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Parmar J, von Jonquieres G, Gorlamandala N, Chung B, Craig AJ, Pinyon JL, Birnbaumer L, Klugmann M, Moorhouse AJ, Power JM, Housley GD. TRPC Channels Activated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors Drive Ca 2+ Dysregulation Leading to Secondary Brain Injury in the Mouse Model. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:844-858. [PMID: 37462831 PMCID: PMC11226524 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) non-selective cation channels, particularly those assembled with TRPC3, TRPC6, and TRPC7 subunits, are coupled to Gαq-type G protein-coupled receptors for the major classes of excitatory neurotransmitters. Sustained activation of this TRPC channel-based pathophysiological signaling hub in neurons and glia likely contributes to prodigious excitotoxicity-driven secondary brain injury expansion. This was investigated in mouse models with selective Trpc gene knockout (KO). In adult cerebellar brain slices, application of glutamate and the class I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine to Purkinje neurons expressing the GCaMP5g Ca2+ reporter demonstrated that the majority of the Ca2+ loading in the molecular layer dendritic arbors was attributable to the TRPC3 effector channels (Trpc3KO compared with wildtype (WT)). This Ca2+ dysregulation was associated with glutamate excitotoxicity causing progressive disruption of the Purkinje cell dendrites (significantly abated in a GAD67-GFP-Trpc3KO reporter brain slice model). Contribution of the Gαq-coupled TRPC channels to secondary brain injury was evaluated in a dual photothrombotic focal ischemic injury model targeting cerebellar and cerebral cortex regions, comparing day 4 post-injury in WT mice, Trpc3KO, and Trpc1/3/6/7 quadruple knockout (TrpcQKO), with immediate 2-h (primary) brain injury. Neuroprotection to secondary brain injury was afforded in both brain regions by Trpc3KO and TrpcQKO models, with the TrpcQKO showing greatest neuroprotection. These findings demonstrate the contribution of the Gαq-coupled TRPC effector mechanism to excitotoxicity-based secondary brain injury expansion, which is a primary driver for mortality and morbidity in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasneet Parmar
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nagarajesh Gorlamandala
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Brandon Chung
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Amanda J Craig
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jeremy L Pinyon
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Av. A Moreau de Justo 1300, C1107AFF, Buenos Aires CABA, Argentina
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Moorhouse
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - John M Power
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Xu J, Frankovich J, Liu RJ, Thienemann M, Silverman M, Farhadian B, Willet T, Manko C, Columbo L, Leibold C, Vaccarino FM, Che A, Pittenger C. Elevated antibody binding to striatal cholinergic interneurons in patients with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2024:S0889-1591(24)00515-4. [PMID: 39084540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) is characterized by the abrupt onset of significant obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and/or severe food restriction, together with other neuropsychiatric manifestations. An autoimmune pathogenesis triggered by infection has been proposed for at least a subset of PANS. The older diagnosis of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) describes rapid onset of OCD and/or tics associated with infection with Group A Streptococcus. The pathophysiology of PANS and PANDAS remains incompletely understood. We recently found serum antibodies from children with rigorously defined PANDAS to selectively bind to cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the striatum. Here we examine this binding in children with relapsing and remitting PANS, a more heterogeneous condition, collected in a distinct clinical context from those examined in our previous work, from children with a clinical history of Streptococcus infection. IgG from PANS cases showed elevated binding to striatal CINs in both mouse and human brain. Patient plasma collected during symptom flare decreased a molecular marker of CIN activity, phospho-riboprotein S6, in ex vivo brain slices; control plasma did not. Neither elevated antibody binding to CINs nor diminished CIN activity was seen with plasma collected from the same children during remission. These findings replicate what we have seen previously in PANDAS and support the hypothesis that at least a subset of PANS cases have a neuroimmune pathogenesis. Given the critical role of CINs in modulating basal ganglia function, these findings confirm striatal CINs as a locus of interest in the pathophysiology of both PANS and PANDAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jennifer Frankovich
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Rong-Jian Liu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margo Thienemann
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Silverman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Bahare Farhadian
- Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Willet
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Manko
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Laurie Columbo
- Departments of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Collin Leibold
- Immune Behavioral Health Clinic and Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Flora M Vaccarino
- Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alicia Che
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Departments of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Ferrucci L, Cantando I, Cordella F, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Bezzi P. Microglia at the Tripartite Synapse during Postnatal Development: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 12:2827. [PMID: 38132147 PMCID: PMC10742295 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the fundamental structures of neural circuits that control brain functions and behavioral and cognitive processes. Synapses undergo formation, maturation, and elimination mainly during postnatal development via a complex interplay with neighboring astrocytes and microglia that, by shaping neural connectivity, may have a crucial role in the strengthening and weakening of synaptic functions, that is, the functional plasticity of synapses. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have unveiled the roles of microglia and astrocytes in synapse formation, maturation, and elimination as well as in regulating synaptic function. Over the past 15 years, the mechanisms underlying the microglia- and astrocytes-dependent regulation of synaptic plasticity have been thoroughly studied, and researchers have reported that the disruption of these glial cells in early postnatal development may underlie the cause of synaptic dysfunction that leads to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, IIT, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, IIT, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (F.C.); (S.D.A.); (D.R.)
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Kuhrt LD, Motta E, Elmadany N, Weidling H, Fritsche-Guenther R, Efe IE, Cobb O, Chatterjee J, Boggs LG, Schnauß M, Diecke S, Semtner M, Anastasaki C, Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H. Neurofibromin 1 mutations impair the function of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049861. [PMID: 37990867 PMCID: PMC10740172 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition caused by germline mutations in the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene. Children with NF1 are prone to the development of multiple nervous system abnormalities, including autism and brain tumors, which could reflect the effect of NF1 mutation on microglia function. Using heterozygous Nf1-mutant mice, we previously demonstrated that impaired purinergic signaling underlies deficits in microglia process extension and phagocytosis in situ. To determine whether these abnormalities are also observed in human microglia in the setting of NF1, we leveraged an engineered isogenic series of human induced pluripotent stem cells to generate human microglia-like (hiMGL) cells heterozygous for three different NF1 gene mutations found in patients with NF1. Whereas all NF1-mutant and isogenic control hiMGL cells expressed classical microglia markers and exhibited similar transcriptomes and cytokine/chemokine release profiles, only NF1-mutant hiMGL cells had defects in P2X receptor activation, phagocytosis and motility. Taken together, these findings indicate that heterozygous NF1 mutations impair a subset of the functional properties of human microglia, which could contribute to the neurological abnormalities seen in children with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard D. Kuhrt
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Technology Platform Pluripotent Stem Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Motta
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nirmeen Elmadany
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Weidling
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphaela Fritsche-Guenther
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Metabolomics Platform, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim E. Efe
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivia Cobb
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jit Chatterjee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucy G. Boggs
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Schnauß
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Technology Platform Pluripotent Stem Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David H. Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, 518000
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Microglial Activation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7389508. [PMID: 36760476 PMCID: PMC9904912 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7389508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative processes encompass a large variety of diseases with different pathological patterns and clinical features, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Exposure to metals has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress in brain cells leading to cell death and neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicity of metals has been demonstrated by several in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, and most probably, each metal has its specific pathway to trigger cell death. As a result, exposure to essential metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and cobalt, and nonessential metals, including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, perturbs metal homeostasis at the cellular and organism levels leading to neurodegeneration. In this contribution, a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms by which metals affect microglia physiology and signaling properties is presented. Furthermore, studies that validate the disruption of microglia activation pathways as an essential mechanism of metal toxicity that can contribute to neurodegenerative disease are also presented and discussed.
