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Binay UD, Barkay O, Karakeçili F, Gül Ö, Tanoğlu C, Sümer B. A Case of Mediterranean Spotted Fever with Cerebral Infarction. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:451-452. [PMID: 38608220 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Devrim Binay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Orçun Barkay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Faruk Karakeçili
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gül
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sisli, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Tanoğlu
- Department of Neurology, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Konak, Turkey
| | - Betül Sümer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
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2
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van Schaik EJ, Fratzke AP, Gregory AE, Dumaine JE, Samuel JE. Vaccine development: obligate intracellular bacteria new tools, old pathogens: the current state of vaccines against obligate intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1282183. [PMID: 38567021 PMCID: PMC10985213 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1282183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obligate intracellular bacteria have remained those for which effective vaccines are unavailable, mostly because protection does not solely rely on an antibody response. Effective antibody-based vaccines, however, have been developed against extracellular bacteria pathogens or toxins. Additionally, obligate intracellular bacteria have evolved many mechanisms to subvert the immune response, making vaccine development complex. Much of what we know about protective immunity for these pathogens has been determined using infection-resolved cases and animal models that mimic disease. These studies have laid the groundwork for antigen discovery, which, combined with recent advances in vaccinology, should allow for the development of safe and efficacious vaccines. Successful vaccines against obligate intracellular bacteria should elicit potent T cell memory responses, in addition to humoral responses. Furthermore, they ought to be designed to specifically induce strong cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses for protective immunity. This review will describe what we know about the potentially protective immune responses to this group of bacteria. Additionally, we will argue that the novel delivery platforms used during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic should be excellent candidates to produce protective immunity once antigens are discovered. We will then look more specifically into the vaccine development for Rickettsiaceae, Coxiella burnetti, and Anaplasmataceae from infancy until today. We have not included Chlamydia trachomatis in this review because of the many vaccine related reviews that have been written in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J van Schaik
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - A P Fratzke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
- Charles River Laboratories, Reno, NV, United States
| | - A E Gregory
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Dumaine
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - J E Samuel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, TX, United States
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3
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Dahmani M, Zhu JC, Cook JH, Riley SP. Anaphylatoxin signaling activates macrophages to control intracellular Rickettsia proliferation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0253823. [PMID: 37855623 PMCID: PMC10714731 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02538-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogenic Rickettsia species are extremely dangerous bacteria that grow within the cytoplasm of host mammalian cells. In most cases, these bacteria are able to overpower the host cell and grow within the protected environment of the cytoplasm. However, a dramatic conflict occurs when Rickettsia encounter innate immune cells; the bacteria can "win" by taking over the host, or the bacteria can "lose" if the host cell efficiently fights the infection. This manuscript examines how the immune complement system is able to detect the presence of Rickettsia and alert nearby cells. Byproducts of complement activation called anaphylatoxins are signals that "activate" innate immune cells to mount an aggressive defensive strategy. This study enhances our collective understanding of the innate immune reaction to intracellular bacteria and will contribute to future efforts at controlling these dangerous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinyi C. Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack H. Cook
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean P. Riley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
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4
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Cambrea SC, Badiu D, Ionescu C, Penciu R, Pazara L, Mihai CM, Cambrea MA, Mihai L. Boutonneuse Fever in Southeastern Romania. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2734. [PMID: 38004746 PMCID: PMC10673018 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Boutonneuse fever (BF) is an eruptive disease and is classified as a spotted fever, which is endemic in the Mediterranean basin (i.e., Marseille fever or Mediterranean spotted fever) and the Black Sea, caused by Rickettsia conorii, with dog ticks being a vector (i.e., Rhipicephalus sanguineus). In Romania, although the first reported outbreak of BF occurred during the summer of 1931 in Constanta, the disease was discovered in 1910. Although the disease has occurred most frequently in the two counties of the Dobruja region (Constanta and Tulcea), a region of the Balkan Peninsula, during the last few years, other counties in southeastern Romania have started to report BF cases. In a period of 9 years, 533 cases were registered in Constanta county, while in a period of 11 years, 339 cases were registered in Bucharest county. In this review, we describe the bacterial tick-borne disease caused by R. conorii in southeastern Romania, focusing on its history and epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures in the context of climate changes. Although R. conorii is the principal etiologic agent of BF in southeastern Romania, we should take into consideration that other Rickettsia spp. could be present and involved in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Claudia Cambrea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 900178 Constanta, Romania
| | - Diana Badiu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Constantin Ionescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Roxana Penciu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Loredana Pazara
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Cristina Maria Mihai
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Mara Andreea Cambrea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Larisia Mihai
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University from Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (S.C.C.); (R.P.); (L.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.A.C.); (L.M.)
