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Development of a Novel Recombinant Full-Length IgY Monoclonal Antibody against Human Thymidine Kinase 1 for Automatic Chemiluminescence Analysis on a Sandwich Biotin-Streptavidin Platform for Early Tumour Discovery. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:7612566. [PMID: 36969497 PMCID: PMC10038734 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7612566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum thymidine kinase 1 protein (STK1p) concentration has been used successfully as a reliable proliferating serum biomarker in early tumour discovery and clinical settings. It is detected by an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) dot blot assay with the biotin-streptavidin (BSA) platform (a gold standard) based on chicken anti-human thymidine kinase 1 IgY polyclonal antibody (hTK1-IgY-pAb). However, ECL dot blotting is a semiautomatic method that has been limited to large-scale applications due to the differences among batches of antibodies from individual hens, and the skill level of operation technicians sometimes results in unstable STK1p values. Therefore, a highly stable recombinant chicken full-length IgY monoclonal antibody in combination with a fully automated sandwich biotin-streptavidin (sandwich-BSA) platform was developed. Hens were immunized with 31-peptide, a key sequence of human TK1 (hTK1), before constructing an immune phage display scFv library. Finally, a recombinant full-length IgY monoclonal antibody (hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5) with high-affinity binding with human recombinant TK1 (rhTK1) (
mol/L), high sensitivity with hTK1 calibrators (slope of linear curve: 89.98), and high specificity with low/elevated STK1p (
-0.963) was identified. hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 showed a specific immune response with thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in TK1-positive/negative cell lysates by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in normal and cancer tissues. In particular, the detection of TK1 serum samples from health centres showed a high coincidence rate (
) between hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 and hTK1-IgY-pAb and between the semiautomatic ECL dot blot BSA platform and the novel automatic chemiluminescence sandwich-BSA platform (
). hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 is stable and highly sensitive for detecting the lowest STK1p value at 0.01 pmol/L (pM). The accuracy is high (
) between different batches. It is easy to use the novel hTK1-IgY-rmAb#5 on a new automatic chemiluminescence sandwich-BSA platform. It will be beneficial for large-scale health screenings.
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Fang Y, Skog S, Ou Q, Chen Z, Liu S, Hei A, Li J, Zhou J, He E, Wan D. Is serum thymidine kinase 1 a prognostic biomarker in primary tumor location of colorectal carcinomas? Discov Oncol 2023; 14:21. [PMID: 36800051 PMCID: PMC9938097 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess whether serum thymidine kinase 1 (STK1p), CEA and CA19.9 can be used as prognostic biomarkers in the primary tumor location (PTL) of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Additional clinical factors of TNM stage, pathological grade, age and sex were also included. METHODS STK1p was determined by an ECL-dot-blot assay, and CEA/CA19.9 was determined by an automatic electrochemiluminescence analyzer in a retrospective presurgery of right-colon carcinoma (R-CC, n = 90), left-colon carcinoma (L-CC, n = 128) and rectal carcinoma (RC, n = 270). Prognostic factors were evaluated by COX and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The multivariate-COX and OS in relation to the prognostic factors of PTL in CRC were different and complex. An elevated STK1p value was significantly associated with poor OS in RC (P = 0.002) and L-CC (P = 0.037) but not in R-CC (P > 0.05). Elevated CEA (P≈.000) and CA19.9 (P≈.000) were significantly associated with poor OS in RC but not in L-CC and R-CC. Multivariate-COX showed that STK1p (P = 0.02, HR = 1.779, 95%CI 1.30-7.582), CEA (P = 0.001, HR = 2.052, 95%CI 1.320-3.189), CA19.9 (P≈.000, HR = 2.574, 95%CI 1.592-4.162) and TNM-stage (P≈.000, HR = 2.368, 95%CI 1.518-3.694) were independent prognostic factors in RC, while TNM-stage was an independent prognostic factor only in R-CC (P = 0.011, HR = 3.139, 95% CI 1.30-7.582) and L-CC (P≈.000, HR = 4.168, 95%CI 1.980-8.852). Moreover, elevated STK1p was significantly more sensitive (P < .001) for predicting mortality than CEA and CA19.9. No correlation was found between STK1p, CEA or AFP. CONCLUSION Combining TNM stage and suitable biomarkers, STK1p provides further reliable information on the survival of PTL of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Fang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yassin University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yassin University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Sven Skog
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, 3rd Floor, Building 1, Guanlan Street, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yassin University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yassin University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- Management Centre, Third Xiangyan Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Senbo Liu
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, 3rd Floor, Building 1, Guanlan Street, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Ailian Hei
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, 3rd Floor, Building 1, Guanlan Street, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, 3rd Floor, Building 1, Guanlan Street, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, 3rd Floor, Building 1, Guanlan Street, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Ellen He
