameters of UAC group were significantly worse. The thickness of cartilage in UAC group significantly reduced. The modified Mankin scores and the expression of PER1, MMP13 and P65 in cartilage of UAC group significantly increased compared with Sham group. CONCLUSION Core clock genes and Mmp13 are rhythmic expressed in rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes. PER1 can regulate the expression of MMP13 through NF-κB pathway in IL-1β-induced mandibular condylar chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Wei
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Qin Tu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Ai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
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Paulson OB, Schousboe A, Hultborn H. The history of Danish neuroscience. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:2893-2960. [PMID: 37477973 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The history of Danish neuroscience starts with an account of impressive contributions made at the 17th century. Thomas Bartholin was the first Danish neuroscientist, and his disciple Nicolaus Steno became internationally one of the most prominent neuroscientists in this period. From the start, Danish neuroscience was linked to clinical disciplines. This continued in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries with new initiatives linking basic neuroscience to clinical neurology and psychiatry in the same scientific environment. Subsequently, from the middle of the 20th century, basic neuroscience was developing rapidly within the preclinical university sector. Clinical neuroscience continued and was even reinforced during this period with important translational research and a close co-operation between basic and clinical neuroscience. To distinguish 'history' from 'present time' is not easy, as many historical events continue in present time. Therefore, we decided to consider 'History' as new major scientific developments in Denmark, which were launched before the end of the 20th century. With this aim, scientists mentioned will have been born, with a few exceptions, no later than the early 1960s. However, we often refer to more recent publications in documenting the developments of initiatives launched before the end of the last century. In addition, several scientists have moved to Denmark after the beginning of the present century, and they certainly are contributing to the present status of Danish neuroscience-but, again, this is not the History of Danish neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf B Paulson
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Hultborn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bering T, Blancas-Velazquez AS, Rath MF. Circadian Clock Genes Are Regulated by Rhythmic Corticosterone at Physiological Levels in the Rat Hippocampus. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:1076-1090. [PMID: 37517388 PMCID: PMC10614510 DOI: 10.1159/000533151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the hippocampus, clock gene expression is important for memory and mood; however, the signaling mechanism controlling clock gene expression in the hippocampus is unknown. Recent findings suggest that circadian glucocorticoid rhythms driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) control rhythmic clock gene expression in neurons; in addition, dexamethasone modulates hippocampal clock gene expression. We therefore hypothesized that oscillations of clock genes in the hippocampus could be driven by SCN-controlled circadian rhythms in glucocorticoids. METHODS Temporal profiles of hippocampal clock gene expression were established by quantitative reverse-transcription real-time PCR on rat hippocampi, while cellular distribution was established by in situ hybridization. To determine the effect of rhythmic glucocorticoids on hippocampal clock gene expression, the SCN was lesioned, adrenal glands removed and a 24 h exogenous corticosterone rhythm at physiological levels was reestablished by use of a programmable infusion pump. RESULTS Daily rhythms were detected for Per1, Per2, Bmal1, Nr1d1, and Dbp, while clock gene products were confirmed in both the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus. In sham controls, differential hippocampal expression of Per1 and Dbp between ZT3 and ZT15 was detectable. This rhythm was abolished by SCN lesion; however, reestablishing the natural rhythm in corticosterone restored differential rhythmic expression of both Per1 and Dbp. Further, a 6 h phase delay in the corticosterone profile caused a predictable shift in expression of Nr1d1. CONCLUSION Our data show that rhythmic corticosterone can drive hippocampal clock gene rhythms suggesting that the SCN regulates the circadian oscillator of the hippocampus by controlling the circadian rhythm in circulating glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurea Susana Blancas-Velazquez
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Amidfar M, Garcez ML, Kim YK. The shared molecular mechanisms underlying aging of the brain, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease: The role of circadian rhythm disturbances. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110721. [PMID: 36702452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An association with circadian clock function and pathophysiology of aging, major depressive disorder (MDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well established and has been proposed as a factor in the development of these diseases. Depression and changes in circadian rhythm have been increasingly suggested as the two primary overlapping and interpenetrating changes that occur with aging. The relationship between AD and depression in late life is not completely understood and probably is complex. Patients with major depression or AD suffer from disturbed sleep/wake cycles and altered rhythms in daily activities. Although classical monoaminergic hypotheses are traditionally proposed to explain the pathophysiology of MDD, several clinical and preclinical studies have reported a strong association between circadian rhythm and mood regulation. In addition, a large body of evidence supports an association between disruption of circadian rhythm and AD. Some clock genes are dysregulated in rodent models of depression. If aging, AD, and MDD share a common biological basis in pathophysiology, common therapeutic tools could be investigated for their prevention and treatment. Nitro-oxidative stress (NOS), for example, plays a fundamental role in aging, as well as in the pathogenesis of AD and MDD and is associated with circadian clock disturbances. Thus, development of therapeutic possibilities with these NOS-related conditions is advisable. This review describes recent findings that link disrupted circadian clocks to aging, MDD, and AD and summarizes the experimental evidence that supports connections between the circadian clock and molecular pathologic factors as shared common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying aging, AD, and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Amidfar
- Department of Neuroscience, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Overnight Corticosterone and Gene Expression in Mouse Hippocampus: Time Course during Resting Period. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032828. [PMID: 36769150 PMCID: PMC9917930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to test the effect of an elevated level of glucocorticoids on the mouse hippocampal transcriptome after 12 h of treatment with corticosterone that was administered during an active phase of the circadian cycle. Additionally, we also tested the circadian changes in gene expression and the decay time of transcriptomic response to corticosterone. Gene expression was analyzed using microarrays. Obtained results show that transcriptomic responses to glucocorticoids are heterogeneous in terms of the decay time with some genes displaying persistent changes in expression during 9 h of rest. We have also found a considerable overlap between genes regulated by corticosterone and genes implicated previously in stress response. The examples of such genes are Acer2, Agt, Apod, Aqp4, Etnppl, Fabp7, Fam107a, Fjx1, Fmo2, Galnt15, Gjc2, Heph, Hes5, Htra1, Jdp2, Kif5a, Lfng, Lrg1, Mgp, Mt1, Pglyrp1, Pla2g3, Plin4, Pllp, Ptgds, Ptn, Slc2a1, Slco1c1, Sult1a1, Thbd and Txnip. This indicates that the applied model is a useful tool for the investigation of mechanisms underlying the stress response.
