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Eletreby M, Thiessen L, Prager A, Brizic I, Materljan J, Kubic L, Jäger K, Jurinović K, Jerak J, Krey K, Adler B. Dissecting the cytomegalovirus CC chemokine: Chemokine activity and gHgLchemokine-dependent cell tropism are independent players in CMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011793. [PMID: 38064525 PMCID: PMC10732436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Like all herpesviruses, cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) code for many immunomodulatory proteins including chemokines. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) CC chemokine pUL128 has a dual role in the infection cycle. On one hand, it forms the pentameric receptor-binding complex gHgLpUL(128,130,131A), which is crucial for the broad cell tropism of HCMV. On the other hand, it is an active chemokine that attracts leukocytes and shapes their activation. All animal CMVs studied so far have functionally homologous CC chemokines. In murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), the CC chemokine is encoded by the m131/m129 reading frames. The MCMV CC chemokine is called MCK2 and forms a trimeric gHgLMCK2 entry complex. Here, we have generated MCK2 mutant viruses either unable to form gHgLMCK2 complexes, lacking the chemokine function or lacking both functions. By using these viruses, we could demonstrate that gHgLMCK2-dependent entry and MCK2 chemokine activity are independent functions of MCK2 in vitro and in vivo. The gHgLMCK2 complex promotes the tropism for leukocytes like macrophages and dendritic cells and secures high titers in salivary glands in MCMV-infected mice independent of the chemokine activity of MCK2. In contrast, reduced early antiviral T cell responses in MCMV-infected mice are dependent on MCK2 being an active chemokine and do not require the formation of gHgLMCK2 complexes. High levels of CCL2 and IFN-γ in spleens of infected mice and MCMV virulence depend on both, the formation of gHgLMCK2 complexes and the MCK2 chemokine activity. Thus, independent and concerted functions of MCK2 serving as chemokine and part of a gHgL entry complex shape antiviral immunity and virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Eletreby
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Thiessen
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Prager
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Materljan
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lucie Kubic
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Jäger
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Križan Jurinović
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josipa Jerak
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Krey
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Zeng J, Jaijyan DK, Yang S, Pei S, Tang Q, Zhu H. Exploring the Potential of Cytomegalovirus-Based Vectors: A Review. Viruses 2023; 15:2043. [PMID: 37896820 PMCID: PMC10612100 DOI: 10.3390/v15102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have emerged as powerful tools for delivering and expressing foreign genes, playing a pivotal role in gene therapy. Among these vectors, cytomegalovirus (CMV) stands out as a promising viral vector due to its distinctive attributes including large packaging capacity, ability to achieve superinfection, broad host range, capacity to induce CD8+ T cell responses, lack of integration into the host genome, and other qualities that make it an appealing vector candidate. Engineered attenuated CMV strains such as Towne and AD169 that have a ~15 kb genomic DNA deletion caused by virus passage guarantee human safety. CMV's large genome enables the efficient incorporation of substantial foreign genes as demonstrated by CMV vector-based therapies for SIV, tuberculosis, cancer, malaria, aging, COVID-19, and more. CMV is capable of reinfecting hosts regardless of prior infection or immunity, making it highly suitable for multiple vector administrations. In addition to its broad cellular tropism and sustained high-level gene expression, CMV triggers robust, virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses, offering a significant advantage as a vaccine vector. To date, successful development and testing of murine CMV (MCMV) and rhesus CMV (RhCMV) vectors in animal models have demonstrated the efficacy of CMV-based vectors. These investigations have explored the potential of CMV vectors for vaccines against HIV, cancer, tuberculosis, malaria, and other infectious pathogens, as well as for other gene therapy applications. Moreover, the generation of single-cycle replication CMV vectors, produced by deleting essential genes, ensures robust safety in an immunocompromised population. The results of these studies emphasize CMV's effectiveness as a gene delivery vehicle and shed light on the future applications of a CMV vector. While challenges such as production complexities and storage limitations need to be addressed, ongoing efforts to bridge the gap between animal models and human translation continue to fuel the optimism surrounding CMV-based vectors. This review will outline the properties of CMV vectors and discuss their future applications as well as possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shakai Pei
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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3
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Otero CE, Barfield R, Scheef E, Nelson CS, Rodgers N, Wang HY, Moström MJ, Manuel TD, Sass J, Schmidt K, Taher H, Papen C, Sprehe L, Kendall S, Davalos A, Barry PA, Früh K, Pollara J, Malouli D, Chan C, Kaur A, Permar SR. Relationship of maternal cytomegalovirus-specific antibody responses and viral load to vertical transmission risk following primary maternal infection in a rhesus macaque model. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011378. [PMID: 37871009 PMCID: PMC10621917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital infection and cause of birth defects worldwide. Primary CMV infection during pregnancy leads to a higher frequency of congenital CMV (cCMV) than maternal re-infection, suggesting that maternal immunity confers partial protection. However, poorly understood immune correlates of protection against placental transmission contributes to the current lack of an approved vaccine to prevent cCMV. In this study, we characterized the kinetics of maternal plasma rhesus CMV (RhCMV) viral load (VL) and RhCMV-specific antibody binding and functional responses in a group of 12 immunocompetent dams with acute, primary RhCMV infection. We defined cCMV transmission as RhCMV detection in amniotic fluid (AF) by qPCR. We then leveraged a large group of past and current primary RhCMV infection studies in late-first/early-second trimester RhCMV-seronegative rhesus macaque dams, including immunocompetent (n = 15), CD4+ T cell-depleted with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) RhCMV-specific polyclonal IgG infusion before infection to evaluate differences between RhCMV AF-positive and AF-negative dams. During the first 3 weeks after infection, the magnitude of RhCMV VL in maternal plasma was higher in AF-positive dams in the combined cohort, while RhCMV glycoprotein B (gB)- and pentamer-specific binding IgG responses were lower magnitude compared to AF-negative dams. However, these observed differences were driven by the CD4+ T cell-depleted dams, as there were no differences in plasma VL or antibody responses between immunocompetent AF-positive vs AF-negative dams. Overall, these results suggest that levels of neither maternal plasma viremia nor humoral responses are associated with cCMV following primary maternal infection in healthy individuals. We speculate that other factors related to innate immunity are more important in this context as antibody responses to acute infection likely develop too late to influence vertical transmission. Yet, pre-existing CMV glycoprotein-specific and neutralizing IgG may provide protection against cCMV following primary maternal CMV infection even in high-risk, immunocompromised settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Otero
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Scheef
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cody S. Nelson
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matilda J. Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tabitha D. Manuel
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Julian Sass
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimberli Schmidt
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Courtney Papen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lesli Sprehe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Savannah Kendall
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Angel Davalos
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute & Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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Lee J, Chang WLW, Scott JM, Hong S, Lee T, Deere JD, Park PH, Sparger EE, Dandekar S, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Barry PA, Kim S. FcRγ- NK Cell Induction by Specific Cytomegalovirus and Expansion by Subclinical Viral Infections in Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:443-452. [PMID: 37314415 PMCID: PMC10932550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
"Adaptive" NK cells, characterized by FcRγ deficiency and enhanced responsiveness to Ab-bound, virus-infected cells, have been found in certain hCMV-seropositive individuals. Because humans are exposed to numerous microbes and environmental agents, specific relationships between hCMV and FcRγ-deficient NK cells (also known as g-NK cells) have been challenging to define. Here, we show that a subgroup of rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-seropositive macaques possesses FcRγ-deficient NK cells that stably persist and display a phenotype resembling human FcRγ-deficient NK cells. Moreover, these macaque NK cells resembled human FcRγ-deficient NK cells with respect to functional characteristics, including enhanced responsiveness to RhCMV-infected target in an Ab-dependent manner and hyporesponsiveness to tumor and cytokine stimulation. These cells were not detected in specific pathogen-free (SPF) macaques free of RhCMV and six other viruses; however, experimental infection of SPF animals with RhCMV strain UCD59, but not RhCMV strain 68-1 or SIV, led to induction of FcRγ-deficient NK cells. In non-SPF macaques, coinfection by RhCMV with other common viruses was associated with higher frequencies of FcRγ-deficient NK cells. These results support a causal role for specific CMV strain(s) in the induction of FcRγ-deficient NK cells and suggest that coinfection by other viruses further expands this memory-like NK cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Graduate Group of Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - W L William Chang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Jeannine M Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Suyeon Hong
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Taehyung Lee
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jesse D Deere
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Peter H Park
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Graduate Group of Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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5
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Wang HY, Taher H, Kreklywich CN, Schmidt KA, Scheef EA, Barfield R, Otero CE, Valencia SM, Crooks CM, Mirza A, Woods K, Burgt NV, Kowalik TF, Barry PA, Hansen SG, Tarantal AF, Chan C, Streblow DN, Picker LJ, Kaur A, Früh K, Permar SR, Malouli D. The pentameric complex is not required for vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus in seronegative pregnant rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545169. [PMID: 37398229 PMCID: PMC10312687 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the leading infectious cause of neonatal neurological impairment but essential virological determinants of transplacental CMV transmission remain unclear. The pentameric complex (PC), composed of five subunits, glycoproteins H (gH), gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, is essential for efficient entry into non-fibroblast cells in vitro . Based on this role in cell tropism, the PC is considered a possible target for CMV vaccines and immunotherapies to prevent cCMV. To determine the role of the PC in transplacental CMV transmission in a non-human primate model of cCMV, we constructed a PC-deficient rhesus CMV (RhCMV) by deleting the homologues of the HCMV PC subunits UL128 and UL130 and compared congenital transmission to PC-intact RhCMV in CD4+ T cell-depleted or immunocompetent RhCMV-seronegative, pregnant rhesus macaques (RM). Surprisingly, we found that the transplacental transmission rate was similar for PC-intact and PC-deleted RhCMV based on viral genomic DNA detection in amniotic fluid. Moreover, PC-deleted and PC-intact RhCMV acute infection led to similar peak maternal plasma viremia. However, there was less viral shedding in maternal urine and saliva and less viral dissemination in fetal tissues in the PC-deleted group. As expected, dams inoculated with PC-deleted RhCMV demonstrated lower plasma IgG binding to PC-intact RhCMV virions and soluble PC, as well as reduced neutralization of PC-dependent entry of the PC-intact RhCMV isolate UCD52 into epithelial cells. In contrast, binding to gH expressed on the cell surface and neutralization of entry into fibroblasts by the PC-intact RhCMV was higher for dams infected with PC-deleted RhCMV compared to those infected with PC-intact RhCMV. Our data demonstrates that the PC is dispensable for transplacental CMV infection in our non-human primate model. One Sentence Summary Congenital CMV transmission frequency in seronegative rhesus macaques is not affected by the deletion of the viral pentameric complex.