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Schwab N, Taskina D, Leung E, Innes BT, Bader GD, Hazrati LN. Neurons and glial cells acquire a senescent signature after repeated mild traumatic brain injury in a sex-dependent manner. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1027116. [PMID: 36408415 PMCID: PMC9669743 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1027116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an important public health issue, as it can lead to long-term neurological symptoms and risk of neurodegenerative disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms driving this remain unclear, and currently there are no effective therapies for mTBI. In this study on repeated mTBI (rmTBI), we have induced three mild closed-skull injuries or sham procedures, separated by 24 h, in C57BL/6 mice. We show that rmTBI mice have prolonged righting reflexes and astrogliosis, with neurological impairment in the Morris water maze (MWM) and the light dark test. Cortical and hippocampal tissue analysis revealed DNA damage in the form of double-strand breaks, oxidative damage, and R-loops, markers of cellular senescence including p16 and p21, and signaling mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway. This study identified novel sex differences after rmTBI in mice. Although these markers were all increased by rmTBI in both sexes, females had higher levels of DNA damage, lower levels of the senescence protein p16, and lower levels of cGAS-STING signaling proteins compared to their male counterparts. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the male rmTBI mouse brain revealed activation of the DNA damage response, evidence of cellular senescence, and pro-inflammatory markers reminiscent of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in neurons and glial cells. Cell-type specific changes were also present with evidence of brain immune activation, neurotransmission alterations in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, and vascular dysfunction. Treatment of injured mice with the senolytic drug ABT263 significantly reduced markers of senescence only in males, but was not therapeutic in females. The reduction of senescence by ABT263 in male mice was accompanied by significantly improved performance in the MWM. This study provides compelling evidence that senescence contributes to brain dysfunction after rmTBI, but may do so in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daria Taskina
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Leung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan T. Innes
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D. Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Liu SQ, Li B, Li JJ, Sun S, Sun SR, Wu Q. Neuroendocrine regulations in tissue-specific immunity: From mechanism to applications in tumor. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:896147. [PMID: 36072337 PMCID: PMC9442449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.896147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in nonlymphoid tissues play a vital role in the maintenance of homeostasis. Lots of evidence supports that tissue-specific immune cells provide defense against tumor through the localization in different tissue throughout the body, and can be regulated by diverse factors. Accordingly, the distribution of nervous tissue is also tissue-specific which is essential in the growth of corresponding organs, and the occurrence and development of tumor. Although there have been many mature perspectives on the neuroendocrine regulation in tumor microenvironment, the neuroendocrine regulation of tissue-specific immune cells has not yet been summarized. In this review, we focus on how tissue immune responses are influenced by autonomic nervous system, sensory nerves, and various neuroendocrine factors and reversely how tissue-specific immune cells communicate with neuroendocrine system through releasing different factors. Furthermore, we pay attention to the potential mechanisms of neuroendocrine-tissue specific immunity axis involved in tumors. This may provide new insights for the immunotherapy of tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qing Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-Rong Sun, ; Qi Wu,
| | - Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-Rong Sun, ; Qi Wu,
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Characterisation of NLRP3 pathway-related neuroinflammation in temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271995. [PMID: 35972937 PMCID: PMC9380933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammation of brain structures, in particular the hippocampal formation, can induce neuronal degeneration and be associated with increased excitability manifesting as propensity for repetitive seizures. An increase in the abundance of individual proinflammatory molecules including interleukin 1 beta has been observed in brain tissue samples of patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and corresponding animal models. The NLRP3-inflammasome, a cytosolic protein complex, acts as a key regulator in proinflammatory innate immune signalling. Upon activation, it leads to the release of interleukin 1 beta and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Transient brain insults, like status epilepticus (SE), can render hippocampi chronically hyperexcitable and induce segmental neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms are referred to as epileptogenesis. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that distinct NLRP3-dependent transcript and protein signalling dynamics are induced by SE and whether they differ between two classical SE models. We further correlated the association of NLRP3-related transcript abundance with convulsive activity in human TLE hippocampi of patients with and without associated neurodegenerative damage. Methods Hippocampal mRNA- and protein-expression of NLRP3 and associated signalling molecules were analysed longitudinally in pilocarpine- and kainic acid-induced SE TLE mouse models. Complementarily, we studied NLRP3 inflammasome-associated transcript patterns in epileptogenic hippocampi with different damage patterns of pharmacoresistant TLE patients that had undergone epilepsy surgery for seizure relief. Results Pilocarpine- and kainic acid-induced SE elicit distinct hippocampal Nlrp3-associated molecular signalling. Transcriptional activation of NLRP3 pathway elements is associated with seizure activity but independent of the particular neuronal damage phenotype in KA-induced and in human TLE hippocampi. Significance These data suggest highly dynamic inflammasome signalling in SE-induced TLE and highlight a vicious cycle associated with seizure activity. Our results provide promising perspectives for the inflammasome signalling pathway as a target for anti-epileptogenic and -convulsive therapeutic strategies. The latter may even applicable to a particularly broad spectrum of TLE patients with currently pharmacoresistant disease.