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5
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Lionello FCP, Rotundo S, Bruno G, Marino G, Morrone HL, Fusco P, Costa C, Russo A, Trecarichi EM, Beltrame A, Torti C. Touching Base with Some Mediterranean Diseases of Interest from Paradigmatic Cases at the "Magna Graecia" University Unit of Infectious Diseases: A Didascalic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2832. [PMID: 37685370 PMCID: PMC10486464 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Among infectious diseases, zoonoses are increasing in importance worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean region. We report herein some clinical cases from a third-level hospital in Calabria region (Southern Italy) and provide a narrative review of the most relevant features of these diseases from epidemiological and clinical perspectives. Further, the pathogenic mechanisms involved in zoonotic diseases are reviewed, focusing on the mechanisms used by pathogens to elude the immune system of the host. These topics are of particular concern for individuals with primary or acquired immunodeficiency (e.g., people living with HIV, transplant recipients, patients taking immunosuppressive drugs). From the present review, it appears that diagnostic innovations and the availability of more accurate methods, together with better monitoring of the incidence and prevalence of these infections, are urgently needed to improve interventions for better preparedness and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Carmelo Pio Lionello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Salvatore Rotundo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Gabriele Bruno
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Gabriella Marino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Helen Linda Morrone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Paolo Fusco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Mater Domini” Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Chiara Costa
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Mater Domini” Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Mater Domini” Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Mater Domini” Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Anna Beltrame
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Gainesville, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.C.P.L.); (S.R.); (G.B.); (G.M.); (H.L.M.); (A.R.); (E.M.T.); (C.T.)
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Mater Domini” Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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6
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Londoño AF, Scorpio DG, Dumler JS. Innate immunity in rickettsial infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187267. [PMID: 37228668 PMCID: PMC10203653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rickettsial agents are a diverse group of alpha-proteobacteria within the order Rickettsiales, which possesses two families with human pathogens, Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae. These obligate intracellular bacteria are most frequently transmitted by arthropod vectors, a first step in the pathogens' avoidance of host cell defenses. Considerable study of the immune responses to infection and those that result in protective immunity have been conducted. Less study has focused on the initial events and mechanism by which these bacteria avoid the innate immune responses of the hosts to survive within and propagate from host cells. By evaluating the major mechanisms of evading innate immunity, a range of similarities among these bacteria become apparent, including mechanisms to escape initial destruction in phagolysosomes of professional phagocytes, those that dampen the responses of innate immune cells or subvert signaling and recognition pathways related to apoptosis, autophagy, proinflammatory responses, and mechanisms by which these microbes attach to and enter cells or those molecules that trigger the host responses. To illustrate these principles, this review will focus on two common rickettsial agents that occur globally, Rickettsia species and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F. Londoño
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Advancement in Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diana G. Scorpio
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - J. Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Immune Monitoring of Paediatric Patients Infected with Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis and Coinfected. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111351. [PMID: 36422602 PMCID: PMC9696171 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021, 273 Rocky Mountain spotted fever cases were reported nationwide in Mexico. In Chihuahua City, fourteen samples were obtained from children suspected of rickettsial infection. The analysis of samples (January to December 2021) showed prevalence rates of 28.5%, 43%, and 28.5% for Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis, and both pathogens in coinfection, respectively. The analysis of clinical haematological and biochemistry analytes showed alterations; 100% of the children had elevated liver enzymes and coagulation times, 64% showed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, 55% had thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and hypoalbuminemia, and 45% showed normocytic normochromic anaemia. Statistically significant differences were observed in the expression of the chemokines IL-8, RANTES, CXCL9/MIG, and CXCL10/IP-10 across the coinfected and control groups, and the difference in IP-10 expression was significant for patients infected by R. rickettsii compared to the control group. Additionally, significant differences were observed for expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IFNγ, and TNFα among the R. rickettsii-positive group compared to the control group. On the other hand, the coinfected group exhibited modified levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 compared with the control group. Finally, significant differences were observed for CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations between individuals positive for R. rickettsii and those positive for E. canis.
