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Deng S, Pan L, Ke T, Liang J, Zhang R, Chen H, Tang M, Hu W. Rhizophagus Irregularis regulates flavonoids metabolism in paper mulberry roots under cadmium stress. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:317-339. [PMID: 38836935 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Broussonetia papyrifera is widely found in cadmium (Cd) contaminated areas, with an inherent enhanced flavonoids metabolism and inhibited lignin biosynthesis, colonized by lots of symbiotic fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which Rhizophagus irregularis, an AM fungus, regulates flavonoids and lignin in B. papyrifera under Cd stress remain unclear. Here, a pot experiment of B. papyrifera inoculated and non-inoculated with R. irregularis under Cd stress was carried out. We determined flavonoids and lignin concentrations in B. papyrifera roots by LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively, and measured the transcriptional levels of flavonoids- or lignin-related genes in B. papyrifera roots, aiming to ascertain the key components of flavonoids or lignin, and key genes regulated by R. irregularis in response to Cd stress. Without R. irregularis, the concentrations of eriodictyol, quercetin and myricetin were significantly increased under Cd stress. The concentrations of eriodictyol and genistein were significantly increased by R. irregularis, while the concentration of rutin was significantly decreased. Total lignin and lignin monomer had no alteration under Cd stress or with R. irregularis inoculation. As for flavonoids- or lignin-related genes, 26 genes were co-regulated by Cd stress and R. irregularis. Among these genes, BpC4H2, BpCHS8 and BpCHI5 were strongly positively associated with eriodictyol, indicating that these three genes participate in eriodictyol biosynthesis and were involved in R. irregularis assisting B. papyrifera to cope with Cd stress. This lays a foundation for further research revealing molecular mechanisms by which R. irregularis regulates flavonoids synthesis to enhance tolerance of B. papyrifera to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Deng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lan Pan
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tong Ke
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingwei Liang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wentao Hu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Qiao Q, Gao Y, Liu Q. Metabolic and molecular mechanisms of spine color formation in Chinese red chestnut. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1377899. [PMID: 38835869 PMCID: PMC11148441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1377899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The spines of Chinese red chestnut are red and the depth of their color gradually increases with maturity. To identify the anthocyanin types and synthesis pathways in red chestnut and to identify the key genes regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, we obtained and analyzed the transcriptome and anthocyanin metabolism of red chestnut and its control variety with green spines at 3 different periods. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that photosynthesis was more highly enriched in green spines compared with red spines, while processes related to defense and metabolism regulation were more highly enriched in red spines. The analysis showed that the change in spine color promoted photoprotection in red chestnut, especially at the early growth stage, which resulted in the accumulation of differentially expressed genes involved in the defense metabolic pathway. The metabolome results revealed 6 anthocyanins in red spines. Moreover, red spines exhibited high levels of cyanidin, peonidin and pelargonidin and low levels of delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin. Compared with those in the control group, the levels of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin and malvidin in red spines were significantly increased, indicating that the cyanidin and pelargonidin pathways were enriched in the synthesis of anthocyanins in red spines, whereas the delphinidin pathways were inhibited and mostly transformed into malvidin. During the process of flower pigment synthesis, the expression of the CHS, CHI, F3H, CYP75A, CYP75B1, DFR and ANS genes clearly increased, that of CYP73A decreased obviously, and that of PAL, 4CL and LAR both increased and decreased. Notably, the findings revealed that the synthesized anthocyanin can be converted into anthocyanidin or epicatechin. In red spines, the upregulation of BZ1 gene expression increases the corresponding anthocyanidin content, and the upregulation of the ANR gene also promotes the conversion of anthocyanin to epicatechin. The transcription factors involved in color formation included 4 WRKYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qiao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, China
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Yang Z, Luo Y, Xia X, He J, Zhang J, Zeng Q, Li D, Ma B, Zhang S, Zhai C, Chen M, He N. Dehydrogenase MnGutB1 catalyzes 1-deoxynojirimycin biosynthesis in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1307-1320. [PMID: 36800200 PMCID: PMC10231399 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, the number of individuals living with diabetes complications will reach an unprecedented magnitude. Continuous use of some synthetic agents to reduce blood glucose levels causes severe side effects, and thus, the demand for nontoxic, affordable drugs persists. Naturally occurring compounds, such as iminosugars derived from the mulberry (Morus spp.), have been shown to reduce blood glucose levels. In mulberry, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the predominant iminosugar. However, the mechanism underlying DNJ biosynthesis is not completely understood. Here, we showed that DNJ in mulberry is derived from sugar and catalyzed through 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM) dehydrogenase MnGutB1. Combining both targeted and nontargeted metabolite profiling methods, DNJ and its precursors ADM and nojirimycin (NJ) were quantified in mulberry samples from different tissues. Purified His-tagged MnGutB1 oxidized the hexose derivative ADM to form the 6-oxo compound DNJ. The mutant MnGutB1 D283N lost this remarkable capability. Furthermore, in contrast to virus-induced gene silencing of MnGutB1 in mulberry leaves that disrupted the biosynthesis of DNJ, overexpression of MnGutB1 in hairy roots and light-induced upregulation of MnGutB1 enhanced DNJ accumulation. Our results demonstrated that hexose derivative ADM, rather than lysine derivatives, is the precursor in DNJ biosynthesis, and it is catalyzed by MnGutB1 to form the 6-oxo compound. These results represent a breakthrough in producing