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Pandey P, Kaur G, Babu K. Crosstalk between neurons and glia through G-protein coupled receptors: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:119-144. [PMID: 36357074 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed a dogmatic shift from glia as supporting cells in the nervous system to their active roles in neurocentric functions. Neurons and glia communicate and show bidirectional responses through tripartite synapses. Studies across species indicate that neurotransmitters released by neurons are perceived by glial receptors, which allow for gliotransmitter release. These gliotransmitters can result in activation of neurons via neuronal GPCR receptors. However, studies of these molecular interactions are in their infancy. Caenorhabditis elegans has a conserved neuron-glia architectural repertoire with molecular and functional resemblance to mammals. Further, glia in C. elegans can be manipulated through ablation and mutations allowing for deciphering of glial dependent processes in vivo at single glial resolutions. Here, we will review recent findings from vertebrate and invertebrate organisms with a focus on how C. elegans can be used to advance our understanding of neuron-glia interactions through GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Pandey
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Gazaldeep Kaur
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kavita Babu
- Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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10
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Cholinergic blockade of neuroinflammation – from tissue to RNA regulators. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210035. [PMID: 35211331 PMCID: PMC8837817 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory stimuli and consequent pro-inflammatory immune responses may facilitate neurodegeneration and threaten survival following pathogen infection or trauma, but potential controllers preventing these risks are incompletely understood. Here, we argue that small RNA regulators of acetylcholine (ACh) signaling, including microRNAs (miRs) and transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) may tilt the balance between innate and adaptive immunity, avoid chronic inflammation and prevent the neuroinflammation-mediated exacerbation of many neurological diseases. While the restrictive permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from peripheral immune events, this barrier can be disrupted by inflammation and is weakened with age. The consequently dysregulated balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes may modify the immune activities of brain microglia, astrocytes, perivascular macrophages, oligodendrocytes and dendritic cells, leading to neuronal damage. Notably, the vagus nerve mediates the peripheral cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex and underlines the consistent control of body–brain inflammation by pro-inflammatory cytokines, which affect cholinergic functions; therefore, the disruption of this reflex can exacerbate cognitive impairments such as attention deficits and delirium. RNA regulators can contribute to re-balancing the cholinergic network and avoiding its chronic deterioration, and their activities may differ between men and women and/or wear off with age. This can lead to hypersensitivity of aged patients to inflammation and higher risks of neuroinflammation-driven cholinergic impairments such as delirium and dementia following COVID-19 infection. The age- and sex-driven differences in post-transcriptional RNA regulators of cholinergic elements may hence indicate new personalized therapeutic options for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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11
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Logiacco F, Xia P, Georgiev SV, Franconi C, Chang YJ, Ugursu B, Sporbert A, Kühn R, Kettenmann H, Semtner M. Microglia sense neuronal activity via GABA in the early postnatal hippocampus. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110128. [PMID: 34965412 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, express receptors for classical neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, suggesting that they sense synaptic activity. To detect microglial Ca2+ responses to neuronal activity, we generate transgenic mouse lines expressing the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6m, specifically in microglia and demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway results in microglial Ca2+ responses in early postnatal but not adult hippocampus. Preceding the microglial responses, we also observe similar Ca2+ responses in astrocytes, and both are sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Blocking astrocytic glutamate uptake or GABA transport abolishes stimulation-induced microglial responses as well as antagonizing the microglial GABAB receptor. Our data, therefore, suggest that the neuronal activity-induced glutamate uptake and the release of GABA by astrocytes trigger the activation of GABAB receptors in microglia. This neuron, astrocyte, and microglia communication pathway might modulate microglial activity in developing neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Logiacco
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svilen Veselinov Georgiev
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Celeste Franconi
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi-Jen Chang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bilge Ugursu
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Amro Z, Yool AJ, Collins-Praino LE. The potential role of glial cells in driving the prion-like transcellular propagation of tau in tauopathies. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100242. [PMID: 34589757 PMCID: PMC8474563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with tauopathies, a class of diseases defined by pathology associated with the microtubule-enriched protein, tau, as the major contributor. Although tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease and Frontotemporal dementia, are common amongst the ageing population, current effective treatment options are scarce, primarily due to the incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms via which aggregated forms of tau are able to propagate from one anatomical area to another to cause disease spread and progression is yet unknown. The prion-like hypothesis of tau propagation proposes that tau can propagate along neighbouring anatomical areas in a similar manner to prion proteins in prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. This hypothesis has been supported by a plethora of studies that note the ability of tau to be actively secreted by neurons, propagated and internalised by neighbouring neuronal cells, causing disease spread. Surfacing research suggests a role of reactive astrocytes and microglia in early pre-clinical stages of tauopathy through their inflammatory actions. Furthermore, both glial types are able to internalise and secrete tau from the extracellular space, suggesting a potential role in tau propagation; although understanding the physiological mechanisms by which this can occur remains poorly understood. This review will discuss the current literature around the prion-like propagation of tau, with particular emphasis on glial-mediated neuroinflammation and the contribution it may play in this propagation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Amro
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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13
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Tournier BB, Tsartsalis S, Ceyzériat K, Fraser BH, Grégoire MC, Kövari E, Millet P. Astrocytic TSPO Upregulation Appears Before Microglial TSPO in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1043-1056. [PMID: 32804124 PMCID: PMC7683091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: In vivo PET/SPECT imaging of neuroinflammation is primarily based on the estimation of the 18 kDa-translocator-protein (TSPO). However, TSPO is expressed by different cell types which complicates the interpretation. Objective: The present study evaluates the cellular origin of TSPO alterations in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: The TSPO cell origin was evaluated by combining radioactive imaging approaches using the TSPO radiotracer [125I]CLINDE and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, in a rat model of AD (TgF344-AD) and in AD subjects. Results: In the hippocampus of TgF344-AD rats, TSPO overexpression not only concerns glial cells but the increase is visible at 12 and 24 months in astrocytes and only at 24 months in microglia. In the temporal cortex of AD subjects, TSPO upregulation involved only glial cells. However, the mechanism of this upregulation appears different with an increase in the number of TSPO binding sites per cell without cell proliferation in the rat, and a microglial cell population expansion with a constant number of binding sites per cell in human AD. Conclusion: These data indicate an earlier astrocyte intervention than microglia and that TSPO in AD probably is an exclusive marker of glial activity without interference from other TSPO-expressing cells. This observation indicates that the interpretation of TSPO imaging depends on the stage of the pathology, and highlights the particular role of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Nuclear medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ben H Fraser
- ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie-Claude Grégoire
- ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Enikö Kövari
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Winek K, Soreq H, Meisel A. Regulators of cholinergic signaling in disorders of the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1425-1438. [PMID: 33638173 PMCID: PMC8518971 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling is crucial in cognitive processes, and degenerating cholinergic projections are a pathological hallmark in dementia. Use of cholinesterase inhibitors is currently the main treatment option to alleviate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and has been postulated as a therapeutic strategy in acute brain damage (stroke and traumatic brain injury). However, the benefits of this treatment are still not clear. Importantly, cholinergic receptors are expressed both by neurons and by astrocytes and microglia, and binding of acetylcholine to the α7 nicotinic receptor in glial cells results in anti-inflammatory response. Similarly, the brain fine-tunes the peripheral immune response over the cholinergic anti-inflammatory axis. All of these processes are of importance for the outcome of acute and chronic neurological disease. Here, we summarize the main findings about the role of cholinergic signaling in brain disorders and provide insights into the complexity of molecular regulators of cholinergic responses, such as microRNAs and transfer RNA fragments, both of which may fine-tune the orchestra of cholinergic mRNAs. The available data suggest that these small noncoding RNA regulators may include promising biomarkers for predicting disease course and assessing treatment responses and might also serve as drug targets to attenuate signaling cascades during overwhelming inflammation and to ameliorate regenerative capacities of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Winek
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology with Experimental NeurologyCenter for Stroke Research BerlinNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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15
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De Schepper S, Crowley G, Hong S. Understanding microglial diversity and implications for neuronal function in health and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:507-523. [PMID: 32757416 PMCID: PMC8438703 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic data implicate microglia as central players in brain health and disease, urging the need to better understand what microglia do in the brain. Microglia are critical partners in neuronal wiring and function during development and disease. Emerging literature suggests that microglia have diverse functional roles, raising the intriguing question of which functions of microglia become impaired in disease to undermine proper neuronal function. It is also becoming increasingly clear that microglia exist in heterogeneous cell states. Microglial cell states appear context-dependent, that is, age, sex, location, and health of their microenvironment; these are further influenced by external signaling factors including gut microbiota and lipid metabolites. These data altogether suggest that microglia exist in functional clusters that impact, and are impacted by, surrounding neuronal microenvironment. However, we still lack understanding of how we can translate microglia cell states into function. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art on the diverse functions of microglia in relation to neuronal health. Then, we discuss heterogeneity during developing, healthy adult and diseased brains, and whether this may be predetermined by origin and/or regulated by local milieu. Finally, we propose that it is critical to gain high-resolution functional discernment into microglia-neuron interactions while preserving the spatial architecture of the tissue. Such insight will reveal specific targets for biomarker and therapeutic development toward microglia-neuron crosstalk in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Crowley
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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16
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Hou K, Li G, Yu J, Xu K, Wu W. Receptors, Channel Proteins, and Enzymes Involved in Microglia-mediated Neuroinflammation and Treatments by Targeting Microglia in Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2021; 460:167-180. [PMID: 33609636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the largest contributor to global neurological disability-adjusted life-years, posing a huge economic and social burden to the world. Though pharmacological recanalization with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and mechanical thrombectomy have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke, clinically, there is still no effective treatment for the secondary injury caused by cerebral ischemia. In recent years, more and more evidences show that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic cerebral injury. Microglia are brain resident innate immune cells and act the role peripheral macrophages. They play critical roles in mediating neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is not an isolated process and has complex relationships with other pathophysiological processes as oxidative/nitrative stress, excitotoxicity, necrosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and adaptive immune response. Upon activation, microglia differentially express various receptors, channel proteins, and enzymes involved in promoting or inhibiting the inflammatory processes, making them the targets of intervention for ischemic stroke. To inhibit microglia-related neuroinflammation and promote neurological recovery after ischemic stroke, numerous biochemical agents, cellular therapies, and physical methods have been demonstrated to have therapeutic potentials. Though accumulating experimental evidences have demonstrated that targeting microglia is a promising approach in the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical progress is slow. Till now, no clinical study could provide convincing evidence that any biochemical or physical therapies could exert neuroprotective effect by specifically targeting microglia following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Avenue, 130021 Changchun, China.