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Picker LJ, Lifson JD, Gale M, Hansen SG, Früh K. Programming cytomegalovirus as an HIV vaccine. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:287-304. [PMID: 36894436 PMCID: PMC10089689 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The initial development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a vaccine vector for HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was predicated on its potential to pre-position high-frequency, effector-differentiated, CD8+ T cells in tissues for immediate immune interception of nascent primary infection. This goal was achieved and also led to the unexpected discoveries that non-human primate (NHP) CMVs can be programmed to differentially elicit CD8+ T cell responses that recognize viral peptides via classical MHC-Ia, and/or MHC-II, and/or MHC-E, and that MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses can uniquely mediate stringent arrest and subsequent clearance of highly pathogenic SIV, an unprecedented type of vaccine-mediated protection. These discoveries delineate CMV vector-elicited MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells as a functionally distinct T cell response with the potential for superior efficacy against HIV-1, and possibly other infectious agents or cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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7
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Hasan MZ, Höltermann C, Petersen B, Schrod A, Mätz-Rensing K, Kaul A, Salinas G, Dressel R, Walter L. Detailed phenotypic and functional characterization of CMV-associated adaptive NK cells in rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028788. [PMID: 36518759 PMCID: PMC9742600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on adaptive NK cells in rhesus macaques suffered from the lack of specific antibodies to differentiate between inhibitory CD94/NKG2A and stimulatory CD94/NKG2C heterodimeric receptors. Recently we reported an expansion of NKG2C receptor-encoding genes in rhesus macaques, but their expression and functional role on primary NK cells remained unknown due to this deficit. Thus, we established monoclonal antibodies 4A8 and 7B1 which show identical specificities and bind to both NKG2C-1 and NKG2C-2 but neither react with NKG2C-3 nor NKG2A on transfected cells. Using a combination of 4A8 and Z199 antibodies in multicolor flow cytometry we detected broad expression (4-73%) of NKG2C-1 and/or NKG2C-2 (NKG2C-1/2) on primary NK cells in rhesus macaques from our breeding colony. Stratifying our data to CMV-positive and CMV-negative animals, we noticed a higher proportion (23-73%) of primary NK cells expressing NKG2C-1/2 in CMV+ as compared to CMV- macaques (4-5%). These NKG2C-1/2-positive NK cells in CMV+ macaques are characterized by lower expression of IL12RB2, ZBTB16, SH2D1B, but not FCER1G, as well as high expression of IFNG, indicating that antibody 4A8 detects CMV-associated adaptive NK cells. Single cell RNA seq data of 4A8-positive NK cells from a rhCMV-positive macaque demonstrated that a high proportion of these adaptive NK cells transcribe in addition to NKG2C-1 and NKG2C-2 also NKG2C-3, but interestingly NKG2A as well. Remarkably, in comparison to NKG2A, NKG2C-1 and in particular NKG2C-2 bind Mamu-E with higher avidity. Primary NK cells exposed to Mamu-E-expressing target cells displayed strong degranulation as well as IFN-gamma expression of 4A8+ adaptive NK cells from rhCMV+ animals. Thus, despite co-expression of inhibitory and stimulatory CD94/NKG2 receptors the higher number of different stimulatory NKG2C receptors and their higher binding avidity to Mamu-E outreach inhibitory signaling via NKG2A. These data demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of the CMV-driven development of NKG2C-positive adaptive NK cells with particular molecular signatures in primates and with changes in gene copy numbers and ligand-binding strength of NKG2C isotypes. Thus, rhesus macaques represent a suitable and valuable nonhuman primate animal model to study the CMV-NKG2C liaison in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahidul Hasan
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,PhD program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Höltermann
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,PhD program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beatrix Petersen
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Schrod
- Animal Husbandry, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Core Unit for Integrative Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Lutz Walter,
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Holtappels R, Podlech J, Freitag K, Lemmermann NA, Reddehase MJ. Memory CD8 T Cells Protect against Cytomegalovirus Disease by Formation of Nodular Inflammatory Foci Preventing Intra-Tissue Virus Spread. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061145. [PMID: 35746617 PMCID: PMC9229300 DOI: 10.3390/v14061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are controlled by innate and adaptive immune responses in an immunocompetent host while causing multiple organ diseases in an immunocompromised host. A risk group of high clinical relevance comprises transiently immunocompromised recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in the “window of risk” between eradicative therapy of hematopoietic malignancies and complete reconstitution of the immune system. Cellular immunotherapy by adoptive transfer of CMV-specific CD8 T cells is an option to prevent CMV disease by controlling a primary or reactivated infection. While experimental models have revealed a viral epitope-specific antiviral function of cognate CD8 T cells, the site at which control is exerted remained unidentified. The observation that remarkably few transferred cells protect all organs may indicate an early blockade of virus dissemination from a primary site of productive infection to various target organs. Alternatively, it could indicate clonal expansion of a few transferred CD8 T cells for preventing intra-tissue virus spread after successful initial organ colonization. Our data in the mouse model of murine CMV infection provide evidence in support of the second hypothesis. We show that transferred cells vigorously proliferate to prevent virus spread, and thus viral histopathology, by confining and eventually resolving tissue infection within nodular inflammatory foci.
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Phan QV, Bogdanow B, Wyler E, Landthaler M, Liu F, Hagemeier C, Wiebusch L. Engineering, decoding and systems-level characterization of chimpanzee cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010193. [PMID: 34982803 PMCID: PMC8759705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimpanzee cytomegalovirus (CCMV) is the closest relative of human CMV (HCMV). Because of the high conservation between these two species and the ability of human cells to fully support CCMV replication, CCMV holds great potential as a model system for HCMV. To make the CCMV genome available for precise and rapid gene manipulation techniques, we captured the genomic DNA of CCMV strain Heberling as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Selected BAC clones were reconstituted to infectious viruses, growing to similar high titers as parental CCMV. DNA sequencing confirmed the integrity of our clones and led to the identification of two polymorphic loci and a deletion-prone region within the CCMV genome. To re-evaluate the CCMV coding potential, we analyzed the viral transcriptome and proteome and identified several novel ORFs, splice variants, and regulatory RNAs. We further characterized the dynamics of CCMV gene expression and found that viral proteins cluster into five distinct temporal classes. In addition, our datasets revealed that the host response to CCMV infection and the de-regulation of cellular pathways are in line with known hallmarks of HCMV infection. In a first functional experiment, we investigated a proposed frameshift mutation in UL128 that was suspected to restrict CCMV's cell tropism. In fact, repair of this frameshift re-established productive CCMV infection in endothelial and epithelial cells, expanding the options of CCMV as an infection model. Thus, BAC-cloned CCMV can serve as a powerful tool for systematic approaches in comparative functional genomics, exploiting the close phylogenetic relationship between CCMV and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Vinh Phan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Bogdanow
- Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hagemeier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lüder Wiebusch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Fernández-Alarcón C, Buchholz G, Contreras H, Wussow F, Nguyen J, Diamond DJ, Schleiss MR. Protection against Congenital CMV Infection Conferred by MVA-Vectored Subunit Vaccines Extends to a Second Pregnancy after Maternal Challenge with a Heterologous, Novel Strain Variant. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122551. [PMID: 34960820 PMCID: PMC8703303 DOI: 10.3390/v13122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal reinfection of immune women with novel human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains acquired during pregnancy can result in symptomatic congenital CMV (cCMV) infection. Novel animal model strategies are needed to explore vaccine-mediated protections against maternal reinfection. To investigate this in the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) model, a strictly in vivo-passaged workpool of a novel strain, the CIDMTR strain (dose, 1 × 107 pfu) was used to infect dams that had been challenged in a previous pregnancy with the 22122 strain, following either sham-immunization (vector only) or vaccination with MVA-vectored gB, gH/gL, or pentameric complex (PC) vaccines. Maternal DNAemia cleared by day 21 in the glycoprotein-vaccinated dams, but not in the sham-immunized dams. Mean pup birth weights were 72.85 ± 10.2, 80.0 ± 6.9, 81.4 ± 14.1, and 89.38 ± 8.4 g in sham-immunized, gB, gH/gL, and PC groups, respectively (p < 0.01 for control v. PC). Pup mortality in the sham-immunized group was 6/12 (50%), but reduced to 3/35 (8.6%) in combined vaccine groups (p = 0.0048). Vertical CIDMTR transmission occurred in 6/12 pups (50%) in the sham-vaccinated group, compared to 2/34 pups (6%) in the vaccine groups (p = 0.002). We conclude that guinea pigs immunized with vectored vaccines expressing 22122 strain-specific glycoproteins are protected after a reinfection with a novel, heterologous clinical isolate (CIDMTR) in a second pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernández-Alarcón
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
