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The Ixodes ricinus salivary gland proteome during feeding and B. Afzelii infection: New avenues for an anti-tick vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:1951-1960. [PMID: 36797101 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis, are transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Tick saliva proteins are instrumental for survival of both the vector and spirochete and have been investigated as targets for vaccine targeting the vector. In Europe, the main vector for Lyme borreliosis is Ixodes ricinus, which predominantly transmits Borrelia afzelii. We here investigated the differential production of I. ricinus tick saliva proteins in response to feeding and B. afzelii infection. METHOD Label-free Quantitative Proteomics and Progenesis QI software was used to identify, compare, and select tick salivary gland proteins differentially produced during tick feeding and in response to B. afzelii infection. Tick saliva proteins were selected for validation, recombinantly expressed and used in both mouse and guinea pig vaccination and tick-challenge studies. RESULTS We identified 870 I. ricinus proteins from which 68 were overrepresented upon 24-hours of feeding and B. afzelii infection. Selected tick proteins were successfully validated by confirming their expression at the RNA and native protein level in independent tick pools. When used in a recombinant vaccine formulation, these tick proteins significantly reduced the post-engorgement weights of I. ricinus nymphs in two experimental animal models. Despite the reduced ability of ticks to feed on vaccinated animals, we observed efficient transmission of B. afzelii to the murine host. CONCLUSION Using quantitative proteomics, we identified differential protein production in I. ricinus salivary glands in response to B. afzelii infection and different feeding conditions. These results provide novel insights into the process of I. ricinus feeding and B. afzelii transmission and revealed novel candidates for an anti-tick vaccine.
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The Correlation between Subolesin-Reactive Epitopes and Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081327. [PMID: 36016215 PMCID: PMC9414912 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an environmentally-friendly alternative for tick control. The tick antigen Subolesin (SUB) has shown protection in vaccines for the control of multiple tick species in cattle. Additionally, recent approaches in quantum vaccinomics have predicted SUB-protective epitopes and the peptide sequences involved in protein−protein interactions in this tick antigen. Therefore, the identification of B-cell−reactive epitopes by epitope mapping using a SUB peptide array could be essential as a novel strategy for vaccine development. Subolesin can be used as a model to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches for the identification of protective epitopes related to vaccine protection and efficacy. In this study, the mapping of B-cell linear epitopes of SUB from three different tick species common in Uganda (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. decoloratus, and Amblyomma variegatum) was conducted using serum samples from two cattle breeds immunized with SUB-based vaccines. The results showed that in cattle immunized with SUB from R. appendiculatus (SUBra) all the reactive peptides (Z-score > 2) recognized by IgG were also significant (Z-ratio > 1.96) when compared to the control group. Additionally, some of the reactive peptides recognized by IgG from the control group were also recognized in SUB cocktail−immunized groups. As a significant result, cattle groups that showed the highest vaccine efficacy were Bos indicus immunized with a SUB cocktail (92%), and crossbred cattle were immunized with SUBra (90%) against R. appendiculatus ticks; the IgG from these groups recognized overlapping epitopes from the peptide SPTGLSPGLSPVRDQPLFTFRQVGLICERMMKERESQIRDEYDHVLSAKLAEQYDTFVKFTYDQKRFEGATPSYLS (Z-ratio > 1.96), which partially corresponded to a Q38 peptide and the SUB protein interaction domain. These identified epitopes could be related to the protection and efficacy of the SUB-based vaccines, and new chimeras containing these protective epitopes could be designed using this new approach.
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Lv Y, Li X, Zhang H, Zou F, Shen B. CircRNA expression profiles in deltamethrin-susceptible and -resistant Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 261:110750. [PMID: 35513264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The excessive and improper application of insecticides has caused the evolution of resistance in many mosquito populations, including Culex pipiens pallens (L.). Deltamethrin, a representative pyrethroid insecticide, is the most widely used synthetic insecticide in mosquito-borne control field. Comprehensively identifying genes and regulators associated with deltamethrin resistance and elucidating the manner in which they regulate this process is critical for effective control of mosquitoes. CircRNAs are the upstream regulatory factors of miRNAs and mRNAs, which play a role via the competitive endogenous RNA mechanism. In this study, we used high-throughput circRNA sequencing to identify circRNAs that were expressed differently in deltamethrin-susceptible strain (DS strain) and -resistant strain (DR strain) mosquitoes [NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database accession number: PRJNA714543]. We detected a total of 12,816 significantly differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs). Among them, 6769 circRNAs were up-regulated and 6047 circRNAs were down-regulated in the DR strain compared to DS strain. Among the DE-circRNAs, we further screened that supercont3.352:252102|253283 was significantly over-expressed in the DR strain through qPCR multiple verification (P < 0.05).We used the divergent primer to amplify the rolling circle product and obtained the full-length sequence of supercont3.352:252102|253283 (GeneBank accession number: MW729338). Through software comparison and bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that supercont3.352:252102|253283 might participate in deltamethrin resistance by sponging cpp-miR-1671 and blocking its inhibition on CYP4G15.We further found that the expression of cpp-miR-1671 was significantly lower in DR strain (P < 0.01), while the expression of CYP4G15 was significantly higher in DR strain (P < 0.05).Taken together, the present study provided the most comprehensive circRNA expression profile of mosquitoes, and suggested that supercont3.352:252102|253283 might participate in deltamethrin resistance through the supercont3.352:252102|253283/cpp-miR-1671/CYP4G15 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Chueycham S, Srisomsap C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Svasti J, Hummel K, Nöbauer K, Hekmat O, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Kingtong S. Toxicity of DDT to the hooded oyster Saccostrea cucullata: Mortality, histopathology and molecular mechanisms as revealed by a proteomic approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112729. [PMID: 34478977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), a persistent organochlorine pesticide, has been linked to adverse biological effects in organisms. However, there is limited knowledge about its toxic effects on marine organisms and the underlying molecular mechanisms. This study investigated the toxic effects of DDT in the hooded oyster Saccostrea cucullata. The oysters were exposed to DDT at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 µg/L for 96 h and the LC50 (96 h) was 891.25 µg/L. Two sublethal concentrations (10 and 100 µg/L) were used to investigate the histopathological effects and the proteome response. Histopathological results showed that DDT caused the alteration of mantle tissue. This included the induction of mucocytes in the epithelium and the inflammatory effect in the connective tissue indicated by the enlargement of blood sinus and hemocyte aggregation within the sinus. Proteomic results showed that, amongst approximately 500 protein spots that were detected across 2DE gels, 51 protein spots were differentially expressed (P < 0.01; fold change > 1.2). Of these, 29 protein spots were identified by LC-MS/MS. These included 23 up-regulated, 5 down-regulated and 1 fluctuating spots. Thus, we observed that stress response and cytoskeletal proteins are the central targets of DDT action. Furthermore, DDT alters the expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis and other proteins of unknown function. Additionally, proteomic results clearly elucidated the molecular response of the histopathological changes which were driven by the alteration of cytoskeletal proteins. Our results improve the current knowledge of toxicity of the DDT to histology and molecular response of oyster proteome to DDT exposure. In addition, histopathological changes will be beneficial for the development of an appropriate guideline for health assessment of this species in ecotoxicological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatta Chueycham
- Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Chantragan Srisomsap
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Highway, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Daranee Chokchaichamnankit
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Highway, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Highway, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Omid Hekmat
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Sutin Kingtong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, 169 Long-Haad Bangsaen Road, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
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Ferreira Leal B, Sanchez Ferreira CA. Ticks and antibodies: May parasite density and tick evasion influence the outcomes following immunization protocols? Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109610. [PMID: 34735848 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are a major concern to human health and livestock worldwide, being responsible for economic losses that go beyond billions of US dollars per year. This scenario instigates the development of vaccines against these ectoparasites, emphasized by the fact that the main method of controlling ticks still relies on the use of acaricides, what increases costs and may affect the environment as well as human and animal health. The first commercial vaccines against ectoparasites were produced against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and their efficacy were based on antibodies. Many additional attempts have been conducted to produce protective immune responses against ticks by immunization with specific antigens and the antibody response has usually been the main target of evaluation. But some controversy still populates the roles possibly performed by humoral responses in tick-mammalian host relationships. This review focuses on the analysis of specific aspects concerning antibodies and ticks, especially the influence of parasite density and evasion/modulation. The immunization trials already described against R. microplus were also compiled and analyzed based on the characteristics of the molecules tested, protocols of immunization and tick challenge. Within these issues, it is discussed if or when antibody levels can be directly correlated with the development of tick resistance, and whether anti-tick protective immune responses generated by infestations may become ineffective under a different tick density. Also, higher titers of antibodies can be correlated with protection or susceptibility to tick infestations, what may be altered following continuous or repeated infestations and differ greatly comparing hosts with distinct genetic backgrounds. Regarding evasion, ticks present a sophisticated mechanism for dealing with antibodies, including Immunoglobulin Binding Proteins (IGBPs), that capture, transport and inject them back into the host, while keeping their properties within the parasite. The comparison of immunization protocols shows a total of 22 molecules already tested in cattle vaccination trials against R. microplus, with the predominance of concealed and dual antigens as well as marked differences in tick challenge schemes. The presence of an antibody evasion apparatus and variable levels of tick resistance when facing different densities of parasites are concerns that should be considered when testing vaccine candidates. Ultimately, more refinement may be necessary to effectively design a cocktail vaccine with tick molecules, which may be needed to be altered and combined in non-competing immune contexts to be universally secure and protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Ferreira Leal
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alexandre Sanchez Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Additional evidence on the efficacy of different Akirin vaccines assessed on Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:209. [PMID: 33879250 PMCID: PMC8056099 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles arabiensis is an opportunistic malaria vector that rests and feeds outdoors, circumventing current indoor vector control methods. Furthermore, this vector will readily feed on both animals and humans. Targeting this vector while feeding on animals can provide an additional intervention for the current vector control activities. Previous results have displayed the efficacy of using Subolesin/Akirin ortholog vaccines for the control of multiple ectoparasite infestations. This made Akirin a potential antigen for vaccine development against An. arabiensis. Methods The efficacy of three antigens, namely recombinant Akirin from An. arabiensis, recombinant Akirin from Aedes albopictus, and recombinant Q38 (Akirin/Subolesin chimera) were evaluated as novel interventions for An. arabiensis vector control. Immunisation trials were conducted based on the concept that mosquitoes feeding on vaccinated balb/c mice would ingest antibodies specific to the target antigen. The antibodies would interact with the target antigen in the arthropod vector, subsequently disrupting its function. Results All three antigens successfully reduced An. arabiensis survival and reproductive capacities, with a vaccine efficacy of 68–73%. Conclusions These results were the first to show that hosts vaccinated with recombinant Akirin vaccines could develop a protective response against this outdoor malaria transmission vector, thus providing a step towards the development of a novel intervention for An. arabiensis vector control. Graphic Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04711-8.
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Vaccine approaches applied to controlling dog ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101631. [PMID: 33494026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are considered the most important vectors in veterinary medicine with a profound impact on animal health worldwide, as well as being key vectors of diseases affecting household pets. The leading strategy applied to dog tick control is the continued use of acaricides. However, this approach is not sustainable due to surging tick resistance, growing public concern over pesticide residues in food and in the environment, and the rising costs associated with their development. In contrast, tick vaccines are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative against tick-borne diseases by controlling vector infestations and reducing pathogen transmission. These premises have encouraged researchers to develop an effective vaccine against ticks, with several proteins having been characterized and used in native, synthetic, and recombinant forms as antigens in immunizations. The growing interaction between domestic pets and people underscores the importance of developing new tick control measures that require effective screening platforms applied to vaccine development. However, as reviewed in this paper, very little progress has been made in controlling ectoparasite infestations in pets using the vaccine approach. The control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission could be obtained through immunization programs aimed at reducing the tick population and interfering in the pathogenic transmission that affects human and animal health on a global scale.
