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Longo Y, Mascaraque SM, Andreacchio G, Werner J, Katahira I, De Marchi E, Pegoraro A, Lebbink RJ, Köhrer K, Petzsch P, Tao R, Di Virgilio F, Adinolfi E, Drexler I. The purinergic receptor P2X7 as a modulator of viral vector-mediated antigen cross-presentation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360140. [PMID: 38711513 PMCID: PMC11070468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a safe vaccine vector inducing long- lasting and potent immune responses. MVA-mediated CD8+T cell responses are optimally induced, if both, direct- and cross-presentation of viral or recombinant antigens by dendritic cells are contributing. Methods To improve the adaptive immune responses, we investigated the role of the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7) in MVA-infected feeder cells as a modulator of cross-presentation by non-infected dendritic cells. The infected feeder cells serve as source of antigen and provide signals that help to attract dendritic cells for antigen take up and to license these cells for cross-presentation. Results We demonstrate that presence of an active P2RX7 in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHCI) mismatched feeder cells significantly enhanced MVA-mediated antigen cross-presentation. This was partly regulated by P2RX7-specific processes, such as the increased availability of extracellular particles as well as the altered cellular energy metabolism by mitochondria in the feeder cells. Furthermore, functional P2RX7 in feeder cells resulted in a delayed but also prolonged antigen expression after infection. Discussion We conclude that a combination of the above mentioned P2RX7-depending processes leads to significantly increased T cell activation via cross- presentation of MVA-derived antigens. To this day, P2RX7 has been mostly investigated in regards to neuroinflammatory diseases and cancer progression. However, we report for the first time the crucial role of P2RX7 for antigen- specific T cell immunity in a viral infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Longo
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsselorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Werner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine II, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ichiro Katahira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine II, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Institute of Infection Immunity, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsselorf, Germany
| | | | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsselorf, Germany
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Gao S, Gao L, Yuan D, Lin X, van der Veen S. Gonococcal OMV-delivered PorB induces epithelial cell mitophagy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1669. [PMID: 38396029 PMCID: PMC10891091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to invade epithelial cells and survive intracellularly. During this process, it secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), however, the mechanistic details for interactions between gonococcal OMVs and epithelial cells and their impact on intracellular survival are currently not established. Here, we show that gonococcal OMVs induce epithelial cell mitophagy to reduce mitochondrial secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance intracellular survival. We demonstrate that OMVs deliver PorB to mitochondria to dissipate the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in mitophagy induction through a conventional PINK1 and OPTN/NDP52 mechanism. Furthermore, PorB directly recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF213, which decorates PorB lysine residue 171 with K63-linked polyubiquitin to induce mitophagy in a p62-dependent manner. These results demonstrate a mechanism in which polyubiquitination of a bacterial virulence factor that targets mitochondria directs mitophagy processes to this organelle to prevent its secretion of deleterious ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lingyu Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Dailin Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, PR China
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Alvarez S, Vanasco V, Adán Areán JS, Magnani N, Evelson P. Mitochondrial Mechanisms in Immunity and Inflammatory Conditions: Beyond Energy Management. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38062738 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Significance: The growing importance of mitochondria in the immune response and inflammation is multifaceted. Unraveling the different mechanisms by which mitochondria have a relevant role in the inflammatory response beyond the energy management of the process is necessary for improving our understanding of the host immune defense and the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and syndromes. Critical Issues: Mitochondria are relevant in the immune response at different levels, including releasing activation molecules, changing its structure and function to accompany the immune response, and serving as a structural base for activating intermediates as NLRP3 inflammasome. In this scientific journey of dissecting mitochondrial mechanisms, new questions and interesting aspects arise, such as the involvement of mitochondrial-derived vesicles in the immune response with the putative role of preventing uncontrolled situations. Recent Advances: Researchers are continuously rethinking the role of mitochondria in acute and chronic inflammation and related disorders. As such, mitochondria have important roles as centrally positioned signaling hubs in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. In this review, we present the current understanding of mitochondrial mechanisms involved, beyond the largely known mitochondrial dysfunction, in the onset and development of inflammatory situations. Future Directions: Mitochondria emerge as an interesting and multifaceted platform for studying and developing pharmaceutical and therapeutic approaches. There are many ongoing studies aimed to describe the effects of specific mitochondrial targeted molecules and treatments to ameliorate the consequences of exacerbated inflammatory components of pathologies and syndromes, resulting in an open area of increasing research interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Fisicoquímica, CABA, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Química General e Inorgánica, CABA, Argentina