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8
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Rauch J, Jochum J, Eisermann P, Gisbrecht J, Völker K, Hunstig F, Mehlhoop U, Muntau B, Tappe D. Inflammatory cytokine profile and T cell responses in African tick bite fever patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:143-152. [PMID: 35543881 PMCID: PMC9092931 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African tick bite fever, an acute febrile illness, is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia africae. Immune responses to rickettsial infections have so far mainly been investigated in vitro with infected endothelial cells as the main target cells, and in mouse models. Patient studies are rare and little is known about the immunology of human infections. In this study, inflammatory mediators and T cell responses were examined in samples from 13 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed R. africae infections at different time points of illness. The Th1-associated cytokines IFNγ and IL-12 were increased in the acute phase of illness, as were levels of the T cell chemoattractant cytokine CXCL-10. In addition, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also IL-22 were elevated. IL-22 but not IFNγ was increasingly produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during illness. Besides IFNγ, IL-22 appears to play a protective role in rickettsial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rauch
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Jochum
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Eisermann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Gisbrecht
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ute Mehlhoop
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Chung MH, Lee JS, Kang JS. Buerger’s Disease May be a Chronic Rickettsial Infection with Superimposed Thrombosis: Literature Review and Efficacy of Doxycycline in Three Patients. Infect Chemother 2022; 54:20-58. [PMID: 35384418 PMCID: PMC8987189 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Buerger’s disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology. The infectious etiology of BD was proposed by Buerger in 1914. Furthermore, there are scattered reports insisting that BD may be related to rickettsial infection, first asserted by Goodman since 1916, followed by Giroud and other French investigators from the 1940s through the 1960s, Nicolau in the 1960s, Bartolo (1980s), and Fazeli (2010s). However, their causal relationship has hardly been accepted because rickettsial infections are known to be acute febrile, vector-borne illnesses, whereas BD is a chronic afebrile illness. In this article we review the relevant literature on the chronic nature of Rickettsia and Orientia infections and on the rickettsial etiology of BD. Excellent initial responses to doxycycline in three patients with BD are briefly described. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that BD patients acquired a rickettsial infection far before the onset of BD. Over years, the infected area expands to become a segment of the infected vessel. Subsequently, thrombus develops on the luminal surface of the infected endothelial cells, which produces the vascular obstructive manifestations of BD. Collectively, it is postulated that BD is a chronic infection with a member of the family Rickettsiaceae with superimposed thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Hyun Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seogwipo Medical Center, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine; Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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10
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Mediterranean Spotted Fever: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040172. [PMID: 34698275 PMCID: PMC8544691 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is an emerging tick-borne rickettsiosis of the spotted fever group (SFG), endemic in the Mediterranean basin. By virtue of technological innovations in molecular genetics, it has been determined that the causative agent of MSF is Rickettsia conorii subspecies conorii. The arthropod vector of this bacterium is the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The true nature of the reservoir of R. conorii conorii has not been completely deciphered yet, although many authors theorize that the canine population, other mammals, and the ticks themselves could potentially contribute as reservoirs. Typical symptoms of MSF include fever, maculopapular rash, and a characteristic eschar (“tache noire”). Atypical clinical features and severe multi-organ complications may also be present. All of these manifestations arise from the disseminated infection of the endothelium by R. conorii conorii. Several methods exist for the diagnosis of MSF. Serological tests are widely used and molecular techniques have become increasingly available. Doxycycline remains the treatment of choice, while preventive measures are focused on modification of human behavior and vector control strategies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of MSF.