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Kumar S, Gupta S, Mohmad A, Fular A, Parthasarathi BC, Chaubey AK. Molecular tools-advances, opportunities and prospects for the control of parasites of veterinary importance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 41:33-42. [PMID: 32837530 PMCID: PMC7387080 DOI: 10.1007/s42690-020-00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancement in genome sequencing facilities, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of eukaryotes have opened door for employment of molecular diagnostic techniques for early detection of parasites and determining target molecules for formulating control strategies. It further leads to the introduction of several purified vaccines in the field of veterinary parasitology. Earlier, the conventional diagnostic methods was entirely based upon morphological taxonomy for diagnosis of parasites but nowadays improved molecular techniques help in phylogenetic study and open an another area of molecular taxonomy of parasites with high precision. Control measures based upon targeting endosymbionts in parasites like Dirofilaria immitis is also under exploration in veterinary parasitology. Metagenomics have added an inside story of parasites bionomics which have created havoc in human and animals population since centuries. Omics era is playing a key role in opening the new approaches on parasite biology. Various newer generations of safer vaccines like edible vaccines and subunit vaccines and diagnostic techniques based upon purified immunologically active epitopes have become commercially available against the parasites (helminths, protozoa and arthropod borne diseases). Nowadays, a transgenic and gene knock out studies using RNA interference and CRISPR are also helping in understanding the functions of genes and screening of target genes, which are not available before the advent of molecular tools. Molecular techniques had paramount impact on increasing the sensitivity of diagnostic tools, epidemiological studies and more importantly in controlling these diseases. This review is about the advancements in veterinary parasitology and their impact on the control of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
- Department of Zoology, Choudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250001 India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Aquil Mohmad
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - B. C. Parthasarathi
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122 India
| | - Ashok Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Zoology, Choudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250001 India
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Control of tick infestations in wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) vaccinated with the Q38 Subolesin/Akirin chimera. Vaccine 2020; 38:6450-6454. [PMID: 32798140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are considered to be the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals, and emerging and re-emerging tick-borne diseases (TBD) exert an enormous impact on them. Wild ungulates are hosts for a wide variety of tick species and tick-borne pathogens that affect human and animal health. Consequently, the control of tick infestations and tick-borne pathogen prevalence is essential in some regions. Acaricides and animal management or culling have been used for the control of tick infestations and TBD, but tick vaccines constitute the best alternative to reduce the impact of acaricides on tick resistance and the environment. Previous results of controlled vaccination trials have shown that the Q38 Subolesin/Akirin chimera containing conserved protective epitopes could be a candidate universal antigen to control multiple tick species infestations. Thus, vaccination trials are necessary to validate these results under field conditions. In this study, we characterized the effect of Q38 vaccine on a wild population of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Andalusian roe deer Reference Station (Junta de Andalucía, Cádiz, Spain). In this location, roe deer suffer especially severe parasitic conditions in some periods and commercial pesticides and ixodicides that are authorized to control ticks without specificity are frequently applied in the field, posing a threat to the environment. Animals vaccinated over a three-year period showed an antibody response to the vaccine antigen and a reduction in tick infestations by multiple species including Hyalomma marginatum, H. lusitanicum, Rhipicephalus bursa and Ixodes ricinus previously identified in roe deer, when compared to untreated controls. These results suggest the efficacy of Q38 for the control of tick infestations in wildlife.
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Letinić BD, Dahan-Moss Y, Koekemoer LL. Characterising the effect of Akirin knockdown on Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) reproduction and survival, using RNA-mediated interference. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228576. [PMID: 32049962 PMCID: PMC7015393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles arabiensis is an opportunistic malaria vector that rests and feeds outdoors, circumventing current vector control methods. Furthermore, this vector will readily feed on animal as well as human hosts. Targeting the vector, while feeding on animals, can provide an additional intervention for the current vector control activities. Agricultural animals are regularly vaccinated with recombinant proteins for the control of multiple endo- and ecto-parasitic infestations. The use of a Subolesin-vaccine showed a mark reduction in tick reproductive fitness. The orthologous gene of Subolesin, called Akirin in insects, might provide a valuable species-specific intervention against outdoor biting An. arabiensis. However, the biological function of this nuclear protein has not yet been investigated in this mosquito. The effects on An. arabiensis lifetable parameters were evaluated after Akirin was knocked down using commercial small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and in vitro transcribed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The siRNA mediated interference of Akirin significantly reduced fecundity by 17%, fertility by 23% and longevity by 32% when compared to the controls in the female mosquitoes tested. Similarly, dsRNA treatment had a 25% decrease in fecundity, 29% decrease in fertility, and 48% decrease in longevity, when compared to the control treatments. Mosquitoes treated with Akirin dsRNA had a mean survival time of 15-days post-inoculation, which would impact on their ability to transmit malaria parasites. These results strongly suggest that Akirin has a pleiotropic function in An. arabiensis longevity and reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaženka D. Letinić
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yael Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L. Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Ramkumar G, Karthi S, Shivakumar MS, Kweka EJ. Culex quinquefasciatus Egg Membrane Alteration and Ovicidal Activity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Plant Extracts Compared to Synthetic Insect Growth Regulators. Res Rep Trop Med 2019; 10:145-151. [PMID: 31819700 PMCID: PMC6890224 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s227590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance among mosquito vectors for synthetic insecticides still remains a major problem for control efforts. This study assessed the ovicidal potential of crude solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera comparatively to standard registered synthetic insect growth regulators (IGR) on freshly laid eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus. Method Five plant extracts were prepared using different solvents. The batches of eggs were exposed to different concentrations of each solvent extract comparatively to synthetic IGR. The hatched eggs of Cx. quinquefasciatus were subjected to different concentrations. The first instars that emerged from the eggs were counted daily. The egg hatching inhibition was observed 24, 48 and 72 hrs post treatment. The desiccation median time (DT50 and DT90) was calculated. Results The percent egg hatching inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of extracts. The morphological damage to the eggs was observed. Among five solvent extracts, acetone extracts showed the highest ovicidal activity. The changes in eggshell morphology were observed. The maximum ovicidal activity was observed in acetone extracts with DT50 value of 1.70 hrs (0.91–2.22). The methanol plant extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 14 compounds. Conclusion These results suggest that the acetone extracts of C. baccifera have the potential to be used as an ovicidal agent for controlling mosquito populations in aquatic stages. The biodegradability of the extracts has the advantage of being eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraju Ramkumar
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthugounder S Shivakumar
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Eliningaya J Kweka
- Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Xu N, Sun XH, Liu ZH, Xu Y, Sun Y, Zhou D, Shen B, Zhu CL. Identification and classification of differentially expressed genes in pyrethroid-resistant Culex pipiens pallens. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:861-873. [PMID: 30904950 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Culex pipiens pallens is an important vector that transmits Bancroftian filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and other diseases that pose a serious threat to human health. Extensive and improper use of insecticides has caused insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, which has become an important obstacle to the control of mosquito-borne diseases. It is crucial to investigate the underlying mechanism of insecticide resistance. The aims of this study were to identify genes involved in insecticide resistance based on the resistance phenotype, gene expression profile and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to screen for major genes controlling insecticide resistance. Using a combination of SNP and transcriptome data, gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) were studied in deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes. The most differentially expressed pathway in the resistant group was identified, and a regulatory network was built using these SNPs and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this pathway. The major candidate genes involved in the control of insecticide resistance were analyzed by qPCR, siRNA microinjection and CDC bottle bioassays. A total of 85 DEGs that encoded putative detoxification enzymes (including 61 P450s) were identified in this pathway. The resistance regulatory network was built using SNPs, and these metabolic genes, and a major gene, CYP9AL1, were identified. The functional role of CYP9AL1 in insecticide resistance was confirmed by siRNA microinjection and CDC bottle bioassays. Using the eQTL approach, we identified important genes in pyrethroid resistance that may aid in understanding the mechanism underlying insecticide resistance and in targeting new measures for resistance monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, 29 Taihang Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, 221111, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Han Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Liang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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Artigas-Jerónimo S, Villar M, Cabezas-Cruz A, Valdés JJ, Estrada-Peña A, Alberdi P, de la Fuente J. Functional Evolution of Subolesin/Akirin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1612. [PMID: 30542290 PMCID: PMC6277881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Subolesin/Akirin constitutes a good model for the study of functional evolution because these proteins have been conserved throughout the metazoan and play a role in the regulation of different biological processes. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of Subolesin/Akirin with recent results on their structure, protein-protein interactions and function in different species to provide insights into the functional evolution of these regulatory proteins, and their potential as vaccine antigens for the control of ectoparasite infestations and pathogen infection. The results suggest that Subolesin/Akirin evolved conserving not only its sequence and structure, but also its function and role in cell interactome and regulome in response to pathogen infection and other biological processes. This functional conservation provides a platform for further characterization of the function of these regulatory proteins, and how their evolution can meet species-specific demands. Furthermore, the conserved functional evolution of Subolesin/Akirin correlates with the protective capacity shown by these proteins in vaccine formulations for the control of different arthropod and pathogen species. These results encourage further research to characterize the structure and function of these proteins, and to develop new vaccine formulations by combining Subolesin/Akirin with interacting proteins for the control of multiple ectoparasite infestations and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla – La Mancha (JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla – La Mancha (JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Paris, France
| | - James J. Valdés
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla – La Mancha (JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla – La Mancha (JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Ghosh M, Sangwan N, Chakravarti S, Banerjee S, Ghosh A, Kumar R, Sangwan AK. Molecular Characterization and Immunogenicity Analysis of 4D8 Protective Antigen of Hyalomma anatolicum Ticks Collected from Western India. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Arthropod-borne pathogens of dogs and cats: From pathways and times of transmission to disease control. Vet Parasitol 2017; 251:68-77. [PMID: 29426479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne pathogens have developed a close relationship with blood feeding arthropod ectoparasites (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, phlebotomine sand flies, black flies, fleas, kissing bugs, lice) and exploited a huge variety of vector transmission routes. Therefore, the life cycles of these pathogens result in a long evolved balance with the respective arthropod biology, ecology and blood feeding habits, instrumentally to the infection of several animal species, including humans. Amongst the many parasite transmission modes, such as ingestion of the arthropod, with its faeces or secretions, blood feeding represents the main focus for this article, as it is a central event to the life of almost all arthropod vectors. The time frame in which pathogens are transmitted to any animal host is governed by a large number of biological variables related to the vector, the pathogen, the host and environmental factors. Scientific data available on transmission times for each pathogen are discussed relative to their impact for the success of vector-borne disease control strategies. Blocking pathogen transmission, and thus preventing the infection of dogs and cats, may be achievable by the use of chemical compounds if they are characterised by a fast onset of killing activity or repellence against arthropods. The fast speed of kill exerted by systemic isoxazoline, as well as the repellent effect of pyrethroids have renewed the interest of the scientific community and pharmaceutical companies towards reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases under field conditions. However, endosymbionts and vaccines targeting arthropods or pathogen antigens should be further investigated as alternative strategies towards the goal of achieving an effective integrated control of vector-borne diseases.
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Zou FF, Guo Q, Sun Y, Zhou D, Hu MX, Hu HX, Liu BQ, Tian MM, Liu XM, Li XX, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu CL. Identification of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease conferring resistance to deltamethrin by characterization of an AFLP marker in Culex pipiens pallens. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:172. [PMID: 27007119 PMCID: PMC4806500 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous and excessive application of deltamethrin (DM) has resulted in the rapid development of insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to DM had previously been detected in Cx. pipiens pallens. But locating the QTLs on the chromosomes remained difficult. An available approach is to first characterize DNA molecular markers linked with the phenotype, and then identify candidate genes. METHODS In this study, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker L3A8.177 associated with the QTL, was characterized. We searched for potential candidate genes in the flank region of L3A8.177 in the genome sequence of the closely related Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and conducted mRNA expression analysis of the candidate gene via quantitative real-time PCR. Then the relationship between DM resistance and the candidate gene was identified using RNAi and American CDC Bottle Bioassay in vivo. We also cloned the ORF sequences of the candidate gene from both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. RESULTS The genes CYP6CP1 and protease m1 zinc metalloprotease were in the flank region of L3A8.177 and had significantly different expression levels between susceptible and resistant strains. Protease m1 zinc metalloprotease was significantly up-regulated in the susceptible strains compared with the resistant and remained over-expressed in the susceptible field-collected strains. For deduced amino acid sequences of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease, there was no difference between susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. Knockdown of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease not only decreased the sensitivity of mosquitoes to DM in the susceptible strain but also increased the expression of CYP6CP1, suggesting the role of protease m1 zinc metalloprotease in resistance may be involved in the regulation of the P450 gene expression. CONCLUSION Our study represents an example of candidate genes derived from the AFLP marker associated with the QTL and provides the first evidence that protease m1 zinc metalloprotease may play a role in the regulation of DM resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.
