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Hasuneh MM, Toubasi AA, Khraisat B, Aldabbas H, Al-Iede M. Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Pediatr Health Care 2024; 38:717-726. [PMID: 38980242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aimed to assess the risk factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in pediatric children, a common condition with serious long-term sequela. METHODS PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords "Apnea", "Obstructive Sleep" OR "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome" AND "Child" OR "Children" OR "Pediatrics". Data from 35 studies involving 497,688 pediatric patients diagnosed with OSA using polysomnography were reviewed. Risk factors examined included sex, obesity, neck circumference, tonsillar/adenoid hypertrophy, respiratory infections, nasal stenosis, parental OSA/smoking, ethnicity, preterm birth, and breastfeeding history. Relative Risk (RR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated, using Cochrane Q and I² statistics to estimate heterogeneity. RESULTS Tonsillar hypertrophy (RR = 3.55), adenoid hypertrophy (RR = 1.63), respiratory tract infection (RR = 2.59), obesity (RR = 1.74), and family history of OSA (RR = 3.03) were significantly associated with pediatric OSA. White ethnicity was protective (RR = 0.77). DISCUSSION Recognizing these risk factors aids in early diagnosis and treatment of pediatric OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Hasuneh
- Manar M. Hasuneh, Ahmad A. Toubasi, Bann Khraisat, Hamdi Aldabbas, Montaha AL-Iede, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad A Toubasi
- Manar M. Hasuneh, Ahmad A. Toubasi, Bann Khraisat, Hamdi Aldabbas, Montaha AL-Iede, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bann Khraisat
- Manar M. Hasuneh, Ahmad A. Toubasi, Bann Khraisat, Hamdi Aldabbas, Montaha AL-Iede, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Aldabbas
- Manar M. Hasuneh, Ahmad A. Toubasi, Bann Khraisat, Hamdi Aldabbas, Montaha AL-Iede, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Montaha Al-Iede
- Manar M. Hasuneh, Ahmad A. Toubasi, Bann Khraisat, Hamdi Aldabbas, Montaha AL-Iede, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; Montaha AL-Iede, Division of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Pediatric Department, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan..
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Rizzo L, Barbetta E, Ruberti F, Petz M, Tornesello M, Deolmi M, Fainardi V, Esposito S. The Role of Telemedicine in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS): A Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2108. [PMID: 38610873 PMCID: PMC11012248 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of telemedicine marked a significant turning point in the healthcare landscape, introducing a revolutionary approach to the delivery of medical care. Digital technologies easily connect health professionals and patients, overcoming geographical and temporal barriers. Telemedicine has been used for sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) since the mid-1990s. In adult patients with OSAS, telemedicine is helpful both for consultation and diagnosis, the latter obtained through remote recordings of oxygen saturation and further parameters registered with telemonitored respiratory polygraphy or polysomnography. Remote monitoring can be used to follow up the patient and verify adherence to daily treatments including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In children, studies on the role of telemedicine in OSAS are scarce. This narrative review aims to describe the application of telemedicine in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), assessing its advantages and disadvantages. In patients with OSA, telemedicine is applicable at every stage of patient management, from diagnosis to treatment monitoring also in pediatric and adolescent ages. While telemedicine offers convenience and accessibility in healthcare delivery, its application in managing OSAS could be associated with some disadvantages, including limitations in physical examination, access to diagnostic tools, and education and counseling; technology barriers; and privacy concerns. The adoption of a hybrid approach, integrating both in-office and virtual appointments, could effectively meet the needs of children with OSAS. However, more studies are needed to fully assess the effectiveness and safety of telemedicine in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rizzo
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Barbetta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Flaminia Ruberti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Matilde Petz
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Tornesello
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Deolmi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Senaratna CV, Lowe A, Walters EH, Abramson MJ, Bui D, Lodge C, Erbas B, Burgess J, Perret JL, Hamilton GS, Dharmage SC. Associations of early life and childhood risk factors with obstructive sleep apnoea in middle-age. Respirology 2024; 29:63-70. [PMID: 37733623 PMCID: PMC10952926 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Early-life risk factors for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are poorly described, yet this knowledge may be critical to inform preventive strategies. We conducted the first study to investigate the association between early-life risk factors and OSA in middle-aged adults. METHODS Data were from population-based Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study cohort (n = 3550) followed from 1st to 6th decades of life. Potentially relevant childhood exposures were available from a parent-completed survey at age 7-years, along with previously characterized risk factor profiles. Information on the primary outcome, probable OSA (based on a STOP-Bang questionnaire cut-off ≥5), were collected when participants were 53 years old. Associations were examined using logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses were repeated using the Berlin questionnaire. RESULTS Maternal asthma (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.0), maternal smoking (OR = 1.2; 1.05, 1.5), childhood pleurisy/pneumonia (OR = 1.3; 1.04, 1.7) and frequent bronchitis (OR = 1.2; 1.01, 1.5) were associated with probable OSA. The risk-factor profiles of 'parental smoking' and 'frequent asthma and bronchitis' were also associated with probable OSA (OR = 1.3; 1.01, 1.6 and OR = 1.3; 1.01-1.9, respectively). Similar associations were found for Berlin questionnaire-defined OSA. CONCLUSIONS We found novel temporal associations of maternal asthma, parental smoking and frequent lower respiratory tract infections before the age of 7 years with adult OSA. While determination of their pathophysiological and any causal pathways require further research, these may be useful to flag the risk of OSA within clinical practice and create awareness and vigilance among at-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamara V. Senaratna
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Faculty of Medical SciencesUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka
- Non‐Communicable Diseases Research CentreUniversity of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka
| | - Adrian Lowe
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - E. Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine and Menzies InstituteThe University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Abramson
- School of Public Health & Preventive MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dinh Bui
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Caroline Lodge
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public HealthLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health ResearchLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
| | - John Burgess
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer L. Perret
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS)HeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Garun S. Hamilton
- Department of Lung, Sleep, Allergy and ImmunologyMonash HealthClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- School of Clinical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shyamali C. Dharmage
- Allergy & Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVictoriaAustralia
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Caliendo C, Femiano R, Umano GR, Martina S, Nucci L, Perillo L, Grassia V. Effect of Obesity on the Respiratory Parameters in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1874. [PMID: 38136076 PMCID: PMC10741949 DOI: 10.3390/children10121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate how obesity can influence sleep respiratory parameters in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. METHODS The study analyzes 56 Caucasian children and adolescents aged 11 ± 2.79 years with a BMI > 5th percentiles and a PSQ value ≥ 0.33. Children were divided into Obesity Group (OG) with BMI ≥ 95th and Control Group (CG) with 5th < BMI > 95th percentile. All selected children underwent PG. Respiratory parameters AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index), SaO2 (Saturation of Oxygen), ODI (Oxygen Desaturation Index), and Nadir (the lowest value of SaO2 registered during PG) were extracted from the PG. AHI was used to divide the severity of OSAS into four levels: snoring (AHI ≤ 1), mild (AHI > 1 and ≤5), moderate (AHI > 5 and <10), and severe (AHI ≥ 10). RESULTS The comparison analysis between the OG and CG showed a statistical significance only for ODI (p = 0.02). A statistically significant correlation between BMI and AHI (r = 0.02), SaO2 (r = 0.01), and Nadir O2 (r = 0.02) was found. CONCLUSIONS There was no strong correlation between obesity and OSAS, but a positive association was found between BMI and AHI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Caliendo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (L.P.)
| | - Rossella Femiano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (L.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of the Woman, the Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Martina
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84123 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Ludovica Nucci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (L.P.)
| | - Letizia Perillo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Grassia
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy (L.P.)