| | - Virginia Vanasco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Fisicoquímica, CABA, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Química General e Inorgánica, CABA, Argentina
| | - Juan Santiago Adán Areán
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Fisicoquímica, CABA, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Química General e Inorgánica, CABA, Argentina
| | - Natalia Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Química General e Inorgánica, CABA, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Química General e Inorgánica, CABA, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
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Qiu T, Shi Y, He M, Wang W, Meng J, Ding J, Wang W, Li S, Li K, Liu J. Phosphorylated bush sophora root polysaccharides protect the liver in duck viral hepatitis by preserving mitochondrial function. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125419. [PMID: 37364809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to ascertain the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of Bush sophora root polysaccharides (BSRPS) and phosphorylated Bush sophora root polysaccharides (pBSRPS) in the treatment of in duck viral hepatitis (DVH), an investigation was conducted to assess the protective impact of BSRPS and pBSRPS against duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) induced mitochondrial dysfunction both in vivo and vitro. The BSRPS underwent modification through the utilization of the sodium trimetaphosphate - sodium tripolyphosphate method, and was subsequently characterized though Fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Following this, the degree of mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction was described through the use of fluorescence probes and various antioxidative enzyme assay kits. Furthermore, the utilization of transmission electron microscopy facilitated the observation of alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure within the liver tissue. Our findings demonstrated that both BSRPS and pBSRPS effectively mitigated mitochondrial oxidative stress and conserved mitochondrial functionality, as evidenced by heightened antioxidant enzyme activity, augmented ATP production, and stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential. Meanwhile, the histological and biochemical examinations revealed that the administration of BSRPS and pBSRPS resulted in a reduction of focal necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells, thereby mitigating liver injury. Additionally, both BSRPS and pBSRPS exhibited the ability to maintain liver mitochondrial membrane integrity and enhance the survival rate of ducklings infected with DHAV-1. Notably, pBSRPS demonstrated superior performance in all aspects of mitochondrial function compared to BSRPS. The findings indicated that maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is a crucial factor in DHAV-1 infections, and the administration of BSRPS and pBSRPS may mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and safeguard liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Qiu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Miao He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinwu Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinxue Ding
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weiran Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Siya Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety and Traditional Chinese Veterinary medicine research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Stefano GB, Büttiker P, Weissenberger S, Esch T, Anders M, Raboch J, Kream RM, Ptacek R. Independent and sensory human mitochondrial functions reflecting symbiotic evolution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130197. [PMID: 37389212 PMCID: PMC10302212 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial origin of mitochondria has been a widely accepted as an event that occurred about 1.45 billion years ago and endowed cells with internal energy producing organelle. Thus, mitochondria have traditionally been viewed as subcellular organelle as any other - fully functionally dependent on the cell it is a part of. However, recent studies have given us evidence that mitochondria are more functionally independent than other organelles, as they can function outside the cells, engage in complex "social" interactions, and communicate with each other as well as other cellular components, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, mitochondria move, assemble and organize upon sensing different environmental cues, using a process akin to bacterial quorum sensing. Therefore, taking all these lines of evidence into account we hypothesize that mitochondria need to be viewed and studied from a perspective of a more functionally independent entity. This view of mitochondria may lead to new insights into their biological function, and inform new strategies for treatment of disease associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B. Stefano
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pascal Büttiker
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Tobias Esch
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Martin Anders
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Raboch
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Richard M. Kream
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radek Ptacek