DNJ and its analogs for medical use by metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Qin S, Liu Y, Cui B, Cheng J, Liu S, Liu H. Isolation and functional diversification of dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase gene HvDFR from Hosta ventricosa indicate its role in driving anthocyanin accumulation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2010389. [PMID: 34951328 PMCID: PMC8967398 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural colorants are synthesized in a branch of the flavonoid pathway. Dihydroflavonol-4reductase (DFR) catalyzes dihydroflavonoids into anthocyanins biosynthesis, which is a key regulatory enzyme of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. Hosta ventricosa is an ornamental plant with elegant flowers and rich colorful leaves. How the function of HvDFR contributes to the anthocyanins biosynthesis is still unknown. In this study, the DFR homolog was identified from H. ventricosa and sequence analysis showed that HvDFR possessed the conserved NADPH binding and catalytic domains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that HvDFR was close to the clade formed with MaDFR and HoDFR in Asparagaceae. Gene expression analysis revealed that HvDFR was constitutive expressed in all tissues and expressed highly in flower as well as was positively correlated with anthocyanin content. In addition, the subcellular location of HvDFR showed that is in the nucleus and cell membrane. Overexpression of HvDFR in transgenic tobacco lines enhanced the anthocyanins accumulation along with the key genes upregulated, such as F3H, F3'H, ANS, and UFGT. Our results indicated a functional activity of the HvDFR, which provide an insight into the regulation of anthocyanins content in H. ventricosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Baiqi Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Niu B, Li Q, Fan L, Shi X, Liu Y, Zhuang Q, Qin X. De Novo Assembly of a Sarcocarp Transcriptome Set Identifies AaMYB1 as a Regulator of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Actinidia arguta var. purpurea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012120. [PMID: 36292977 PMCID: PMC9603036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta var. purpurea) produces oval shaped fruits containing a slightly green or mauve outer exocarp and a purple-flesh endocarp with rows of tiny black seeds. The flesh color of the fruit results from a range of anthocyanin compounds, and is an important trait for kiwifruit consumers. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis of the sarcocarp during A. arguta fruit development, de novo assembly and transcriptomic profile analyses were performed. Based on significant Gene Ontology (GO) biological terms, differentially expressed genes were identified in flavonoid biosynthetic and metabolic processes, pigment biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolic processes, and amino acid metabolic processes. The genes closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), displayed significant up-regulation during fruit development according to the transcriptomic data, which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, a series of transcription factor genes were identified among the DEGs. Through a correlation analysis. AaMYB1 was found to be significantly correlated with key genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis, especially with CHS. Through a transient expression assay, AaMYB1 induced anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves. These data provide an important basis for exploring the related mechanisms of sarcocarp anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. arguta. This study will provide a strong foundation for functional studies on A. arguta and will facilitate improved breeding of A. arguta fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Lijuan Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Qiguo Zhuang
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence:
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Dai M, Kang X, Wang Y, Huang S, Guo Y, Wang R, Chao N, Liu L. Functional Characterization of Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase (F3H) and Its Role in Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Mulberry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103341. [PMID: 35630816 PMCID: PMC9144561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp., Moraceae) is an important economic crop plant and is rich in flavonoids and anthocyanidins in ripe fruits. Anthocyanins are glycosides of anthocyanidins. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) catalyzes the conversion of naringenin into dihydroflavonols and is responsible for the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanidins. In this study, MazsF3H was cloned and characterized from Morus atropurpurea var. Zhongshen 1. Conserved motif analysis based on alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that MazsF3H belonged to 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase and MazsF3H clustered with F3Hs from other plants. MazsF3H was located in both nucleus and cytosol. MazsF3H was expressed in stems, leaves, stigmas and ovaries, except buds. F3H expression levels showed a positive and close relationship with anthocyanin content during the anthocyanin-rich fruit ripening process, while it showed a negative correlation with anthocyanin content in LvShenZi, whose fruits are white and would not experience anthocyanin accumulation during fruit ripening. Significantly different F3H expression levels were also found in different mulberry varieties that have quite different anthocyanin contents in ripe fruits. Overexpression MazsF3H in tobacco showed unexpected results, including decreased anthocyanin content. Down-regulation of F3H expression levels resulted in co-expression of the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and a significant decrease in anthocyanin content, but the change in total flavonoid content was subtle. Our results indicated that F3H may play quite different roles in different varieties that have quite different fruit colors. In addition, possible complex regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis should be further explored in some of the featured plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Dai
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Yuqiong Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Shuai Huang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Yangyang Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Rufeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Nan Chao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (L.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-511-8561-6638 (L.L.)
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (M.D.); (X.K.); (Y.W.); (S.H.); (Y.G.); (R.W.)