| | - Grace Buchholz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Abdulhaqq S, Ventura AB, Reed JS, Bashirova AA, Bateman KB, McDonald E, Wu HL, Greene JM, Schell JB, Morrow D, Wisskirchen K, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Carrington M, Protzer U, Früh K, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Sacha JB, Bimber BN. Identification and Characterization of Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cells Using Surface-Trapped TNF-α and Single-Cell Sequencing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2913-2921. [PMID: 34810222 PMCID: PMC9124229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are key mediators of antiviral and antitumor immunity. The isolation and study of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as mapping of their MHC restriction, has practical importance to the study of disease and the development of therapeutics. Unfortunately, most experimental approaches are cumbersome, owing to the highly variable and donor-specific nature of MHC-bound peptide/TCR interactions. Here we present a novel system for rapid identification and characterization of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, particularly well suited for samples with limited primary cells. Cells are stimulated ex vivo with Ag of interest, followed by live cell sorting based on surface-trapped TNF-α. We take advantage of major advances in single-cell sequencing to generate full-length sequence data from the paired TCR α- and β-chains from these Ag-specific cells. The paired TCR chains are cloned into retroviral vectors and used to transduce donor CD8+ T cells. These TCR transductants provide a virtually unlimited experimental reagent, which can be used for further characterization, such as minimal epitope mapping or identification of MHC restriction, without depleting primary cells. We validated this system using CMV-specific CD8+ T cells from rhesus macaques, characterizing an immunodominant Mamu-A1*002:01-restricted epitope. We further demonstrated the utility of this system by mapping a novel HLA-A*68:02-restricted HIV Gag epitope from an HIV-infected donor. Collectively, these data validate a new strategy to rapidly identify novel Ags and characterize Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, with applications ranging from the study of infectious disease to immunotherapeutics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Arman A Bashirova
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine B Bateman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Eric McDonald
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR;
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
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12
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Pre-existing immunity to cytomegalovirus in macaques influences human CMV vaccine responses in preclinical models. Vaccine 2021; 39:5358-5367. [PMID: 34393017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccine is a Tier 1 priority by the National Institutes of Medicine, as HCMV is the most common congenital infection globally and most frequent infectious complication in transplant patients. Relevant preclinical non-human primate models used for testing HCMV vaccine immunogenicity are rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys. However, a complication in using these models is that species-specific CMV variants are endemic in non-human primate breeding colonies. We hypothesize that natural immunity to species-specific CMV in rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys impacts HCMV vaccine immunogenicity and may interfere with our ability to fully interpret vaccine immunogenicity. A modified mRNA vaccine encoding HCMV glycoprotein (gB) and the pentameric complex (PC) packaged in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) was delivered intramuscularly to groups of cynomolgous (n = 16, CyCMV-seropositive) and rhesus macaques (n = 24, RhCMV-seropositive). High pre-vaccination IgG binding responses to HCMV gB were present in both species, but pre-vaccination binding responses to PC were mostly present in rhesus macaques. Yet, at least a log increase in both PC and gB-specific plasma IgG levels was detected post-second HCMV mRNA vaccination in both species. Both species responded with high epithelial cell neutralizing antibody responses at 4 weeks post second HCMV mRNA vaccination, but limited fibroblast neutralizing antibodies. HCMV gB + PC mRNA/LNP vaccine also elicited IgG binding responses to cell-associated gB, an identified immune correlate of protection, in both species after the second vaccination, and there was a moderately strong direct correlation between this pre- and post-vaccination response in rhesus macaques. Based on the correlation between pre-existing and post-vaccine gB-specific binding responses in rhesus macaques, we conclude that species-specific CMV variant-specific antibody responses contribute to antibody responses to HCMV vaccination in primate models, indicating that pre-existing immunity must be taken into account in non-human primate preclinical models and will impact immunogenicity of HCMV vaccines seropositive human vaccinees.
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13
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Krstanović F, Britt WJ, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Inflammation in Developing Brain. Viruses 2021; 13:1078. [PMID: 34200083 PMCID: PMC8227981 DOI: 10.3390/v13061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns. Most infected newborns are able to resolve the infection without developing sequelae. However, in severe cases, congenital HCMV infection can result in life-threatening pathologies and permanent damage of organ systems that possess a low regenerative capacity. Despite the severity of the problem, HCMV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) remains inadequately characterized to date. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) show strict species specificity, limiting the use of HCMV in experimental animals. Infection following intraperitoneal administration of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into newborn mice efficiently recapitulates many aspects of congenital HCMV infection in CNS. Upon entering the CNS, CMV targets all resident brain cells, consequently leading to the development of widespread histopathology and inflammation. Effector functions from both resident cells and infiltrating immune cells efficiently resolve acute MCMV infection in the CNS. However, host-mediated inflammatory factors can also mediate the development of immunopathologies during CMV infection of the brain. Here, we provide an overview of the cytomegalovirus infection in the brain, local immune response to infection, and mechanisms leading to CNS sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
| | - William J. Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
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14
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Singh T, Otero CE, Li K, Valencia SM, Nelson AN, Permar SR. Vaccines for Perinatal and Congenital Infections-How Close Are We? Front Pediatr 2020; 8:569. [PMID: 33384972 PMCID: PMC7769834 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital and perinatal infections are transmitted from mother to infant during pregnancy across the placenta or during delivery. These infections not only cause pregnancy complications and still birth, but also result in an array of pediatric morbidities caused by physical deformities, neurodevelopmental delays, and impaired vision, mobility and hearing. Due to the burden of these conditions, congenital and perinatal infections may result in lifelong disability and profoundly impact an individual's ability to live to their fullest capacity. While there are vaccines to prevent congenital and perinatal rubella, varicella, and hepatitis B infections, many more are currently in development at various stages of progress. The spectrum of our efforts to understand and address these infections includes observational studies of natural history of disease, epidemiological evaluation of risk factors, immunogen design, preclinical research of protective immunity in animal models, and evaluation of promising candidates in vaccine trials. In this review we summarize this progress in vaccine development research for Cytomegalovirus, Group B Streptococcus, Herpes simplex virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Toxoplasma, Syphilis, and Zika virus congenital and perinatal infections. We then synthesize this evidence to examine how close we are to developing a vaccine for these infections, and highlight areas where research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Singh
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Katherine Li
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah M. Valencia
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ashley N. Nelson
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Chinta P, Garcia EC, Tajuddin KH, Akhidenor N, Davis A, Faure L, Spencer JV. Control of Cytokines in Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100858. [PMID: 33096622 PMCID: PMC7589642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has evolved a number of mechanisms for long-term co-existence within its host. HCMV infects a wide range of cell types, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and myeloid progenitor cells. Lytic infection, with the production of infectious progeny virions, occurs in differentiated cell types, while undifferentiated myeloid precursor cells are the primary site of latent infection. The outcome of HCMV infection depends partly on the cell type and differentiation state but is also influenced by the composition of the immune environment. In this review, we discuss the role of early interactions between HCMV and the host immune system, particularly cytokine and chemokine networks, that facilitate the establishment of lifelong latent infection. A better understanding of these cytokine signaling pathways could lead to novel therapeutic targets that might prevent latency or eradicate latently infected cells.
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16
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Impact of CMV Reactivation, Treatment Approaches, and Immune Reconstitution in a Nonmyeloablative Tolerance Induction Protocol in Cynomolgus Macaques. Transplantation 2020; 104:270-279. [PMID: 31385931 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a serious complication in immunosuppressed patients, specifically transplant recipients. Here, we describe the development and use of an assay to monitor the incidence and treatment of CMV viremia in a Cynomolgus macaque model of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for tolerance induction. We address the correlation between the course of viremia and immune reconstitution. METHODS Twenty-one animals received a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen. Seven received cyclosporine A for 28 days and 14 received rapamycin. A CMV polymerase chain reaction assay was developed and run twice per week to monitor viremia. Nineteen recipients were CMV seropositive before BMT. Immune reconstitution was monitored through flow cytometry and CMV viremia was tracked via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Recipients developed CMV viremia during the first month post-BMT. Two animals developed uncontrollable CMV disease. CMV reactivation occurred earlier in cyclosporine A-treated animals compared with those receiving rapamycin. Post-BMT, T-cell counts remained significantly lower compared with pretransplant levels until CMV reactivation, at which point they increased during the viremic phase and approached pretransplant levels 3 months post-BMT. Management of CMV required treatment before viremia reached 10 000 copies/mL; otherwise clinical symptoms were observed. High doses of ganciclovir resolved the viremia, which could subsequently be controlled with valganciclovir. CONCLUSIONS We developed an assay to monitor CMV in Cynomolgus macaques. CMV reactivation occurred in 100% of seropositive animals in this model. Rapamycin delayed CMV reactivation and ganciclovir treatment was effective at high doses. As in humans, CD8 T cells proliferated during CMV viremia.