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Calcaterra V, Rossi V, Tagi VM, Baldassarre P, Grazi R, Taranto S, Zuccotti G. Food Intake and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4736. [PMID: 38004130 PMCID: PMC10675320 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, numerous scientific studies have investigated the possible association between sleep duration and adiposity during childhood, since it has been reported that sleep deprivation causes a related increase in caloric intake. Even though the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are still under study and not completely known, the effect of dietetic habits and nutrient intake on sleep quality and patterns has been reported. The aim of this study is to explore the intricate interplay between food intake/diet patterns and pediatric sleep disturbances in children and adolescents with obesity, emphasizing the importance of not underestimating this aspect in the prevention and treatment of this complex disease. Recent evidence supports a high correlation between specific diet patterns and foods with sleep disturbances in children at all ages. Diets rich in fiber, fruit, vegetables, and anti-inflammatory nutrients and low in saturated fats seem to promote better sleep quality. Sleep disturbances are, in turn, risk factors for the development of obesity. Therefore, food strategies should be applied to counteract this harmful process. Unraveling the complex links between dietary habits, sleep patterns, and obesity is essential for developing effective strategies to combat this critical public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Veronica Maria Tagi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Paola Baldassarre
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Roberta Grazi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Silvia Taranto
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.R.); (V.M.T.); (P.B.); (R.G.); (S.T.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Is There an Association between Viral Infections and Risk for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea? A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030487. [PMID: 36980046 PMCID: PMC10047345 DOI: 10.3390/children10030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects approximately 1% to 5% of children. To date, the main pathophysiological factor is adenotonsillar tissue hypertrophy. As many respiratory viruses can persist in secondary lymphoepithelial organs after upper airway infection, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the link between history of viral infections and the risk of pediatric OSA. (2) Methods: Corresponding references were searched electronically (PubMed [MEDLINE], Cochrane Library and Scopus) until 21 November 2022. Prospective or retrospective cohorts, evaluating the children suffering from OSA with history of viral infections and comparing them with children with no history of viral infections written in English, were included. Four independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias using ROBINS-I. (3) Results: Of 1027 potentially eligible articles, four studies (one retrospective, two prospective cohorts and one case-control) were included. (4) Conclusions: Exposure to lower airway infections may precede the diagnosis of pediatric OSA suggesting that respiratory viruses may play a mechanical role in the development of pediatric OSA. Further research is required to improve our understanding of the role of viral infections. Registration: PROSPERO CRD awaiting.
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Xu Q, Wang X, Li N, Wang Y, Xu X, Guo J. Craniofacial and upper airway morphological characteristics associated with the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea in Chinese children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1124610. [PMID: 37063671 PMCID: PMC10102523 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify craniofacial and upper airway morphological characteristics associated with the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. Methods This study consisted of 82 OSA children and 77 controls (age 5-10 years). All subjects underwent cephalograms and were divided into a 5-7 age group and an 8-10 age group. Cephalometric variables were compared between OSA children and controls, and hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between cephalometric variables and OSA severity [expressed by the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI)] in different age groups. Results Increased A/N ratio, narrowed posterior airway space, decreased SNA and SNB angles, and shortened ramus height were observed among OSA children in different age groups. In the 5-7 age group, the A/N ratio and a lower gonial angle explained 40.0% and 14.7% of the variance in the OAHI, respectively. In the 8-10 age group, the BMI z-score and A/N ratio explained 25.2% and 6.6% of the variance in the OAHI, followed by a lower gonial angle and the hyoid-retrognathion distance (19.1% in total). Conclusions Adenoid hypertrophy was a major factor associated with OSA in preschool children, whereas obesity replaced adenoid hypertrophy as the main contributor to OSA in late childhood. Several craniofacial skeletal variables such as the SNB angle, ramus height, lower gonial angle, and hyoid position are also associated with the presence and/or severity of OSA, which could be used to help recognize children at a higher risk for OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital & Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital & Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital & Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Ningbo, China
- Correspondence: Jing Guo
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Sleep disordered breathing and its relation to stroke and pulmonary hypertension in children with sickle cell disease: a single-center cross-sectional study. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:271-281. [PMID: 36645459 PMCID: PMC9889484 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a common underdiagnosed sequela of sickle cell disease (SCD) that has been linked to the frequency of vaso-occlusive crises. To determine the frequency of SDB in children with SCD and its association to SCD-related complications, thirty children and adolescents with SCD at their steady state underwent clinical, laboratory, and radiological assessment using transcranial duplex (TCD) and echo assessment of tricuspid regurge velocity (TRV). All participants had an overnight polysomnography after completing the modified STOP-Bang questionnaire. The mean age of the studied cohort was 10.2 years, with male: female ratio 1.7:1. Six children (20%) had high-risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), while nine (30%) were at intermediate risk. Sleep apnea defined as apnea (AHI) > 1 event/hour was found among 18/30 (60%) subjects (14 males and 4 females). Children with AHI > 5 (moderate to severe OSA) had significantly higher TRV (p = 0.007) and left MCA flow velocity (p = 0.049) when compared to those with AHI < 5. Children with AHI > 5 were at higher risk of OSA according to the modified STOP-Bang questionnaire (p = 0.02). AHI positively correlated with TRV (r = 0.53, p = 0.003), right MCA flow velocity (r = 0.45, p = 0.013), and left MCA flow velocity (r = 0.55, p = 0.002), and negatively correlated to BMI-SDS (r = - 0.48, p = 0.008). The high frequency of OSA in the studied cohort with SCD and its association with increasing risk of PH and TCD changes highlights the importance of early detection and management of OSA in children with SCD.