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11
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Burke TP, Engström P, Tran CJ, Langohr IM, Glasner DR, Espinosa DA, Harris E, Welch MD. Interferon receptor-deficient mice are susceptible to eschar-associated rickettsiosis. eLife 2021; 10:e67029. [PMID: 34423779 PMCID: PMC8428839 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne rickettsial pathogens cause mild and severe human disease worldwide. The tick-borne pathogen Rickettsia parkeri elicits skin lesions (eschars) and disseminated disease in humans; however, inbred mice are generally resistant to infection. We report that intradermal infection of mice lacking both interferon receptors (Ifnar1-/-;Ifngr1-/-) with as few as 10 R. parkeri elicits eschar formation and disseminated, lethal disease. Similar to human infection, eschars exhibited necrosis and inflammation, with bacteria primarily found in leukocytes. Using this model, we find that the actin-based motility factor Sca2 is required for dissemination from the skin to internal organs, and the outer membrane protein OmpB contributes to eschar formation. Immunizing Ifnar1-/-;Ifngr1-/- mice with sca2 and ompB mutant R. parkeri protects against rechallenge, revealing live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Thus, Ifnar1-/-;Ifngr1-/- mice are a tractable model to investigate rickettsiosis, virulence factors, and immunity. Our results further suggest that discrepancies between mouse and human susceptibility may be due to differences in interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burke
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Patrik Engström
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Cuong J Tran
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeUnited States
| | - Dustin R Glasner
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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12
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Unpacking the intricacies of Rickettsia-vector interactions. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:734-746. [PMID: 34162522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Rickettsia species are molecularly detected among a wide range of arthropods, vector competence becomes an imperative aspect of understanding the ecoepidemiology of these vector-borne diseases. The synergy between vector homeostasis and rickettsial invasion, replication, and release initiated within hours (insects) and days (ticks) permits successful transmission of rickettsiae. Uncovering the molecular interplay between rickettsiae and their vectors necessitates examining the multifaceted nature of rickettsial virulence and vector infection tolerance. Here, we highlight the biological differences between tick- and insect-borne rickettsiae and the factors facilitating the incidence of rickettsioses. Untangling the complex relationship between rickettsial genetics, vector biology, and microbial interactions is crucial in understanding the intricate association between rickettsiae and their vectors.
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Characteristics of in vitro infection of human monocytes, by Rickettsia helvetica. Microbes Infect 2020; 23:104776. [PMID: 33276122 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen species of rickettsiae are reported to cause infections in humans. One of these is Rickettsia helvetica, which is endemic in European and Asian countries and transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus. Besides fever, it has been demonstrated to cause meningitis and is also associated with perimyocarditis. One of the initial targets for rickettsiae after inoculation by ticks is the macrophage/monocyte. How rickettsiae remain in the macrophages/monocytes before establishing their infection in vascular endothelial cells remains poorly understood. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the impact on and survival of R. helvetica in a human leukemic monocytic cell line, THP-1. Our results show that R. helvetica survives and propagates in the THP-1 cells. The infection in monocytes was followed for seven days by qPCR and for 30 days by TEM, where invasion of the nucleus was also observed as well as double membrane vacuoles containing rickettsiae, a finding suggesting that R. helvetica might induce autophagy at the early stage of infection. Infected monocytes induced TNF-α which may be important in host defence against rickettsial infections and promote cell survival and inhibiting cell death by apoptosis. The present findings illustrate the importance of monocytes to the pathogenesis of rickettsial disease.
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Abstract
Over the last decades, rickettsioses are emerging worldwide. These diseases are caused by intracellular bacteria. Although rickettsioses can be treated with antibiotics, a vaccine against rickettsiae is highly desired for several reasons. Rickettsioses are highly prevalent, especially in poor countries, and there are indications of the development of antibiotic resistance. In addition, some rickettsiae can persist and cause recurrent disease. The development of a vaccine requires the understanding of the immune mechanisms that are involved in protection as well as in immunopathology. Knowledge about these immune responses is accumulating, and efforts have been undertaken to identify antigenic components of rickettsiae that may be useful as a vaccine. This review provides an overview on current knowledge of adaptive immunity against rickettsiae, which is essential for defense, rickettsial antigens that have been identified so far, and on vaccination strategies that have been used in animal models of rickettsial infections.