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Ellen-Sven Precision Medicine Institute, 3rd Floor, Building 1, Guanlan Street, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Desen Wan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yassin University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yassin University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510060 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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Im JH, Park SM, An JH, Kim TH, Chae HK, Oh YI, Seo KW, Youn HY. Evaluation of serum interleukin 2 receptor and beta-2-microglobulin as prognostic factors for canine lymphoma: A pilot study. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:184-190. [PMID: 36635848 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) is released from activated T cell lymphocytes and related to proliferation of B cells and T cells. Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) is synthesized from all nucleated cells and constitutes a major histocompatibility complex class I antigen. In human medicine, high concentrations of these two factors have been found to be related to prognosis in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the correlation between the serum concentration of IL-2R and B2M and the diagnosis and prognosis of canine lymphoma. This study included 8 healthy dogs and 17 dogs with lymphoma. To measure the serum concentration of IL-2R and B2M, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used. In dogs with lymphoma, IL-2R concentrations were significantly high at the time of diagnosis, but B2M concentrations were not. In relapsed dogs, both IL-2R and B2M concentrations were significantly higher than those in the control and chemotherapy response groups. When the serum concentrations of IL-2R and B2M during chemotherapy were monitored in four relapsed dogs, B2M levels were more closely related with relapse. This study demonstrated that serum IL-2R and B2M concentration can be a diagnostic or prognostic tool for canine lymphoma. Monitoring of serum B2M concentration seems to be useful for predicting relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeon Im
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tea-Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cruz, Tipantiza N, Torres, Arias M. Tecnología IgY: Estrategia en el tratamiento de enfermedades infecciosas humanas. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La aparición de microorganismos resistentes a antibióticos, el descubrimiento de nuevos agentes patógenos con potencial pandémico y el aumento de una población inmunocomprometida han dejado casi obsoleta la terapia antimicrobiana, terapia comúnmente usada para tratar enfermedades infecciosas. Por otro lado, las investigaciones acerca del uso del anticuerpo IgY para desarrollar inmunidad pasiva han demostrado el potencial que tiene la tecnología IgY para tratar enfermedades infecciosas víricas y bacterianas. Donde los anticuerpos IgY de aves se destacan por su alta especificidad, rendimiento y escalabilidad de producción a menor costo, con relación a los anticuerpos IgG de mamíferos. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar la importancia del uso de los anticuerpos IgY como tratamiento terapéutico y profiláctico frente a los patógenos causantes de infecciones virales y bacterianas en humanos, mediante la recopilación de ensayos clínicos, productos comerciales y patentes registradas en el período de 2010-2021. Finalmente, con este estudio se estableció que la tecnología IgY es una herramienta biotecnológica versátil y eficaz para tratar y prevenir enfermedades infecciosas, al reducir los síntomas y la carga del patógeno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Cruz, Tipantiza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
| | - Marbel Torres, Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE
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Wang Z, Zhang G, Li Z, Li J, Ma H, Hei A, Jiao S, Hu Y, Sun S, Wu L, Zhou J, Wang Y, He E, Skog S. STK1p as a prognostic biomarker for overall survival in non-small-cell lung carcinoma, based on real-world data. Future Sci OA 2020; 7:FSO661. [PMID: 33552542 PMCID: PMC7849927 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A prospective investigation of serum thymidine kinase 1 concentration (STK1p) was performed to evaluate its prognostic value in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLCs). Patients & methods: The STK1p values of 127 patients were determined by an enhanced chemiluminescent dot blot assay. The patients were recruited from March 2011 to December 2017. Results: Kaplan–Meier plot showed that patients with elevated STK1p values had worse overall survival (OS), especially patients of early/middle stages. Multi-variable COX regression showed that STK1p value and combined treatment surgery + chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors for favorable OS. Conclusion: STK1p is helpful in predicting OS of early/middle stages (I–IIIA) NSCLCs patients following a nonrandomized individual adapted treatment, but is may be not recommended in advanced stages (IIIB + IV) of NSCLCs. Lung cancer is one of the most common types of tumors, with a high mortality rate. We investigate if thymidine kinase 1 in serum (STK1p) is a reliable prognostic marker for survival in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. We recruited 127 patients in this study. STK1p level was determined using a high-sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot assay. Patients with elevated STK1p values had worse overall survival, especially patients in the early/middle cancer stages. Analysis showed that STK1p is an independent prognostic factors for overall survival. We concluded that STK1p is helpful predicting the efficacy of treatment in non-small-cell lung carcinoma for those in the early/middle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Shizi Street 188, Gusu District, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Peking 301 Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Shizi Street 188, Gusu District, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen SSTK Precision Medicine Institute, A301, Building 1, 1301-76 Guanguang Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen SSTK Precision Medicine Institute, A301, Building 1, 1301-76 Guanguang Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ailian Hei
