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Presswell B, Bennett J. Description and molecular data of a new cestode parasite, Cladotaenia anomala n. sp. (Paruterinidae) from the Australasian harrier (Circus approximans Peale) in New Zealand. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:25. [PMID: 38446319 PMCID: PMC10917862 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Currently comprising 12 species infecting the gastrointestinal tracts of diurnal raptors (Falconiformes, Accipitriformes), species of Cladotaenia are diagnosed by their branching uterus, testes in two fields reaching the same level anteriorly, and small rostellum armed with taenioid hooks arranged in two rows. In this study we describe a new species of Cladotaenia recovered from a number of Australasian harriers Circus approximans, from the southern half of South Island, New Zealand. The new species is distinguished from other species by its single circle of hooks. It is closest, morphologically, to C. circi, but differs in the shape of the terminal proglottids and the number of uterine branches. Sequences of 28S and cox1 gene are presented. Genetically, Cladotaenia anomala n. sp. is closest to Cladotaenia globifera but differs morphologically in the size of the suckers, testes and eggs. This description constitutes the first record of a Cladotaenia species in New Zealand. We discuss some potential routes this parasite may have taken to arrive in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hernández DL, Somma AT, Steuernagel A, Vieira TSWJ, Moore B, Reifur L, Montiani-Ferreira F, Pinto HA. A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Eye Fluke Philophthalmus lacrymosus (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae) Found in Larus dominicanus (Aves: Laridae) from Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1027-1034. [PMID: 37989828 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Species of the genus Philophthalmus are eye flukes with a complex taxonomy, which began to be improved with the help of molecular data only recently. However, most described species have never been placed into a phylogenetic context. In this study, eye flukes previously found on kelp gulls, Larus dominicanus, from Brazil and identified as Philophthalmus lacrymosus were subjected to molecular analysis. METHODS For the molecular analyses, we analyzed parasites found in six infected gulls (one worm per bird) collected from different municipalities of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. We carried out the amplification and sequencing of the partial region of the 28S and cox1 genes and the data obtained were compared with sequences available to philophthalmid species and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The isolates of P. lacrymosus from Brazil grouped in well-supported clades with five other species of Philophthalmus with sequences available for comparison. Interspecific divergences of 0.1-1.6% in 28S and 8.2-14.9% in cox1 were found in relation to other isolates of Philophthalmus spp. Two cox1 haplotypes differing in one nucleotide (0.1%) were found between the six eye flukes isolates in gulls from different localities. The Brazilian isolates grouped in a subclade with parasites identified as P. lacrymosus in Portugal; however, the molecular divergences found in cox1 (8.2-8.5%) strongly suggest that these isolates belong to different species. The phylogenetic trees obtained and the intergeneric divergences to species of the genera Cloacitrema and Parorchis did not support the validity of the genus Natterophthalmus, for which P. lacrymosus was proposed as the type species in the past. CONCLUSION As P. lacrymosus was described from Brazil, we recommend that this name be applied to the South American isolates and that the Portuguese isolates be provisionally considered as Philophthalmus sp., a probable cryptic species. Moreover, data obtained supports the previous morphology-based synonymizing between Natterophthalmus and Philophthalmus. Considering our results and most of previous reports of P. lacrymosus in South America, we suggest this species presents a marine life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danimar López Hernández
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - André Tavares Somma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Adriane Steuernagel
- Unidade de Estabilização de Animais Marinhos de Penha, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Praia de Armação do Itapocorói, Penha, Brazil
| | | | - Bret Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Larissa Reifur
- Departament of Basic Pathology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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SOMMA AT, STEUERNAGEL A, PULIDO-MURILLO EA, PINTO HA, REIFUR L, MOORE BA, MONTIANI-FERREIRA F. Ocular disease caused by the trematode Philophthalmus lachrymosus in free-living kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) of Brazil. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1447-1452. [PMID: 36047247 PMCID: PMC9586036 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, clinical, parasitological and histopathological findings of thirteen kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) found infected with eyeflukes in Brazil are presented. Parasites detected in the ventral conjunctival fornix were identified as Philophthalmus lachrymosus [mean intensity of infection: 16 (5-36) worms/bird]. Eleven birds (85%) presented signs of systemic disease, such as emaciation, dehydration and depressed consciousness. Conjunctival hyperemia was observed in 22 eyes (85%). Keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal abscess and chemosis were also detected in some eyes (4-8%). Histopathologic lesions, likely due to the parasite attachment to the conjunctiva, were found in the eyes of one infected bird that died from unrelated causes. Philophthalmosis by P. lachrymosus is here reported as a clinically relevant eye disease in kelp gulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tavares SOMMA
- Comparative Ophthalmology Lab, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Adriane STEUERNAGEL
- Unidade de Estabilização de Animais Marinhos de
Penha−Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (Univali), Praia de Armação do Itapocorói, Penha,
Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alberto PULIDO-MURILLO
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Departamento de
Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves PINTO