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17
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Poole E, Neves TC, Oliveira MT, Sinclair J, da Silva MCC. Human Cytomegalovirus Interleukin 10 Homologs: Facing the Immune System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:245. [PMID: 32582563 PMCID: PMC7296156 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause a variety of health disorders that can lead to death in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. The HCMV lifecycle comprises both a lytic (productive) and a latent (non-productive) phase. HCMV lytic infection occurs in a wide range of terminally differentiated cell types. HCMV latency has been less well-studied, but one characterized site of latency is in precursor cells of the myeloid lineage. All known viral genes are expressed during a lytic infection and a subset of these are also transcribed during latency. The UL111A gene which encodes the viral IL-10, a homolog of the human IL-10, is one of these genes. During infection, different transcript isoforms of UL111A are generated by alternative splicing. The most studied of the UL111A isoforms are cmvIL-10 (also termed the "A" transcript) and LAcmvIL-10 (also termed the "B" transcript), the latter being a well-characterized latency associated transcript. Both isoforms can downregulate MHC class II, however they differ in a number of other immunomodulatory properties, such as the ability to bind the IL10 receptor and induce signaling through STAT3. There are also a number of other isoforms which have been identified which are expressed by differential splicing during lytic infection termed C, D, E, F, and G, although these have been less extensively studied. HCMV uses the viral IL-10 proteins to manipulate the immune system during lytic and latent phases of infection. In this review, we will discuss the literature on the viral IL-10 transcripts identified to date, their encoded proteins and the structures of these proteins as well as the functional properties of all the different isoforms of viral IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tainan Cerqueira Neves
- Center for Natural and Humanities Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Martha Trindade Oliveira
- Center for Natural and Humanities Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Nelson CS, Baraniak I, Lilleri D, Reeves MB, Griffiths PD, Permar SR. Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S45-S59. [PMID: 32134477 PMCID: PMC7057792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clinical performance. Outcomes in the HCMV field have previously been measured against a variety of clinical end points, including virus acquisition, systemic replication, and progression to disease. Herein we review immune correlates of protection against each of these end points in turn, showing that control of HCMV likely depends on a combination of innate immune factors, antibodies, and T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses are heterogeneous, with no single immune parameter predicting protection against all clinical outcomes and stages of HCMV infection. A detailed understanding of protective immune responses for a given clinical end point will inform immunogen selection and guide preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines or immunotherapeutics to prevent HCMV-mediated congenital and transplant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence: Cody S. Nelson, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 2 Genome Ct, Durham, NC 27710 ()
| | - Ilona Baraniak
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Transplantation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Reorganization and Intracellular Retention of CD58 Are Functionally Independent Properties of the Human Cytomegalovirus ER-Resident Glycoprotein UL148. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01435-19. [PMID: 31801856 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01435-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoprotein UL148 is posited to play roles in immune evasion and regulation of viral cell tropism. UL148 prevents cell surface presentation of the immune cell costimulatory ligand CD58 while promoting maturation and virion incorporation of glycoprotein O, a receptor binding subunit for an envelope glycoprotein complex involved in entry. Meanwhile, UL148 activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and causes large-scale reorganization of the ER. In order to determine whether the seemingly disparate effects of UL148 are related or discrete, we generated six charged cluster-to-alanine (CCTA) mutants within the UL148 ectodomain and compared them to wild-type UL148, both in the context of infection studies using recombinant viruses and in ectopic expression experiments, assaying for effects on ER remodeling and CD58 surface presentation. Two mutants, targeting charged clusters spanning residues 79 to 83 (CC3) and 133 to 136 (CC4), retained the potential to impede CD58 surface presentation. Of the six mutants, only CC3 retained the capacity to reorganize the ER, but it showed a partial phenotype. Wild-type UL148 accumulates in a detergent-insoluble form during infection. However, all six CCTA mutants were fully soluble, which implies a relationship between insolubility and organelle remodeling. Additionally, we found that the chimpanzee cytomegalovirus UL148 homolog suppresses surface presentation of CD58 but fails to reorganize the ER, while the homolog from rhesus cytomegalovirus shows neither activity. Collectively, our findings illustrate various degrees of functional divergence between homologous primate cytomegalovirus immunevasins and suggest that the capacity to cause ER reorganization is unique to HCMV UL148.IMPORTANCE In myriad examples, viral gene products cause striking effects on cells, such as activation of stress responses. It can be challenging to decipher how such effects contribute to the biological roles of the proteins. The HCMV glycoprotein UL148 retains CD58 within the ER, thereby preventing it from reaching the cell surface, where it functions to stimulate cell-mediated antiviral responses. Intriguingly, UL148 also triggers the formation of large, ER-derived membranous structures and activates the UPR, a set of signaling pathways involved in adaptation to ER stress. We demonstrate that the potential of UL148 to reorganize the ER and to retain CD58 are separable by mutagenesis and, possibly, by evolution, since chimpanzee cytomegalovirus UL148 retains CD58 but does not remodel the ER. Our findings imply that ER reorganization contributes to other roles of UL148, such as modulation of alternative viral glycoprotein complexes that govern the virus' ability to infect different cell types.
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20
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Berry R, Watson GM, Jonjic S, Degli-Esposti MA, Rossjohn J. Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by cytomegaloviruses. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:113-127. [PMID: 31666730 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated activities of innate and adaptive immunity are critical for effective protection against viruses. To counter this, some viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to circumvent immune cell recognition. In particular, cytomegaloviruses encode large arsenals of molecules that seek to subvert T cell and natural killer cell function via a remarkable array of mechanisms. Consequently, these 'immunoevasins' play a fundamental role in shaping the nature of the immune system by driving the evolution of new immune receptors and recognition mechanisms. Here, we review the diverse strategies adopted by cytomegaloviruses to target immune pathways and outline the host's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle M Watson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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21
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Truitt LL, Yang D, Espinoza DA, Fan X, Ram DR, Moström MJ, Tran D, Sprehe LM, Reeves RK, Donahue RE, Kaur A, Dunbar CE, Wu C. Impact of CMV Infection on Natural Killer Cell Clonal Repertoire in CMV-Naïve Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2381. [PMID: 31649681 PMCID: PMC6794559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent functional, gene expression, and epigenetic studies have suggested the presence of a subset of mature natural killer (NK) cells responsible for maintaining NK cell memory. The lack of endogenous clonal markers in NK cells impedes understanding the genesis of these cell populations. In humans, primates, and mice, this phenotype and memory or adaptive functions have been strongly linked to cytomegalovirus or related herpes virus infections. We have used transplantation of lentivirally-barcoded autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) to track clonal hematopoiesis in rhesus macaques and previously reported striking oligoclonal expansions of NK-biased barcoded clones within the CD56−CD16+ NK cell subpopulation, clonally distinct from ongoing output of myeloid, B cell, T cell, and CD56+16− NK cells from HSPC. These CD56−CD16+ NK cell clones segregate by expression of specific KIR surface receptors, suggesting clonal expansion in reaction to specific environmental stimuli. We have now used this model to investigate the impact of rhesus CMV(RhCMV) infection on NK clonal dynamics. Following transplantation, RhCMVneg rhesus macaques display less dominant and oligoclonal CD16+ NK cells biased clones compared to RhCMVpos animals, however these populations of cells are still clearly present. Upon RhCMV infection, CD16+ NK cells proliferate, followed by appearance of new groups of expanded NK clones and disappearance of clones present prior to RhCMV infection. A second superinfection with RhCMV resulted in rapid viral clearance without major change in the mature NK cell clonal landscape. Our findings suggest that RhCMV is not the sole driver of clonal expansion and peripheral maintenance of mature NK cells; however, infection of macaques with this herpesvirus does result in selective expansion and persistence of specific NK cell clones, providing further information relevant to adaptive NK cells and the development of NK cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Truitt
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Di Yang
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Hematology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Diego A Espinoza
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xing Fan
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matilda J Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dollnovan Tran
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Lesli M Sprehe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Robert E Donahue
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuanfeng Wu
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Sharpe HR, Bowyer G, Brackenridge S, Lambe T. HLA-E: exploiting pathogen-host interactions for vaccine development. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:167-177. [PMID: 30968409 PMCID: PMC6468186 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, when used as vectors for vaccine antigen delivery, can induce strong cellular and humoral responses against target epitopes. Recent work by Hansen et al. describes the use of a cytomegalovirus‐vectored vaccine, which is able to generate a stable effector‐memory T cell population at the sites of vaccination in rhesus macaques. This vaccine, targeted towards multiple epitopes in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), did not induce classical CD8+ T cells. However, non‐canonical CD8+ T cell induction occurred via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and MHC‐E. The MHC‐E‐restricted T cells could recognize broad epitopes across the SIV peptides, and conferred protection against viral challenge to 55% of vaccinated macaques. The human homologue, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐E, is now being targeted as a new avenue for vaccine development. In humans, HLA‐E is an unusually oligomorphic class Ib MHC molecule, in comparison to highly polymorphic MHC class Ia. Whereas MHC class Ia presents peptides derived from pathogens to T cells, HLA‐E classically binds defined leader peptides from class Ia MHC peptides and down‐regulates NK cell cytolytic activity when presented on the cell surface. HLA‐E can also restrict non‐canonical CD8+ T cells during natural infection with various pathogens, although the extent to which they are involved in pathogen control is mostly unknown. In this review, an overview is provided of HLA‐E and its ability to interact with NK cells and non‐canonical T cells. Also discussed are the unforeseen beneficial effects of vaccination, including trained immunity of NK cells from bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination, and the broad restriction of non‐canonical CD8+ T cells by cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐vectored vaccines in pre‐clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Sharpe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Bowyer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Brackenridge