| | - Guichen Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Avenue, 130021 Changchun, China.
| | - Jinlu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Avenue, 130021 Changchun, China.
| | - Kan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Avenue, 130021 Changchun, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Avenue, 130021 Changchun, China.
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17
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Deletion of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 in microglia impacts brain ischemic injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:89-104. [PMID: 32927021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the immune cells of the brain and become activated during any type of brain injury. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model, a mouse model for ischemic stroke, we have previously shown that microglia and invaded monocytes upregulate the expression of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 (M3R) in the ischemic lesion. Here we tested whether this upregulation has an impact on the pathogenesis of MCAo. We depleted the m3R receptor in microglia, but not in circulating monocytes by giving tamoxifen to CX3CR1-CreERT+/+M3Rflox/flox (M3RKOmi) animals 3 weeks prior to MCAo. We found that M3RKOmi male mice had bigger lesions, more pronounced motor deficits after one week and cognitive deficits after about one month compared to control males. The density of Iba1+ cells was lower in the lesions of M3RKO male mice in the early, but not in the late disease phase. In females, these differences were not significant. By giving tamoxifen 1 week prior to MCAo, we depleted m3R in microglia and in circulating monocytes (M3RKOmi/mo). Male M3RKOmi/mo did not differ in lesion size, but had a lower survival rate, showed motor deficits and a reduced accumulation of Iba1+ positive cells into the lesion site. In conclusion, our data suggest that the upregulation of m3R in microglia and monocytes in stroke has a beneficial effect on the clinical outcome in male mice.
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18
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Stolero N, Frenkel D. The dialog between neurons and microglia in Alzheimer's disease: The neurotransmitters view. J Neurochem 2020; 158:1412-1424. [PMID: 33314073 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play a vital role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Their continuous sensing of surrounding micro-environments is crucial for their activity. Cross talk between specific neurons and microglia might occur through specific neurotransmitter receptors on microglia. Impairment with this interaction might result in pathological activity of microglia against potential insults. The reason for this activity in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not known. However, several papers report of the effects of different neurotransmitter agonists on microglial cells function that relate to their activity in AD. This review aims to summarize those works and to raise potential fundamental questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Stolero
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Gamage R, Wagnon I, Rossetti I, Childs R, Niedermayer G, Chesworth R, Gyengesi E. Cholinergic Modulation of Glial Function During Aging and Chronic Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577912. [PMID: 33192323 PMCID: PMC7594524 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process that increases the risk of age-related cognitive degenerative diseases such as dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Even non-pathological aging of the brain can involve chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress, which disrupts the communication and balance between the brain and the immune system. There has been an increasingly strong connection found between chronic neuroinflammation and impaired memory, especially in AD. While microglia and astrocytes, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), exerting beneficial effects during the acute inflammatory phase, during chronic neuroinflammation they can become more detrimental. Central cholinergic circuits are involved in maintaining normal cognitive function and regulating signaling within the entire cerebral cortex. While neuronal-glial cholinergic signaling is anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative, central cholinergic neuronal degeneration is implicated in impaired learning, memory sleep regulation, and attention. Although there is evidence of cholinergic involvement in memory, fewer studies have linked the cholinergic anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant pathways to memory processes during development, normal aging, and disease states. This review will summarize the current knowledge of cholinergic effects on microglia and astroglia, and their role in both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms, concerning normal aging and chronic neuroinflammation. We provided details on how stimulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptors can be neuroprotective by increasing amyloid-β phagocytosis, decreasing inflammation and reducing oxidative stress by promoting the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways and decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. There is also evidence for astroglial α7nACh receptor stimulation mediating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway respectively. We conclude that targeting cholinergic glial interactions between neurons and glial cells via α7nACh receptors could regulate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, relevant to the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gamage
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ingrid Wagnon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Childs
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Garry Niedermayer
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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20
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Elmadany N, Logiacco F, Buonfiglioli A, Haage VC, Wright-Jin EC, Schattenberg A, Papawassiliou RM, Kettenmann H, Semtner M, Gutmann DH. Neurofibromatosis 1 - Mutant microglia exhibit sexually-dimorphic cyclic AMP-dependent purinergic defects. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105030. [PMID: 32736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As critical regulators of brain homeostasis, microglia are influenced by numerous factors, including sex and genetic mutations. To study the impact of these factors on microglia biology, we employed genetically engineered mice that model Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a disorder characterized by clinically relevant sexually dimorphic differences. While microglia phagocytic activity was reduced in both male and female heterozygous Nf1 mutant (Nf1+/-) mice, purinergic control of phagocytosis was only affected in male Nf1+/- mice. ATP-induced P2Y-mediated membrane currents and P2RY12-dependent laser lesion-induced accumulation of microglial processes were also only impaired in male, but not female Nf1+/-, microglia. These defects resulted from Nf1+/- male-specific defects in cyclic AMP regulation, rather than from changes in purinergic receptor expression. Cyclic AMP elevation by phosphodiesterase blockade restored the male Nf1+/- microglia defects in P2Y-dependent membrane currents and process motility. Taken together, these data establish a sex-by-genotype interaction important to microglia function in the adult mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmeen Elmadany
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Logiacco
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Buonfiglioli
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena C Haage
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth C Wright-Jin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Schattenberg
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roxane M Papawassiliou
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - David H Gutmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Buonfiglioli A, Efe IE, Guneykaya D, Ivanov A, Huang Y, Orlowski E, Krüger C, Deisz RA, Markovic D, Flüh C, Newman AG, Schneider UC, Beule D, Wolf SA, Dzaye O, Gutmann DH, Semtner M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. let-7 MicroRNAs Regulate Microglial Function and Suppress Glioma Growth through Toll-Like Receptor 7. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3460-3471.e7. [PMID: 31825829 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sense pathogen- and host-derived factors, including single-stranded RNA. In the brain, let-7 microRNA (miRNA) family members are abundantly expressed, and some have recently been shown to serve as TLR7 ligands. We investigated whether let-7 miRNA family members differentially control microglia biology in health and disease. We found that a subset of let-7 miRNA family members function as signaling molecules to induce microglial release of inflammatory cytokines, modulate antigen presentation, and attenuate cell migration in a TLR7-dependent manner. The capability of the let-7 miRNAs to control microglial function is sequence specific, mapping to a let-7 UUGU motif. In human and murine glioblastoma/glioma, let-7 miRNAs are differentially expressed and reduce murine GL261 glioma growth in the same sequence-specific fashion through microglial TLR7. Taken together, these data establish let-7 miRNAs as key TLR7 signaling activators that serve to regulate the diverse functions of microglia in health and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Buonfiglioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim E Efe
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilansu Guneykaya
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Orlowski
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Deisz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Darko Markovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf C Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Ifuku M, Hinkelmann L, Kuhrt LD, Efe IE, Kumbol V, Buonfiglioli A, Krüger C, Jordan P, Fulde M, Noda M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 in microglia modulates their function and triggers neuronal injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32912327 PMCID: PMC7488138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and sense both pathogen- and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Although TLR5 has previously been implicated in different CNS disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, its mode of action in the brain remained largely unexplored. We sought to determine the expression and functional consequences of TLR5 activation in the CNS. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that microglia is the major CNS cell type that constitutively expresses TLR5. Using Tlr5−/− mice and inhibitory TLR5 antibody we found that activation of TLR5 in microglial cells by its agonist flagellin, a principal protein component of bacterial flagella, triggers their release of distinct inflammatory molecules, regulates chemotaxis, and increases their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, while TLR5 activation does not affect tumor growth in an ex vivo GL261 glioma mouse model, it triggers microglial accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in vivo. TLR5-mediated microglial function involves the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, as specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway abolish microglial activation. Taken together, our findings establish TLR5 as a modulator of microglial function and indicate its contribution to inflammatory and injurious processes in the CNS.