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Departamento de
Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa REIFUR
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do
Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bret A. MOORE
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal
Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Fabiano MONTIANI-FERREIRA
- Comparative Ophthalmology Lab, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Beer A, Burns E, Randhawa HS. Natural history collections: collaborative opportunities and important sources of information about helminth biodiversity in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2022.2067190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haseeb S. Randhawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, Falkland Islands
- New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, Canada
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Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Froissard C, Wainwright E, Poulin R. Consistency of Bacterial Communities in a Parasitic Worm: Variation Throughout the Life Cycle and Across Geographic Space. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:724-738. [PMID: 34136952 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities within metazoans are increasingly linked with development, health and behaviour, possibly functioning as integrated evolutionary units with the animal in which they live. This would require microbial communities to show some consistency both ontogenetically (across life stages) and geographically (among populations). We characterise the bacteriome of the parasitic trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus, which undergoes major life cycle transitions, and test whether its bacteriome remains consistent on developmental and spatial scales. Based on sequencing the prokaryotic 16S SSU rRNA gene, we compared the parasite bacteriome (i) across three life stages (rediae in snails, cercariae exiting snails, adults in birds) in one locality and (ii) among three geographic localities for rediae only. We found that each life stage harbours a bacteriome different from that of its host (except the adult stage) and the external environment. Very few bacterial taxa were shared among life stages, suggesting substantial ontogenetic turnover in bacteriome composition. Rediae from the three different localities also had different bacteriomes, with dissimilarities increasing with geographical distance. However, rediae from different localities nevertheless shared more bacterial taxa than did different life stages from the same locality. Changes in the bacteriome along the parasite's developmental history but some degree of geographical stability within a given life stage point toward non-random, stage-specific acquisition, selection and/or propagation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Froissard
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Eleanor Wainwright
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Pulido-Murillo EA, Tkach VV, Pinto HA. The life cycle of Philophthalmus aylacostoma n. sp. (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae), a new eye fluke species transmitted by Aylacostoma spp. (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:933-944. [PMID: 35106652 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Philophthalmus is a cosmopolitan genus of digeneans that includes ocular parasites of birds and mammals. Despite broad distribution and veterinary importance of these digeneans, there are still gaps in knowledge about their diversity and biology, especially in South America. Herein, we conducted morphological, life cycle, and molecular studies of megalurous cercariae found in aquatic gastropod molluscs Aylacostoma chloroticum and A. tuberculatum collected in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Adult parasites reared experimentally in the eyes of chicks are described here as Philophthalmus aylacostoma n. sp. The new species differs from its congeners known in the Americas by a combination of traits, including the sucker width ratio, the oral sucker to pharynx width ratio, egg size, and the type of vitellarium in adult forms. The new species is morphologically closest to Philophthalmus megalurus, from which it differs by the smaller body and larger eggs, as well as by the measurements of cercariae and the family of snails that act as the intermediate host. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rDNA and comparison of cox1 sequences confirm that P. aylacostoma n. sp. is distinct from four previously sequenced named species of the genus. Moreover, cox1 sequences revealed conspecificity of our specimens with an isolate of Philophthalmus sp. previously reported, also in thiarid snails, in Paraná River, Brazil. The interspecific divergence in cox1 between the new species and other species with sequences available for comparison varied between 12 and 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Pulido-Murillo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Hudson A Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Sasaki M, Miura O, Nakao M. PHILOPHTHALMUS HECHINGERI N. SP. (DIGENEA: PHILOPHTHALMIDAE), A HUMAN-INFECTING EYE FLUKE FROM THE ASIAN MUD SNAIL, BATILLARIA ATTRAMENTARIA. J Parasitol 2022; 108:44-52. [PMID: 35038324 DOI: 10.1645/21-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of human philophthalmosis have been reported in Japan. Gravid flukes removed from the eyes of the patients were broken, but their morphological characteristics suggest that an unknown species of the genus Philophthalmus is involved as a pathogen for humans. The mitochondrial DNA barcode of the human eye fluke enabled us to discover its larval stage from the Japanese mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria. The discovered cercaria had previously been temporarily described as "Philophthalmid sp. I." In this study, we examined the infection status of B. attramentaria with Philophthalmid sp. I found on a muddy seashore of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, and the resulting metacercariae were experimentally administered to Japanese quails to develop them into the gravid adult stage. The complete specimens of the adult and larval stages allowed us to describe a new species. Based on morphological and molecular analyses, Philophthalmus hechingeri n. sp. is proposed for the human-infecting eye fluke in Japan. The natural definitive hosts of the new species are unknown. However, the habitat of B. attramentaria suggests that shorebirds (seagulls, sandpipers, and plovers) might be the possible candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sasaki