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Fisher J, Card G, Soong L. Neuroinflammation associated with scrub typhus and spotted fever group rickettsioses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008675. [PMID: 33091013 PMCID: PMC7580963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus and spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR) are understudied, vector-borne diseases of global significance. Over 1 billion individuals are at risk for scrub typhus alone in an endemic region, spanning across eastern and southern Asia to Northern Australia. While highly treatable, diagnostic challenges make timely antibiotic intervention difficult for these diseases. Delayed therapy may lead to severe outcomes affecting multiple organs, including the central nervous system (CNS), where infection and associated neuroinflammation may be lethal or lead to lasting sequelae. Meningitis and encephalitis are prevalent in both scrub typhus and SFR. Additionally, case reports detailing focal neurological deficits have come to light, with attention to both acute and chronic sequelae of infection. Despite the increasing number of clinical reports outlining neurologic consequences of these diseases, relatively little research has examined underlying mechanisms of neuroinflammation. Animal models of scrub typhus have identified cerebral T-cell infiltration and vascular damage associated with endothelial infection and neuropathogenesis. Differential gene expression analysis of brain tissues during murine scrub typhus have revealed selective increases in CXCR3 ligands, proinflammatory and type-1 cytokines and chemokines, and cytotoxicity molecules, as well as alterations in the complement pathway. In SFR, microglial expansion and macrophage infiltration contribute to neurological disease progression. This narrative Review highlights clinical neurologic features of scrub typhus and SFR and evaluates our current understanding of basic research into neuroinflammation for both diseases in animal models. Further investigation into key mediators of neuropathogenesis may yield prognostic markers and treatment regimens for severe patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Galen Card
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Narra HP, Sahni A, Walker DH, Sahni SK. Recent research milestones in the pathogenesis of human rickettsioses and opportunities ahead. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:753-765. [PMID: 32691620 PMCID: PMC7787141 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by pathogenic Rickettsia species continue to scourge human health across the globe. From the point of entry at the site of transmission by arthropod vectors, hematogenous dissemination of rickettsiae occurs to diverse host tissues leading to 'rickettsial vasculitis' as the salient feature of pathogenesis. This perspective article accentuates recent breakthrough developments in the context of host-pathogen-vector interactions during rickettsial infections. The subtopics include potential exploitation of circulating macrophages for spread, identification of new entry mechanisms and regulators of actin-based motility, appreciation of metabolites acquired from and effectors delivered into the host, importance of the toxin-antitoxin module in host-cell interactions, effects of the vector microbiome on rickettsial transmission, and niche-specific riboregulation and adaptation. Further research on these aspects will advance our understanding of the biology of rickettsiae as intracellular pathogens and should enable design and development of new approaches to counter rickettsioses in humans and other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Alsultan M, Morriss J, Contaifer D, Kumar NG, Wijesinghe DS. Host Lipid Response in Tropical Diseases. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-020-00222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Quantitative Proteomics of the Endothelial Secretome Identifies RC0497 as Diagnostic of Acute Rickettsial Spotted Fever Infections. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:306-322. [PMID: 31955791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever is a reemerging acute tick-borne infection produced by the α-proteobacterium, Rickettsia conorii. Rickettsia conorii infects vascular endothelial cells producing disseminated plasma leakage, manifesting as nonspecific fever, headache, and maculopapular rash. Because there are no available tests of early infection, Mediterranean spotted fever is often undiagnosed and untreated, resulting in significant mortality. To address this critical need, we have applied a quantitative proteomics pipeline for analyzing the secretome of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Of the 104 proteins whose abundance changed significantly in the R. conorii-infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells' secretome, 46 proteins were up-regulated: 45 were host secreted proteins (including cytokines), and 1 was a rickettsial protein, the putative N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase RC0497. Proteins with sequence highly homologous to RC0497 were found to be shared by many species of the spotted fever group rickettsiae, but not typhus group rickettsiae. Quantitative targeted proteomics studies of plasma from a mouse model of sublethal and lethal R. conorii identified RC0497 in the blood, and its circulating levels were proportionally associated with infection outcome. Finally, the presence of RC0497 in the serum samples from a cohort of humans presenting with acute rickettsioses was confirmed. The detection of RC0497 has the potential to be a sensitive and specific marker for acute rickettsial spotted rickettsioses.
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Evasion of autophagy mediated by Rickettsia surface protein OmpB is critical for virulence. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2538-2551. [PMID: 31611642 PMCID: PMC6988571 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that evade antimicrobial autophagy in the host cell cytosol by unknown mechanisms. Other cytosolic pathogens block different steps of autophagy targeting, including the initial step of polyubiquitin-coat formation. One mechanism of evasion is to mobilize actin to the bacterial surface. Here, we show that actin mobilization is insufficient to block autophagy recognition of the pathogen Rickettsia parkeri. Instead, R. parkeri employs outer membrane protein B (OmpB) to block ubiquitylation of the bacterial surface proteins, including OmpA, and subsequent recognition by autophagy receptors. OmpB is also required for the formation of a capsule-like layer. Although OmpB is dispensable for bacterial growth in endothelial cells, it is essential for R. parkeri to block autophagy in macrophages and to colonize mice because of its ability to promote autophagy evasion in immune cells. Our results indicate that OmpB acts as a protective shield to obstruct autophagy recognition, thereby revealing a distinctive bacterial mechanism to evade antimicrobial autophagy.