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23
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Binning W, Hogan-Cann AE, Yae Sakae D, Maksoud M, Ostapchenko V, Al-Onaizi M, Matovic S, Lu WY, Prado MAM, Inoue W, Prado VF. Chronic hM3Dq signaling in microglia ameliorates neuroinflammation in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:791-801. [PMID: 32434046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia express muscarinic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that sense cholinergic activity and are activated by acetylcholine to potentially regulate microglial functions. Knowledge about how distinct types of muscarinic GPCR signaling regulate microglia function in vivo is still poor, partly due to the fact that some of these receptors are also present in astrocytes and neurons. We generated mice expressing the hM3Dq Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) selectively in microglia to investigate the role of muscarinic M3Gq-linked signaling. We show that activation of hM3Dq using clozapine N-oxide (CNO) elevated intracellular calcium levels and increased phagocytosis of FluoSpheres by microglia in vitro. Interestingly, whereas acute treatment with CNO increased synthesis of cytokine mRNA, chronic treatment attenuated LPS-induced cytokine mRNA changes in the brain. No effect of CNO on cytokine expression was observed in DREADD-negative mice. Interestingly, CNO activation of M3Dq in microglia was able to attenuate LPS-mediated decrease in social interactions. These results suggest that chronic activation of M3 muscarinic receptors (the hM3Dq progenitor) in microglia, and potentially other Gq-coupled GPCRs, can trigger an inflammatory-like response that preconditions microglia to decrease their response to further immunological challenges. Our results indicate that hM3Dq can be a useful tool to modulate neuroinflammation and study microglial immunological memory in vivo, which may be applicable for manipulations of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Binning
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Aja E Hogan-Cann
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Diana Yae Sakae
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Matthew Maksoud
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Valeriy Ostapchenko
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Sara Matovic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
| | - Vania F Prado
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
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24
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Albertini G, Etienne F, Roumier A. Regulation of microglia by neuromodulators: Modulations in major and minor modes. Neurosci Lett 2020; 733:135000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Liu LR, Liu JC, Bao JS, Bai QQ, Wang GQ. Interaction of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Neurovascular Unit. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1024. [PMID: 32733433 PMCID: PMC7362712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation. Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain insults. The local extracellular and intracellular signals determine their characteristics and switch of phenotypes. Microglia and astrocytes are activated into two polarization states: the pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1 and A1) and the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2 and A2). During neuroinflammation, induced by stroke or lipopolysaccharides, microglia are more sensitive to pathogens, or damage; they are thus initially activated into the M1 phenotype and produce common inflammatory signals such as IL-1 and TNF-α to trigger reactive astrocytes into the A1 phenotype. These inflammatory signals can be amplified not only by the self-feedback loop of microglial activation but also by the unique anatomy structure of astrocytes. As the pathology further progresses, resulting in local environmental changes, M1-like microglia switch to the M2 phenotype, and M2 crosstalk with A2. While astrocytes communicate simultaneously with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the function of neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), their subtle changes may be identified and responded by astrocytes, and possibly transferred to microglia. Although both microglia and astrocytes have different functional characteristics, they can achieve immune "optimization" through their mutual communication and cooperation in the NVU and build a cascaded immune network of amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,People's Hospital of Yaodu District, Linfen, China
| | - Jia-Chen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Gai-Qing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,SanYa Central Hospital, The Third People's Hospital of HaiNan Province, SanYa, China
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26
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Gatta V, Mengod G, Reale M, Tata AM. Possible Correlation between Cholinergic System Alterations and Neuro/Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E153. [PMID: 32521719 PMCID: PMC7345633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Acetylcholine participates in the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. The cells of the immune system, as well as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes express cholinergic markers and receptors of muscarinic and nicotinic type. The role played by acetylcholine in MS has been recently investigated. In the present review, we summarize the evidence indicating the cholinergic dysfunction in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients and in the brains of the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The correlation between the increased activity of the cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, the reduced levels of acetylcholine and the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines production were recently described in immune cells of MS patients. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms for both hydrolyzing enzymes and the possible correlation with the altered levels of their enzymatic activity have been also reported. Finally, the changes in cholinergic markers expression in the central nervous system of EAE mice in peak and chronic phases suggest the involvement of the acetylcholine also in neuro-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | | | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies C. Darwin, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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27
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The VGF-derived Peptide TLQP21 Impairs Purinergic Control of Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis in Mouse Microglia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3320-3331. [PMID: 32060170 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1458-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are considered as sensors of brain pathology by detecting any sign of brain lesions, infections, or dysfunction and can influence the onset and progression of neurological diseases. They are capable of sensing their neuronal environment via many different signaling molecules, such as neurotransmitters, neurohormones and neuropeptides. The neuropeptide VGF has been associated with many metabolic and neurological disorders. TLQP21 is a VGF-derived peptide and has been shown to signal via C3aR1 and C1qBP receptors. The effect of TLQP21 on microglial functions in health or disease is not known. Studying microglial cells in acute brain slices, we found that TLQP21 impaired metabotropic purinergic signaling. Specifically, it attenuated the ATP-induced activation of a K+ conductance, the UDP-stimulated phagocytic activity, and the ATP-dependent laser lesion-induced process outgrowth. These impairments were reversed by blocking C1qBP, but not C3aR1 receptors. While microglia in brain slices from male mice lack C3aR1 receptors, both receptors are expressed in primary cultured microglia. In addition to the negative impact on purinergic signaling, we found stimulating effects of TLQP21 in cultured microglia, which were mediated by C3aR1 receptors: it directly evoked membrane currents, stimulated basal phagocytic activity, evoked intracellular Ca2+ transient elevations, and served as a chemotactic signal. We conclude that TLQP21 has differential effects on microglia depending on C3aR1 activation or C1qBP-dependent attenuation of purinergic signaling. Thus, TLQP21 can modulate the functional phenotype of microglia, which may have an impact on their function in health and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neuropeptide VGF and its peptides have been associated with many metabolic and neurological disorders. TLQP21 is a VGF-derived peptide that activates C1qBP receptors, which are expressed by microglia. We show here, for the first time, that TLQP21 impairs P2Y-mediated purinergic signaling and related functions. These include modulation of phagocytic activity and responses to injury. As purinergic signaling is central for microglial actions in the brain, this TLQP21-mediated mechanism might regulate microglial activity in health and disease. We furthermore show that, in addition to C1qBP, functional C3aR1 responses contribute to TLQP21 action on microglia. However, C3aR1 responses were only present in primary cultures but not in situ, suggesting that the expression of these receptors might vary between different microglial activation states.