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen SSTK Precision Medicine Institute, A301, Building 1, 1301-76 Guanguang Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Shizi Street 188, Gusu District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Shizi Street 188, Gusu District, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Shizi Street 188, Gusu District, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Shizi Street 188, Gusu District, Suzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen SSTK Precision Medicine Institute, A301, Building 1, 1301-76 Guanguang Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Health Management Center of PLA 910 Hospital, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Ellen He
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen SSTK Precision Medicine Institute, A301, Building 1, 1301-76 Guanguang Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sven Skog
- Department of Medicine, Shenzhen SSTK Precision Medicine Institute, A301, Building 1, 1301-76 Guanguang Road, Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
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Jagarlamudi KK, Shaw M. Thymidine kinase 1 as a tumor biomarker: technical advances offer new potential to an old biomarker. Biomark Med 2018; 12:1035-1048. [PMID: 30039979 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a key enzyme in DNA precursor synthesis. It is upregulated during the S phase of the cell cycle and its presence in cells is an indicator of active cell proliferation. In studies since the 1980s, TK1 has been shown as a clinically valuable biomarker for the management of hematological malignancies. However, TK1 activity assays may underestimate serum TK1 in subjects with solid tumors limiting its sensitivity. The development of TK1 immunoassays has made the assay of TK1 more widely available and increased its applicability to solid tumor diseases. This paper will review TK1 as a tumor biomarker with emphasis on recent studies and technologies plus highlight its potential in drug discovery and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Jagarlamudi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, PO Box 7011, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.,AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Shaw
- AroCell AB, Virdings Allé 32B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wei YT, Luo YZ, Feng ZQ, Huang QX, Mo AS, Mo SX. TK1 overexpression is associated with the poor outcomes of lung cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomark Med 2018; 12:403-413. [PMID: 29575921 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to unveil the effect of TK1 expression on the clinicopathological significance and prognosis in patients with lung cancer. Results & methodology: Studies for meta-analysis were selected according to a thorough literature search in databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese databases). Ten studies containing 1393 lung cancer patients were investigated in our analysis. The TK1 overexpression was associated with poorer overall survival(OS) in lung cancer patients (hazard ratio = 1.881; 95% CI:1.318-2.684, Z = 3.48; p = 0.001). Furthermore, The TK1 expression is associated with the clinicopathological features of lung cancer patients (tumor type, age, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor, node, metastasis [TNM] stages). Discussion & conclusion: The TK1 expression might have a supportive implication in assessing biological behavior and prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhong Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Qiang-Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - An-Sheng Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
| | - Shao-Xiong Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning 530023, PR China
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Wang J, Liu Q, Zhou X, He Y, Guo Q, Shi Q, Eriksson S, Zhou J, He E, Skog S. Thymidine kinase 1 expression in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma is superior to Ki-67: A new prognostic biomarker. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28651488 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with abnormally proliferating cells and therefore proliferation rate is an important index for assessing tumour growth. Ki-67 is a commonly used proliferation marker considered to be an unfavourable prognostic marker in some tumors, while Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is an interesting proliferation marker because its levels are highly dependent on the growth stage of cells. To define the immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression of the TK1 in patients with ovarian serous adenocarcinoma and establish its potential role as a new biomarker for progressive disease, we analyzed the expression patterns of TK1 and Ki-67 in 109 patients with ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. TK1 and Ki-67 expression both showed a statistically significant correlation to MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) grade, but not to age, tumour size, lymph node metastasis or pathological TNM (pTNM) stages. TK1 expression, MDACC grades, pathological stages and lymph node metastasis correlate to relapse incident rate and overall survival, but Ki-67 does not. Although TK1 expression, MDACC grade, pTNM stage and lymph node metastasis significantly correlate to relapse in the Cox univariate analysis, in the multivariate Cox analysis only TK1 expression and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. The overall survival also correlated significantly to TK1 expression, MDACC grade, pTNM stage and lymph node metastasis in the Cox univariate analysis. However, only the pTNM stage was found to be an independent prognostic factor for survival in the Cox multivariate analysis. Therefore, though TK1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for relapse, but not for survival, TK1 is a more informative expression than Ki-67 for LI, relapse and overall survival rates. Thus, when TK1 is combined with MDACC grading, pTNM staging and lymph node metastasis, IHC determination of TK1 expression may improve the overall prediction of prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- 2 Department of Gynaecology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodie Zhou