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Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. Circadian clocks, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease: synaptic mechanisms, signaling effectors, and chronotherapeutics. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:35. [PMID: 35525980 PMCID: PMC9078023 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of basic biochemical and physiological processes by the circadian timing system is now recognized as a fundamental feature of all mammalian organ systems. Within the central nervous system, these clock-modulating effects are reflected in some of the most complex behavioral states including learning, memory, and mood. How the clock shapes these behavioral processes is only now beginning to be realized. In this review we describe recent findings regarding the complex set of cellular signaling events, including kinase pathways, gene networks, and synaptic circuits that are under the influence of the clock timing system and how this, in turn, shapes cognitive capacity over the circadian cycle. Further, we discuss the functional roles of the master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and peripheral oscillator populations within cortical and limbic circuits, in the gating of synaptic plasticity and memory over the circadian cycle. These findings are then used as the basis to discuss the connection between clock dysregulation and cognitive impairments resulting from Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, we discuss the conceptually novel idea that in AD, there is a selective disruption of circadian timing within cortical and limbic circuits, and that it is the disruption/desynchronization of these regions from the phase-entraining effects of the SCN that underlies aspects of the early- and mid-stage cognitive deficits in AD. Further, we discuss the prospect that the disruption of circadian timing in AD could produce a self-reinforcing feedback loop, where disruption of timing accelerates AD pathogenesis (e.g., amyloid deposition, oxidative stress and cell death) that in turn leads to a further disruption of the circadian timing system. Lastly, we address potential therapeutic approaches that could be used to strengthen cellular timing networks and, in turn, how these approaches could be used to improve cognitive capacity in Alzheimer's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, 412 Riffe Building, 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Graves Hall, 333 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Gao D, Zhao H, Dong H, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Wang X, Wang A, Jin Y, Chen H. Transcriptional Feedback Loops in the Caprine Circadian Clock System. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:814562. [PMID: 35478603 PMCID: PMC9035992 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.814562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock system is based on interlocked positive and negative transcriptional and translational feedback loops of core clock genes and their encoded proteins. The mammalian circadian clock system has been extensively investigated using mouse models, but has been poorly investigated in diurnal ruminants. In this study, goat embryonic fibroblasts (GEFs) were isolated and used as a cell model to elucidate the caprine circadian clock system. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that several clock genes and clock-controlled genes were rhythmically expressed in GEFs over a 24 h period after dexamethasone stimulation. Immunofluorescence revealed that gBMAL1 and gNR1D1 proteins were expressed in GEFs, and western blotting analysis further verified that the proteins were expressed with circadian rhythmic changes. Diurnal changes in clock and clock-controlled gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels were also observed in goat liver and kidney tissues at two representative time points in vivo. Amino acid sequences and tertiary structures of goat BMAL1 and CLOCK proteins were found to be highly homologous to those in mice and humans. In addition, a set of goat representative clock gene orthologs and the promoter regions of two clock genes of goats and mice were cloned. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that gRORα could activate the promoter activity of the goat BMAL1, while gNR1D1 repressed it. The elevated pGL4.10-gNR1D1-Promoter-driven luciferase activity induced by mBMAL1/mCLOCK was much higher than that induced by gBMAL1/gCLOCK, and the addition of gCRY2 or mPER2 repressed it. Real-time bioluminescence assays revealed that the transcriptional activity of BMAL1 and NR1D1 in goats and mice exhibited rhythmic changes over a period of approximately 24 h in NIH3T3 cells or GEFs. Notably, the amplitudes of gBMAL1 and gNR1D1 promoter-driven luciferase oscillations in NIH3T3 cells were higher than those in GEFs, while mBMAL1 and mNR1D1 promoter-driven luciferase oscillations in NIH3T3 cells had the highest amplitude. In sum, transcriptional and translational loops of the mammalian circadian clock system were found to be broadly conserved in goats and not as robust as those found in mice, at least in the current experimental models. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hongcong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yating Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Huatao Chen
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Bering T, Hertz H, Rath MF. The Circadian Oscillator of the Cerebellum: Triiodothyronine Regulates Clock Gene Expression in Granule Cells in vitro and in the Cerebellum of Neonatal Rats in vivo. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706433. [PMID: 34776993 PMCID: PMC8578874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, but an SCN-dependent molecular circadian oscillator is present in the cerebellar cortex. Recent findings suggest that circadian release of corticosterone is capable of driving the circadian oscillator of the rat cerebellum. To determine if additional neuroendocrine signals act to shape cerebellar clock gene expression, we here tested the role of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in regulation of the cerebellar circadian oscillator. In cultured cerebellar granule cells from mixed-gender neonatal rats, T3 treatment affected transcript levels of the clock genes Per2, Arntl, Nr1d1, and Dbp, suggesting that T3 acts directly on granule cells to control the circadian oscillator. We then used two different in vivo protocols to test the role of T3 in adult female rats: Firstly, a single injection of T3 did not influence clock gene expression in the cerebellum. Secondly, we established a surgical rat model combining SCN lesion with a programmable micropump infusing circadian physiological levels of T3; however, rhythmic infusion of T3 did not reestablish differential clock gene expression between day and night in SCN lesioned rats. To test if the effects of T3 observed in vitro were related to the developmental stage, acute injections of T3 were performed in mixed-gender neonatal rats in vivo; this procedure significantly affected cerebellar expression of the clock genes Per1, Per2, Nr1d1, and Dbp. Developmental comparisons showed rhythmic expression of all clock genes analyzed in the cerebellum of adult rats only, whereas T3 responsiveness was limited to neonatal animals. Thus, T3 shapes cerebellar clock gene profiles in early postnatal stages, but it does not represent a systemic circadian regulatory mechanism linking the SCN to the cerebellum throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hertz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Quintela T, Furtado A, Duarte AC, Gonçalves I, Myung J, Santos CRA. The role of circadian rhythm in choroid plexus functions. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102129. [PMID: 34343629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For several years, a great effort has been devoted to understand how circadian oscillations in physiological processes are determined by the circadian clock system. This system is composed by the master clock at the suprachiasmatic nucleus which sets the pace and tunes peripheral clocks in several organs. It was recently demonstrated that the choroid plexus epithelial cells that compose the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier hold a circadian clock which might control their multiple functions with implications for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. However, the choroid plexus activities regulated by its inner clock are still largely unknown. In this review, we propose that several choroid plexus functions might be regulated by the circadian clock, alike in other tissues. We provide evidences that the timing of cerebrospinal fluid secretion, clearance of amyloid-beta peptides and xenobiotics, and the barrier function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are regulated by the circadian clock. These data, highlight that the circadian regulation of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier must be taken into consideration for enhancing drug delivery to central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - André Furtado
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jihwan Myung
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, No. 172-1 Sec. 2 Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 291 Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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13
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Begemann K, Neumann A, Oster H. Regulation and function of extra-SCN circadian oscillators in the brain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13446. [PMID: 31965726 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms evolved endogenous, so called circadian clocks as internal timekeeping mechanisms allowing them to adapt to recurring changes in environmental demands brought about by 24-hour rhythms such as the light-dark cycle, temperature variations or changes in humidity. The mammalian circadian clock system is based on cellular oscillators found in all tissues of the body that are organized in a hierarchical fashion. A master pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes peripheral tissue clocks and extra-SCN oscillators in the brain with each other and with external time. Different time cues (so called Zeitgebers) such as light, food intake, activity and hormonal signals reset the clock system through the SCN or by direct action at the tissue clock level. While most studies on non-SCN clocks so far have focused on peripheral tissues, several extra-SCN central oscillators were characterized in terms of circadian rhythm regulation and output. Some of them are directly innervated by the SCN pacemaker, while others receive indirect input from the SCN via other neural circuits or extra-brain structures. The specific physiological function of these non-SCN brain oscillators as well as their role in the regulation of the circadian clock network remains understudied. In this review we summarize our current knowledge about the regulation and function of extra-SCN circadian oscillators in different brain regions and devise experimental approaches enabling us to unravel the organization of the circadian clock network in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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14
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Newman AW, Deibel SH, Lewis LM, Viguers KB, Thorpe CM. Brief circadian rhythm disruption does not impair hippocampal dependent memory when rats are over-trained and given more re-entrainment days. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Bering T, Hertz H, Rath MF. Rhythmic Release of Corticosterone Induces Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Cerebellum. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:604-615. [PMID: 31557761 DOI: 10.1159/000503720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurons of the cerebellar cortex contain a circadian oscillator, with circadian expression of clock genes being controlled by the master clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the signaling pathway connecting the SCN to the cerebellum is unknown. Glucocorticoids exhibit a prominent SCN-dependent circadian rhythm, and high levels of the glucocorticoid receptor have been reported in the cerebellar cortex; we therefore hypothesized that glucocorticoids may control the rhythmic expression of clock genes in the cerebellar cortex. We here applied a novel methodology by combining the electrolytic lesion of the SCN with implantation of a micropump programmed to release corticosterone in a circadian manner mimicking the endogenous hormone profile. By use of this approach, we were able to restore the corticosterone rhythm in SCN-lesioned male rats. Clock gene expression in the cerebellum was abolished in rats with a lesioned SCN, but exogenous corticosterone restored the daily rhythm in clock gene expression in the cerebellar cortex, as revealed by quantitative real-time PCR and radiochemical in situ hybridization for the detection of the core clock genes Per1, Per2, and Arntl. On the contrary, exogenous hormone did not restore circadian rhythms in body temperature and running activity. RNAscope in situ hybridization further revealed that the glucocorticoid receptor colocalizes with clock gene products in cells of the cerebellar cortex, suggesting that corticosterone exerts its actions by binding directly to receptors in neurons of the cerebellum. However, rhythmic clock gene expression in the cerebellum was also detectable in adrenalectomized rats, indicating that additional control mechanisms exist. These data show that the cerebellar circadian oscillator is influenced by SCN-dependent rhythmic release of corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hertz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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16
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Martínez-Méndez R, Pérez-Torres D, Gómez-Chavarín M, Padilla-Cortés P, Fiordelisio T, Gutiérrez-Ospina G. Bilateral enucleation at birth modifies calcium spike amplitude, but not frequency, in neurons of the somatosensory thalamus and cortex: Implications for developmental cross-modal plasticity. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:108-116. [PMID: 31799470 PMCID: PMC6881598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral eye enucleation at birth (BE) leads to an expansion of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in rat pups. Although increased growth of the somatosensory thalamo-cortical afferents (STCAs) in part explains S1 expansion, timing mechanisms governing S1 formation are also involved. In this work, we begin the search of a developmental clock by intending to document the existence of putative clock neurons in the somatosensory thalamus (VPM) and S1 based upon changes of spontaneous spike amplitude; a biophysical property sensitive to circadian regulation; the latter known to be shifted by enucleation. In addition, we also evaluated whether STCAs growth rate and segregation timing were modified, as parameters the clock might time. We found that spontaneous spike amplitude transiently, but significantly, increased or decreased in VPM and S1 neurons of BE rat pups, respectively, as compared to their control counterparts. The growth rate and segregation timing of STCAs was, however, unaffected by BE. These results support the existence of a developmental clock that ticks differently in the VPM and S1 after BE. This observation, together with the fact that STCAs growth rate and segregation timing is unchanged, suggests that S1 expansion in BE rats may in part be controlled at the cortical level.