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28
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Sani TP, Bond RL, Marshall CR, Hardy CJ, Russell LL, Moore KM, Slattery CF, Paterson RW, Woollacott IO, Wendi IP, Crutch SJ, Schott JM, Rohrer JD, Eriksson SH, Dijk DJ, Warren JD. Sleep symptoms in syndromes of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A proof-of-principle behavioural study. eNeurologicalSci 2019; 17:100212. [PMID: 31828228 PMCID: PMC6889070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2019.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a key concern in dementias but their sleep phenotypes are not well defined. We addressed this issue in major FTD and AD syndromes versus healthy older controls. We surveyed sleep duration, quality and disruptive events, and daytime somnolence. Sleep symptoms were frequent in FTD and AD and distinguished these diseases. Sleep disturbance is an important clinical issue across major FTD and AD syndromes.
Sleep disruption is a key clinical issue in the dementias but the sleep phenotypes of these diseases remain poorly characterised. Here we addressed this issue in a proof-of-principle study of 67 patients representing major syndromes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in relation to 25 healthy older individuals. We collected reports on clinically-relevant sleep characteristics - time spent overnight in bed, sleep quality, excessive daytime somnolence and disruptive sleep events. Difficulty falling or staying asleep at night and excessive daytime somnolence were significantly more frequently reported for patients with both FTD and AD than healthy controls. On average, patients with FTD and AD retired earlier and patients with AD spent significantly longer in bed overnight than did healthy controls. Excessive daytime somnolence was significantly more frequent in the FTD group than the AD group; AD syndromic subgroups showed similar sleep symptom profiles while FTD subgroups showed more variable profiles. Sleep disturbance is a significant clinical issue in major FTD and AD variant syndromes and may be even more salient in FTD than AD. These preliminary findings warrant further systematic investigation with electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlation in major proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara P. Sani
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rebecca L. Bond
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles R. Marshall
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chris J.D. Hardy
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy L. Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katrina M. Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine F. Slattery
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ione O.C. Woollacott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Indra Putra Wendi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sofia H. Eriksson
- Department of Clinical and Experiential Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Corresponding author at: Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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29
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Ryan AE, Mowry BJ, Kesby JP, Scott JG, Greer JM. Is there a role for antibodies targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:1059-1069. [PMID: 31347380 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419864438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscarinic receptor dysfunction has been suggested to play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Recently, it has also become clear that immune reactivity directed against neurotransmitter receptors may play a pathogenic role in some cases of schizophrenia. The aim of this review is to summarize the case for muscarinic receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia and the evidence supporting the hypothesis that this dysfunction is related to the development of muscarinic receptor-targeting antibodies. METHOD The article reviews studies of muscarinic receptors and the presence and potential role(s) of anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in people with schizophrenia. RESULTS There is accumulating evidence that altered or deficient muscarinic signalling underlies some of the key clinical features of schizophrenia. Although the number of studies investigating anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in schizophrenia is relatively small, they consistently demonstrate that such antibodies are present in a proportion of patients. This evidence suggests that these antibodies could have pathogenic effects or exist as a biomarker to an unknown pathophysiological process in schizophrenia. CONCLUSION The presence of elevated levels of anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies may identify a subgroup of people with schizophrenia, potentially informing aetiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and treatment. To date, all studies have examined antibodies in participants with chronic schizophrenia, who have likely received antipsychotic medication for many years. As these medications modulate immune functions and regulate receptor densities, it is recommended that future studies screen for the presence of anti-muscarinic antibodies in people experiencing their first episode of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Ryan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James P Kesby
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James G Scott
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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30
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Frinchi M, Nuzzo D, Scaduto P, Di Carlo M, Massenti MF, Belluardo N, Mudò G. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activation in the rat hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14233. [PMID: 31578381 PMCID: PMC6775129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we found that acute treatment with Oxotremorine (Oxo), a non-selective mAChRs agonist, up-regulates heat shock proteins and activates their transcription factor heat shock factor 1 in the rat hippocampus. Here we aimed to investigate: a) if acute treatment with Oxo may regulate pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus; b) if chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces inflammatory or oxidative alterations in the hippocampus and whether such alterations may be affected by chronic treatment with Oxo. In the acute experiment, rats were injected with single dose of Oxo (0.4 mg/kg) and sacrificed at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. In the CRS experiment, the rats were exposed for 21 days to the CRS and then were treated with Oxo (0.2 mg/kg) for further 10 days. The acute Oxo treatment showed an ability to significantly reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), singlet oxygen (1O2), pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β and IL-6) and phosphorylated NF-κB-p65. Acute Oxo treatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 protein levels and stimulated SOD activity. No differences were detected in the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-10 and TGF-β1. In the group of rats exposed to the CRS were found increased hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 levels, together with a reduction of SOD activity level. These changes produced by CRS were counteracted by chronic Oxo treatment. In contrast, the upregulation of ROS and 1O2 levels in the CRS group was not counteracted by chronic Oxo treatment. The results revealed a hippocampal anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of Oxo treatment in both basal conditions and anti-inflammatory in the CRS rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Scaduto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria F Massenti
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic, div. of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
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31
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Morozova V, Cohen LS, Makki AEH, Shur A, Pilar G, El Idrissi A, Alonso AD. Normal and Pathological Tau Uptake Mediated by M1/M3 Muscarinic Receptors Promotes Opposite Neuronal Changes. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:403. [PMID: 31555098 PMCID: PMC6737038 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule associated protein tau is mainly found in the cell’s cytosol but recently it was also shown in the extracellular space. In neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), pathological tau spreads from neuron to neuron enhancing neurodegeneration. Here, we show that HEK293 cells and neurons in culture uptake extracellular normal and pathological Tau. Muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine and pirenzepine block 80% this uptake. CHO cells do not express these receptors therefore cannot uptake tau, unless transfected with M1 and/or M3 receptor. These results strongly suggest that muscarinic receptors mediate this process. Uptake of normal tau in neurons enhances neuronal process formation but a pseudophosphorylated form of tau (pathological human tau, PH-Tau) disrupts them and accumulates in the somatodendritic compartment. AD hyperphosphorylated tau (AD P-Tau) has similar effects as PH-Tau on cultured neurons. Addition of either PH-Tau or AD P-tau to neuronal cultures induced microglial activation. In conclusion, uptake of extracellular tau is mediated by muscarinic receptors with opposite effects: normal tau stabilizes neurites; whereas pathological tau disrupts this process leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Morozova
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States.,Biology Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leah S Cohen
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Ali El-Hadi Makki
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Alison Shur
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States.,Biology Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guillermo Pilar
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Abdeslem El Idrissi
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States.,Biology Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alejandra D Alonso
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, United States.,Biology Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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32
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Falk S, Lund C, Clemmensen C. Muscarinic receptors in energy homeostasis: Physiology and pharmacology. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:66-76. [PMID: 31464050 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness and intensified biomedical research efforts, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. This is alarming, because obesity accelerates the progression of several chronic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Individuals who experience significant weight loss must combat powerful counter-regulatory energy homeostatic processes, and, typically, most individuals regain the lost weight. Therefore, decoding the neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy homeostasis is necessary for developing breakthroughs in obesity management. It has been known for decades that cholinergic neurotransmission both directly and indirectly modulates energy homeostasis and metabolic health. Despite this insight, the molecular details underlying the modulation remain ill-defined, and the potential for targeting cholinergic muscarinic receptors for treating metabolic disease is largely uncharted. In this MiniReview, we scrutinize the literature that has formed our knowledge of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in energy homeostasis. The role of mAChRs in canonical appetite-regulating circuits will be discussed as will the more indirect regulation of energy homoeostasis via neurocircuits linked to motivated behaviours and emotional states. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic prospects of targeting mAChRs for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Falk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Lund