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Polysomnography findings in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnea are affected by growth and developmental level. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 162:111310. [PMID: 36116182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of growth and development level on polysomnography results in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS Preschool children (ages 3-6) with symptoms of snoring and were diagnosed with OSA by polysomnography in the sleep center were selected as the research object. They were split into three groups based on their growth rates: restricted, normal, and excessive. Sleep structure, respiratory events, and oxygenation index were compared between the three groups. RESULTS A total of 183 (111 boys and 72 girls) preschool children were enrolled. There were 26 cases in the growth restricted group, 112 cases in the normal growth group, and 45 cases in the overgrowth group. The weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) of children in the growth restricted and overgrowth groups were significantly different from those in the normal group. In terms of sleep structure, the sleep efficiency of the growth restricted group was poorer than that of the normal group. For sleep breathing events, the growth restricted group showed a greater apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI), hypoventilation index, and more hypoventilation than the normal group. In terms of oxygenation, the difference in degree of hypoxia between the three groups was statistically significant, and the overgrowth group had lower minimum oxygen saturation during the rapid eye movement phase than the normal group, as well as a quicker mean heart rate. CONCLUSIONS OSA is more likely in preschool-aged children with stunted or overgrown growth than in children with OSA alone, and the more severe the disorder, especially when accompanied with stunted growth.
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Wong SB, Yang MC, Tzeng IS, Tsai WH, Lan CC, Tsai LP. Progression of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:912. [PMID: 35740849 PMCID: PMC9221549 DOI: 10.3390/children9060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is one of the most common comorbidities in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and causes significant consequences. This observational study was conducted to investigate the progression of OSAS in pediatric patients with PWS, who had not undergone upper airway surgery, through a longitudinal follow-up of their annual polysomnography results. Annual body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, sleep efficiency and stages, central apnea index (CAI), obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), and oxygen saturation nadir values were longitudinally analyzed. At enrollment, of 22 patients (10 boys and 12 girls) aged 11.7 ± 3.9 years, 20 had OSAS. During the 4-year follow-up, only two patients had a spontaneous resolution of OSAS. The average BMI and BMI z-score increased gradually, but CAI and OAHI showed no significant differences. After statistical adjustment for sex, age, genotype, growth hormone use, and BMI z-score, OAHI was associated with the BMI z-score and deletion genotype. In conclusion, OSAS is common in patients with PWS, and rarely resolved spontaneously. Watchful waiting may not be the best OSAS management strategy. Weight maintenance and careful selection of surgical candidates are important for OSAS treatment in patients with PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bing Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; (S.-B.W.); (W.-H.T.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Mei-Chen Yang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (C.-C.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - I-Shiang Tzeng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; (S.-B.W.); (W.-H.T.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Chou-Chin Lan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (C.-C.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; (S.-B.W.); (W.-H.T.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (C.-C.L.)
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11
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Kang KT, Weng WC, Lee PL, Hsu WC. Age- and gender-related characteristics in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1520-1526. [PMID: 35304830 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age and gender disparities in polysomnographic findings in children are not well understood. OBJECTIVE This study determined age and gender-related characteristics in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHOD Retrospectively, data were collected. We analyzed polysomnographic data in the following age groups: 3-6 years (n = 681), 6-9 years (n = 553), 9-12 years (n = 297), 12-15 years (n = 200), and 15-18 years (n = 111). RESULTS A total of 1842 children were included (mean age: 8.0 years; boys: 67%; obesity: 21%). The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) gradually increased with age (3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, and 15-18 years groups: 6.2, 5.9, 6.5, 8.1, and 9.9 event/h, respectively; p trend = 0.002). In all age groups, boys had a higher AHI than girls (7.8 vs. 4.1 events/h, p < 0.001). Children with obesity had a higher AHI than those without (12.9 vs. 4.9 events/h, p < 0.001). The mean AHI in the boys increased with age (3-6 to 15-18 years groups: 7.0-13.6 events/h, respectively; p trend < 0.001), whereas the mean AHI in the girls was not significantly different between ages (p trend = 0.492). In moderation analyses, gender was a moderator in the association between obesity and AHI, and the association between age and AHI during 12-15 and 15-18 years of ages. CONCLUSION Male gender and obesity increase risk of OSA. Regarding age disparities, this study discovered a higher AHI in male adolescents than in young boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tai Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Lee
- Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Danielsen YS, Skjåkødegård HF, Bjorvatn B, Juliusson PB, Pallesen S. Polysomnographic comparison of sleep in children with obesity and normal weight without suspected sleep-related breathing disorder. Clin Obes 2022; 12:e12493. [PMID: 34781415 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Short sleep and obstructive apneas/hypopneas have been shown to be associated with childhood obesity. Still, few studies have compared sleep in children with obesity, without suspected sleep disordered breathing and normal weight peers by objective sleep measures and compared results with subjective parent assessment of sleep. Children with obesity aged 7-13 years (N = 44) and a matched group of normal weight children (N = 42) completed clinical polysomnography (Embla A10 Recording System). Parents scored their children's sleep on the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare groups. There was a higher obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) (median obesity = 1.20 vs. median normal = 0.66; z = -1.33, U = 560.50, p = 0.002) and number of oxygen desaturation events per hour (median obesity = 0.7 vs. median normal = 0.2; z = -3.45, U = 402.50, p = 0.001) in the children with obesity compared to children with normal weight. The children with obesity had a significantly longer sleep duration (median obesity 8:50 h = vs. median normal = 8:32 h; z = -2.05, U = 687.00, p = 0.041), longer stage N2 sleep (median obesity = 87 min vs. median normal = 52 min; z = -2.87, U = 576.50, p = 0. 004) and shorter REM sleep (median obesity = 94 min vs. median normal = 121 min; z = 5.05, U = 1477.00, p ≤ .001). No differences were observed for time in sleep stage N1 and N3, wake time after sleep onset or the total arousal index . Further, no group differences were found on the CSHQ sleep-disordered breathing sub-scale (p = 0.399). The children with obesity demonstrated significantly more mild to moderate sleep disordered breathing than children with normal weight, although this was not corroborated by parent report.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petur Benedikt Juliusson
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Registry Research and Development, National Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Optentia Research Unit, the Vaal Triangle Campus of the North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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13