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20
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Londoño AF, Mendell NL, Walker DH, Bouyer DH. A biosafety level-2 dose-dependent lethal mouse model of spotted fever rickettsiosis: Rickettsia parkeri Atlantic Rainforest strain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007054. [PMID: 31216274 PMCID: PMC6602283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The species of the Rickettsia genus are separated into four groups: the ancestral group, typhus group, transitional group and spotted fever group. Rickettsia parkeri, a spotted fever group Rickettsia, has been reported across the American continents as infecting several tick species and is associated with a relatively mild human disease characterized by eschar formation at the tick feeding site, regional lymphadenopathy, fever, myalgia and rash. Currently, there are several mouse models that provide good approaches to study the acute lethal disease caused by Rickettsia, but these models can only be performed in an animal biosafety level 3 laboratory. We present an alternative mouse model for acute lethal rickettsial disease, using R. parkeri Atlantic Rainforest strain and C3H/HeN mice, with the advantage that this model can be studied in an animal biosafety level 2 laboratory. Principal findings In the C3H/HeN mouse model, we determined that infection with 1x106 and 1x107 viable R. parkeri Atlantic Rainforest strain organisms produced dose-dependent severity, whereas infection with 1x108 viable bacteria resulted in a lethal illness. The animals became moribund on day five or six post-infection. The lethal disease was characterized by ruffled fur, erythema, labored breathing, decreased activity, and hunched posture, which began on day three post-infection (p.i.) and coincided with the peak bacterial loads. Significant splenomegaly (on days three and five p.i.), neutrophilia (on days three and five p.i.), and thrombocytopenia (on days one, three and five p.i.) were observed. Significance Since R. parkeri is used at biosafety level 2, the greatest advantage of this inbred mouse model is the ability to investigate immunity and pathogenesis of rickettsiosis with all the tools available at biosafety level 2. Rickettsia is a bacterial genus that contains distinct species that are transmitted by arthropods. Many of these agents produce infection and disease in humans. The illness can range from very severe, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii to mild human disease characterized by eschar formation at the tick feeding site and less severe symptoms caused by Rickettsia parkeri and often apparently asymptomatic seroconversion as observed with R. amblyommatis. To study these diseases, animal models are invaluable, and mouse models offer the best advantages for studies of immunity and pathogenesis because of the availability of immunologic reagents and gene knockout animals. Several mouse models are available for the study of the acute lethal disease produced by these bacteria, providing the opportunity to test different treatments and vaccine candidates. However, work with these models requires an animal biosafety level 3 laboratory. In this report, we present an alternative mouse model with R. parkeri Atlantic Rainforest strain available for investigation in a biosafety level 2 laboratory to study an acute dose-dependent lethal spotted fever group rickettsial disease with the advantage that experiments can be performed at this biosafety level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F. Londoño
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Research Group on Veterinary Sciences “Centauro”, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole L. Mendell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald H. Bouyer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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21
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Tominello TR, Oliveira ERA, Hussain SS, Elfert A, Wells J, Golden B, Ismail N. Emerging Roles of Autophagy and Inflammasome in Ehrlichiosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1011. [PMID: 31134081 PMCID: PMC6517498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) is a potentially life-threatening tick-borne rickettsial disease (TBRD) caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria, Ehrlichia. Fatal HME presents with acute ailments of sepsis and toxic shock-like symptoms that can evolve to multi-organ failure and death. Early clinical and laboratory diagnosis of HME are problematic due to non-specific flu-like symptoms and limitations in the current diagnostic testing. Several studies in murine models showed that cell-mediated immunity acts as a “double-edged sword” in fatal ehrlichiosis. Protective components are mainly formed by CD4 Th1 and NKT cells, in contrast to deleterious effects originated from neutrophils and TNF-α-producing CD8 T cells. Recent research has highlighted the central role of the inflammasome and autophagy as part of innate immune responses also leading to protective or pathogenic scenarios. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) triggers the assembly of the inflammasome complex that leads to multiple outcomes. Recognition of PAMPs or DAMPs by such complexes can result in activation of caspase-1 and -11, secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 culminating into dysregulated inflammation, and inflammatory cell death known as pyroptosis. The precise functions of inflammasomes and autophagy remain unexplored in infections with obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens, such as Ehrlichia. In this review, we discuss the intracellular innate immune surveillance in ehrlichiosis involving the regulation of inflammasome and autophagy, and how this response influences the innate and adaptive immune responses against Ehrlichia. Understanding such mechanisms would pave the way in research for novel diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic approaches against Ehrlichia and other rickettsial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Tominello