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan He
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Guo
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunli Shi
- 1 Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- 3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ji Zhou
- 4 Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen He
- 4 Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Sven Skog
- 4 Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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9
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Dong S, Shen J, Yu H, Zhou J, Li J, Ma H, He E, Skog S. Serum TK1 is a more reliable marker than CEA and AFP for cancer screening in a study of 56,286 people. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:529-36. [PMID: 27002755 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the number of cancer patients will increase by about 70% during the next 25 years world-wide. To deal with this problem, WHO has suggested a focus on prevention of tumor incidence and health screening for early detection of people with tumors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), CEA and AFP in serum to discover people with malignant tumors through health cancer screening. METHODS Of a cohort in 486,085 people of a routine health screening at the Health Centre, Fujun 180 Hospital, Quanzhou city, China, 56,286 people were investigated according to the presence of cancer during 2009-2014. The concentration of CEA and AFP were determined by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay from Roche Diagnostics e601GmbH and STK1 by a commercial kit based on an enhanced chemiluminescent dot blot assay. RESULTS The cancer incident rate increased from 0.048/100,000 to 0.220/100,000. The most common types of tumors were those of the liver, cervix and lung. STK1 correlated to tumor growth rate, was more sensitive than CEA and AFP for discovering people with malignant tumors and more sensitive among people who had diagnosis of malignant tumor. STK1 was also a prognostic biomarker for death at 10-40 months follow-up, while CEA and AFP were not. A combination of these markers increased the sensitivity by about 30%. CONCLUSION STK1 is a reliable biomarker for discovering people with malignant tumors in cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Health Management Center of PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorong Jiang
- Health Management Center of PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shaoliang Dong
- Medicine Management Department, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankun Shen
- Medicine Management Department, PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haixia Yu
- Health Management Center of PLA 180 Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ellen He
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Sven Skog
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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Cao X, Zhou J, Chen Z. Standardized Centile Curves and Reference Intervals of Serum Thymidine Kinase 1 Levels in a Normal Chinese Population Using the LMS Method. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:445-50. [PMID: 27337028 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to re-establish a set of normative data for serum thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) for the Chinese population. METHODS The study included 14,960 Chinese subjects (9586 males and 5374 females) from 20 to 79 years old. Subjects suffering from diseases that could affect STK1 levels were excluded. STK1 was measured by a sensitive chemiluminescence dot blot assay. The reference intervals were calculated using the LMS method. RESULTS Peak thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) serum levels were observed at 20 years of age for both genders. After the age of 20 years, serum TK1 levels decreased slowly from 0.51 to 0.36 pM, reaching a plateau to a mean of 0.35 pM in late adulthood. The mean pretreatment STK1 Z-scores in patients with solid malignant tumors obtained from related studies for cancers were 0.01 ± 0.99 (males, -0.07 ± 0.97; females, 0.09 ± 1.02). CONCLUSIONS The present study established age- and gender-specific normative STK1 data for the Chinese population and showed the utility of these references for screening patients with solid malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- 1 Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- 2 Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- 1 Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Xie J, Yang D, Han G, Zhang Y, Fu Q. The assay and clinical significance of serum thymidine kinase 1 in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Eur Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-015-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Rausch S, Hennenlotter J, Teepe K, Kuehs U, Aufderklamm S, Bier S, Mischinger J, Gakis G, Stenzl A, Schwentner C, Todenhöfer T. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is characterized by overexpression of thymidine kinase 1. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:426.e21-9. [PMID: 26231311 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thymidine kinases have an important role in the synthesis of DNA and exhibit high activity in rapidly proliferating cells. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity has been shown to be increased in various cancer types and proposed as a prognostic parameter. Aim of the present study was to investigate TK1 in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS Corresponding UC and benign samples from paraffin embedded tissue of 111 patients treated with cystectomy for invasive UC from 1996 to 2006 were immunohistochemically (IHC) assessed for TK1. IHC expression patterns were evaluated in a semiquantitative fashion by 2 independent reviewers. Localization of staining was categorized into pure nuclear and additional cytoplasmic localization. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to assess differential expression in normal and UC tissue and to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive capability of TK1 by correlation to clinical data. To correlate TK1 expression with molecular subtypes of UC, analysis of TK1 RNA expression levels of the Cancer Genome Atlas UC cohort was performed. RESULTS TK1 was significantly overexpressed in invasive UC, compared to benign urothelium (P<0.0001), and cytoplasmic expression was more often found in cancer tissue than in benign tissue (P = 0.0001). No correlations of TK1 protein expression patterns to standard histopathological determinants were detected. In univariate analysis, TK1 nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was associated with improved cancer-specific survival (P = 0.0119). However, only metastasis status and histologic grade were identified as independent predictors of cancer-specific survival in multivariate analysis. TK1 expression was merely found in the basal layers of benign urothelium. RNA overexpression of TK1 could be correlated to the biologically more aggressive basal UC subtype. CONCLUSIONS TK1 expression is significantly different in invasive UC and benign urothelium, which underlines its potential as a diagnostic marker. Although TK1 is considered to be a marker of proliferation, and TK1 RNA overexpression is associated with an aggressive UC subtype, its capability as a predictive IHC biomarker for invasive UC remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Teepe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kuehs
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Aufderklamm
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simone Bier
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Mischinger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schwentner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany; Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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13
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Alexandrakis I, Tuli R, Ractliffe SC, Tappin SW, Foale RD, Roos A, Slater KJ. Utility of a multiple serum biomarker test to monitor remission status and relapse in dogs with lymphoma undergoing treatment with chemotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 15:6-17. [PMID: 25319380 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A blinded retrospective study was conducted to investigate remission and recurrence of lymphoma in dogs receiving chemotherapy. The objective was to compare clinicians' assessment using palpation and cytology to the results of serum biochemical tests for haptoglobin (Hapt) and C-reactive protein (C-RP). These biochemical test results were combined using a diagnostic algorithm developed using data from 344 individual dogs. This multivariate approach, termed the canine lymphoma blood test (cLBT), was used to follow 57 dogs during and after treatment. cLBT of remission and recurrence compared well with clinicians' assessment and differentiated dogs in remission and those with recurring disease before appearance of lymphadenopathy (P < 0.001). The cLBT demonstrated prognostic potential based on pre-treatment values on dogs with shorter survival times and on those achieving the lowest cLBT score during treatment that showed longer survival times. The test, therefore, demonstrates potential to assist in monitoring treatment of canine lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alexandrakis
- Avacta Animal Health Unit 651, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FZ, UK
| | - R Tuli
- Avacta Animal Health Unit 651, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FZ, UK
| | - S C Ractliffe
- Avacta Animal Health Unit 651, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FZ, UK
| | - S W Tappin
- Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, United Kingdom
| | - R D Foale
- Dick White Referrals Station Farm, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, United Kingdom
| | - A Roos
- Dierenkliniek Korte Akkeren, Gouda, Netherlands
| | - K J Slater
- Avacta Animal Health Unit 651, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby, LS23 7FZ, UK
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14
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Bolayirli M, Papila C, Korkmaz GG, Papila B, Aydoğan F, Karataş A, Uzun H. Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity in solid tumor (breast and colorectal cancer) patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 27:220-6. [PMID: 23686779 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the changing of TK1 (where TK is thymidine kinase) activity before and after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast and colorectal cancer. METHODS The study included 16 breast cancer, 25 colorectal cancer, and 38 healthy volunteers as the control group. Blood samples were taken twice from each patient; first at the beginning of the chemotherapy and second after six cycles of chemotherapy. TK1 activity was measured enzyme immunoassay method. RESULTS The mean TK1 activity in the breast and colorectal cancer was significantly higher than the controls. TK1 activity in the colorectal cancer was higher than the breast cancer but this difference was not significant. TK1 activity after six doses of chemotherapy was lower than baseline TK1 activity before the start of chemotherapy in breast and colorectal cancer. TK1 activity was positively correlated with CA15-3, before and after chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. TK1 activity in the colorectal cancer was also positively correlated with CA19-9, before and after chemotherapy. The values for the cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under curve were determined for TK1 as >44.36 Du/L, 68.29%, 100% and 0.819, respectively in all subjects. CONCLUSION Our results showed that serum TK1 activity in patients with breast and colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that of the healthy controls. Moreover, after the completion of chemotherapy the values were lower than baseline. Pretreatment TK1 activity should be considered as a useful marker for assessment tumor cell proliferation in breast and colorectal cancer. Further work is needed to understand TK1 activity better in large populations of patients with solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolayirli