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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23
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Picarda G, Benedict CA. Cytomegalovirus: Shape-Shifting the Immune System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:3881-3889. [PMID: 29866770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems-based based approaches have begun to shed light on extrinsic factors that contribute to immune system variation. Among these, CMV (HHV-5, a β-herpesvirus) imposes a surprisingly profound impact. Most of the world's population is CMV+, and the virus goes through three distinct infection phases en route to establishing lifelong détente with its host. Immune control of CMV in each phase recruits unique arms of host defense, and in turn the virus employs multiple immune-modulatory strategies that help facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence. In this review, we explain how CMV shapes immunity and discuss the impact it may have on overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Picarda
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and .,Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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24
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Kolb P, Sijmons S, McArdle MR, Taher H, Womack J, Hughes C, Ventura A, Jarvis MA, Stahl-Hennig C, Hansen S, Picker LJ, Malouli D, Hengel H, Früh K. Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Fc Gamma-Binding Glycoprotein in Rhesus Cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:e02077-18. [PMID: 30487278 PMCID: PMC6364020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02077-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors recognizing the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (FcγRs) are key determinants in antibody-mediated immune responses. Members of the Herpesviridae interfere with this immune regulatory network by expressing viral FcγRs (vFcγRs). Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes four distinct vFcγRs that differ with respect to their IgG subtype specificity and their impact on antibody-mediated immune function in vitro The impact of vFcγRs on HCMV pathogenesis and immunomodulation in vivo is not known. The closest evolutionary animal model of HCMV is rhesus CMV (RhCMV) infection of rhesus macaques. To enable the characterization of vFcγR function in this model, we studied IgG binding by RhCMV. We show that lysates of RhCMV-infected cells contain an IgG-binding protein of 30 kDa encoded by the gene Rh05 that is a predicted type I glycoprotein belonging to the RL11 gene family. Upon deletion of Rh05, IgG-Fc binding by RhCMV strain 68-1 is lost, whereas ectopic expression of Rh05 results in IgG binding to transfected cells consistent with Rh05 being a vFcγR. Using a set of reporter cell lines stably expressing human and rhesus FcγRs, we further demonstrate that Rh05 antagonizes host FcγR activation. Compared to Rh05-intact RhCMV, RhCMVΔRh05 showed an increased activation of host FcγR upon exposure of infected cells to IgG from RhCMV-seropositive animals, suggesting that Rh05 protects infected cells from opsonization and IgG-dependent activation of host FcγRs. However, antagonizing host FcγR activation by Rh05 was not required for the establishment and maintenance of infection of RhCMV, even in a seropositive host, as shown by the induction of T cell responses to heterologous antigens expressed by RhCMV lacking the gene region encoding Rh05. In contrast to viral evasion of natural killer cells or T cell recognition, the evasion of antibody-mediated effects does not seem to be absolutely required for infection or reinfection. The identification of the first vFcγR that efficiently antagonizes host FcγR activation in the RhCMV genome will thus permit more detailed studies of this immunomodulatory mechanism in promoting viral dissemination in the presence of natural or vaccine-induced humoral immunity.IMPORTANCE Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) offers a unique model for studying human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis and vaccine development. RhCMV infection of nonhuman primates greatly broadened the understanding of mechanisms by which CMVs evade or reprogram T cell and natural killer cell responses in vivo However, the role of humoral immunity and viral modulation of anti-CMV antibodies has not been studied in this model. There is evidence from in vitro studies that HCMVs can evade humoral immunity. By gene mapping and with the help of a novel cell-based reporter assay system we characterized the first RhCMV encoded IgG-Fcγ binding glycoprotein as a potent antagonist of rhesus FcγR activation. We further demonstrate that, unlike evasion of T cell immunity, this viral Fcγ receptor is not required to overcome anti-CMV immunity to establish secondary infections. These findings enable more detailed studies of the in vivo consequences of CMV evasion from IgG responses in nonhuman primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven Sijmons
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew R McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Colette Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Abigail Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Scott Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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25
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Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, complex pathogens that persistently and systemically colonize most mammals. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes congenital harm, and has proved hard to control. One problem is that key vaccine targets - virus entry and spread in naive hosts - remain ill-defined. As CMVs predate human speciation, those of other mammals can provide new insight. Murine CMV (MCMV) enters new hosts via olfactory neurons. Like HCMV it binds to heparan, which is lacking from most differentiated apical epithelia but is displayed on olfactory neuronal cilia. It then spreads via infected dendritic cells (DCs), which migrate to draining lymph nodes (LNs), rejoin the circulation by entering high endothelial venules (HEVs), and extravasate into other tissues. This migration depends quantitatively on M33, a constitutively active viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The homologous US28 GPCR of HCMV can substitute for M33 in allowing MCMV-infected DCs to leave LNs via HEVs, so HCMV could potentially use the same route. The capacity of DCs to seed MCMV to tissues, and for other DCs to collect it for redistribution, suggest that DC recirculation chronically maintains and links diverse CMV reservoirs through lytic exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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26
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Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NAW. Mouse Model of Cytomegalovirus Disease and Immunotherapy in the Immunocompromised Host: Predictions for Medical Translation that Survived the "Test of Time". Viruses 2018; 10:v10120693. [PMID: 30563202 PMCID: PMC6315540 DOI: 10.3390/v10120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV), which is the prototype member of the β-subfamily of the herpesvirus family, is a pathogen of high clinical relevance in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). hCMV causes multiple-organ disease and interstitial pneumonia in particular upon infection during the immunocompromised period before hematopoietic reconstitution restores antiviral immunity. Clinical investigation of pathomechanisms and of strategies for an immune intervention aimed at restoring antiviral immunity earlier than by hematopoietic reconstitution are limited in patients to observational studies mainly because of ethical issues including the imperative medical indication for chemotherapy with antivirals. Aimed experimental studies into mechanisms, thus, require animal models that match the human disease as close as possible. Any model for hCMV disease is, however, constrained by the strict host-species specificity of CMVs that prevents the study of hCMV in any animal model including non-human primates. During eons of co-speciation, CMVs each have evolved a set of "private genes" in adaptation to their specific mammalian host including genes that have no homolog in the CMV virus species of any other host species. With a focus on the mouse model of CD8 T cell-based immunotherapy of CMV disease after experimental HCT and infection with murine CMV (mCMV), we review data in support of the phenomenon of "biological convergence" in virus-host adaptation. This includes shared fundamental principles of immune control and immune evasion, which allows us to at least make reasoned predictions from the animal model as an experimental "proof of concept." The aim of a model primarily is to define questions to be addressed by clinical investigation for verification, falsification, or modification and the results can then give feedback to refine the experimental model for research from "bedside to bench".
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center and Center for Immunotherapy of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center and Center for Immunotherapy of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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27
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Manickam C, Shah SV, Lucar O, Ram DR, Reeves RK. Cytokine-Mediated Tissue Injury in Non-human Primate Models of Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30568659 PMCID: PMC6290327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger robust secretion of interferons and other antiviral cytokines by infected and bystander cells, which in turn can tune the immune response and may lead to viral clearance or immune suppression. However, aberrant or unrestricted cytokine responses can damage host tissues, leading to organ dysfunction, and even death. To understand the cytokine milieu and immune responses in infected host tissues, non-human primate (NHP) models have emerged as important tools. NHP have been used for decades to study human infections and have played significant roles in the development of vaccines, drug therapies and other immune treatment modalities, aided by an ability to control disease parameters, and unrestricted tissue access. In addition to the genetic and physiological similarities with humans, NHP have conserved immunologic properties with over 90% amino acid similarity for most cytokines. For example, human-like symptomology and acute respiratory syndrome is found in cynomolgus macaques infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, antibody enhanced dengue disease is common in neotropical primates, and in NHP models of viral hepatitis cytokine-induced inflammation induces severe liver damage, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma recapitulates human disease. To regulate inflammation, anti-cytokine therapy studies in NHP are underway and will provide important insights for future human interventions. This review will provide a comprehensive outline of the cytokine-mediated exacerbation of disease and tissue damage in NHP models of viral infections and therapeutic strategies that can aid in prevention/treatment of the disease syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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28
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Kaur A, Itell HL, Ehlinger EP, Varner V, Gantt S, Permar SR. Natural history of postnatal rhesus cytomegalovirus shedding by dams and acquisition by infant rhesus monkeys. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206330. [PMID: 30356332 PMCID: PMC6200253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infants frequently acquire human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) through breastfeeding, resulting in persistent high-level viral shedding in saliva and urine and infectivity to others, including pregnant women. Thus, vaccination to interrupt postnatal HCMV transmission is an attractive strategy to prevent HCMV spread and congenital infection. Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) in nonhuman primates is a valuable model for the study of immune strategies to prevent CMV transmission. Although rhesus monkeys typically acquire RhCMV before 1 year of age, the timing and mode of natural infant RhCMV transmission remain unknown. METHODS We followed 5 RhCMV-seropositive dams and their infants from birth until weaning, approximately 6 months later. RhCMV DNA levels in plasma, breast milk, saliva, and urine were measured every 2 weeks by quantitative PCR. RhCMV-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood and breast milk were measured by interferon gamma ELISpot assays. Serum IgG antibody levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Four of five postpartum RhCMV-seropositive mothers had intermittent, low-level RhCMV shedding in breast milk, whereas all had high-magnitude RhCMV shedding in saliva and urine. The kinetics of maternal blood RhCMV-specific T cell responses and viral shedding in urine and saliva did not strongly associate, though dams with consistently high systemic RhCMV-specific T cell responses tended to have undetectable RhCMV shedding in breast milk. All RhCMV-exposed infants had intermittent, low-level RhCMV shedding in saliva during the lactation period, with minimal systemic RhCMV-specific T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Despite exposure to RhCMV shedding in breast milk and other maternal fluids, postnatal mother-to-child RhCMV transmission appears to be less efficient than that of HCMV. A greater understanding of the determinants of RhCMV transmission and its usefulness as a model of HCMV mucosal acquisition may provide insight into strategies to prevent HCMV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. Itell
- Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - E. Peek Ehlinger
- Alaska Family Medicine Residency, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soren Gantt
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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29
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Diamond DJ, LaRosa C, Chiuppesi F, Contreras H, Dadwal S, Wussow F, Bautista S, Nakamura R, Zaia JA. A fifty-year odyssey: prospects for a cytomegalovirus vaccine in transplant and congenital infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:889-911. [PMID: 30246580 PMCID: PMC6343505 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1526085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been almost fifty years since the Towne strain was used by Plotkin and collaborators as the first vaccine candidate for cytomegalovirus (CMV). While that approach showed partial efficacy, there have been a multitude of challenges to improve on the promise of a CMV vaccine. Efforts have been dichotomized into a therapeutic vaccine for patients with CMV-infected allografts, either stem cells or solid organ, and a prophylactic vaccine for congenital infection. AREAS COVERED This review will evaluate research prospects for a therapeutic vaccine for transplant recipients that recognizes CMV utilizing primarily T cell responses. Similarly, we will provide an extensive discussion on attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent the manifestations of congenital infection, based on eliciting a humoral anti-CMV protective response. The review will also describe newer developments that have upended the efforts toward such a vaccine through the discovery of a second pathway of CMV infection that utilizes an alternative receptor for entry using a series of antigens that have been determined to be important for prevention of infection. EXPERT COMMENTARY There is a concerted effort to unify separate therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine strategies into a single delivery agent that would be effective for both transplant-related and congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don J. Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Corinna LaRosa
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Department of Medical Specialties, City of Hope National
Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Supriya Bautista
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoetic Cell
Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - John A. Zaia
- Center for Gene Therapy, Hematological Malignancy and Stem
Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
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30
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McMichael AJ. Is a Human CD8 T-Cell Vaccine Possible, and if So, What Would It Take? Could a CD8 + T-Cell Vaccine Prevent Persistent HIV Infection? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029124. [PMID: 29254977 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that stimulate CD8+ T cells could clear early virus infection or control ongoing infection and prevent disease. This could be valuable to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) where it has not yet been possible to generate broadly reacting neutralizing antibodies with a vaccine. However, HIV-1 vaccines aimed at stimulating CD8+ T cells have had no success. In contrast, a cytomegalovirus vectored simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine enabled clearance of early SIV infection. This may open the door to the design of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Azab W, Dayaram A, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder N. How Host Specific Are Herpesviruses? Lessons from Herpesviruses Infecting Wild and Endangered Mammals. Annu Rev Virol 2018; 5:53-68. [PMID: 30052491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and can cause disease in all classes of vertebrates but also in animals of lower taxa, including molluscs. It is generally accepted that herpesviruses are primarily species specific, although a species can be infected by different herpesviruses. Species specificity is thought to result from host-virus coevolutionary processes over the long term. Even with this general concept in mind, investigators have recognized interspecies transmission of several members of the Herpesviridae family, often with fatal outcomes in non-definitive hosts-that is, animals that have no or only a limited role in virus transmission. We here summarize herpesvirus infections in wild mammals that in many cases are endangered, in both natural and captive settings. Some infections result from herpesviruses that are endemic in the species that is primarily affected, and some result from herpesviruses that cause fatal disease after infection of non-definitive hosts. We discuss the challenges of such infections in several endangered species in the absence of efficient immunization or therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anisha Dayaram
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
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Choi SH, Yoon CH, Lee HJ, Kim HP, Kim JM, Che JH, Roh KM, Choi HJ, Kim J, Hwang ES, Park CG, Kim MK. Long-term safety outcome of systemic immunosuppression in pig-to-nonhuman primate corneal xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12442. [PMID: 30264877 PMCID: PMC6166667 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety concerns exist for corneal recipients under immunosuppression. We report long-term safety results of porcine corneal xenotransplantation under immunosuppression in nonhuman primates. METHODS Systemic monitoring data from 49 Chinese rhesus macaques that received pig corneal transplant between 2009 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The recipients were divided into 4 groups depending on the systemic immunosuppressants used: (a) conventional steroid group; costimulation blockade groups ([b] anti-CD154 antibody, [c] anti-CD40 antibody); and (d) commercially available immunosuppressants (anti-CD20 antibody, tacrolimus, basiliximab) group. We compared results of general condition monitoring; hematologic, biochemical, and electrolyte tests; and Rhesus Cytomegalovirus infection monitoring. RESULTS All recipients recovered from early weight loss. White blood cell counts significantly decreased at 6 months in the steroid and anti-CD154 groups. Abnormal liver and kidney function and electrolyte imbalance were not observed in all groups. The mean value of Rhesus Cytomegalovirus DNA copies was consistently lower than 200 copies/mL, and antibody titers did not change over time in all groups. Tacrolimus-associated thrombotic microangiopathy was developed in one case, which resolved after discontinuation of tacrolimus. In 2017, a simian varicella virus outbreak led to clinical signs in 5 that received immunosuppressive therapies, of which 3 died. CONCLUSION Costimulatory blockade-based and anti-CD20 antibody/tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive therapies seem to be comparably safe with steroid therapy in nonhuman primates receiving corneal xenotransplantation, as they did not reactivate Rhesus Cytomegalovirus and maintained manageable systemic status. Although reactivation is rare, antiviral prophylaxis for simian varicella virus should be considered in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyun Choi
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Yoon
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Roh
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Soo Hwang
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Antagonism of the Protein Kinase R Pathway in Human Cells by Rhesus Cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01793-17. [PMID: 29263260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01793-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are often limited in host range by lengthy coevolution with a single host species, a few CMVs are known to deviate from this rule. For example, rhesus macaque CMV (RhCMV), a model for human CMV (HCMV) pathogenesis and vaccine development, can replicate in human cells, as well as in rhesus cells. Both HCMV and RhCMV encode species-specific antagonists of the broadly acting host cell restriction factor protein kinase R (PKR). Although the RhCMV antagonist of PKR, rTRS1, has very limited activity against human PKR, here, we show it is essential for RhCMV replication in human cells because it prevents human PKR from phosphorylating the translation initiation factor eIF2α, thereby allowing continued translation and viral replication. Although rTRS1 is necessary for RhCMV replication, it is not sufficient to rescue replication of HCMV lacking its own PKR antagonists in human fibroblasts. However, overexpression of rTRS1 in human fibroblasts enabled HCMV expressing rTRS1 to replicate, indicating that elevated levels or early expression of a weak antagonist can counteract a resistant restriction factor like human PKR. Exploring potential mechanisms that might allow RhCMV to replicate in human cells revealed that RhCMV makes no less double-stranded RNA than HCMV. Rather, in human cells, RhCMV expresses rTRS1 at levels 2 to 3 times higher than those of the HCMV-encoded PKR antagonists during HCMV infection. These data suggest that even a modest increase in expression of this weak PKR antagonist is sufficient to enable RhCMV replication in human cells.IMPORTANCE Rhesus macaque cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) offers a valuable model for studying congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis and vaccine development. Therefore, it is critical to understand variations in how each virus infects and affects its host species to be able to apply insights gained from the RhCMV model to HCMV. While HCMV is capable only of infecting cells from humans and very closely related species, RhCMV displays a wider host range, including human as well as rhesus cells. RhCMV expresses an antagonist of a broadly acting antiviral factor present in all mammalian cells, and its ability to counter both the rhesus and human versions of this host factor is a key component of RhCMV's ability to cross species barriers. Here, we examine the molecular mechanisms that allow this RhCMV antagonist to function against a human restriction factor.
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Cytomegaloviruses in a Community of Wild Nonhuman Primates in Taï National Park, Côte D'Ivoire. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010011. [PMID: 29286318 PMCID: PMC5795424 DOI: 10.3390/v10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are known to infect many mammals, including a number of nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, most data available arose from studies led on captive individuals and little is known about CMV diversity in wild NHPs. Here, we analyzed a community of wild nonhuman primates (seven species) in Taï National Park (TNP), Côte d’Ivoire, with two PCR systems targeting betaherpesviruses. CMV DNA was detected in 17/87 primates (4/7 species). Six novel CMVs were identified in sooty mangabeys, Campbell’s monkeys and Diana monkeys, respectively. In 3/17 positive individuals (from three NHP species), different CMVs were co-detected. A major part of the glycoprotein B coding sequences of the novel viruses was amplified and sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed that included three previously discovered CMVs of western red colobus from TNP and published CMVs from other NHP species and geographic locations. We find that, despite this locally intensified sampling, NHP CMVs from TNP are completely host-specific, pinpointing the absence or rarity of cross-species transmission. We also show that on longer timescales the evolution of CMVs is characterized by frequent co-divergence with their hosts, although other processes, including lineage duplication and host switching, also have to be invoked to fully explain their evolutionary relationships.