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Torres-Lopez LV, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Migueles JH, Esteban-Cornejo I, Molina-Garcia P, H. Hillman C, Catena A, Ortega FB. Does sleep-disordered breathing add to impairments in academic performance and brain structure usually observed in children with overweight/obesity? Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:2055-2065. [PMID: 35142932 PMCID: PMC9056447 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Approximately 4-11% of children suffer from sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and children with obesity are at increased risk. Both obesity and SDB have been separately associated with poorer brain health, yet whether SDB severity affects brain health in children with obesity remains unanswered. This study aimed to examine associations of SDB severity with academic performance and brain structure (i.e., total brain and gray and white matter volumes and gray matter volume in the hippocampus) in children with overweight/obesity. One hundred nine children aged 8-12 years with overweight/obesity were included. SDB severity and its subscales (i.e., snoring, daytime sleepiness, and inattention/hyperactivity) were evaluated via the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), and academic performance was evaluated with the Woodcock-Muñoz standardized test and school grades. Brain structure was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. SDB severity was not associated with academic performance measured by the standardized test (all |β|> 0.160, P > 0.076), yet it was associated with the school grade point average (β = -0.226, P = 0.007) and natural and social science grades (β = -0.269, P = 0.024). Intention/hyperactivity seemed to drive these associations. No associations were found between SDB severity and the remaining school grades (all β < -0.188, P > 0.065) or brain volumes (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study shows that SDB severity was associated with lower school grades, yet it was not associated with the standardized measurement of academic performance or with brain volumes in children with overweight/obesity. SDB severity may add to academic problems in children beyond the effects contributed by overweight/obesity status alone. WHAT IS KNOWN • Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may affect brain structure and academic performance in children. • Children with overweight/obesity are at higher risk for the development of SDB, yet the comorbid obesity-SDB relationship with brain health has not been investigated thus far. WHAT IS NEW • To our knowledge, this is the first study examining the associations of comorbid obesity-SDB severity with brain volumes and academic performance in children. • SDB symptoms may adversely affect academic performance at school in children with overweight/obesity, beyond the effects of weight status alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia V. Torres-Lopez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, 18011 Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, 18011 Spain ,Institute for Innovation and Sustainable Development in the Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jairo H. Migueles
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, 18011 Spain ,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14183 Sweden
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, 18011 Spain
| | - Pablo Molina-Garcia
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, 18011 Spain
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andres Catena
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, 18011 Spain ,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14183 Sweden ,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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14
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Gutierrez MJ, Nino G, Landeo-Gutierrez JS, Weiss MR, Preciado DA, Hong X, Wang X. Lower respiratory tract infections in early life are associated with obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis during childhood in a large birth cohort. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab198. [PMID: 34522958 PMCID: PMC8664572 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Several birth cohorts have defined the pivotal role of early lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in the inception of pediatric respiratory conditions. However, the association between early LRTI and the development of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children has not been established. METHODS To investigate whether early LRTIs increase the risk of pediatric OSA, we analyzed clinical data in children followed during the first 5 years in the Boston Birth Cohort (n = 3114). Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards models adjusted by pertinent covariates were used to evaluate the risk of OSA by the age of 5 years between children with LRTI during the first 2 years of life in comparison to those without LRTI during this period. RESULTS Early life LRTI increased the risk of pediatric OSA independently of other pertinent covariates and risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.05). Importantly, the association between LRTI and pediatric OSA was limited to LRTIs occurring during the first 2 years of life. Complementarily to this finding, we observed that children who had severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis during infancy had two times higher odds of OSA at 5 years in comparison with children without this exposure (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.12 to 3.88). CONCLUSIONS Children with severe LRTIs in early life have significantly increased risk of developing OSA during the first 5 years of life. Our results offer a new paradigm for investigating novel mechanisms and interventions targeting the early pathogenesis of OSA in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeremy S Landeo-Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Miriam R Weiss
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diego A Preciado
- Division of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Butyric acid alleviated chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced lipid formation and inflammation through up-regulating HuR expression and inactivating AMPK pathways. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228420. [PMID: 33876818 PMCID: PMC8220371 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether butyric acid could alleviate chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced lipid formation in human preadipocytes-subcutaneous (HPA-s) through accumulation of human antigen R (HuR) and inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, HPA-s were obtained and divided into three groups: Control group: cells were cultured under normal conditions; CIH group: cells were cultured in a three-gas incubator (10% O2); Butyric acid group: 10 mmol/l butyric acid added into cell culture medium. HuR-siRNA was futher transfected into CIH group for verification the function of HuR. Oil Red O was implemented for observation of lipid droplets within cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used for detecting cell viability. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay as well as flow cytometry analysis was employed for determining cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used for measurement of protein expression levels. RT-qPCR analysis was used for detecting mRNA expression. CIH treatment increased adipocytes proliferation, while butyric acid inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. The treatment of butyric acid in CIH group down-regulated expression of inflammatory factors and increased cell apoptotic rate. Butyric acid treatment increased HuR expression in both cytoplasm and nucleus and decreased the level of p-AMPK and p-ACC, while transfection of AMPK activator or HuR-siRNA would down-regulate HuR expression. Moreover, butyric acid alleviated CIH-induced cell proliferation, lipid formation and inflammatory status and promoted cell apoptosis through regulating related genes including p21, PPARγ, C/EBPa, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4, caspase-8 and caspase-3. In conclusion, butyric acid could alleviate CIH-induced inflammation, cell proliferation and lipid formation through accumulation of HuR and inactivation of AMPK pathway.
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16
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Comparison of Frequency and Severity of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Children with Simple Obesity and Paediatric Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020141. [PMID: 33670584 PMCID: PMC7923084 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) can be present in children with simple obesity and with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and influence an individual diagnostic and treatment approach. We compared frequency and severity of SRBDs in children with simple obesity and with PWS, both without and on recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment, and correlation of SRBDs with insulin resistance tests. A screening polysomnography-polygraphy (PSG), the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were analysed in three groups of patients—with simple obesity (group 1, n = 30, mean age 14.2 years), patients with PWS without the rhGH therapy (group 2, n = 8, mean age 13.0 years) and during the rhGH treatment (group 3, n = 17, mean age 8.9 years). The oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3, compared to group 1 (p = 0.00), and hypopnea index (HI) was higher in group 1 (p = 0.03). Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and apnea index (AI) results positively correlated with the insulin resistance parameters in groups 1 and 3. The PSG values worsened along with the increasing insulin resistance in children with simple obesity and patients with PWS treated with rhGH that may lead to a change in the patients’ care.