- Central Biochemistry Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Suzuki K, Terui Y, Yokoyama M, Ueda K, Nishimura N, Mishima Y, Sakajiri S, Tsuyama N, Takeuchi K, Hatake K. Prognostic value of high thymidine kinase activity in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated by rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2412-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.779690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Suzuki
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology/Hematology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Terui
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokoyama
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ueda
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishimura
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mishima
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Sakajiri
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Hatake
- Department of Medical Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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ZHOU JI, HE ELLEN, SKOG SVEN. The proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in clinical use. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:18-28. [PMID: 24649117 PMCID: PMC3956229 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-related biomarkers are used for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of treatments and follow-up of cancer patients, although only a few are fully accepted for the detection of invisible/visible tumors in health screening. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), a cell cycle-dependent and thus a proliferation-related marker, has been extensively studied during the last decades, using both biochemical and immunological techniques. Therefore, TK1 is an emerging potential proliferating biomarker in oncology that may be used for the prognosis and monitoring of tumor therapy, relapse and survival. In addition, TK1 concentration in serum (STK1p) is a useful biomarker in healthy screening for the detection of potential malignancy development as well as the identification of early-stage tumors, with a few false-positive cases (ROC value, 0.96; tumor proliferation sensitivity, 0.80; specificity, 0.99). In this review, we examine results regarding the expression of STK1p and TK1 in relation to cancer patients and STK1p in health screening published between 2000 and 2012. The use of tumor-related markers recommended by international cancer organizations is also discussed. This review provides valuable information for applications in tumor patients, in health screening and for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- JI ZHOU
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - ELLEN HE
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - SVEN SKOG
- Sino-Swed Molecular Bio-Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
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Sharif H, von Euler H, Westberg S, He E, Wang L, Eriksson S. A sensitive and kinetically defined radiochemical assay for canine and human serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) to monitor canine malignant lymphoma. Vet J 2012; 194:40-7. [PMID: 22516918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a cell cycle regulated enzyme with maximum expression during the S phase. Serum TK1 (S-TK1) is a unique biomarker for cell proliferation. Here, an optimized [(3)H]-thymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay is described, which is as sensitive as the commercially available TK-REA and TK-Liaison assays for measurement of S-TK1 activity in dogs and humans. Serum samples from dogs (35 healthy, 32 with lymphoma, 2 with leukemia, and 35 with solid tumors) and humans (18 healthy, 9 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 10 with myelodysplastic syndrome) were analyzed using the [(3)H]-dThd assay. Mean S-TK1 activities were 1.11 ± 0.46 pmol/min/mL in healthy dogs and 1.15 ± 0.32 pmol/min/mL in healthy humans. S-TK1 activities in dogs with hematological malignancies were 24.2 ± 47.9 pmol/min/mL, and the receiver operating characteristic curve showed an area under the curve of 0.88. With a cut-off value of 1.9 pmol/min/mL (mean value ± 2 SD), the sensitivity was 0.94 and the specificity was 0.68. Very similar results were obtained with human samples (healthy and lymphoma cases). S-TK1 activities measured during chemotherapy of six dogs with lymphoma were drastically reduced. In one case, S-TK1 activity increased prior to relapse. S-TK1 levels in dogs with solid tumors did not differ from the healthy group. S-TK1 activities correlated with those determined with the TK-REA and TK-Liaison assays (r=0.92 and r=0.96, respectively). In conclusion, this optimized [(3)H]-dThd assay is fast, sensitive and economical for measuring S-TK1 activity and should increase its clinical use as biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sharif