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Hsiao HT, Lee YC, Liu YC, Kuo PC, Wu SN. Differential suppression of delayed-rectifier and inwardly rectifier K + currents by a group of ent-kaurane-type diterpenoids from Croton tonkinensis, in microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 856:172414. [PMID: 31129155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Croton is an extensive flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. Three croton compounds with the common ent-kaurane skeleton were purified from Croton tonkinensis. By using patch-clamp recording technique, we thoroughly examined the effect of a group of croton compounds, croton-01 (ent-18-acetoxy-7α-hydroxykaur-16-en-15-one), croton-02 (ent-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one), and croton-03 (ent-1β-acetoxy-7α,14β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-15-one), on the membrane current in SM826 and BV2 microglial cells. Although neither voltage-gated Na+ nor Ca2+ currents were present in these cells, both delayed-rectifier K+ outward (IK(DR)) and inwardly rectifying K+ currents (IK(IR)) were readily detected. Croton-03 differentially caused inhibition of IK(DR) or IK(IR) in a concentration-dependent manner. According to a minimal scheme, the shortening of the time constant in either the IK(DR)-related block or IK(IR) caused by different concentrations of croton-03 was quantitatively estimated with a dissociation constant of 6.45 and 29.5 μM, respectively. In SM826 cells differentiated with β-amyloid, inhibitory action on these K+ currents remained unaltered. In ultraviolet C-irradiated cells, the magnitude of IK(IR) was still decreased by addition of croton-03. Therefore, our study suggests that these ent-kaurane diterpenoids ought to somehow act on the cellular mechanisms by which they influence the functional activities of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tsung Hsiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Lee
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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34
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Calovi S, Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. Microglia and the Purinergic Signaling System. Neuroscience 2018; 405:137-147. [PMID: 30582977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system (CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the brain. Microglia are activated during diverse conditions, such as apoptosis, trauma, inflammation, and infection. The specific activities of microglia result from the confluence of environmental stimuli and the cellular state. It is likely that several signaling systems with different biological functions operate in competition and/or synergy, thus regulating similar microglial behaviors. The purinergic system is one of the fundamental signaling systems that establish microglial behavior in a wide spectrum of conditions. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) belongs to the purinergic signaling system, which includes P2X, P2Y, and P1 receptors, as well as other proteins participating in ATP secretion and extracellular ATP degradation, and molecules that recognize purines as a ligand. In this review, we focus on the latest pre-clinical and basic purinergic system and microglial research, with particular attention to data collected in vivo and ex vivo. This chapter is divided into sections related to microglial ATP release, ATP degradation, and ATP-related actions mediated by P2X and P2Y receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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35
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Thompson KK, Nissen JC, Pretory A, Tsirka SE. Tuftsin Combines With Remyelinating Therapy and Improves Outcomes in Models of CNS Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2784. [PMID: 30555470 PMCID: PMC6283261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, it does not address inflammatory signals that continue to induce neuronal damage and inhibit effectiveness of repair mechanisms. Our lab has previously characterized the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide, tuftsin, which induces an anti-inflammatory shift in microglia and macrophages. This targeted anti-inflammatory agent improves physical deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we sought to determine whether tuftsin is also effective in combination with benztropine, an FDA-approved drug that stimulates remyelination, in both EAE and in the cuprizone model of demyelination. We show that combining these two agents to promote anti-inflammatory and remyelinating mechanisms alleviates symptoms in EAE and lessens pathological hallmarks in both MS models. Importantly, tuftsin is required to transform the inflammatory CNS environment normally present in EAE/MS into one of an anti-inflammatory nature, and benztropine is required in the cuprizone model to improve remyelination. Our data further support tuftsin's beneficial immunomodulatory activity in the context of EAE, and show that when studying remyelination in the absence of an autoimmune insult, tuftsin still activated microglia toward an anti-inflammatory fate, but benztropine was necessary for significant repair of the damaged myelin. Overall, tuftsin effectively combined with benztropine to significantly improve MS-like pathologies in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn K Thompson
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jillian C Nissen
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Pretory
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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36
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Haque ME, Kim IS, Jakaria M, Akther M, Choi DK. Importance of GPCR-Mediated Microglial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:258. [PMID: 30186116 PMCID: PMC6110855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with impairment of cognition, memory deficits and behavioral abnormalities. Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is a characteristic hallmark of AD. Microglia express several GPCRs, which, upon activation by modulators, mediate microglial activation and polarization phenotype. This GPCR-mediated microglial activation has both protective and detrimental effects. Microglial GPCRs are involved in amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and Aβ generation. In addition, microglial GPCRs are featured in the regulation of Aβ degradation and clearance through microglial phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Moreover, in response to Aβ binding on microglial Aβ receptors, they can trigger multiple inflammatory pathways. However, there is still a lack of insight into the mechanistic link between GPCR-mediated microglial activation and its pathological consequences in AD. Currently, the available drugs for the treatment of AD are mostly symptomatic and dominated by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AchEI). The selection of a specific microglial GPCR that is highly expressed in the AD brain and capable of modulating AD progression through Aβ generation, degradation and clearance will be a potential source of therapeutic intervention. Here, we have highlighted the expression and distribution of various GPCRs connected to microglial activation in the AD brain and their potential to serve as therapeutic targets of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Mahbuba Akther
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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37
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Belle AM, Enright HA, Sales AP, Kulp K, Osburn J, Kuhn EA, Fischer NO, Wheeler EK. Evaluation of in vitro neuronal platforms as surrogates for in vivo whole brain systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10820. [PMID: 30018409 PMCID: PMC6050270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitatively benchmarking similarities and differences between the in vivo central nervous system and in vitro neuronal cultures can qualify discrepancies in functional responses and establish the utility of in vitro platforms. In this work, extracellular electrophysiology responses of cortical neurons in awake, freely-moving animals were compared to in vitro cultures of dissociated cortical neurons. After exposure to two well-characterized drugs, atropine and ketamine, a number of key points were observed: (1) significant differences in spontaneous firing activity for in vivo and in vitro systems, (2) similar response trends in single-unit spiking activity after exposure to atropine, and (3) greater sensitivity to the effects of ketamine in vitro. While in vitro cultures of dissociated cortical neurons may be appropriate for many types of pharmacological studies, we demonstrate that for some drugs, such as ketamine, this system may not fully capture the responses observed in vivo. Understanding the functionality associated with neuronal cultures will enhance the relevance of electrophysiology data sets and more accurately frame their conclusions. Comparing in vivo and in vitro rodent systems will provide the critical framework necessary for developing and interpreting in vitro systems using human cells that strive to more closely recapitulate human in vivo function and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Belle
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Heather A Enright
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Ana Paula Sales
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Kristen Kulp
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Joanne Osburn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Edward A Kuhn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Nicholas O Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
| | - Elizabeth K Wheeler
- Engineering Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
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38
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Hernández F, Llorens-Martín M, Bolós M, Pérez M, Cuadros R, Pallas-Bazarra N, Zabala JC, Avila J. New Beginnings in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Most Prevalent Tauopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S529-S534. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Cuadros
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Pallas-Bazarra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Zabala
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Microglia emerge as central players in brain disease. Nat Med 2017; 23:1018-1027. [PMID: 28886007 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of new findings recently giving us insights into the involvement of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A host of new molecular tools and mouse models of disease are increasingly implicating this enigmatic type of nervous system cell as a key player in conditions ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic pain. Contemporaneously, diverse roles are emerging for microglia in the healthy brain, from sculpting developing neuronal circuits to guiding learning-associated plasticity. Understanding the physiological functions of these cells is crucial to determining their roles in disease. Here we focus on recent developments in our rapidly expanding understanding of the function, as well as the dysfunction, of microglia in disorders of the CNS.