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17
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Ferry AM, Wright AE, Ohlstein JF, Khoo K, Pine HS. Efficacy of a Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children. Cureus 2020; 12:e12244. [PMID: 33500863 PMCID: PMC7819429 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a source of significant morbidity in children. Polysomnography (PSG), the gold standard diagnostic tool for OSA, is often unavailable due to patient financial and geographic constraints. Our objective is to analyze the relationship between a patient's subjective complaints and the results from their PSG to determine the diagnostic value of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) for detecting OSA in children. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted for pediatric patients with suspected OSA from March 2012 to January 2014. Preoperative PSQ scores were compared with the results from PSG in the form of Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) values. AHI and RDI values ranging from 1 to 5 were classified as mild OSA while values ranging from 5 to 10 were classified as moderate OSA. RESULTS A total of 161 patients were recruited for this study with 63 patients (39%) both completing the PSQ and undergoing PSG. Sensitivity of the positive questionnaire was higher in patients with AHI and RDI values indicative of moderate OSA (95% and 100% respectively) versus values indicative of mild OSA (83% and 86% respectively). Conversely, the positive predictive value of the positive questionnaire (n=49) was lower in patients with AHI and RDI values indicative of moderate OSA (39% and 46% respectively) versus values indicative of mild OSA (70% and 80% respectively). CONCLUSION The PSQ has high diagnostic value for screening patients with suspected OSA. We recommend the use of the PSQ in the primary care setting for children with suspected OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ferry
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Alex E Wright
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Jason F Ohlstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Kim Khoo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Harold S Pine
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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18
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Chuang HH, Hsu JF, Chuang LP, Chen NH, Huang YS, Li HY, Chen JY, Lee LA, Huang CG. Differences in Anthropometric and Clinical Features among Preschoolers, School-Age Children, and Adolescents with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-A Hospital-Based Study in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134663. [PMID: 32610444 PMCID: PMC7370095 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with adverse health outcomes; however, little is known about the diversity of this population. This retrospective study aims to investigate age-related differences in the anthropometric and clinical features of this population. A total of 253 Taiwanese children (70 (27.7%) girls and 183 (72.3%) boys) with OSA were reviewed. Their median age, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and apnea-hypopnea index were 6.9 years, 0.87, and 9.5 events/h, respectively. The cohort was divided into three subgroups: ‘preschoolers’ (≥2 and <6 years), ‘school-age children’ (≥6 and <10 years), and ‘adolescents (≥10 and <18 years)’. The percentage of the male sex, BMI z-score, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure z-score, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio tended to increase with age. Adenoid grades tended to decrease with age. Overall, disease severity was independently correlated with neck circumference, tonsil size, and adenoid grade. Increased neck circumference and tonsillar hypertrophy were the most influential factors for younger children, whereas adenoidal hypertrophy became more important at an older age. In conclusion, gender prevalence ratio, anthropometric measures, and clinical features varied with age, and the pathogenic drivers were not necessarily the same as the aggravating ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Chuang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei and Linkou Branches, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-H.C.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Obesity Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, 17822 PA, USA
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Jen-Fu Hsu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, 33305 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Pang Chuang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Hung Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Li
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yuan Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei and Linkou Branches, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-H.C.); (J.-Y.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (J.-F.H.); (L.-P.C.); (N.-H.C.); (Y.-S.H.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-A.L.); (C.-G.H.); Tel.: +886-3328-1200 (ext. 3968) (L.-A.L.); +886-3328-1200 (ext. 5653) (C.-G.H.)
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-A.L.); (C.-G.H.); Tel.: +886-3328-1200 (ext. 3968) (L.-A.L.); +886-3328-1200 (ext. 5653) (C.-G.H.)
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Relationships Among and Predictive Values of Obesity, Inflammation Markers, and Disease Severity in Pediatric Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Before and After Adenotonsillectomy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020579. [PMID: 32093397 PMCID: PMC7073666 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are major health issues that contribute to increased systemic inflammation in children. To date, adenotonsillectomy (AT) is still the first-line treatment for childhood OSA. However, the relationships among and predictive values of obesity, inflammation, and OSA severity have not been comprehensively investigated. This prospective study investigated body mass index (BMI), serum inflammatory markers, and OSA severity before and after AT in 60 pediatric patients with OSA. At baseline, differences in levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-9, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, as well as regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were significant among the various weight status and OSA severity subgroups. After 3 months postoperatively, the differences in these inflammatory markers diminished along with a decrease in OSA severity while obesity persisted. The rate of surgical cure (defined as postoperative obstructive apnea-hypopnea index < 2.0 and obstructive apnea index < 1.0) was 62%. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, BMI z-score, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and RANTES independently predicted surgical cure. Despite the significant reductions in inflammatory markers and OSA severity after AT, an inter-dependent relationship between obesity and OSA persisted. In addition to age and BMI, several inflammatory markers helped to precisely predict surgical cure.
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20
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Su MS, Xu L, Gu SG, Huang N, Ren XK, Cai XH, Li CC. Therapeutic effects and modulatory mechanism of Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus in chronic intermittent hypoxia induced enuresis in rats. Sleep Breath 2020; 24:329-337. [PMID: 31898190 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the effect of Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF) on a rat model of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced enuresis. Findings of this study may help identify therapeutic targets in children with nocturnal enuresis (NE). METHODS Female rats were randomly divided into a control group (saline gavage, 4 weeks of normal air), CIH group (saline gavage, 4 weeks of CIH), and AOF group (AOF gavage, 4 weeks of CIH). The variables measured in this study included water intake, urine output, bladder leak point pressure (BLPP), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The expression levels of the purinergic P2X3 receptor, muscarinic M3 receptor, and ß3-adrenergic receptor (ß3-AR) in the bladder were also measured. The bladder was subjected to haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Weigert staining, and histological changes were observed under a light microscope to evaluate the morphological changes in the bladder in each group. RESULTS Compared with the control group, urine output was increased, and the BLPP was decreased in the CIH group, but AOF administration decreased urine output and increased BLPP. In addition, the serum MDA level increased and the SOD activity decreased in the CIH group compared with the control group. Administration of AOF decreased the MDA level and increased the SOD activity. Additionally, compared with the control group, HE and Weigert staining in the CIH group showed that the bladder detrusor muscle bundles were disordered and loose, some muscle bundles were broken, the content of collagen fibres in the gap was reduced, and the gap was significantly widened. However, following the administration of AOF, the bladder detrusor muscle bundles were neatly arranged, and the content of collagen fibres in the gap was increased. Furthermore, compared with the control group, the purinergic P2X3 receptor and muscarinic M3 receptor were expressed at higher levels, and ß3-AR was expressed at lower levels in the CIH group, but AOF administration decreased the expression of the purinergic P2X3 receptor and muscarinic M3 receptor and increased the expression of the ß3-AR. CONCLUSIONS AOF improves enuresis by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the expression of the purinergic P2X3 receptor, muscarinic M3 receptor, and ß3 adrenergic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Shang Su
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ge Gu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Kai Ren
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Cai
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Chong Li