- Department of Anatomy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BMC, P.O. Box 575, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Procházka V, Faber E, Raida L, Langová K, Indrák K, Papajík T. High baseline serum thymidine kinase 1 level predicts unfavorable outcome in patients with follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1306-10. [PMID: 22263569 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.654339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a sensitive marker of tumor cell proliferation. TK1 has been reported as a reliable prognostic factor in solid tumors and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but has not yet been tested in large populations of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this study, the prognostic significance of TK1 levels was assessed in 170 prospectively enrolled patients with previously untreated follicular lymphoma (FL). The TK1 level at the time of treatment initiation was shown to correlate with the clinical stage, Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score, β(2)-microglobulin level, lactate dehydrogenase level and B symptoms. No correlation was found with FL grade or Ki-67 proliferation index. Cox regression analysis identified high TK1 levels (≥ 15I U/L) as a prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio 2.91, p = 0.019) and progression-free survival (hazard ratio 1.94, p = 0.022) independent of FLIPI score variables. Thus, TK1 levels may help to refine risk assessment in the modern immunotherapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vít Procházka
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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19
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Xu Y, Shi QL, Ma H, Zhou H, Lu Z, Yu B, Zhou X, Eriksson S, He E, Skog S. High thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) expression is a predictor of poor survival in patients with pT1 of lung adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2011; 33:475-83. [PMID: 22143937 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the association of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) expression in tumour tissues with clinical pathological parameters and prognosis in patients with pathological T1 (pT1) lung adenocarcinoma. The expression of TK1 was studied by immunohistochemistry techniques in 80 patients with surgically resected pT1 lung adenocarcinoma, retrospectively and at >10-year follow-up. Compared to patients with low TK1 expression [labelling index (LI) <25.0%], patients with high TK1 expression (LI ≥ 25.0%) showed significantly increased lymphatic/vascular permeation and lymph node involvement and higher stromal invasion grade and pathological stage, and a greater number of patients had a tumour size of 2.1 to 3.0 cm. The 5-year survival and the mortality during follow-up for patients with high TK1 expression were significantly worse than that of patients with low TK1 expression. The prognoses of the cases with grade 0, grade 1 and grade 2 stromal invasions were similar and were better than those of cases with grade 3. In patients with stromal invasion grade 3, the 5-year survival and the mortality during follow-up were significantly worse for patients with high TK1 compared to patients with low TK1 expression. Univariate analyses showed that stromal invasion and TK1 expression were significant prognostic factors, while in the multivariate analysis, TK1 expression and tumour stage were found to be independent prognostic factors, but not stromal invasion. This is the first study showing that TK1 expression in combination with stromal invasion is a more reliable prognostic factor than stromal invasion classification itself in patients with pT1 lung adenocarcinoma. TK1 expression enables a further classification of the patients and opens opportunities for improved treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 305 Zhongshangdong Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Serological thymidine kinase 1 is a biomarker for early detection of tumours--a health screening study on 35,365 people, using a sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot assay. SENSORS 2011; 11:11064-80. [PMID: 22247653 PMCID: PMC3251970 DOI: 10.3390/s111211064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serological thymidine kinase 1 (STK1) is a reliable proliferation marker for prognosis, monitoring tumour therapy, and relapse. Here we investigated the use of STK1 in health screening for early detection of pre-malignant and malignant diseases. The investigation was based on 35,365 participants in four independent health screening studies in China between 2005–2011. All participants were clinically examined. The concentration of STK1 was determined by a sensitive chemiluminescent dot blot ECL assay. The ROCvalue of the STK1 assay was 0.96. At a cut-off STK1 value of 2.0 pM, the likelihood (+) value was 236.5, and the sensitivity and the specificity were 0.78 and 0.99, respectively. The relative number of city-dwelling people with elevated STK1 values (≥2.0 pM) was 0.8% (198/26,484), while the corresponding value for the group of oil-field workers was 5.8% (514/8,355). The latter group expressed significantly higher frequency of refractory anaemia, fatty liver, and obesity, compared to the city dwellers, but no cases of breast hyperplasia or prostate hyperplasia. Furthermore, people working in oil drilling/oil transportation showed higher STK1 values and higher frequency of pre-malignancies and benign diseases than people working in the oil-field administration. In the STK1 elevated group of the city-dwelling people, a statistically significantly higher number of people were found to have malignancies, pre-malignancies of all types, moderate/severe type of hyperplasia of breast or prostate, or refractory anaemia, or to be at high risk for hepatitis B, compared to people with normal STK1 values (<2.0 pM). No malignancies were found in the normal STK1 group. In the elevated STK1 group 85.4% showed diseases linked to a higher risk for pre-/early cancerous progression, compared to 52.4% of those with normal STK1 values. Among participants with elevated STK1 values, 8.8% developed new malignancies or progress in their pre-malignancies within 5 to 72 months, compared to 0.2% among people with normal STK1 values. People who showed elevated STK1 values were at about three to five times higher risk to develop malignancies compared to a calculated risk based on a cancer incidence rate of 0.2–0.3%. We conclude that serological TK1 protein concentration is a reliable marker for risk assessment of pre/early cancerous progression.