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Key Words
- ACSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- BE, birth-enucleated
- Barrel formation
- Blind
- CP, cortical plate
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- Developmental clock
- Developmental timing
- DiI, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine Perchlorate
- PD, postnatal day
- S, sighted
- S1, primary somatosensory cortex
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- STCAs, somatosensory thalamo-cortical afferents
- Somatosensory cortex specification
- Spontaneous activity
- VPM, ventral posteromedial nucleus
- τd, decay time constant
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martínez-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Pérez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Margarita Gómez-Chavarín
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Patricia Padilla-Cortés
- Unidad de Cromatografía de Alta Resolución, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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Arutjunyan AV, Evsyukova II, Polyakova VO. The Role of Melatonin in Morphofunctional Development of the Brain in Early Ontogeny. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Christensen RK, Delgado-Lezama R, Russo RE, Lind BL, Alcocer EL, Rath MF, Fabbiani G, Schmitt N, Lauritzen M, Petersen AV, Carlsen EM, Perrier JF. Spinal dorsal horn astrocytes release GABA in response to synaptic activation. J Physiol 2018; 596:4983-4994. [PMID: 30079574 DOI: 10.1113/jp276562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS GABA is an essential molecule for sensory information processing. It is usually assumed to be released by neurons. Here we show that in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, astrocytes respond to glutamate by releasing GABA. Our findings suggest a novel role for astrocytes in somatosensory information processing. ABSTRACT Astrocytes participate in neuronal signalling by releasing gliotransmitters in response to neurotransmitters. We investigated if astrocytes from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of adult red-eared turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) release GABA in response to glutamatergic receptor activation. For this, we developed a GABA sensor consisting of HEK cells expressing GABAA receptors. By positioning the sensor recorded in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration within the dorsal horn of a spinal cord slice, we could detect GABA in the extracellular space. Puff application of glutamate induced GABA release events with time courses that exceeded the duration of inhibitory postsynaptic currents by one order of magnitude. Because the events were neither affected by extracellular addition of nickel, cadmium and tetrodotoxin nor by removal of Ca2+ , we concluded that they originated from non-neuronal cells. Immunohistochemical staining allowed the detection of GABA in a fraction of dorsal horn astrocytes. The selective stimulation of A∂ and C fibres in a dorsal root filament induced a Ca2+ increase in astrocytes loaded with Oregon Green BAPTA. Finally, chelating Ca2+ in a single astrocyte was sufficient to prevent the GABA release evoked by glutamate. Our results indicate that glutamate triggers the release of GABA from dorsal horn astrocytes with a time course compatible with the integration of sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kordt Christensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rodolfo Delgado-Lezama
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias Cinvestav-IPN Avenida IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco México City, CP, 07300, Mexico
| | - Raúl E Russo
- Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Barbara Lykke Lind
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emanuel Loeza Alcocer
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias Cinvestav-IPN Avenida IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco México City, CP, 07300, Mexico
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicole Schmitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Victor Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Meier Carlsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-François Perrier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhao C, Gammie SC. The circadian gene Nr1d1 in the mouse nucleus accumbens modulates sociability and anxiety-related behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1924-1943. [PMID: 30028550 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (Nr1d1) (also known as Rev-erb alpha) has been linked to circadian rhythm regulation, mood-related behaviour and disorders associated with social deficits. Recent work from our laboratory found striking decreases in Nr1d1 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the maternal condition and indirect evidence that Nr1d1 was interacting with numerous addiction and reward-related genes to modulate social reward. In this study, we applied our insights from the maternal state to nonparental adult mice to determine whether decreases in Nr1d1 expression in the NAc via adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene knockdown were sufficient to modulate social behaviours and mood-related behaviours. Knockdown of Nr1d1 in the NAc enhanced sociability and reduced anxiety, but did not affect depressive-like traits in female mice. In male mice, Nr1d1 knockdown had no significant behavioural effects. Microarray analysis of Nr1d1 knockdown in females identified changes in circadian rhythm and histone deacetylase genes and suggested possible drugs, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, that could mimic actions of Nr1d1 knockdown. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis confirmed expression upregulation of gene period circadian clock 1 (Per1) and period circadian clock 2 (Per2) with Nr1d1 knockdown. The evidence for roles for opioid-related genes opioid receptor, delta 1 (Oprd1) and preproenkephalin (Penk) was also found. Together, these results suggest that Nr1d1 in the NAc modulates sociability and anxiety-related behaviour in a sex-specific manner, and circadian, histone deacetylase and opioid-related genes may be involved in the expression of these behavioural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephen C Gammie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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20
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Kim SH, Park HG, Jeong SH, Kang UG, Ahn YM, Kim YS. Electroconvulsive Seizure Alters the Expression and Daily Oscillation of Circadian Genes in the Rat Frontal Cortex. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:717-726. [PMID: 29945428 PMCID: PMC6056691 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.01.18.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for mood disorders. Accumulating evidence has suggested the important role of circadian genes in mood disorders. However, the effects of ECT on circadian genes have not been systemically investigated. METHODS We examined the expression and daily oscillation of major circadian genes in the rat frontal cortex after electroconvulsive seizure (ECS). RESULTS Firstly, mRNA and protein level were investigated at 24 hr after single ECS (E1X) and repeated ECS treatements for 10 days (E10X), which showed more remarkable changes after E10X than E1X. mRNA expression of Rorα, Bmal1, Clock, Per1, and Cry1 was decreased, while Rev-erbα expression was increased at 24 hr after E10X compared to sham. The proteins showed similar pattern of changes. Next, the effects on oscillation and rhythm properties (mesor, amplitude, and acrophase) were examined, which also showed more prominent changes after E10X than E1X. After E10X, mesor of Rorα, Bmal1, and Cry1 was reduced, and that of Rev-erbα was increased. Five genes, Rev-erbα, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, and Cry2, showed earlier acrophase after E10X. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that repeated ECS induces reduced expression and phase advance of major circadian genes in the in vivo rat frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University International Hospital, Dongguk University Medical School, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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21