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zaffanello M, Lippi G, Arman N, Piazza M, Tenero L, Piacentini G. Popularity of sleep disordered breathing in childhood: an analysis of worldwide search using Google Trends. Transl Pediatr 2019; 8:383-390. [PMID: 31993351 PMCID: PMC6970122 DOI: 10.21037/tp.2019.03.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a general term encompassing a variety of breathing problems occurring during the sleep and characterized by frequently reported signs such as sleep apneas and snoring. Published studies on this topic are increasing over time, as demonstrated by the number of papers available on on-line databases. METHODS Google Trends is a freely accessible and reliable online portal, which allows to explore internet search data. Due to the focus on of childhood SDB in published research, and because of its impact on health and wellbeing, this original study aims at investigating the worldwide popularity of most common sleep signs (apnea and snoring) from January 1st, 2004 to present time. RESULTS The trend of interest for 'sleep', 'sleep apneas' and 'snoring' limited to pediatric age was lower than its overall popularity in the general population, thus reflecting a lower interest of these symptoms in children than in adults. Unlike an increasing trend of ongoing research, the popularity of pediatric sleep apnea and snoring was found to be relatively low around the world, and remained fairly stable over time. CONCLUSIONS This is a matter for concern, since the low popularity of SDB in children is counterbalanced by a need for reinforcing educational programs aimed at increasing widespread awareness, diagnosis and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaffanello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Michele Piazza
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Tenero
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Piacentini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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22
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Gorucu-Coskuner H, Saglam-Aydinatay B, Aksu M, Ozgur FF, Taner T. Comparison of Positive Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With and Without Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019; 57:364-370. [PMID: 31529989 DOI: 10.1177/1055665619875321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with and without cleft lip and/or palate using a previously validated questionnaire and to examine the clinical and demographic variables that may lead to increased OSA risk. DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty-five cleft lip palate and 155 noncleft children between 2 and 18 years old. INTERVENTIONS The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ): Sleep Related Breathing Disorder Scale was used for screening of increased OSA risk. Age, body mass index (BMI), gender, breast-feeding, and bottle-feeding durations were recorded for all patients. Cleft type, lip and palate operation times, nasoalveolar molding, or nutrition plaque usage was documented for the cleft lip palate group. Pearson χ2 or Fisher exact test was used for the evaluation of the qualitative variables and independent samples t test or Mann Whitney U test for quantitative variables. P < .05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean ages were 7.52 ± 3.91 and 7.50 ± 3.89 years for cleft lip palate and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups for age, gender, or BMI. Breast-feeding duration was significantly higher, and bottle-feeding duration was lower in the control group (P < .05). Mean PSQ score was significantly higher in cleft lip palate group (0.18 ± 0.12) than in control group (0.13 ± 0.1, P < .001); and prevalence of increased OSA risk was significantly higher in patients with both cleft lip and palate (P = .020). CONCLUSIONS Positive OSA screening ratio of children with cleft lip and palate (12.2%) was significantly higher than the controls (4.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Gorucu-Coskuner
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Saglam-Aydinatay
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muge Aksu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Figen Ozgur
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery, Hacettepe University, Research and Application Center for the Treatment of Cleft Lip and Palate and Craniomaxillofacial Deformities, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tulin Taner
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Gulotta G, Iannella G, Vicini C, Polimeni A, Greco A, de Vincentiis M, Visconti IC, Meccariello G, Cammaroto G, De Vito A, Gobbi R, Bellini C, Firinu E, Pace A, Colizza A, Pelucchi S, Magliulo G. Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3235. [PMID: 31487798 PMCID: PMC6765844 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) represents only part of a large group of pathologies of variable entity called respiratory sleep disorders (RSD) which include simple snoring and increased upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS). Although the etiopathogenesis of adult OSAS is well known, many aspects of this syndrome in children are still debated. Its prevalence is about 2% in children from 2 to 8 years of age, mostly related to the size of the upper airways adenoid tissue. Several risk factors linked to the development of OSAS are typical of the pediatric age. The object of this paper is to analyze the state of the art on this specific topic, discussing its implications in terms of diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Gulotta
- Department of "Organi di Senso", University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giannicola Iannella
- Department of "Organi di Senso", University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy.
| | - Claudio Vicini
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
- Ear-Nose-Throat & Audiology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of "Organi di Senso", University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Meccariello
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammaroto
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vito
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gobbi
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellini
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Firinu
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head-Neck and Oral Surgery Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pace
- Department of "Organi di Senso", University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Colizza
- Department of "Organi di Senso", University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pelucchi
- Ear-Nose-Throat & Audiology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magliulo
- Department of "Organi di Senso", University "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy
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Parmar A, Messiha S, Baker A, Zweerink A, Toulany A, Narang I. Caregiver support and positive airway pressure therapy adherence among adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. Paediatr Child Health 2019; 25:491-497. [PMID: 33354257 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Positive airway therapy (PAP) adherence rates are suboptimal among adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and strategies to increase PAP adherence is a clinical priority. This study evaluates if caregiver support is associated with PAP adherence rates among adolescents with OSA. Methods We conducted a retrospective study and evaluated PAP adherence rates among adolescents with OSA from 2012 to 2017. Adherence was measured as continuous variables: average PAP usage (minutes per night) and average PAP usage >4 hours/night (% of all nights). We evaluated if adolescents with OSA who were receiving practical caregiver support with PAP had higher adherence than adolescents with OSA without caregiver support. Results One hundred and seven adolescents with OSA (mean age=14.1±2.5 years, 64.5% male, mean BMI percentile=89.0±21.8) seen between January 2012 and August 2017 at our institution were included. In this study, 60.7% (n=65) of adolescents with OSA were receiving practical caregiver support with PAP therapy. Adolescents with OSA receiving practical caregiver support with PAP used therapy for a significantly greater duration each night compared to adolescents who were not receiving practical caregiver support (298.5±206.7 versus 211.9±187.2 minutes; P=0.02). Greater time since the initial PAP prescription was independently associated with PAP adherence. Conclusion Focusing on PAP adherence early may help adolescents with OSA incorporate therapy into their nightly routine, which may improve adherence and lead to improved health outcomes in adolescents with OSA. Practical caregiver support may be an essential component of ensuring optimal PAP adherence among adolescents with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Parmar
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sandra Messiha
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Adele Baker
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Allison Zweerink
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Alene Toulany
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Indra Narang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Andersen IG, Holm JC, Homøe P. Impact of weight-loss management on children and adolescents with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 123:57-62. [PMID: 31075707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of weight-loss management on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents with obesity. We hypothesized that a reduction in the degree of obesity was associated with a reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). METHODS OSA (AHI ≥2) was investigated using a type 3 portable sleep device (Nox T3) in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years with overweight or obesity (body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) > 1.28) at enrollment in a chronic care multidisciplinary overweight- and obesity treatment clinic. Individuals with OSA were included prospectively and longitudinally. A follow-up sleep examination was performed after 6 and 12 months from baseline accompanied by anthropometric measurements. RESULTS At baseline, 62 children with OSA were included (median age = 13.4 years, median BMI SDS = 3.16). A total of 55 out of 62 children (89%) attended the first follow-up, and 29 out of 34 children (85%) with residual OSA attended the second follow-up. By the end of the study, the AHI was normalized in 27 out of 62 children (44%). In a multiple linear regression analysis, the decrease in BMI SDS was associated with the decrease in AHI upon the first follow-up (p = 0.02) independently of sex; age; baseline puberty stage; baseline tonsillar hypertrophy; baseline AHI; baseline BMI SDS; and time to follow-up. There was no association between change in BMI SDS and change in AHI from the first to the second follow-up (p = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS OSA improved during obesity treatment, and the reduction in BMI SDS was significantly associated with the reduction in AHI after approximately six months of treatment. This indicates that obesity treatment should be considered among the first-line treatments of OSA in children and adolescents affected by overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Gillberg Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark; The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Smedelundsgade 60, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark.