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Miura
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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Sabadel AJM, MacLeod CD. Stable isotopes unravel the feeding mode-trophic position relationship in trematode parasites. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:484-495. [PMID: 34860441 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotopes have been sporadically used over the last two decades to characterise host-parasite trophic relationships. The main reason for this scarcity is the lack of an obvious pattern in the ratio of nitrogen stable isotope values (δ15 N) of parasites in comparison to their host tissues, which would be key to understand any host-parasite system dynamics. To circumvent this, we focused on a single snail host, Zeacumantus subcarinatus, and three of its trematode parasites. We used stable isotopes to investigate each host-trematode trophic relationship and shed light on the mechanisms utilised by the parasite to reroute its hosts' biomass. All our trematodes were found to be 15 N-enriched compared to their host, with their δ15 N values strongly related to their feeding behaviours: passive versus active. It was possible to 'rank' these parasite species and assess their 'relative' trophic position using δ15 N values. We also demonstrated that including a broader range of samples (e.g. host food and faeces, multiple parasite life stages) helped understand the metabolic mechanisms used by the various participants, and that using carbon stable isotope values and C:N ratios allowed to identify an important lipid requirement of these trematode parasites. Finally, we show how critical it is to not ignore parasitic infections as they can have a great influence on their host's trophic position. We have shown that by focussing on a single host species and a single taxonomic group of parasites, we can remove a certain amount of variation recorded by broader isotope studies. We hope that these data will ultimately improve our ability to place parasites in food webs, and thus improve our understanding of the connections and interactions that dictate food web dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D MacLeod
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Chalkowski K, Morgan A, Lepczyk CA, Zohdy S. Spread of An Avian Eye Fluke, Philophthalmus gralli, Through Biological Invasion of An Intermediate Host. J Parasitol 2021; 107:336-348. [PMID: 33906233 DOI: 10.1645/20-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Philophthalmus is a genus of globally distributed parasitic eye flukes with some members of the genus found in disparate locales. In particular, Philophthalmus gralli, a zoonotic trematode, appears to be a relatively new introduction to the Americas, facilitated by spillover from the invasive snails Melanoides tuberculata (red-rimmed melania) and Tarebia granifera (quilted melania), which were introduced via the aquarium trade, and perhaps furthered by avian dispersal. Given that two known intermediate hosts of Philophthalmus flukes are actively expanding their range as a result of human activities, we hypothesize that this spread is also associated with the spread of Philophthalmus flukes. To address this, we systematically reviewed the literature and examined whether the global expansion of P. gralli flukes is associated with the spread of invasive snails M. tuberculata and T. granifera. Here, we show that (1) specimens of P. gralli are only found in intermediate snail hosts M. tuberculata or T. granifera, suggesting intermediate host specificity for these 2 species, and (2) specimens of P. gralli have rarely been found outside the ranges (native and introduced) of M. tuberculata or T. granifera. Given the importance of distribution information of parasites in the role of identifying parasite invasions, we also review the known distribution of all Philophthalmus species. Considering recent outbreaks in humans and wild and domestic animal species, the continued spread of Philophthalmus presents a potential threat to veterinary and public health and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Chalkowski
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Abigail Morgan
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | | | - Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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Huston DC, Cutmore SC, Miller TL, Sasal P, Smit NJ, Cribb TH. Gorgocephalidae (Digenea: Lepocreadioidea) in the Indo-West Pacific: new species, life-cycle data and perspectives on species delineation over geographic range. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The digenetic trematode family Gorgocephalidae comprises just a few species, and the literature devoted to the lineage consists of only a handful of reports. With one exception, all reports have been based on material collected in the Indo-West Pacific, an expansive marine ecoregion stretching from the east coast of Africa to Easter Island, Hawaii and French Polynesia. We collected adult and intramolluscan gorgocephalids from kyphosid fishes and littorinid gastropods from several Australian localities, and from South Africa and French Polynesia. Specimens of Gorgocephalus kyphosi and G. yaaji were collected from, or near, their type-localities, providing new morphological and molecular (COI, ITS2 and 28S) data needed for a revised understanding of species boundaries in the family. Two new species are recognized: Gorgocephalus euryaleae sp. nov. and Gorgocephalus graboides sp. nov. New definitive host records are provided for described species and three new intermediate hosts are identified. These new records are all associated with Kyphosus fishes and littorinid gastropods, reaffirming the restriction of gorgocephalids to these hosts. Most significantly, we provide evidence that G. yaaji is distributed from South Africa to French Polynesia, spanning the breadth of the Indo-West Pacific. Our findings have significant relevance regarding digenean species delineation over geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Huston
- Australian National Insect Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Terrence L Miller
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pierre Sasal
- CRIOBE, USR3278-EPHE/CNRS/UPVD/PSL, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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