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Affiliation(s)
- FF Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - Q Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - D Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - MX Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - HX Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - BQ Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - MM Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - XM Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - XX Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - L Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - B Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
| | - CL Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 PR of China
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Lv Y, Wang W, Hong S, Lei Z, Fang F, Guo Q, Hu S, Tian M, Liu B, Zhang D, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhou D, Zhu C. Comparative transcriptome analyses of deltamethrin-susceptible and -resistant Culex pipiens pallens by RNA-seq. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:309-21. [PMID: 26377942 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The widespread and improper use of pyrethroid insecticides, such as deltamethrin, has resulted in the evolution of resistance in many mosquito species, including Culex pipiens pallens. With the development of high-throughput sequencing, it is possible to massively screen pyrethroid resistance-associated gene. In this study, we used Illumina-Solexa transcriptome sequencing to identify genes that are expressed differently in deltamethrin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Culex pipiens pallens as a critical knowledge base for further studies. A total of 4,961,197,620 base pairs and 55,124,418 reads were sequenced, mapped to the Culex quinquefasciatus genome and assembled into 17,679 known genes. We recorded 1826 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among them, 1078 genes were up-regulated and 748 genes were down-regulated in the deltamethrin-resistant strain compared to -susceptible strain. These DEGs contained cytochrome P450 s, cuticle proteins, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, lipases, serine proteases, heat shock proteins, esterases and others. Among the 1826 DEGs, we found that the transcriptional levels of CYP6AA9 in the laboratory populations was elevated as the levels of deltamethrin resistance increased. Moreover, the expression levels of the CYP6AA9 were significantly higher in the resistant strains than the susceptible strains in three different field populations. We further confirmed the association between the CYP6AA9 gene and deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes by RNA interfering (RNAi). Altogether, we explored massive potential pyrethroid resistance-associated genes and demonstrated that CYP6AA9 participated in the pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanchao Hong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhentao Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengmeng Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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de la Fuente J, Contreras M. Tick vaccines: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1367-76. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1076339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lv Y, Lei Z, Hong S, Wang W, Zhang D, Zhou D, Sun Y, Ma L, Shen B, Zhu C. Venom allergen 5 is Associated With Deltamethrin Resistance in Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:672-82. [PMID: 26335474 PMCID: PMC4592351 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens (L.), is an important vector of encephalitis and filariasis in northern China. The control of these mosquitoes occurs primarily via the use of pyrethroid insecticides, such as deltamethrin. The widespread and improper application of pyrethroid has resulted in the evolution of pyrethroid resistance amongst many mosquito populations, including Cx. pipiens pallens. Previous studies using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing have identified that the venom allergen 5 gene is differentially expressed between deltamethrin-susceptible and deltamethrin-resistant Cx. pipiens pallens. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that venom allergen 5 was significantly overexpressed in adult females of both deltamethrin-resistant laboratory populations and two field populations. The transcriptional level of venom allergen 5 in the laboratory populations was elevated as the levels of deltamethrin resistance increased. Full-length cDNAs of the venom allergen 5 gene were cloned from Cx. pipiens pallens, and contained an open reading frame of 765 bp, encoding a protein with 254 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 100% identity with the ortholog in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The overexpression of venom allergen 5 decreased the susceptibility of mosquito cells to deltamethrin, while knockdown of this gene by RNAi increased the susceptibility of mosquitoes to deltamethrin. This study provides the first evidence of the association between the venom allergen 5 gene and deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhentao Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shanchao Hong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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Sultana H, Patel U, Sonenshine DE, Neelakanta G. Identification and comparative analysis of subolesin/akirin ortholog from Ornithodoros turicata ticks. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:132. [PMID: 25889484 PMCID: PMC4359563 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subolesin is an evolutionary conserved molecule in diverse arthropod species that play an important role in the regulation of genes involved in immune responses, blood digestion, reproduction and development. In this study, we have identified a subolesin ortholog from soft ticks Ornithodoros turicata, the vector of the relapsing fever spirochete in the United States. METHODS Uninfected fed or unfed O. turicata ticks were used throughout this study. The subolesin mRNA was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced. Quantitative-real time PCR (QRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate subolesin mRNA levels at different O. turicata developmental stages and from salivary glands and gut tissues. Bioinformatics and comparative analysis was performed to predict potential post-translational modifications in O. turicata subolesin amino-acid sequences. RESULTS Our study reveals that O. turicata subolesin gene expression is developmentally regulated, where; adult ticks expressed significantly higher levels in comparison to the larvae or nymphal ticks. Expression of subolesin was evident in both unfed and fed ticks and in the salivary glands and midgut tissues. The expression of subolesin transcripts varied in fed ticks with peak levels at day 14 post-feeding. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. turicata subolesin showed a high degree of sequence conservation with subolesin's from other soft and hard ticks. Bioinformatics and comparative analysis predicted that O. turicata subolesin carry three Protein kinase C and one Casein kinase II phosphorylation sites. However, no myristoylation or glycosylation sites were evident in the O. turicata subolesin sequence. CONCLUSION Our study provides important insights in recognizing subolesin as a conserved potential candidate for the development of a broad-spectrum anti-vector vaccine to control not only ticks but also several other arthropods that transmit diseases to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Sultana
- Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
| | - Unnati Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
| | - Daniel E Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
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de la Fuente J, Villar M, Contreras M, Moreno-Cid JA, Merino O, Pérez de la Lastra JM, de la Fuente G, Galindo RC. Prospects for vaccination against the ticks of pets and the potential impact on pathogen transmission. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:26-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Subolesin: a candidate vaccine antigen for the control of cattle tick infestations in Indian situation. Vaccine 2014; 32:3488-94. [PMID: 24795229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cross-protective tick vaccine antigens is a challenging area of veterinary research. To address this challenge, a recently identified candidate tick protective antigen, Subolesin (SUB), was targeted in this research. The conservation of subolesin ortholog of Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus across different Indian strains was 98.1-99.4% (within species), while at the amino acid level SUB sequence homology was ≥53.2% (between tick species). Recombinant R. (B.) microplus SUB (rBmSu) was produced in Escherichia coli and characterized. Cross-bred cattle male calves (N=10) were immunized with three doses of 100 μg each of the rBmSu emulsified in 10% Montanide 888 at monthly intervals on days 0, 30 and 60. The control group was injected with PBS in 10% Montanide 888. For the first tick challenge, calves were infested with larvae of R. (B.) microplus generated from 100mg eggs 2 weeks after last immunization (day 75). The immunization resulted in 16.3%, 8.0%, 9.4%, and 26.1% reduction in female tick numbers (DT), weight (DW), oviposition (DO) and egg fertility (DF), respectively, when compared to controls. In the subsequent challenge on day 105, DT, DW, DO and DF were reduced by 9.0%, 4.1%, 8.6%, and 24.2%, respectively, when compared to controls. The vaccine efficacy (E) was equal to 44.0% and 37.2% after the first and second challenges, respectively. The results showed a positive correlation between antibody titers for both total IgG and IgG1 and E in the second but not in the first tick challenge. These results suggested the possibility of developing a SUB-based vaccine for control of cattle tick infestations under Indian conditions.