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Richetto J, Polesel M, Weber-Stadlbauer U. Effects of light and dark phase testing on the investigation of behavioural paradigms in mice: Relevance for behavioural neuroscience. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 178:19-29. [PMID: 29782942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Different timing and light phases are critical factors in behavioural neuroscience, which can greatly affect the experimental outcomes of the performed tests. Despite the fact that time of testing is one of the most common factors that varies across behavioural laboratories, knowledge about the consequences of testing time on behavioural readouts is limited. Thus, in this study we systematically assessed the effect of this factor on the readout of a variety of elementary and recurrent behavioural paradigms in C57Bl/6 mice. Furthermore, we investigated potential neuronal correlates of this phenomenon by analysing how testing time influences the expression pattern of genes relevant for neuronal activation functions and the control of brain circadian rhythms. We show that animals tested in the light phase display reduced social approach behaviour and sensorimotor gating and increased locomotor activity, whereas anxiety-related behaviour and working memory are not affected. In addition, animals tested in the light phase also exhibit increased locomotor response to systemic amphetamine treatment, which is paralleled by alterations in the expression patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and/or Midbrain (Mid). Lastly, we observed that neuronal activation, indexed by the gene expression levels of cFos, was increased in the NAc and Mid of animals tested during the light phase. Our data thus suggest that daily alterations in gene expression in mesolimbic brain structures might be involved in the different behavioural responses of mice tested in the light- versus the dark-phase. At the same time, our study adds further weight to the notion that the specific timing of testing can indeed strongly affect the readout of a given test. As comparison and reproducibility of findings is pivotal in science, experimental protocols should be clarified in detail to allow appropriate data comparison across different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Spencer RL, Chun LE, Hartsock MJ, Woodruff ER. Glucocorticoid hormones are both a major circadian signal and major stress signal: How this shared signal contributes to a dynamic relationship between the circadian and stress systems. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:52-71. [PMID: 29288075 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are a powerful mammalian systemic hormonal signal that exerts regulatory effects on almost every cell and system of the body. Glucocorticoids act in a circadian and stress-directed manner to aid in adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Circadian glucocorticoid secretion provides for a daily waxing and waning influence on target cell function. In addition, the daily circadian peak of glucocorticoid secretion serves as a timing signal that helps entrain intrinsic molecular clock phase in tissue cells distributed throughout the body. Stress-induced glucocorticoid secretion also modulates the state of these same cells in response to both physiological and psychological stressors. We review the strong functional interrelationships between glucocorticoids and the circadian system, and discuss how these interactions optimize the appropriate cellular and systems response to stress throughout the day. We also discuss clinical implications of this dual aspect of glucocorticoid signaling, especially for conditions of circadian and HPA axis dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Lauren E Chun
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Matthew J Hartsock
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Woodruff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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23
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Bering T, Carstensen MB, Wörtwein G, Weikop P, Rath MF. The Circadian Oscillator of the Cerebral Cortex: Molecular, Biochemical and Behavioral Effects of Deleting the Arntl Clock Gene in Cortical Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:644-657. [PMID: 28052921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular circadian oscillator resides in neurons of the cerebral cortex, but its role is unknown. Using the Cre-LoxP method, we have here abolished the core clock gene Arntl in those neurons. This mouse represents the first model carrying a deletion of a circadian clock component specifically in an extrahypothalamic cell type of the brain. Molecular analyses of clock gene expression in the cerebral cortex of the Arntl conditional knockout mouse revealed disrupted circadian expression profiles, whereas clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus was still rhythmic, thus showing that Arntl is required for normal function of the cortical circadian oscillator. Daily rhythms in running activity and temperature were not influenced, whereas the resynchronization response to experimental jet-lag exhibited minor though significant differences between genotypes. The tail-suspension test revealed significantly prolonged immobility periods in the knockout mouse indicative of a depressive-like behavioral state. This phenotype was accompanied by reduced norepinephrine levels in the cerebral cortex. Our data show that Arntl is required for normal cortical clock function and further give reason to suspect that the circadian oscillator of the cerebral cortex is involved in regulating both circadian biology and mood-related behavior and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services of the Capital Region of Denmark, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bloss Carstensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitta Wörtwein
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Weikop
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services of the Capital Region of Denmark, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Chun LE, Christensen J, Woodruff ER, Morton SJ, Hinds LR, Spencer RL. Adrenal-dependent and -independent stress-induced Per1 mRNA in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and prefrontal cortex of male and female rats. Stress 2018; 21:69-83. [PMID: 29165002 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1404571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oscillating clock gene expression gives rise to a molecular clock that is present not only in the body's master circadian pacemaker, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but also in extra-SCN brain regions. These extra-SCN molecular clocks depend on the SCN for entrainment to a light:dark cycle. The SCN has limited neural efferents, so it may entrain extra-SCN molecular clocks through its well-established circadian control of glucocorticoid hormone secretion. Glucocorticoids can regulate the normal rhythmic expression of clock genes in some extra-SCN tissues. Untimely stress-induced glucocorticoid secretion may compromise extra-SCN molecular clock function. We examined whether acute restraint stress during the rat's inactive phase can rapidly (within 30 min) alter clock gene (Per1, Per2, Bmal1) and cFos mRNA (in situ hybridization) in the SCN, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male and female rats (6 rats per treatment group). Restraint stress increased Per1 and cFos mRNA in the PVN and PFC of both sexes. Stress also increased cFos mRNA in the SCN of male rats, but not when subsequently tested during their active phase. We also examined in male rats whether endogenous glucocorticoids are necessary for stress-induced Per1 mRNA (6-7 rats per treatment group). Adrenalectomy attenuated stress-induced Per1 mRNA in the PVN and ventral orbital cortex, but not in the medial PFC. These data indicate that increased Per1 mRNA may be a means by which extra-SCN molecular clocks adapt to environmental stimuli (e.g. stress), and in the PFC this effect is largely independent of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Chun