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Santoni D, Ghosh N, Derelitto C, Saha I. Transcription Factor Driven Gene Regulation in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051188. [PMID: 37243274 DOI: 10.3390/v15051188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants have caused a worldwide emergency. Host cells colonised by SARS-CoV-2 present a significantly different gene expression landscape. As expected, this is particularly true for genes that directly interact with virus proteins. Thus, understanding the role that transcription factors can play in driving differential regulation in patients affected by COVID-19 is a focal point to unveil virus infection. In this regard, we have identified 19 transcription factors which are predicted to target human proteins interacting with Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Transcriptomics RNA-Seq data derived from 13 human organs are used to analyse expression correlation between identified transcription factors and related target genes in both COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. This resulted in the identification of transcription factors showing the most relevant impact in terms of most evident differential correlation between COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals. This analysis has also identified five organs such as the blood, heart, lung, nasopharynx and respiratory tract in which a major effect of differential regulation mediated by transcription factors is observed. These organs are also known to be affected by COVID-19, thereby providing consistency to our analysis. Furthermore, 31 key human genes differentially regulated by the transcription factors in the five organs are identified and the corresponding KEGG pathways and GO enrichment are also reported. Finally, the drugs targeting those 31 genes are also put forth. This in silico study explores the effects of transcription factors on human genes interacting with Spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and intends to provide new insights to inhibit the virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santoni
- Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nimisha Ghosh
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751030, India
| | - Carlo Derelitto
- Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Indrajit Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata 700106, India
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Makinde E, Ma L, Mellick GD, Feng Y. Mitochondrial Modulators: The Defender. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020226. [PMID: 36830595 PMCID: PMC9953029 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are widely considered the "power hub" of the cell because of their pivotal roles in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. However, beyond the production of ATP, which is the major source of chemical energy supply in eukaryotes, mitochondria are also central to calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, and cell apoptosis. The mitochondria also perform crucial multifaceted roles in biosynthetic pathways, serving as an important source of building blocks for the biosynthesis of fatty acid, cholesterol, amino acid, glucose, and heme. Since mitochondria play multiple vital roles in the cell, it is not surprising that disruption of mitochondrial function has been linked to a myriad of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the key physiological and pathological functions of mitochondria and present bioactive compounds with protective effects on the mitochondria and their mechanisms of action. We highlight promising compounds and existing difficulties limiting the therapeutic use of these compounds and potential solutions. We also provide insights and perspectives into future research windows on mitochondrial modulators.
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Down the membrane hole: Ion channels in protozoan parasites. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011004. [PMID: 36580479 PMCID: PMC9799330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are highly prevalent around the world, disproportionally affecting developing countries, where coinfection with other microorganisms is common. Control and treatment of parasitic infections are constrained by the lack of specific and effective drugs, plus the rapid emergence of resistance. Ion channels are main drug targets for numerous diseases, but their potential against protozoan parasites is still untapped. Ion channels are membrane proteins expressed in all types of cells, allowing for the flow of ions between compartments, and regulating cellular functions such as membrane potential, excitability, volume, signaling, and death. Channels and transporters reside at the interface between parasites and their hosts, controlling nutrient uptake, viability, replication, and infectivity. To understand how ion channels control protozoan parasites fate and to evaluate their suitability for therapeutics, we must deepen our knowledge of their structure, function, and modulation. However, methodological approaches commonly used in mammalian cells have proven difficult to apply in protozoans. This review focuses on ion channels described in protozoan parasites of clinical relevance, mainly apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, highlighting proteins for which molecular and functional evidence has been correlated with their physiological functions.
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Peng S, Gao J, Stojkov D, Yousefi S, Simon H. Established and emerging roles for mitochondria in neutrophils. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:413-426. [PMID: 36331270 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cells in human blood, emerging as important players in a variety of diseases. Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles critical for cell fate and function. Mitochondria have been overlooked in neutrophil research owing to the conventional view that neutrophils contain few, if any, competent mitochondria and do not rely on these organelles for adenosine triphosphate production. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria participate in neutrophil biology at many levels, ranging from neutrophil development to chemotaxis, effector function, and cell death. Moreover, mitochondria and mitochondrial components, such as mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, can be released by neutrophils to eliminate infection and/or shape immune response, depending on the specific context. In this review, we provide an update on the functional role of mitochondria in neutrophils, highlight mitochondria as key players in modulating the neutrophil phenotype and function during infection and inflammation, and discuss the possibilities and challenges to exploit the unique aspects of mitochondria in neutrophils for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Sechenov University Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Neuruppin Germany
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