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de la Fuente J, Moreno-Cid JA, Galindo RC, Almazan C, Kocan KM, Merino O, Perez de la Lastra JM, Estrada-Peña A, Blouin EF. Subolesin/Akirin Vaccines for the Control of Arthropod Vectors and Vectorborne Pathogens. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 2:172-8. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM; Ciudad Real Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
| | - J. A. Moreno-Cid
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - R. C. Galindo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - C. Almazan
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas; Ciudad Victoria Mexico
| | - K. M. Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
| | - O. Merino
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM; Ciudad Real Spain
| | | | - A. Estrada-Peña
- Department of Parasitology; Veterinary Faculty; Zaragoza Spain
| | - E. F. Blouin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
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Carpio Y, García C, Pons T, Haussmann D, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Basabe L, Acosta J, Estrada MP. Akirins in sea lice: First steps towards a deeper understanding. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:188-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Merino O, Alberdi P, Pérez de la Lastra JM, de la Fuente J. Tick vaccines and the control of tick-borne pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:30. [PMID: 23847771 PMCID: PMC3705209 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that transmit a wide variety of pathogens to humans and animals. The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased worldwide in both humans and domestic animals over the past years resulting in greater interest in the study of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Advances in vector and pathogen genomics and proteomics have moved forward our knowledge of the vector-pathogen interactions that take place during the colonization and transmission of arthropod-borne microbes. Tick-borne pathogens adapt from the vector to the mammalian host by differential gene expression thus modulating host processes. In recent years, studies have shown that targeting tick proteins by vaccination can not only reduce tick feeding and reproduction, but also the infection and transmission of pathogens from the tick to the vertebrate host. In this article, we review the tick-protective antigens that have been identified for the formulation of tick vaccines and the effect of these vaccines on the control of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Merino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM Ciudad Real, Spain
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Embers ME, Narasimhan S. Vaccination against Lyme disease: past, present, and future. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:6. [PMID: 23407755 PMCID: PMC3569838 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an Ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). Despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of Lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. Limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface A (OspA) lipoprotein of B. burgdorferi, led to its demise, yet current research has opened doors to new strategies for protection against Lyme disease. In this review we discuss the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi, and the unique opportunities it poses to block infection or transmission at different levels. We present the correlates of protection for this infectious disease, the pros and cons of past vaccination strategies, and new paradigms for future vaccine design that would include elements of both the vector and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Embers
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
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Havlíková S, Ličková M, Ayllón N, Roller L, Kazimírová M, Slovák M, Moreno-Cid JA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Klempa B, de la Fuente J. Immunization with recombinant subolesin does not reduce tick infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus nor protect mice against disease. Vaccine 2013; 31:1582-9. [PMID: 23357197 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a growing zoonotic disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection. Although effective vaccines for TBEV are available, on-going vaccination efforts are insufficient to prevent increase in TBE cases annually. Vaccination with arthropod vector antigens to reduce vector infestations and vector capacity allows control of several vector-borne diseases by targeting their common vector. Subolesin (SUB) is a tick protective antigen that has a role in tick innate immunity and other molecular pathways and has been shown to protect against tick infestations and infection by vector-borne pathogens. However, SUB expression and the effect of SUB immunization have not been evaluated for tick-borne viruses. Herein, we showed that SUB expression is downregulated during Ixodes ricinus tick feeding but induced in ticks infected with TBEV, thus supporting a role for this molecule in tick innate immune response to virus infection. Immunization with recombinant SUB reduced SUB mRNA levels in nymphs co-feeding with infected females and suggested and effect on tick infestations in mice. However, SUB immunization did not reduce tick infection with TBEV nor protect mice against TBE. These results suggested that SUB is not a good candidate antigen for vaccination against TBEV and support the characterization of tick-pathogen interactions to identify mechanisms that could be targeted to reduce TBEV infection and transmission by ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabína Havlíková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
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28
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Control of multiple arthropod vector infestations with subolesin/akirin vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:1187-96. [PMID: 23291476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and sand flies greatly impact human and animal health and thus their control is important for the eradication of vector-borne diseases (VBD). Vaccination is an environmentally friendly alternative for vector control that allows control of several VBD by targeting their common vector. Recent results have suggested that subolesin/akirin (SUB/AKR) is good candidate antigens for the control of arthropod vector infestations. Here we describe the comparative effect of vaccination with SUB, AKR and Q38 and Q41 chimeras containing SUB/AKR conserved protective epitopes on tick, mosquitoes and sand flies vector mortality, molting, oviposition and/or fertility. We demonstrated that SUB vaccination had the highest efficacy (E) across all vector species (54-92%), Q41 vaccination had the highest vaccine E in mosquitoes (99%) by reducing female survival and fertility, and Q38 vaccination had the highest effect on reducing mosquito (28%) and sand fly (26%) oviposition. The effect of vaccination on different developmental processes in several important arthropod vectors encourages the development of SUB/AKR universal vaccines for the control of multiple vector infestations and reduction of VBD.
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Parizi LF, Githaka NW, Logullo C, Konnai S, Masuda A, Ohashi K, da Silva Vaz I. The quest for a universal vaccine against ticks: Cross-immunity insights. Vet J 2012; 194:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Moreno-Cid JA, Canales M, de la Fuente J. Production of recombinant Aedes albopictus akirin in Pichia pastoris using an aqueous two-phase semicontinuous fermentation process. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Immunization of cattle with Ra86 impedes Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal-to-adult molting. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 3:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Manzano-Román R, Díaz-Martín V, Oleaga A, Siles-Lucas M, Pérez-Sánchez R. Subolesin/akirin orthologs from Ornithodoros spp. soft ticks: Cloning, RNAi gene silencing and protective effect of the recombinant proteins. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185:248-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Kumar B, Murugan K, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Efficacy of rBm86 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (IVRI-I line) and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (IVRI-II line) infestations on bovine calves. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:629-35. [PMID: 22422293 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With an aim to evaluate the protective potentiality of rBm86 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)-I line and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum IVRI-II line infestations on crossbred (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) calves, 20 animals of 3 months of age were randomly divided in to four equal groups and maintained in tick-proof conditions. Animals of groups 1 and 2 were immunized with 2 ml of rBm86 (100 μg)-based vaccine (procured from Revetmex S.A. de C.V, Mexico City, Mexico) thrice at 30 days interval. Animals of groups 3 and 4 were kept as negative control and inoculated with PBS only. Each animal of group 1 and 3 was challenged with 7-day-old 50 unfed adults of H. anatolicum anatolicum (1:1, male and female), and each animal of groups 2 and 4 was challenged with 6-8-day-old R. (B.) microplus larvae obtained from 50 mg of eggs, on 17th day of the last immunization. The efficacy of rBm86 against tick infestations was determined as percentage reduction in number of adults dropped (DT%), engorged body weight (DR%), egg masses (DO%), and immunogen efficacy (E%). The calculated data were 11.8, 10.8, 15.0, and 25.1 %, respectively, for DT, DR, DO, and E% against H. anatolicum anatolicum infestation, while in the case of R. (B.) microplus infestation, the corresponding data were 6.4, 11.24, 40.7, and 44.5 %, respectively. The results indicated partial effectiveness of rBm86 antigen(s) in imparting protection against homologous and heterologous challenge infestations of Indian ticks. The results indicated identification of more effective antigen(s) for the development of vaccine against economically important tick species in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Parasitology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Uttar Pradesh, India