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21
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Aufderklamm S, Todenhöfer T, Gakis G, Kruck S, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Schwentner C. Thymidine kinase and cancer monitoring. Cancer Lett 2011; 316:6-10. [PMID: 22068047 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinases (TK) have a key function in the synthesis of DNA. Two isoenzymes have been characterized: TK1 is cell cycle-dependent and present in the cytoplasm whereas TK2--located in mitochondria--is cell cycle-independent. The diagnostic and prognostic role of TK1 has recently been investigated. TK1 might be helpful for screening and monitoring of human malignancies. TK1 may also serve as a prognostic factor for progression. Herein, we summarize the status of TK1 for cancer monitoring and point out its use as a proliferation marker. A comprehensive overview about the association of TK-1 with various entities is given.
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Thamm DH, Kamstock DA, Sharp CR, Johnson SI, Mazzaferro E, Herold LV, Barnes SM, Winkler K, Selting KA. Elevated serum thymidine kinase activity in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma*. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:292-302. [PMID: 22236280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a soluble biomarker associated with DNA synthesis. This prospective study evaluated serum TK1 activity in dogs presenting with hemoabdomen and a splenic mass. An ELISA using azidothymidine as a substrate was used to evaluate TK1 activity. Sixty-two dogs with hemoabdomen and 15 normal controls were studied. Serum TK1 activity was significantly higher in dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) than in normal dogs (mean ± SEM = 17.0 ± 5.0 and 2.01 ± 0.6, respectively), but not dogs with benign disease (mean ± SEM = 10.0 ± 3.3). Using a cut-off of 6.55 U/L, TK activity demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.52, specificity of 0.93, positive predictive value of 0.94 and negative predictive value of 0.48 for distinguishing HSA versus normal. When interval thresholds of <1.55 and >7.95 U/L were used together, diagnostic utility was increased. Serum TK1 evaluation may help to discriminate between benign disease and HSA in dogs with hemoabdomen and a splenic mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Thamm
- Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Gakis G, Hennenlotter J, Scharpf M, Hevler J, Schilling D, Kuehs U, Stenzl A, Schwentner C. XPA-210: a new proliferation marker to characterize tumor biology and progression of renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 2010; 29:801-6. [PMID: 21113600 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-010-0621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent lung cancer data have shown an association of XPA-210, a key peptide of thymidine kinase, with advanced disease. We thus assessed its proliferation status in primary (M0) and metastatic (M1) renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Paraffin slides from 30 patients (mean age: 61.2 years; range: 42-84) with clear-cell RCC (M0 in 10; non-osseous M1 in 10; osseous M1 in 10) were T-matched for pT1/pT3. Corresponding malignant and benign renal parenchyma were immunohistochemically stained against XPA-210. Staining density was determined by a semi-quantitative score of positive cell shares. Staining intensity included the precise cellular location. RESULTS XPA-210 occurred predominantly in the nucleus, with a minor cytoplasmatic component. RCC tissue showed higher density and stronger intensity than did benign renal tissue in both nucleus (P = 0.005) and cytoplasm (P = 0.01). Density and intensity were positively associated with tumor diameters ≤7 cm, whereas they tended to correlate inversely in tumors >7 cm (P 0.07). Density of stained cells was significantly higher in metastatic than in localized RCC in both nucleus and cytoplasm (P < 0.04). Non-osseous M1 tissue showed significantly higher nuclear and cytoplasmatic expression than did M0 tissue (P < 0.05), whereas osseous M1 tissue did not. CONCLUSIONS In all RCC tissues, XPA-210 staining was significantly higher in the nucleus than in cytoplasm, potentially owing to large cytoplasmatic spaces as a characteristic histologic feature of clear-cell component. XPA-210 expression gradually increased from localized to metastatic disease, peaking in patients without bone involvement. Therefore, XPA-210 might aid the selection of appropriate adjuvant treatment in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gakis
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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von Euler H, Eriksson S. Comparative aspects of the proliferation marker thymidine kinase 1 in human and canine tumour diseases. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 9:1-15. [PMID: 21303450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As cell proliferation is one of the hallmarks of cancer, various types of proliferation markers are used as important tools in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision-making and follow-up in clinical oncology. The S phase-specific protein thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) can be used in immunohistochemistry for RNA/protein expression in tissue specimens and for activity or protein/peptide levels in serum from patients. TK1 has been used mainly in haematologic malignancies in humans, but also found beneficial in canine malignancies. As the protein sequence homology is high between humans and dogs, findings in canine models will have a high comparative value in further human research as well. In the present review, we will focus on the recent results concerning TK1's S phase-correlated expression, increased serum levels of TK1 in patients with malignancies and the relevance for veterinary and comparative oncology. Finally, the benefit of recently developed specific anti-TK1 antibodies suitable for immunologic assay is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H von Euler
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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