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35
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Goodier MR, Jonjić S, Riley EM, Juranić Lisnić V. CMV and natural killer cells: shaping the response to vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:50-65. [PMID: 28960320 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly prevalent, persistent human pathogens that not only evade but also shape our immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the control of CMV and CMVs have in turn developed a plethora of immunoevasion mechanisms targeting NK cells. This complex interplay can leave a long-lasting imprint on the immune system in general and affect responses toward other pathogens and vaccines. This review aims to provide an overview of NK cell biology and development, the manipulation of NK cells by CMVs and the potential impact of these evasion strategies on responses to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department for Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department for Histology and Embryology and Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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36
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Wussow F, Chiuppesi F, Contreras H, Diamond DJ. Neutralization of Human Cytomegalovirus Entry into Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E39. [PMID: 29088098 PMCID: PMC5748606 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of permanent birth defects, highlighting the need to develop an HCMV vaccine candidate. However, HCMV vaccine development is complicated by the varying capacity of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) to interfere in vitro with the HCMV entry routes mediating infection of fibroblast (FB) and epithelial cells (EC). While HCMV infection of FB and EC requires glycoprotein complexes composed of gB and gH/gL/gO, EC infection depends additionally on the envelope pentamer complex (PC) composed of gH, gL, UL128, UL130 and UL131A. Unlike NAb to gB or gH epitopes that can interfere with both FB and EC infection, NAb targeting predominantly conformational epitopes of the UL128/130/131A subunits are unable to prevent FB entry, though they are highly potent in blocking EC infection. Despite the selective requirement of the PC for EC entry, the PC is exceptionally immunogenic as vaccine antigen to stimulate both EC- and FB-specific NAb responses due to its capacity to elicit NAb that target epitopes of the UL128/130/131A subunits and gH. These findings suggest that the PC could be sufficient in a subunit vaccine formulation to induce robust FB- and EC-specific NAb responses. In this short review, we discuss NAb responses induced through natural infection and vaccination that interfere in vitro with HCMV infection of FB and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wussow
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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37
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Pontejo SM, Murphy PM. Chemokines encoded by herpesviruses. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1199-1217. [PMID: 28848041 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0417-145rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses use diverse strategies to elude the immune system, including copying and repurposing host cytokine and cytokine receptor genes. For herpesviruses, the chemokine system of chemotactic cytokines and receptors is a common source of copied genes. Here, we review the current state of knowledge about herpesvirus-encoded chemokines and discuss their possible roles in viral pathogenesis, as well as their clinical potential as novel anti-inflammatory agents or targets for new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Pontejo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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38
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Berg MR, Owston MA, Gauduin MC, Assaf BT, Lewis AD, Dick EJ. Cytomegaloviral hypophysitis in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2017; 46:364-367. [PMID: 28671330 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus macaques experimentally infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) experience immunosuppression and often opportunistic infection. Among the most common opportunistic infections are rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus that undergoes continuous low-level replication in immunocompetent monkeys. Upon SIV-mediated immunodeficiency, RhCMV reactivates and results in lesions in numerous organ systems including the nervous and reproductive systems. We report the first case of cytomegaloviral hypophysitis in a SIV-immunocompromised rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Berg
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Michael A Owston
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Gauduin
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Basel T Assaf
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Coleman S, Choi KY, McGregor A. Cytomegalovirus UL128 homolog mutants that form a pentameric complex produce virus with impaired epithelial and trophoblast cell tropism and altered pathogenicity in the guinea pig. Virology 2017. [PMID: 28651121 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) encodes a homolog pentameric complex (PC) for specific cell tropism and congenital infection. In human cytomegalovirus, the PC is an important antibody neutralizing target and GPCMV studies will aid in the development of intervention strategies. Deletion mutants of the C-terminal domains of unique PC proteins (UL128, UL130 and UL131 homologs) were unable to form a PC in separate transient expression assays. Minor modifications to the UL128 homolog (GP129) C-terminal domain enabled PC formation but viruses encoding these mutants had altered tropism to renal and placental trophoblast cells. Mutation of the presumptive CC chemokine motif encoded by GP129 was investigated by alanine substitution of the CC motif (codons 26-27) and cysteines (codons 47 and 62). GP129 chemokine mutants formed PC but GP129 chemokine mutant viruses had reduced epitropism. A GP129 chemokine mutant virus pathogenicity study demonstrated reduced viral load to target organs but highly extended viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - K Yeon Choi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alistair McGregor
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States.
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40
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Policicchio BB, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Animal Models for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2016; 7:12. [PMID: 26858716 PMCID: PMC4729870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1/AIDS pandemic continues to spread unabated worldwide, and no vaccine exists within our grasp. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been developed, but ART cannot clear the virus from the infected patient. A cure for HIV-1 is badly needed to stop both the spread of the virus in human populations and disease progression in infected individuals. A safe and effective cure strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will require multiple tools, and appropriate animal models are tools that are central to cure research. An ideal animal model should recapitulate the essential aspects of HIV pathogenesis and associated immune responses, while permitting invasive studies, thus allowing a thorough evaluation of strategies aimed at reducing the size of the reservoir (functional cure) or eliminating the reservoir altogether (sterilizing cure). Since there is no perfect animal model for cure research, multiple models have been tailored and tested to address specific quintessential questions of virus persistence and eradication. The development of new non-human primate and mouse models, along with a certain interest in the feline model, has the potential to fuel cure research. In this review, we highlight the major animal models currently utilized for cure research and the contributions of each model to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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41
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Potential Contribution of Cytomegalovirus Infection to Prenatal and Early Neonatal Mortality of Monkeys in the Adler Breeding Center. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 160:88-90. [PMID: 26601834 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Scrapings from the cervical canals and uterine cavities of females with a history of miscarriages, pathological deliveries, and stillbirths were tested for the cytomegalovirus DNA. The incidence of the agent in the females with a history of gestosis and abnormal deliveries was significantly higher than in females without anamnesis of this kind. Parenchymatous organs of stillborn neonates and animals dead during the first month of life were studied. This analysis and studies of the umbilical cords and placentas showed generalized cytomegalovirus infection in 22% dead animals, which objectively proved intrauterine infection.
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42
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Kumar A, Herbein G. Epigenetic regulation of human cytomegalovirus latency: an update. Epigenomics 2015; 6:533-46. [PMID: 25431945 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous virus which infects 50-90% of the population worldwide. In immunocompetent hosts, HCMV either remains unnoticed or causes mild symptoms. Upon primary infection it establishes latent infection in a few cells. However, in certain situations where immunity is either immature or compromised, HCMV may reactivate and cause mortality and morbidity. Therefore, it is utmost important to understand how HCMV establishes latent infection and associated mechanisms responsible for its reactivation. Several mechanisms are involved in the regulation of latency including chromatin remodeling by an array of enzymes and microRNAs. Here we will describe the epigenetic regulation of HCMV latency. Further we will discuss the unique HCMV latency signature and patho-physiological relevance of latent HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation Department, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France
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Oxford KL, Dela Pena-Ponce MGA, Jensen K, Eberhardt MK, Spinner A, Van Rompay KK, Rigdon J, Mollan KR, Krishnan VV, Hudgens MG, Barry PA, De Paris K. The interplay between immune maturation, age, chronic viral infection and environment. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:3. [PMID: 25991918 PMCID: PMC4436863 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide increase in life expectancy has been associated with an increase in age-related morbidities. The underlying mechanisms resulting in immunosenescence are only incompletely understood. Chronic viral infections, in particular infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), have been suggested as a main driver in immunosenescence. Here, we propose that rhesus macaques could serve as a relevant model to define the impact of chronic viral infections on host immunity in the aging host. We evaluated whether chronic rhesus CMV (RhCMV) infection, similar to HCMV infection in humans, would modulate normal immunological changes in the aging individual by taking advantage of the unique resource of rhesus macaques that were bred and raised to be Specific Pathogen Free (SPF-2) for distinct viruses. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that normal age-related immunological changes in frequencies, activation, maturation, and function of peripheral blood cell lymphocytes in humans occur in a similar manner over the lifespan of rhesus macaques. The comparative analysis of age-matched SPF-2 and non-SPF macaques that were housed under identical conditions revealed distinct differences in certain immune parameters suggesting that chronic pathogen exposure modulated host immune responses. All non-SPF macaques were infected with RhCMV, suggesting that chronic RhCMV infection was a major contributor to altered immune function in non-SPF macaques, although a causative relationship was not established and outside the scope of these studies. Further, we showed that immunological differences between SPF-2 and non-SPF macaques were already apparent in adolescent macaques, potentially predisposing RhCMV-infected animals to age-related pathologies. CONCLUSIONS Our data validate rhesus macaques as a relevant animal model to study how chronic viral infections modulate host immunity and impact immunosenescence. Comparative studies in SPF-2 and non-SPF macaques could identify important mechanisms associated with inflammaging and thereby lead to new therapies promoting healthy aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Oxford
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Myra Grace A Dela Pena-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Burnett-Womack Bldg, 160 Dental Circle, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7292 USA
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Burnett-Womack Bldg, 160 Dental Circle, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7292 USA
| | - Meghan K Eberhardt
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Abigail Spinner
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Koen Ka Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Joseph Rigdon
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Katie R Mollan
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA.,Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - V V Krishnan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA.,Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center of Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Burnett-Womack Bldg, 160 Dental Circle, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7292 USA.,Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
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44
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Farrell H. Animal models of human cytomegalovirus congenital infection. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is highly species-specific, which means that it is unable to productively infect laboratory animals. Despite this caveat, studies of animal CMV counterparts in their natural hosts have revealed significant correlations with observed neuropathological effects of congenital HCMV infection and have improved our understanding of host responses to vaccination. The biological relatedness between human and animal CMVs has been confirmed by phylogenetic analyses; the conservation of ‘core' genes that are essential for virus replication as well as genes that contribute similar mechanisms for virus persistence in their respective host species. The common animal models of HCMV congenital infection include Rhesus CMV (RhCMV), guinea-pig CMV (GPCMV) and mouse CMV (MCMV). Whilst animal models of CMV do not fully recapitulate HCMV infection, they each offer specific advantages in understanding HCMV congenital/perinatal infection (summarised in Table 1).