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shah S Hussain
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amr Elfert
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jakob Wells
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brandon Golden
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Narra HP, Sahni A, Khanipov K, Fofanov Y, Sahni SK. Global Transcriptomic Profiling of Pulmonary Gene Expression in an Experimental Murine Model of Rickettsia conorii Infection. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030204. [PMID: 30857242 PMCID: PMC6470625 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean spotted fever develops from an infection with Rickettsia conorii, an obligate intracellular, Gram-negative, endotheliotropic, and tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen, and is an acute, febrile illness that can progress to life-threatening complications if not diagnosed and treated early with effective antibiotics. Despite significant morbidity and mortality, little is known about changes in gene expression that determine the host responses during in vivo infection. We have investigated the transcriptional landscape of host lungs as a prominently affected organ system in an established murine model of infection by RNA-sequencing. Ingenuity pathway analysis resulted in the identification of 1332 differentially expressed genes and 292 upstream regulators. Notably, genes encoding for ubiquitin D, aconitate decarboxylase, antimicrobial peptides, calgranulins, cytokines and chemokines, and guanylate binding proteins were highly up-regulated, whereas those involved in hemoglobin biosynthesis and heme homeostasis were significantly down-regulated. Amongst response regulators, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 and killer cell lectin-like receptors were differentially expressed, and gene clustering revealed eukaryotic initiation factor-2, oxidative phosphorylation, and ubiquitination as the predominantly activated biological pathways. Collectively, this first global transcriptomic profiling has identified R. conorii-induced regulation of novel genes and pathways in the host lungs, further in-depth investigation of which will strengthen our understanding of the pathogenesis of human rickettsioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Curto P, Santa C, Allen P, Manadas B, Simões I, Martinez JJ. A Pathogen and a Non-pathogen Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Trigger Differential Proteome Signatures in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:43. [PMID: 30895174 PMCID: PMC6414445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that Rickettsia conorii and Rickettsia montanensis have distinct intracellular fates within THP-1 macrophages, suggesting that the ability to proliferate within macrophages may be a distinguishable factor between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Spotted fever group (SFG) members. To start unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the capacity (or not) of SFG Rickettsia to establish their replicative niche in macrophages, we have herein used quantitative proteomics by SWATH-MS to profile the alterations resulted by the challenge of THP-1 macrophages with R. conorii and R. montanensis. We show that the pathogenic, R. conorii, and the non-pathogenic, R. montanensis, member of SFG Rickettsia trigger differential proteomic signatures in macrophage-like cells upon infection. R. conorii specifically induced the accumulation of several enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid β-oxidation, and glutaminolysis, as well as of several inner and outer membrane mitochondrial transporters. These results suggest a profound metabolic rewriting of macrophages by R. conorii toward a metabolic signature of an M2-like, anti-inflammatory activation program. Moreover, several subunits forming the proteasome and immunoproteasome are found in lower abundance upon infection with both rickettsial species, which may help bacteria to escape immune surveillance. R. conorii-infection specifically induced the accumulation of several host proteins implicated in protein processing and quality control in ER, suggesting that this pathogenic Rickettsia may be able to increase the ER protein folding capacity. This work reveals novel aspects of macrophage-Rickettsia interactions, expanding our knowledge of how pathogenic rickettsiae explore host cells to their advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Curto
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Cátia Santa
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paige Allen
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isaura Simões
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Juan J. Martinez
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Esteves E, Bizzarro B, Costa FB, Ramírez-Hernández A, Peti APF, Cataneo AHD, Wowk PF, Timóteo RP, Labruna MB, Silva Junior PI, Silva CL, Faccioli LH, Fogaça AC, Sorgi CA, Sá-Nunes A. Amblyomma sculptum Salivary PGE 2 Modulates the Dendritic Cell- Rickettsia rickettsii Interactions in vitro and in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30778355 PMCID: PMC6369204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is an important vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and the most lethal tick-borne pathogen affecting humans. To feed on the vertebrate host's blood, A. sculptum secretes a salivary mixture, which may interact with skin resident dendritic cells (DCs) and modulate their function. The present work was aimed at depicting the A. sculptum saliva-host DC network and the biochemical nature of the immunomodulatory component(s) involved in this interface. A. sculptum saliva inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by murine DCs stimulated with LPS. The fractionation of the low molecular weight salivary content by reversed-phase chromatography revealed active fractions eluting from 49 to 55% of the acetonitrile gradient. Previous studies suggested that this pattern of elution matches with that observed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the molecular identity of this lipid mediator was unambiguously confirmed by a new high-resolution mass spectrometry methodology. A productive infection of murine DCs by R. rickettsii was demonstrated for the first time leading to proinflammatory cytokine production that was inhibited by both A. sculptum saliva and PGE2, a result also achieved with human DCs. The adoptive transfer of murine DCs incubated with R. rickettsii followed by treatment with A. sculptum saliva or PGE2 did not change the cytokine profile associated to cellular recall responses while IgG2a-specific antibodies were decreased in the serum of these mice. Together, these findings emphasize the role of PGE2 as a universal immunomodulator of tick saliva. In addition, it contributes to new approaches to explore R. rickettsii-DC interactions both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Esteves
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bizzarro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Borges Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferranti Peti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Pessato Timóteo
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Célio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cristina Fogaça
- Department de Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Arterio Sorgi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Sahni A, Narra HP, Patel J, Sahni SK. MicroRNA-Regulated Rickettsial Invasion into Host Endothelium via Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptor FGFR1. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120240. [PMID: 30513762 PMCID: PMC6315532 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) represent the primary target cells during human rickettsioses and respond to infection via the activation of immediate–early signaling cascades and the resultant induction of gene expression. As small noncoding RNAs dispersed throughout the genome, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally to govern a wide range of biological processes. Based on our recent findings demonstrating the involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in facilitating rickettsial invasion into host cells and published reports suggesting miR-424 and miR-503 as regulators of FGF2/FGFR1, we measured the expression of miR-424 and miR-503 during R. conorii infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Our results revealed a significant decrease in miR-424 and miR-503 expression in apparent correlation with increased expression of FGF2 and FGFR1. Considering the established phenomenon of endothelial heterogeneity and pulmonary and cerebral edema as the prominent pathogenic features of rickettsial infections, and significant pathogen burden in the lungs and brain in established mouse models of disease, we next quantified miR-424 and miR-503 expression in pulmonary and cerebral microvascular ECs. Again, R. conorii infection dramatically downregulated both miRNAs in these tissue-specific ECs as early as 30 min post-infection in correlation with higher FGF2/FGFR1 expression. Changes in the expression of both miRNAs and FGF2/FGFR1 were next confirmed in a mouse model of R. conorii infection. Furthermore, miR-424 overexpression via transfection of a mimic into host ECs reduced the expression of FGF2/FGFR1 and gave a corresponding decrease in R. conorii invasion, while an inhibitor of miR-424 had the expected opposite effect. Together, these findings implicate the rickettsial manipulation of host gene expression via regulatory miRNAs to ensure efficient cellular entry as the critical requirement to establish intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Hema P Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Jignesh Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Sanjeev K Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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Quiroz-Castañeda RE, Cobaxin-Cárdenas M, Cuervo-Soto LI. Exploring the diversity, infectivity and metabolomic landscape of Rickettsial infections for developing novel therapeutic intervention strategies. Cytokine 2018; 112:63-74. [PMID: 30072088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsioses are zoonotic infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genera Rickettsia that affect human health; sometimes humans being considered as accidental hosts. At a molecular level, the rickettsiae infection triggers molecular signaling leading to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines direct the immune response to the host cell damage and pathogen removal. In this review, we present metabolic aspects of the host cell in the presence of rickettsiae and how this presence triggers an inflammatory response to cope with the pathogen. We also reviewed the secretion of cytokines that modulates host cell response at immune and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda
- Unidad de Anaplasmosis, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, (CENID-PAVET, INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla 8534, Progreso, 62574 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mayra Cobaxin-Cárdenas
- Unidad de Anaplasmosis, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, (CENID-PAVET, INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla 8534, Progreso, 62574 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Laura Inés Cuervo-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Sede Circunvalar Carrera 3 Este, No. 47 A15, Bogotá, Colombia
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