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Jenny Christensen
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Elizabeth R Woodruff
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Sarah J Morton
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Laura R Hinds
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Robert L Spencer
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
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Dewandre D, Atienza M, Sanchez-Espinosa MP, Cantero JL. Effects of PER3 clock gene polymorphisms on aging-related changes of the cerebral cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:597-607. [PMID: 28900721 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that circadian rhythmicity is progressively disrupted in senescence. Among clock genes, Period3 (PER3) has been associated with circadian phenotypes, homeostatic regulation of sleep, and cognitive performance in young adults. However, the effects of PER3 genotype on aging-related changes in both cognitive function and cortical integrity remain largely unknown. To shed light into this issue, we have investigated differences in cognitive performance, patterns of cortical thickness, and cortical glucose consumption in normal elderly subjects homozygous carriers of the short (PER34/4, n = 32) and long repeat alleles (PER35/5, n = 32). Relationships between cognitive performance and cortical thickness/metabolism were further explored for each PER3 genotype. We found that PER35/5 carriers had poorer cognitive performance (attention, executive function, semantic memory, and verbal fluency) and lower cortical integrity (structural and functional) than PER34/4. PER35/5 further showed thinning of temporo-parietal areas, and reductions of glucose consumption in fronto-temporo-parietal regions bilaterally. Moreover, PER35/5 subjects exhibited significant correlations between decreased glucose metabolism in fronto-parietal regions and poorer cognitive flexibility, though only correlations with lower glucose consumption of the supramarginal gyrus distinguished PER35/5 from PER34/4 groups. Overall, these findings enhance our understanding on the gene-brain interaction in aging, and may have further implications for the detection of subclinical cognitive decline associated with PER3 genotypes in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Dewandre
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Mayely P Sanchez-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose L Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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26
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Rohde K, Bering T, Furukawa T, Rath MF. A modulatory role of the Rax
homeobox gene in mature pineal gland function: Investigating the photoneuroendocrine circadian system of a Rax
conditional knockout mouse. J Neurochem 2017; 143:100-111. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Rohde
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tenna Bering
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry; Psychiatric Center Copenhagen; Mental Health Services of the Capital Region of Denmark; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology; Institute for Protein Research; Osaka University; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Martin Fredensborg Rath
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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27
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DiCarlo LM, Vied C, Nowakowski RS. The stability of the transcriptome during the estrous cycle in four regions of the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3360-3387. [PMID: 28685836 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the transcriptome of the C57BL/6J mouse hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum to determine estrous cycle-specific changes in these four brain regions. We found almost 16,000 genes are present in one or more of the brain areas but only 210 genes, ∼1.3%, are significantly changed as a result of the estrous cycle. The hippocampus has the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (82), followed by the neocortex (76), hypothalamus (63), and cerebellum (26). Most of these DEGs (186/210) are differentially expressed in only one of the four brain regions. A key finding is the unique expression pattern of growth hormone (Gh) and prolactin (Prl). Gh and Prl are the only DEGs to be expressed during only one stage of the estrous cycle (metestrus). To gain insight into the function of the DEGs, we examined gene ontology and phenotype enrichment and found significant enrichment for genes associated with myelination, hormone stimulus, and abnormal hormone levels. Additionally, 61 of the 210 DEGs are known to change in response to estrogen in the brain. 50 of the 210 genes differentially expressed as a result of the estrous cycle are related to myelin and oligodendrocytes and 12 of the 63 DEGs in the hypothalamus are oligodendrocyte- and myelin-specific genes. This transcriptomic analysis reveals that gene expression in the female mouse brain is remarkably stable during the estrous cycle and demonstrates that the genes that do fluctuate are functionally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M DiCarlo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Cynthia Vied
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida.,Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Richard S Nowakowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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28
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Akagi R, Akatsu Y, Fisch KM, Alvarez-Garcia O, Teramura T, Muramatsu Y, Saito M, Sasho T, Su AI, Lotz MK. Dysregulated circadian rhythm pathway in human osteoarthritis: NR1D1 and BMAL1 suppression alters TGF-β signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:943-951. [PMID: 27884645 PMCID: PMC5438901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circadian rhythm (CR) was identified by RNA sequencing as the most dysregulated pathway in human osteoarthritis (OA) in articular cartilage. This study examined circadian rhythmicity in cultured chondrocytes and the role of the CR genes NR1D1 and BMAL1 in regulating chondrocyte functions. METHODS RNA was extracted from normal and OA-affected human knee cartilage (n = 14 each). Expression levels of NR1D1 and BMAL1 mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human chondrocytes were synchronized and harvested at regular intervals to examine circadian rhythmicity in RNA and protein expression. Chondrocytes were treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for NR1D1 or BMAL1, followed by RNA sequencing and analysis of the effects on the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway. RESULTS NR1D1 and BMAL1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly reduced in OA compared to normal cartilage. In cultured human chondrocytes, a clear circadian rhythmicity was observed for NR1D1 and BMAL1. Increased BMAL1 expression was observed after knocking down NR1D1, and decreased NR1D1 levels were observed after knocking down BMAL1. Sequencing of RNA from chondrocytes treated with NR1D1 or BMAL1 siRNA identified 330 and 68 significantly different genes, respectively, and this predominantly affected the TGF-β signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The CR pathway is dysregulated in OA cartilage. Interference with circadian rhythmicity in cultured chondrocytes affects TGF-β signaling, which is a central pathway in cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Akagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Y Akatsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - K M Fisch
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - O Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Teramura
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Saito
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, 285-8741, Japan