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Dai SX, Zhang AD, Huang JF. Evolution, expansion and expression of the Kunitz/BPTI gene family associated with long-term blood feeding in Ixodes Scapularis. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:4. [PMID: 22244187 PMCID: PMC3273431 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies of the tick saliva transcriptome have revealed the profound role of salivary proteins in blood feeding. Kunitz/BPTI proteins are abundant in the salivary glands of ticks and perform multiple functions in blood feeding, such as inhibiting blood coagulation, regulating host blood supply and disrupting host angiogenesis. However, Kunitz/BPTI proteins in soft and hard ticks have different functions and molecular mechanisms. How these differences emerged and whether they are associated with the evolution of long-term blood feeding in hard ticks remain unknown. Results In this study, the evolution, expansion and expression of Kunitz/BPTI family in Ixodes scapularis were investigated. Single- and multi-domain Kunitz/BPTI proteins have similar gene structures. Single-domain proteins were classified into three groups (groups I, II and III) based on their cysteine patterns. Group I represents the ancestral branch of the Kunitz/BPTI family, and members of this group function as serine protease inhibitors. The group I domain was used as a module to create multi-domain proteins in hard ticks after the split between hard and soft ticks. However, groups II and III, which evolved from group I, are only present and expanded in the genus Ixodes. These lineage-specific expanded genes exhibit significantly higher expression during long-term blood feeding in Ixodes scapularis. Interestingly, functional site analysis suggested that group II proteins lost the ability to inhibit serine proteases and evolved a new function of modulating ion channels. Finally, evolutionary analyses revealed that the expansion and diversification of the Kunitz/BPTI family in the genus Ixodes were driven by positive selection. Conclusions These results suggest that the differences in the Kunitz/BPTI family between soft and hard ticks may be linked to the evolution of long-term blood feeding in hard ticks. In Ixodes, the lineage-specific expanded genes (Group II and III) lost the ancient function of inhibiting serine proteases and evolved new functions to adapt to long-term blood feeding. Therefore, these genes may play a profound role in the long-term blood feeding of hard ticks. Based our analysis, we propose that the six genes identified in our study may be candidate target genes for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xing Dai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
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35
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Control of tick infestations in cattle vaccinated with bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed tick protective antigens. Vaccine 2012; 30:265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Carreón D, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Almazán C, Canales M, Ruiz-Fons F, Boadella M, Moreno-Cid JA, Villar M, Gortázar C, Reglero M, Villarreal R, de la Fuente J. Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer. Vaccine 2012; 30:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina. Vaccine 2011; 29:8575-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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de la Fuente J, Moreno-Cid JA, Canales M, Villar M, de la Lastra JMP, Kocan KM, Galindo RC, Almazán C, Blouin EF. Targeting arthropod subolesin/akirin for the development of a universal vaccine for control of vector infestations and pathogen transmission. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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39
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Dong F, Fu Y, Li X, Jiang J, Sun J, Cheng X. Cloning, expression, and characterization of salivary apyrase from Aedes albopictus. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:931-7. [PMID: 21842387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apyrases (ATP diphosphohydrolase) hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates to orthophosphate and mononucleodides. They can inhibit platelet activation by depletion of adenosine diphosphate. In the current study, the Escherichia coli expression vector pET-19b equipped with an N-terminal histidine tag was applied to express the apyrase of Aedes albopictus. The gene-coding mature apyrase protein was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pET-19b. Soluble apyrase protein with high purity was successfully obtained by utilization of the suitable renaturation approach and Ni-NTA purification column. Four monoclonal antibodies to apyrase from A. albopictus were produced in male BALB/c mice immunized with the renatured apyrase. Using immunofluorescence assay and immunoblotting analysis, recombinant apyrase showed fine consistency with native apyrase. From kinetic analysis, it had a K (m) of 11.6 μM and V (max) of 1.02 nM/S/μg protein for adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by approximately 6% when 0.4 μM recombinant apyrase was added and by about 9.5% when the concentration of recombinant apyrase was 0.8 μM. The effect on platelet aggregation was dose dependent. In conclusion, the apyrase of A. albopictus was cloned and expressed highly in the E. coli expression system. Recombinant apyrase protein showed biological activity, and anti-apyrase monoclonal antibody was also prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No. 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Noden BH, Vaughan JA, Pumpuni CB, Beier JC. Mosquito ingestion of antibodies against mosquito midgut microbiota improves conversion of ookinetes to oocysts for Plasmodium falciparum, but not P. yoelii. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:440-6. [PMID: 21763778 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito midgut is a site of complex interactions between the mosquito, the malaria parasite and the resident bacterial flora. In laboratory experiments, we observed significant enhancement of Plasmodium falciparum oocyst production when Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes were membrane-fed on infected blood containing gametocytes from in vitro cultures mixed with sera from rabbits immunized with A. gambiae midguts. To identify specific mechanisms, we evaluated whether the immune sera was interfering with the usual limiting activity of gram-negative bacteria in An. gambiae midguts. Enhancement of P. falciparum infection rates occurred at some stage between the ookinete and oocyst stage and was associated with greater numbers of oocysts in mosquitoes fed on immune sera. The same immune sera did not affect the sporogonic development of P. yoelii, a rodent malaria parasite. Not only did antibodies in the immune sera recognize several types of midgut-derived gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas spp. and Cedecea spp.), but gentamicin provided in the sugar meal 3 days before an infectious P. falciparum blood meal mixed with immune sera eliminated the enhancing effect. These results suggest that gram-negative bacteria, which normally impair P. falciparum development between the ookinete and oocyst stage, were altered by specific anti-bacterial antibodies produced by immunizing rabbits with non-antibiotic-treated midgut lysates. Because of the differences in developmental kinetics between human and rodent malaria species, the anti-bacterial antibodies had no effect on P. yoelii because their ookinetes leave the midgut much earlier than P. falciparum and so are not influenced as strongly by resident midgut bacteria. While this study highlights the complex interactions occurring between the parasite, mosquito, and midgut microbiota, the ultimate goal is to determine the influence of midgut microbiota on Plasmodium development in anopheline midguts in malaria endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Noden
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Health and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
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41