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Smedelundsgade 60, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Preben Homøe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Elphick H, Watson-Thoday E, Kingshott R, Schofield R, Smith M, Edwards C, Thevasagayam M. Are sleep studies necessary prior to adenotonsillectomy? A retrospective case-controlled study of eighty-two children. Clin Otolaryngol 2019; 44:667-670. [PMID: 31006172 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Elphick
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emily Watson-Thoday
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ruth Kingshott
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert Schofield
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher Edwards
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mahilravi Thevasagayam
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Su MS, Xu L, Pan WF, Li CC. Current perspectives on the correlation of nocturnal enuresis with obstructive sleep apnea in children. World J Pediatr 2019; 15:109-116. [PMID: 30446975 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nocturnal enuresis (NE) are common clinical problems in children. OSA and NE are thought to be interrelated, but the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet clear. This review aims to explain the possible pathogenesis of NE in children with OSA. DATE SOURCES We have retrieved all relevant original articles from Database that have been published so far, including the prevalence studies of NE and OSA in children, sleep characteristic studies that use polysomnography (PSG) to focus on children with NE, and studies on the relationship between OSA and NE. RESULTS Clinical studies have revealed that the risk of NE in children with OSA was increased compared with that of their healthy peers. This increased risk may be associated with sleep disorders, bladder instability, detrusor overactivity, nocturnal polyuria, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Cardiopulmonary and renal reflex-induced neuroendocrine disorder may play an important role in the mechanism of NE in children with OSA, but this remains to be confirmed by animal studies. Other causes such as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses need to be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Shang Su
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Feng Pan
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Chong Li
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Andersen IG, Holm JC, Homøe P. Obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with and without obesity. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:871-878. [PMID: 30689039 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children referred for obesity treatment, and to compare the prevalence with that of a normal-weight group. Moreover, we examined the association between Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score (BMI SDS) and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI). METHODS This cross-sectional study included 139 children aged 7-18 years with overweight/obesity (BMI SDS >1.28) recruited from an obesity treatment clinic. The normal-weight group consisted of 33 children (BMI SDS ≤ 1.28) aged 7-18 years recruited from schools. Sleep examinations were performed using a type 3 portable sleep monitor (Nox T3). OSA was defined as AHI ≥ 2. Height and weight were measured and the tonsillar size was clinically estimated using the Brodsky scale. RESULTS The OSA prevalence was 44.6% in children with overweight/obesity compared with 9.1% in the normal-weight group (p = 0.0002), and the relative risk of OSA was 4.9 (95% CI 1.6-14.7). In a logistic regression, a one-unit increase in the BMI SDS increased the odds of having OSA by a factor of 1.92 independent of age, sex, tonsillar hypertrophy, and asthma (95% CI 1.33-2.76, p = 0.0005). A generalized linear regression adjusted for the same variables revealed an association between BMI SDS and AHI (a one-unit increase in the BMI SDS equaled an average increase in the AHI of 35% (95% CI 19-53%, p < 0.0001)). CONCLUSIONS In this study, children with overweight/obesity had a significantly higher prevalence of OSA compared with a normal-weight group. Increased BMI SDS was associated with increased AHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Gillberg Andersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Obesity Clinic, Holbaek University Hospital, Smedelundsgade 60, 4300, Holbaek, Denmark.
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Obesity Clinic, Holbaek University Hospital, Smedelundsgade 60, 4300, Holbaek, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Homøe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Tan Y, Zhang D, Mei H, Mei H, Qian Z, Stamatakis KA, Jordan SS, Yang Y, Yang S, Zhang B. Perinatal risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Sleep Med 2018; 52:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Narang I, Al-Saleh S, Amin R, Propst EJ, Bin-Hasan S, Campisi P, Ryan C, Kendzerska T. Utility of Neck, Height, and Tonsillar Size to Screen for Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Obese Youth. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 158:745-751. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599817740349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine whether neck:height ratio combined with adenoid and tonsillar size is a good predictive tool for obstructive sleep apnea in obese youth. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Sleep clinics at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Subjects and Methods Consented obese individuals aged 8 to 18 years were recruited between 2013 and 2015. Anthropometric measures were obtained by a trained research coordinator in a standardized manner. Otolaryngologists evaluated adenoid and tonsil sizes. Obstructive sleep apnea was diagnosed with an overnight polysomnogram as an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index ≥2. Multivariable logistic regressions investigated the relationship between potential predictors and obstructive sleep apnea. The C-statistic measured the predictive ability. Results Of the 53 subjects (median age, 13 years; 55% males), 28 (53%) were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, with a median index of 10.6 per hour. In a logistic regression controlling for adenoid size, enlarged tonsils were significantly associated with the presence of obstructive sleep apnea ( P < .01). Adding neck:height ratio into the model improved the model predictive ability (C-index increased from 0.73 to 0.84). Controlling for tonsil and adenoid sizes, an increase in neck:height ratio was significantly associated with the presence of obstructive sleep apnea ( P = .01). Conclusion Our study suggests that neck:height ratio combined with tonsillar hypertrophy may have a strong predictive ability for obstructive sleep apnea and may be useful in an ambulatory setting to screen obese youth at high risk. These findings should be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Narang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Suhail Al-Saleh
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reshma Amin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evan J. Propst
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saadoun Bin-Hasan
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paolo Campisi
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clodagh Ryan
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Toronto General Hospital University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tetyana Kendzerska
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Zheng Z, Zhang L, Li S, Zhao F, Wang Y, Huang L, Huang J, Zou R, Qu Y, Mu D. Association among obesity, overweight and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11697. [PMID: 28916794 PMCID: PMC5601947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, overweight and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain serious public health problems. Although lots of studies have recently explored the association among obesity, overweight and ASD, the findings are inconsistent. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies to examine the association among obesity, overweight and ASD. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were used for literature searches to identify eligible studies published in English before November 15, 2016. Relevant studies estimating the association among obesity, overweight and ASD were included. Fifteen studies encompassing 49,937,078 participants and 1,045,538 individuals with ASD were included in this study. A random effects model was chosen to synthesize the effect sizes of individual studies. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in individuals with ASD than in controls (OR = 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37–2.48, P < 0.001). However, the prevalence of overweight in individuals with ASD was not significantly different from that in controls (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.83–1.38, P = 0.62). Both sensitivity analysis and publication bias testing revealed that the findings were robust. The meta-analysis showed a significant association between obesity and ASD. However, no significant association was identified between overweight and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinglan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2017; 34:1887-920. [PMID: 27467768 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents has become a significant public health issue driving a considerable amount of research. Aspects discussed in this document include advances in the definition of HTN in 16 year or older, clinical significance of isolated systolic HTN in youth, the importance of out of office and central blood pressure measurement, new risk factors for HTN, methods to assess vascular phenotypes, clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and treatment strategies among others. The recommendations of the present document synthesize a considerable amount of scientific data and clinical experience and represent the best clinical wisdom upon which physicians, nurses and families should base their decisions. In addition, as they call attention to the burden of HTN in children and adolescents, and its contribution to the current epidemic of cardiovascular disease, these guidelines should encourage public policy makers to develop a global effort to improve identification and treatment of high blood pressure among children and adolescents.