| | - T Sasho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuou, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - A I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M K Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Barca-Mayo O, Pons-Espinal M, Follert P, Armirotti A, Berdondini L, De Pietri Tonelli D. Astrocyte deletion of Bmal1 alters daily locomotor activity and cognitive functions via GABA signalling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14336. [PMID: 28186121 PMCID: PMC5309809 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are controlled by a network of clock neurons in the central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Core clock genes, such as Bmal1, are expressed in SCN neurons and in other brain cells, such as astrocytes. However, the role of astrocytic clock genes in controlling rhythmic behaviour is unknown. Here we show that ablation of Bmal1 in GLAST-positive astrocytes alters circadian locomotor behaviour and cognition in mice. Specifically, deletion of astrocytic Bmal1 has an impact on the neuronal clock through GABA signalling. Importantly, pharmacological modulation of GABAA-receptor signalling completely rescues the behavioural phenotypes. Our results reveal a crucial role of astrocytic Bmal1 for the coordination of neuronal clocks and propose a new cellular target, astrocytes, for neuropharmacology of transient or chronic perturbation of circadian rhythms, where alteration of astrocytic clock genes might contribute to the impairment of the neurobehavioural outputs such as cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barca-Mayo
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
- NetS3 Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Meritxell Pons-Espinal
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Philipp Follert
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Berdondini
- NetS3 Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide De Pietri Tonelli
- Neurobiology of miRNA Lab, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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30
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Deibel SH, Zelinski EL, Keeley RJ, Kovalchuk O, McDonald RJ. Epigenetic alterations in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and hippocampus contribute to age-related cognitive decline. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23181-203. [PMID: 26252151 PMCID: PMC4695111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/1969] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm dysfunction and cognitive decline, specifically memory loss, frequently accompany natural aging. Circadian rhythms and memory are intertwined, as circadian rhythms influence memory formation and recall in young and old rodents. Although, the precise relationship between circadian rhythms and memory is still largely unknown, it is hypothesized that circadian rhythm disruption, which occurs during aging, contributes to age-associated cognitive decline, specifically memory loss. While there are a variety of mechanisms that could mediate this effect, changes in the epigenome that occur during aging has been proposed as a potential candidate. Interestingly, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and sirtuin1 (SIRT1) are necessary for both circadian rhythms and memory. During aging, similar alterations of epigenetic mechanisms occur in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and hippocampus, which are necessary for circadian rhythm generation and memory, respectively. Recently, circadian rhythms have been linked to epigenetic function in the hippocampus, as some of these epigenetic mechanisms oscillate in the hippocampus and are disrupted by clock gene deletion. The current paper will review how circadian rhythms and memory change with age, and will suggest how epigenetic changes in these processes might contribute to age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Deibel
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Erin L Zelinski
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robin J Keeley
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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31
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Alterations in the expression of Per1 and Per2 induced by Aβ31-35 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, hippocampus, and heart of C57BL/6 mouse. Brain Res 2016; 1642:51-58. [PMID: 27021954 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have circadian rhythm disorders, which are mimicked in 3xTg-AD and 5xFAD mouse models. The deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) is an important pathological characteristic of AD, however, its role in inducing alterations in biological rhythms and in the expression of circadian clock-related genes remains elusive. The Per1 and Per2 play complex regulatory roles in biological clocks and are diffusely expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), hippocampus and heart. In the present study, wheel-running behavioral experiments showed that Aβ31-35, which was administered into the hippocampus, resulted in the disruption of the circadian rhythm of C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that Aβ31-35 altered the expression of the Per1 and Per2 in the SCN, hippocampus and heart. These findings provide experimental evidence for circadian rhythm disturbances in patients with AD.
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32
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Chun LE, Woodruff ER, Morton S, Hinds LR, Spencer RL. Variations in Phase and Amplitude of Rhythmic Clock Gene Expression across Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Hypothalamic Paraventricular and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei of Male and Female Rats. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:417-36. [PMID: 26271538 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415598608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular circadian clock is a self-regulating transcription/translation cycle of positive (Bmal1, Clock/Npas2) and negative (Per1,2,3, Cry1,2) regulatory components. While the molecular clock has been well characterized in the body's master circadian pacemaker, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), only a few studies have examined both the positive and negative clock components in extra-SCN brain tissue. Furthermore, there has yet to be a direct comparison of male and female clock gene expression in the brain. This comparison is warranted, as there are sex differences in circadian functioning and disorders associated with disrupted clock gene expression. This study examined basal clock gene expression (Per1, Per2, Bmal1 mRNA) in the SCN, prefrontal cortex (PFC), rostral agranular insula, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), amygdala, and hippocampus of male and female rats at 4-h intervals throughout a 12:12 h light:dark cycle. There was a significant rhythm of Per1, Per2, and Bmal1 in the SCN, PFC, insula, PVN, subregions of the hippocampus, and amygdala with a 24-h period, suggesting the importance of an oscillating molecular clock in extra-SCN brain regions. There were 3 distinct clock gene expression profiles across the brain regions, indicative of diversity among brain clocks. Although, generally, the clock gene expression profiles were similar between male and female rats, there were some sex differences in the robustness of clock gene expression (e.g., females had fewer robust rhythms in the medial PFC, more robust rhythms in the hippocampus, and a greater mesor in the medial amygdala). Furthermore, females with a regular estrous cycle had attenuated aggregate rhythms in clock gene expression in the PFC compared with noncycling females. This suggests that gonadal hormones may modulate the expression of the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Chun
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | | | - Sarah Morton
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Laura R Hinds