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Carpio Y, Basabe L, Acosta J, Rodríguez A, Mendoza A, Lisperger A, Zamorano E, González M, Rivas M, Contreras S, Haussmann D, Figueroa J, Osorio VN, Asencio G, Mancilla J, Ritchie G, Borroto C, Estrada MP. Novel gene isolated from Caligus rogercresseyi: A promising target for vaccine development against sea lice. Vaccine 2011; 29:2810-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Torres L, Almazán C, Ayllón N, Galindo RC, Rosario-Cruz R, Quiroz-Romero H, de la Fuente J. Functional genomics of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus, 1758). BMC Genomics 2011; 12:105. [PMID: 21310032 PMCID: PMC3045961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae) is one of the most important ectoparasites of pastured cattle. Horn flies infestations reduce cattle weight gain and milk production. Additionally, horn flies are mechanical vectors of different pathogens that cause disease in cattle. The aim of this study was to conduct a functional genomics study in female horn flies using Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) analysis and RNA interference (RNAi). Results A cDNA library was made from whole abdominal tissues collected from partially fed adult female horn flies. High quality horn fly ESTs (2,160) were sequenced and assembled into 992 unigenes (178 contigs and 814 singlets) representing molecular functions such as serine proteases, cell metabolism, mitochondrial function, transcription and translation, transport, chromatin structure, vitellogenesis, cytoskeleton, DNA replication, cell response to stress and infection, cell proliferation and cell-cell interactions, intracellular trafficking and secretion, and development. Functional analyses were conducted using RNAi for the first time in horn flies. Gene knockdown by RNAi resulted in higher horn fly mortality (protease inhibitor functional group), reduced oviposition (vitellogenin, ferritin and vATPase groups) or both (immune response and 5'-NUC groups) when compared to controls. Silencing of ubiquitination ESTs did not affect horn fly mortality and ovisposition while gene knockdown in the ferritin and vATPse functional groups reduced mortality when compared to controls. Conclusions These results advanced the molecular characterization of this important ectoparasite and suggested candidate protective antigens for the development of vaccines for the control of horn fly infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km, 5 carretera Victoria-Mante, CP 87000 Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases(1) and the most important vectors affecting cattle industry worldwide(2). Ticks are classified in the subclass Acari, order Parasitiformes, suborder Ixodida and are distributed worldwide from Arctic to tropical regions(3). Despite efforts to control tick infestations, these ectoparasites remain a serious problem for human and animal health(4,5). RNA interference (RNAi)(6) is a nucleic acid-based reverse genetic approach that involves disruption of gene expression in order to determine gene function or its effect on a metabolic pathway. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the effector molecules of the RNAi pathway that is initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and results in a potent sequence-specific degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs containing the same sequence as the dsRNA trigger(7-9). Post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanisms initiated by dsRNA have been discovered in all eukaryotes studied thus far, and RNAi has been rapidly developed in a variety of organisms as a tool for functional genomics studies and other applications(10). RNAi has become the most widely used gene-silencing technique in ticks and other organisms where alternative approaches for genetic manipulation are not available or are unreliable(5,11). The genetic characterization of ticks has been limited until the recent application of RNAi(12,13). In the short time that RNAi has been available, it has proved to be a valuable tool for studying tick gene function, the characterization of the tick-pathogen interface and the screening and characterization of tick protective antigens(14). Herein, a method for RNAi through injection of dsRNA into unfed ticks is described. It is likely that the knowledge gained from this experimental approach will contribute markedly to the understanding of basic biological systems and the development of vaccines to control tick infestations and prevent transmission of tick-borne pathogens(15-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, OK, USA
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Moreno-Cid JA, Jiménez M, Cornelie S, Molina R, Alarcón P, Lacroix MN, Pinal R, Delacour S, Lucientes J, Canales M, de la Lastra JMP, Villar M, de la Fuente J. Characterization of Aedes albopictus akirin for the control of mosquito and sand fly infestations. Vaccine 2010; 29:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prudencio CR, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Canales M, Villar M, de la Fuente J. Mapping protective epitopes in the tick and mosquito subolesin ortholog proteins. Vaccine 2010; 28:5398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schuijt TJ, Hovius JW, van der Poll T, van Dam AP, Fikrig E. Lyme borreliosis vaccination: the facts, the challenge, the future. Trends Parasitol 2010; 27:40-7. [PMID: 20594913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis, the most prevalent arthropod-borne disease in the Western world, is caused by spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group and is predominantly transmitted through Ixodes ticks. There is currently no vaccine available to prevent Lyme borreliosis in humans. Borrelia outer membrane proteins are reviewed which have been investigated as vaccine candidates. In addition, several tick proteins are discussed, on which anti-tick vaccines have been based, or are interesting future candidates, to prevent transmission of the spirochete from the tick vector to the mammalian host. Finally, novel vaccination strategies to prevent Lyme borreliosis are proposed, based on multiple Borrelia antigens, tick antigens or a combination of both Borrelia as well as tick antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Schuijt
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hajdusek O, Almazán C, Loosova G, Villar M, Canales M, Grubhoffer L, Kopacek P, de la Fuente J. Characterization of ferritin 2 for the control of tick infestations. Vaccine 2010; 28:2993-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de la Fuente J, Manzano-Roman R, Naranjo V, Kocan KM, Zivkovic Z, Blouin EF, Canales M, Almazán C, Galindo RC, Step DL, Villar M. Identification of protective antigens by RNA interference for control of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Vaccine 2010; 28:1786-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coutinho-Abreu IV, Ramalho-Ortigao M. Transmission blocking vaccines to control insect-borne diseases: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:1-12. [PMID: 20209323 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-borne diseases are responsible for severe mortality and morbidity worldwide. As control of insect vector populations relies primarily on the use of insecticides, the emergence of insecticide resistance as well to unintended consequences of insecticide use pose significant challenges to their continued application. Novel approaches to reduce pathogen transmission by disease vectors are been attempted, including transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) thought to be a feasible strategy to reduce pathogen burden in endemic areas. TBVs aim at preventing the transmission of pathogens from infected to uninfected vertebrate host by targeting molecule(s) expressed on the surface of pathogens during their developmental phase within the insect vector or by targeting molecules expressed by the vectors. For pathogen-based molecules, the majority of the TBV candidates selected as well as most of the data available regarding the effectiveness of this approach come from studies using malaria parasites. However, TBV candidates also have been identified from midgut tissues of mosquitoes and sand flies. In spite of the successes achieved in the potential application of TBVs against insect-borne diseases, many significant barriers remain. In this review, many of the TBV strategies against insect-borne pathogens and their respective ramification with regards to the immune response of the vertebrate host are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- Biology of Disease Vectors Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Almazán C, Lagunes R, Villar M, Canales M, Rosario-Cruz R, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J. Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:471-9. [PMID: 19943063 PMCID: PMC2797406 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. The recombinant Rhipicephalus microplus Bm86 antigen has been shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. However, variable efficacy of Bm86-based vaccines against geographic tick strains has encouraged the research for additional tick-protective antigens. Herein, we describe the analysis of R. microplus glutathione-S transferase, ubiquitin (UBQ), selenoprotein W, elongation factor-1 alpha, and subolesin (SUB) complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by RNA interference (RNAi) in R. microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus. Candidate protective antigens were selected for vaccination experiments based on the effect of gene knockdown on tick mortality, feeding, and fertility. Two cDNA clones encoding for UBQ and SUB were used for cattle vaccination and infestation with R. microplus and R. annulatus. Control groups were immunized with recombinant Bm86 or adjuvant/saline. The highest vaccine efficacy for the control of tick infestations was obtained for Bm86. Although with low immunogenic response, the results with the SUB vaccine encourage further investigations on the use of recombinant subolesin alone or in combination with other antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. The UBQ peptide showed low immunogenicity, and the results of the vaccination trial were inconclusive to assess the protective efficacy of this antigen. These experiments showed that RNAi could be used for the selection of candidate tick-protective antigens. However, vaccination trials are necessary to evaluate the effect of recombinant antigens in the control of tick infestations, a process that requires efficient recombinant protein production and formulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Almazán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5 carretera Victoria-Mante, CP 87000, Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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