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45
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Corrales-Aguilar E, Hoffmann K, Hengel H. CMV-encoded Fcγ receptors: modulators at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:627-40. [PMID: 25288477 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The constant region of IgG antibodies mediates antiviral activities upon engaging host Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by a variety of immune cells, such as antibody-dependent cellullar cytotoxcity (ADCC) executed by natural killer (NK)cells. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is unique among viruses by encoding also an array of several Fcγ-binding glycoproteins with cell surface disposition and concomitant incorporation into the virion. Evidence is increasing that the virus-encoded Fcγ receptors differ in their Fcγ binding mode but effectively operate as adversaries of host FcγRs since they are able to prevent IgG-mediated triggering of activating host FcγRs, i.e., FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIIIA. Here we discuss virus-encoded FcγRs as the first known HCMV inhibitors of IgG-mediated immunity which could account for the limited efficacy of HCMV hyperimmune globulin in clinical settings. A better understanding of their molecular mode of action opens up new perspectives for improving IgG therapies against HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
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Corrales-Aguilar E, Trilling M, Hunold K, Fiedler M, Le VTK, Reinhard H, Ehrhardt K, Mercé-Maldonado E, Aliyev E, Zimmermann A, Johnson DC, Hengel H. Human cytomegalovirus Fcγ binding proteins gp34 and gp68 antagonize Fcγ receptors I, II and III. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004131. [PMID: 24830376 PMCID: PMC4022731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong infection with recurrent episodes of virus production and shedding despite the presence of adaptive immunological memory responses including HCMV immune immunoglobulin G (IgG). Very little is known how HCMV evades from humoral and cellular IgG-dependent immune responses, the latter being executed by cells expressing surface receptors for the Fc domain of IgG (FcγRs). Remarkably, HCMV expresses the RL11-encoded gp34 and UL119-118-encoded gp68 type I transmembrane glycoproteins which bind Fcγ with nanomolar affinity. Using a newly developed FcγR activation assay, we tested if the HCMV-encoded Fcγ binding proteins (HCMV FcγRs) interfere with individual host FcγRs. In absence of gp34 or/and gp68, HCMV elicited a much stronger activation of FcγRIIIA/CD16, FcγRIIA/CD32A and FcγRI/CD64 by polyclonal HCMV-immune IgG as compared to wildtype HCMV. gp34 and gp68 co-expression culminates in the late phase of HCMV replication coinciding with the emergence of surface HCMV antigens triggering FcγRIII/CD16 responses by polyclonal HCMV-immune IgG. The gp34- and gp68-dependent inhibition of HCMV immune IgG was fully reproduced when testing the activation of primary human NK cells. Their broad antagonistic function towards FcγRIIIA, FcγRIIA and FcγRI activation was also recapitulated in a gain-of-function approach based on humanized monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab, rituximab) and isotypes of different IgG subclasses. Surface immune-precipitation showed that both HCMV-encoded Fcγ binding proteins have the capacity to bind trastuzumab antibody-HER2 antigen complexes demonstrating simultaneous linkage of immune IgG with antigen and the HCMV inhibitors on the plasma membrane. Our studies reveal a novel strategy by which viral FcγRs can compete for immune complexes against various Fc receptors on immune cells, dampening their activation and antiviral immunity. Herpes viruses persist lifelong continuously alternating between latency and virus production and transmission. The latter events occur despite the presence of immune IgG antibodies. IgG acts by neutralization of virions and activation of immune cells bearing one or more surface receptors, called FcγRs, recognizing the constant Fc domain of IgG. Activating FcγRs induce a wide range of immune responses, including antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of virus-infected cells by natural killer (NK) cells, cytokine secretion and the uptake of immune complexes to enhance antigen presentation to T cells. We demonstrate that the HCMV glycoproteins RL11/gp34 and UL119-118/gp68 block IgG-mediated activation of FcγRs. A novel reporter cell-based assay was used to test FcγRs individually and assess their relative susceptibility to each antagonist. This approach revealed that gp34 and gp68 block triggering of activating FcγRs, i.e. FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32A) and FcγRIII (CD16). Co-immunoprecipitation showed the formation of ternary complexes containing IgG, IgG-bound antigen and the viral antagonists on the cell surface. Assigning the redundant abilities of HCMV to hinder IgG effector responses to the viral Fc binding proteins, we discuss gp34 and gp68 as potential culprits which might contribute to the limited efficacy of therapeutic IgG against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Hunold
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Fiedler
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henrike Reinhard
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Mercé-Maldonado
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Enver Aliyev
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Zimmermann
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Malouli D, Hansen SG, Nakayasu ES, Marshall EE, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Gilbride RM, Lewis MS, Xu G, Kreklywich C, Whizin N, Fischer M, Legasse AW, Viswanathan K, Siess D, Camp DG, Axthelm MK, Kahl C, DeFilippis VR, Smith RD, Streblow DN, Picker LJ, Früh K. Cytomegalovirus pp65 limits dissemination but is dispensable for persistence. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1928-44. [PMID: 24691437 DOI: 10.1172/jci67420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundantly produced virion protein in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the immunodominant phosphoprotein 65 (pp65), which is frequently included in CMV vaccines. Although it is nonessential for in vitro CMV growth, pp65 displays immunomodulatory functions that support a potential role in primary and/or persistent infection. To determine the contribution of pp65 to CMV infection and immunity, we generated a rhesus CMV lacking both pp65 orthologs (RhCMVΔpp65ab). While deletion of pp65ab slightly reduced growth in vitro and increased defective particle formation, the protein composition of secreted virions was largely unchanged. Interestingly, pp65 was not required for primary and persistent infection in animals. Immune responses induced by RhCMVΔpp65ab did not prevent reinfection with rhesus CMV; however, reinfection with RhCMVΔUS2-11, which lacks viral-encoded MHC-I antigen presentation inhibitors, was prevented. Unexpectedly, induction of pp65b-specific T cells alone did not protect against RhCMVΔUS2-11 challenge, suggesting that T cells targeting multiple CMV antigens are required for protection. However, pp65-specific immunity was crucial for controlling viral dissemination during primary infection, as indicated by the marked increase of RhCMVΔpp65ab genome copies in CMV-naive, but not CMV-immune, animals. Our data provide rationale for inclusion of pp65 into CMV vaccines but also demonstrate that pp65-induced T cell responses alone do not recapitulate the protective effect of natural infection.
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Abstract
Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection is generally asymptomatic, in immune-compromised patients HCMV increases morbidity and mortality. As a member of the betaherpesvirus family, in vivo studies of HCMV are limited due to its species specificity. CMVs from other species are often used as surrogates to express HCMV genes/proteins or used as models for inferring HCMV protein function in humans. Using innovative experiments, these animal models have answered important questions about CMV's life cycle, dissemination, pathogenesis, immune evasion, and host immune response. This chapter provides CMV biologists with an overview of the insights gained using these animal models. Subsequent chapters will provide details of the specifics of the experimental methods developed for each of the animal models discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Schleiss MR. Developing a Vaccine against Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection: What Have We Learned from Animal Models? Where Should We Go Next? Future Virol 2013; 8:1161-1182. [PMID: 24523827 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can lead to long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae, including mental retardation and sensorineural hearing loss. Unfortunately, CMVs are highly adapted to their specific species, precluding the evaluation of HCMV vaccines in animal models prior to clinical trials. Several species-specific CMVs have been characterized and developed in models of pathogenesis and vaccine-mediated protection against disease. These include the murine CMV (MCMV), the porcine CMV (PCMV), the rhesus macaque CMV (RhCMV), the rat CMV (RCMV), and the guinea pig CMV (GPCMV). Because of the propensity of the GPCMV to cross the placenta, infecting the fetus in utero, it has emerged as a model of particular interest in studying vaccine-mediated protection of the fetus. In this paper, a review of these various models, with particular emphasis on the value of the model in the testing and evaluation of vaccines against congenital CMV, is provided. Recent exciting developments and advances in these various models are summarized, and recommendations offered for high-priority areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Schleiss
- University of Minnesota Medical School Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology 2001 6 Street SE Minneapolis, MN 55455-3007
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Coding potential of UL/b' from the initial source of rhesus cytomegalovirus Strain 68-1. Virology 2013; 447:208-12. [PMID: 24210116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) 68-1 is the prototypic strain of RhCMV that has been used for pathogenesis and vaccine development. We determined the complete sequence of the RhCMV 68-1 UL/b' region directly from the original urine from which RhCMV 68-1 was isolated in 1968, and compared it to other RhCMVs. The laboratory passaged RhCMV 68-1 has inversions, deletions, and stop codons in UL/b' that are absent in the original isolate and other low passage RhCMV isolates. Fourteen of the 17 open reading frames (ORFs) in 68-1 UL/b' in the original isolate share >95% amino acid identity with low passage RhCMV. The original isolate retains 6 ORFs that encode α-chemokine-like proteins, including RhUL146 and RhUL146b that share only 92% and 81% amino acid identity, respectively, with a contemporary low passage RhCMV isolate. Identification of the original RhCMV 68-1 UL/b' sequence is important for using RhCMV 68-1 in pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
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