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Robert L Spencer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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Photic stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus via the non-visual optic system. A gene expression study in the blind Crx −/− mouse. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:239-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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Rath MF, Rovsing L, Møller M. Circadian oscillators in the mouse brain: molecular clock components in the neocortex and cerebellar cortex. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:743-55. [PMID: 24842045 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The circadian timekeeper of the mammalian brain resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN), and is characterized by rhythmic expression of a set of clock genes with specific 24-h daily profiles. An increasing amount of data suggests that additional circadian oscillators residing outside the SCN have the capacity to generate peripheral circadian rhythms. We have recently shown the presence of SCN-controlled oscillators in the neocortex and cerebellum of the rat. The function of these peripheral brain clocks is unknown, and elucidating this could involve mice with conditional cell-specific clock gene deletions. This prompted us to analyze the molecular clockwork of the mouse neocortex and cerebellum in detail. Here, by use of in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR, we show that clock genes are expressed in all six layers of the neocortex and the Purkinje and granular cell layers of the cerebellar cortex of the mouse brain. Among these, Per1, Per2, Cry1, Arntl, and Nr1d1 exhibit circadian rhythms suggesting that local running circadian oscillators reside within neurons of the mouse neocortex and cerebellar cortex. The temporal expression profiles of clock genes are similar in the neocortex and cerebellum, but they are delayed by 5 h as compared to the SCN, suggestively reflecting a master-slave relationship between the SCN and extra-hypothalamic oscillators. Furthermore, ARNTL protein products are detectable in neurons of the mouse neocortex and cerebellum, as revealed by immunohistochemistry. These findings give reason to further pursue the physiological significance of circadian oscillators in the mouse neocortex and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Rath
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet 6102, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark,
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35
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Gender associated circadian oscillations of the clock genes in rat choroid plexus. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1251-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Zelinski EL, Deibel SH, McDonald RJ. The trouble with circadian clock dysfunction: multiple deleterious effects on the brain and body. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 40:80-101. [PMID: 24468109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review consolidates research employing human correlational and experimental work across brain and body with experimental animal models to provide a more complete representation of how circadian rhythms influence almost all aspects of life. In doing so, we will cover the morphological and biochemical pathways responsible for rhythm generation as well as interactions between these systems and others (e.g., stress, feeding, reproduction). The effects of circadian disruption on the health of humans, including time of day effects, cognitive sequelae, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, diet, obesity, food preferences, mood disorders, and cancer will also be discussed. Subsequently, experimental support for these largely correlational human studies conducted in non-human animal models will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Zelinski
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Scott H Deibel
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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37
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Egr1 regulates lithium-induced transcription of the Period 2 (PER2) gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1969-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Musiek ES, Lim MM, Yang G, Bauer AQ, Qi L, Lee Y, Roh JH, Ortiz-Gonzalez X, Dearborn JT, Culver JP, Herzog ED, Hogenesch JB, Wozniak DF, Dikranian K, Giasson BI, Weaver DR, Holtzman DM, Fitzgerald GA. Circadian clock proteins regulate neuronal redox homeostasis and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5389-400. [PMID: 24270424 PMCID: PMC3859381 DOI: 10.1172/jci70317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with diminished circadian clock output and decreased expression of the core clock proteins, which regulate many aspects of cellular biochemistry and metabolism. The genes encoding clock proteins are expressed throughout the brain, though it is unknown whether these proteins modulate brain homeostasis. We observed that deletion of circadian clock transcriptional activators aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (Bmal1) alone, or circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) in combination with neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (Npas2), induced severe age-dependent astrogliosis in the cortex and hippocampus. Mice lacking the clock gene repressors period circadian clock 1 (Per1) and period circadian clock 2 (Per2) had no observed astrogliosis. Bmal1 deletion caused the degeneration of synaptic terminals and impaired cortical functional connectivity, as well as neuronal oxidative damage and impaired expression of several redox defense genes. Targeted deletion of Bmal1 in neurons and glia caused similar neuropathology, despite the retention of intact circadian behavioral and sleep-wake rhythms. Reduction of Bmal1 expression promoted neuronal death in primary cultures and in mice treated with a chemical inducer of oxidative injury and striatal neurodegeneration. Our findings indicate that BMAL1 in a complex with CLOCK or NPAS2 regulates cerebral redox homeostasis and connects impaired clock gene function to neurodegeneration.
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Lim ASP, Myers AJ, Yu L, Buchman AS, Duffy JF, De Jager PL, Bennett DA. Sex difference in daily rhythms of clock gene expression in the aged human cerebral cortex. J Biol Rhythms 2013; 28:117-29. [PMID: 23606611 DOI: 10.1177/0748730413478552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies using self-report and physiological markers of circadian rhythmicity have demonstrated sex differences in a number of circadian attributes including morningness-eveningness, entrained phase, and intrinsic period. However, these sex differences have not been examined at the level of the molecular clock and not in human cerebral cortex. The authors tested the hypothesis that there are detectable daily rhythms of clock gene expression in human cerebral cortex and that there are significant sex differences in the timing of these rhythms. The expression levels of 3 clock genes-PER2, PER3, and ARNTL1-were quantified in samples of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from 490 deceased individuals in 2 cohort studies of older individuals, the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project, using mRNA microarray data. Clock gene expression at death was parameterized as a function of time of death using cosine curves and was examined for sex differences in the phase of these curves. Significant daily variation was seen in the expression of PER2 (p = 0.004), PER3 (p = 0.003), and ARNTL1 (p = 0.0005). PER2/3 expression peaked at 10:38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 09:20-11:56) and 10:44 (95% CI, 09:29-11:59), respectively, and ARNTL1 expression peaked in antiphase to this at 21:23 (95% CI, 20:16-22:30). The timing of the expression of all 3 genes was significantly earlier in women than in men (PER2 6.8 h, p = 0.002; PER3 5.5 h, p = 0.001; ARNTL1 4.7 h, p = 0.007). Daily rhythms of clock gene expression are present in human cerebral cortex and can be inferred from postmortem samples. Moreover, these rhythms are relatively delayed in men compared with women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S P Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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