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Kljajić Z, Roje Ž, Bečić K, Čapkun V, Vilović K, Ivanišević P, Marušić E. Formula for the prediction of apnea / hypopnea index in children with obstructive sleep apnea without polysomnography according to the clinical parameters: Is it reliable? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 100:168-173. [PMID: 28802366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to propose "the risk formula" for obstructive sleep apnea in children according to the general and local clinical parameters and findings relevant for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. The unmet need for this formula arises from the economic burden of polysomnography (device, staff, training, special sleep centers, etc) as the golden standard for the diagnostics. MATERIALS AND METHODS USED The study was performed from January 2013 until January 2016 in the Sleep Center, Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine of the University of Split, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Split, Croatia and ENT Dept. University Hospital in Split, Croatia. Inclusion criteria were: age > two years, AHI >1 diagnosed by polysomnography. Exclusion criteria were: chronic lung disease, active tonsillitis/pharyngitis at the time of the physical exam and syndromes that affect breathing. All polysomnograms were scored by a qualified sleep technologist and interpreted by two board certified sleep physicians independently. Age, sex, BMI, Mallampati score, tonsillar size and adenoids size were recorded. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS 20. RESULTS In total 60 children were included in the study. The median of age was 5 years (range 2-9). There were 19 (32%) girls and 41 (68%) boys. Of all evaluated predictors, there were statistically significant differences in the values of AHI among children with different modified Mallampati score (χ2 = 28.2; p < 0.001), different size of tonsils (χ2 = 25.3; p < 0.001) and different size of adenoids (z = 2.7; p = 0,006) in univariate regression analysis. Strong positive association of AHI with modified Mallampati score (standardized B = 0.51; partial correlation = 0.542, r = 0.631) was found, as well as positive correlation of AHI with tonsillar size (standardized B = 0.246; partial correlation = 0.295,R = 0.489) in the multivariate forward stepwise regression analysis. CONCLUSION Even though we are aware that PSG is the gold standard for diagnostics of SDB there is a significant financial burden for this diagnostic procedure. That is why there is a necessity for establishing good clinical standards and possible formula for OSA severity evaluation. We propose formula which includes Mallampati score and tonsillar size for OSA -risk calculation in order to perform early therapeutic intervention thereby reducing the risk of long-term negative consequences. We recommend this formula as the screening formula in circumstances where PSG is not available, in cases when the "waiting list" is too long or when a child can not cooperate to perform it. In developing countries like Croatia on time intervention with reduced procedure-associated costs is of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Kljajić
- University Department of ENT, University Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Željka Roje
- Private ENT Practice dr. Željka Roje, Kranjčevićeva 45, Split, Croatia
| | - Kristijan Bečić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, Split, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Čapkun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - K Vilović
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Petar Ivanišević
- University Department of ENT, University Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
| | - Eugenija Marušić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, Croatia
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Su MS, Xu L, Xu K, Zheng JS. Association of T lymphocyte immune imbalance and IL-10 gene polymorphism with the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in children with obesity. Sleep Breath 2017; 21:929-937. [PMID: 28500380 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-017-1504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine the role of T lymphocyte immune imbalance and interleukin (IL)-10 gene polymorphism in the development of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese children. METHODS One hundred obese children at high-risk and low-risk for OSA based upon a sleep questionnaire were selected. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and plasma IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines were detected by ELISA. The relationships between OSA and the above variables were analyzed. IL-10 gene polymorphisms were analyzed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Ninety subjects completed all the tests. Forty-two patients were diagnosed as OSA by PSG. Compared with non-OSA children, the levels of CD4+ T cells, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were increased (P < 0.05) whereas the numbers of CD4+ CD25+ Treg and NKT cells and the levels of IL-10 were reduced (P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that IL-10 level was negatively associated with OAHI (OR 0.352, 95% CI 0.286-0.540; P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, IL-10 also had a strong negative association with OSA after adjustment for confounding factors from models 1 to 3. Correlative analysis showed that IL-10 levels had a positive association with CD4+ CD25+ Treg (r = 0.628, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the IL-10/A-1082G gene polymorphism correlated with OSA. CONCLUSIONS T lymphocyte immune imbalance was associated with OSA and IL-10 may play an important protective role in the pathogenesis of OSA in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Shang Su
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Qingtian People's Hospital, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Shan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Associations of Overweight, Obesity and Related Factors with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders and Snoring in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020194. [PMID: 28212303 PMCID: PMC5334748 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) have been identified as a major public health problem closely related to adolescent obesity. We aimed to estimate the prevalences of SRBD and snoring in adolescents in Changchun City, Northeastern China, and to evaluate the associated factors in this population. Methods: In total, 1955 adolescents aged 11–18 years were recruited in Changchun City using stratified cluster sampling. Parents and caretakers of children completed the questionnaires, which included demographic characteristics, anthropometric parameters and a pediatric sleep questionnaire (SRBD scale). Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between SRBD, snoring and other factors. Results: The prevalences of SRBD and snoring in our population were 3.7% and 3.3%, respectively, and the prevalences of overweight and obesity were 12.6% and 4.9%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that urban residence (OR = 2.356, 95%CI: 1.251–4.435) and post-term birth (OR = 3.275, 95%CI: 1.396–7.683) were significantly associated with SRBD. Preterm birth (OR = 2.255, 95%CI: 1.021–4.980) and parental education level of university and above (OR = 0.265, 95%CI: 0.083–0.850) were significantly associated with snoring. Overweight (OR = 2.063, 95%CI: 1.062–4.006) was also related to snoring. Conclusions: The prevalences of SRBD and snoring were similar to those reported in previous studies. Urban residence and post-term birth were important influencing factors for SRBD; overweight, highest parental education level (university and above) and preterm birth were key factors affecting snoring in adolescents.
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Praud JP. Pediatric Pulmonology year in review 2015: Part 2. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51:740-6. [PMID: 27148701 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric Pulmonology covers a broad range of research and scholarly topics related to children's respiratory disorders. For updated perspectives on the rapidly expanding knowledge in our field, we will summarize the past year's publications in our major topic areas, as well as selected publications in these areas from the core clinical journal literature outside our own pages. The current review (Part 2) covers articles on sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:740-746. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Praud
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, J1H5N4, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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