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40
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Michalski D, Hofmann S, Pitsch R, Grosche J, Härtig W. Neurovascular Specifications in the Alzheimer-Like Brain of Mice Affected by Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Implications for Future Therapies. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:655-674. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Pitsch
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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41
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Abstract
As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and constantly screen their environment. Microglia are activated by any type of pathologic event or change in brain homeostasis. This activation process is highly diverse and depends on the context and type of the stressor or pathology. Microglia can strongly influence the pathologic outcome or response to a stressor due to the release of a plethora of substances, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. They are the professional phagocytes of the brain and help orchestrate the immunological response by interacting with infiltrating immune cells. We describe here the diversity of microglia phenotypes and their responses in health, aging, and disease. We also review the current literature about the impact of lifestyle on microglia responses and discuss treatment options that modulate microglial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Wolf
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13092, Germany;
| | - H W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13092, Germany;
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42
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Pannell M, Labuz D, Celik MÖ, Keye J, Batra A, Siegmund B, Machelska H. Adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages reduces neuropathic pain via opioid peptides. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:262. [PMID: 27717401 PMCID: PMC5055715 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the inflammation which occurs following nerve damage, macrophages are recruited to the site of injury. Phenotypic diversity is a hallmark of the macrophage lineage and includes pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 populations. Our aim in this study was to investigate the ability of polarized M0, M1, and M2 macrophages to secrete opioid peptides and to examine their relative contribution to the modulation of neuropathic pain. Methods Mouse bone marrow-derived cells were cultured as unstimulated M0 macrophages or were stimulated into an M1 phenotype using lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ or into an M2 phenotype using interleukin-4. The macrophage phenotypes were verified using flow cytometry for surface marker analysis and cytokine bead array for cytokine profile assessment. Opioid peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay. As a model of neuropathic pain, a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was employed. Polarized M0, M1, and M2 macrophages (5 × 105 cells) were injected perineurally twice, on days 14 and 15 following CCI or sham surgery. Mechanical and heat sensitivity were measured using the von Frey and Hargreaves tests, respectively. To track the injected macrophages, we also transferred fluorescently stained polarized cells and analyzed the surface marker profile of endogenous and injected cells in the nerves ex vivo. Results Compared to M0 and M1 cells, M2 macrophages contained and released higher amounts of opioid peptides, including Met-enkephalin, dynorphin A (1–17), and β-endorphin. M2 cells transferred perineurally at the nerve injury site reduced mechanical, but not heat hypersensitivity following the second injection. The analgesic effect was reversed by the perineurally applied opioid receptor antagonist naloxone methiodide. M2 cells did not affect sensitivity following sham surgery. Neither M0 nor M1 cells altered mechanical and heat sensitivity in CCI or sham-operated animals. Tracing the fluorescently labeled M0, M1, and M2 cells ex vivo showed that they remained in the nerve and preserved their phenotype. Conclusions Perineural transplantation of M2 macrophages resulted in opioid-mediated amelioration of neuropathy-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, while M1 macrophages did not exacerbate pain. Therefore, rather than focusing on macrophage-induced pain generation, promoting opioid-mediated M2 actions may be more relevant for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pannell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melih Ö Celik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Keye
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arvind Batra
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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43
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Popiolek-Barczyk K, Mika J. Targeting the Microglial Signaling Pathways: New Insights in the Modulation of Neuropathic Pain. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:2908-2928. [PMID: 27281131 PMCID: PMC5427777 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160607120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The microglia, once thought only to be supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are now recognized to play essential roles in many pathologies. Many studies within the last decades indicated that the neuro-immune interaction underlies the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Through a large number of receptors and signaling pathways, the microglial cells communicate with neurons, astrocytes and other cells, including those of the immune system. A disturbance or loss of CNS homeostasis causes rapid responses of the microglia, which undergo a multistage activation process. The activated microglia change their cell shapes and gene expression profiles, which induce proliferation, migration, and the production of pro- or antinociceptive factors. The cells release a large number of mediators that can act in a manner detrimental or beneficial to the surrounding cells and can indirectly alter the nociceptive signals. This review discusses the most important microglial intracellular signaling cascades (MAPKs, NF-kB, JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt) that are essential for neuropathic pain development and maintenance. Our objective was to identify new molecular targets that may result in the development of powerful tools to control the signaling associated with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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44
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Barnes MA, Carson MJ, Nair MG. Non-traditional cytokines: How catecholamines and adipokines influence macrophages in immunity, metabolism and the central nervous system. Cytokine 2015; 72:210-9. [PMID: 25703786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines and adipokines function as hormones; catecholamines as neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system, and adipokines as mediators of metabolic processes. It has become increasingly clear, however, that both also function as immunomodulators of innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages. Macrophages can respond to, as well as produce their own catecholamines. Dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline are the most abundant catecholamines in the body, and can induce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses in macrophages, as well as non-immune processes such as thermogenesis. Though they are responsive to adipokines, particularly lipoproteins, leptin, and adiponectin, macrophages generally do not synthesize their own adipokines, with the exception being resistin-like molecules. Adipokines contribute to adverse metabolic and immune responses by stimulating lipid accumulation, foam cell formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Adipokines can also promote balance or resolution during metabolic and immune processes by promoting reverse lipid transport and expression of Th2 cytokines. This review will explore the mechanisms by which catecholamines and adipokines influence macrophage function in neural pathways, immunity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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