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (L.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-511-8561-6638 (L.L.)
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Mahoney JD, Wang S, Iorio LA, Wegrzyn JL, Dorris M, Martin D, Bolling BW, Brand MH, Wang H. De novo assembly of a fruit transcriptome set identifies AmMYB10 as a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aronia melanocarpa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:143. [PMID: 35337270 PMCID: PMC8951710 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aronia is a group of deciduous fruiting shrubs, of the Rosaceae family, native to eastern North America. Interest in Aronia has increased because of the high levels of dietary antioxidants in Aronia fruits. Using Illumina RNA-seq transcriptome analysis, this study investigates the molecular mechanisms of polyphenol biosynthesis during Aronia fruit development. Six A. melanocarpa (diploid) accessions were collected at four fruit developmental stages. De novo assembly was performed with 341 million clean reads from 24 samples and assembled into 90,008 transcripts with an average length of 801 bp. The transcriptome had 96.1% complete according to Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCOs). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in flavonoid biosynthetic and metabolic processes, pigment biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolic processes, and polysaccharide metabolic processes based on significant Gene Ontology (GO) biological terms. The expression of ten anthocyanin biosynthetic genes showed significant up-regulation during fruit development according to the transcriptomic data, which was further confirmed using qRT-PCR expression analyses. Additionally, transcription factor genes were identified among the DEGs. Using a transient expression assay, we confirmed that AmMYB10 induces anthocyanin biosynthesis. The de novo transcriptome data provides a valuable resource for the understanding the molecular mechanisms of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis in Aronia and species of the Rosaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Mahoney
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sining Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Liam A Iorio
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jill L Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Matthew Dorris
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Derek Martin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mark H Brand
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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Fei X, Wei Y, Qi Y, Luo Y, Hu H, Wei A. Integrated LC-MS/MS and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Color Formation During Prickly Ash Fruit Ripening. Front Nutr 2022; 9:847823. [PMID: 35369068 PMCID: PMC8967253 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.847823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prickly ash peel is one of the eight major condiments in China and is widely used in cooking because of its unique fragrance and numbing taste. The color of prickly ash fruit is the most intuitive quality that affects consumer choice. However, the main components and key biosynthetic genes responsible for prickly ash fruit color have not yet been determined. To better understand the biosynthetic mechanisms and accumulation of prickly ash fruit color components, we performed an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of red and green prickly ash fruit at different growth periods. The transcriptome analysis identified 17,269 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between fruit of red and green prickly ash: 7,236 upregulated in green fruit and 10,033 downregulated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 214 flavonoids of 10 types. Flavonoids and flavonols are the main flavonoids in prickly ash, and the total flavonoid content of red prickly ash is higher than that of green prickly ash. Comprehensive analysis showed that the main colored metabolites that differed between green and red prickly ash were cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and differences in the contents of these metabolites were due mainly to differences in the expression of ANS and UFGT. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying color differences in red and green prickly ash and will be useful for improving the quality of prickly ash fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yichen Qi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingli Luo
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Anzhi Wei
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9
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Qiao Q, Si F, Wu C, Wang J, Zhang A, Tao J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Feng Z. Transcriptome sequencing and flavonoid metabolism analysis in the leaves of three different cultivars of Acer truncatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:1-13. [PMID: 34968987 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Young and mature leaves of three Acer truncatum varieties with different leaf colors were examined. Transcriptome sequencing and flavonoid metabolism were used to analyze the differential gene expression associated with different leaf colors and growth stages and the relationships between gene expression and flavonoid and anthocyanin contents to improve ornamental value and develop flavonoid-rich A. truncatum. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database annotation of differentially expressed genes indicated that the following genes were related to flavonoid synthesis: phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes (PAL, C4H, 4CL and CHS), flavonoid biosynthesis genes (E2.1.1.104, CHI, FLS, F3'5'H and ANR), anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (ANS, DFR, HCT, BZ1, GT1, and UGT79B1), isoflavonoid biosynthesis genes (HIDH and CYP81E17), and their transcriptional regulator (MYB). A total of 234 types of flavonoids were detected. The types and contents of anthocyanins in the red-leaf varieties 'Hong Jingling' and 'Caidie Fanfei' were significantly higher than those in the green leaf cultivar 'Lv Baoshi', especially morning glory 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonium-3-O-glucoside, which were not detected in 'Lv Baoshi'. Combined omics analysis showed that downregulated expression of C4H, CHS and F3'5'H and upregulated expression of FLS reduced the supply of raw materials for anthocyanin synthesis, and downstream ANR upregulation converted anthocyanins to procyanidins, increasing the total flavonoid content. F3'5'H expression was downregulated in the leaves of each variety with development, resulting in the accumulation of catechins and the gradual greening of the leaves. F3'5'H was significantly depleted in the young leaves of 'Hong Jingling' and 'Caidie Fanfei' compared with the young leaves of 'Lv Baoshi', while ANS and BZ1 were enriched significantly. It is concluded that F3'5'H, BZ1, and ANS are the key genes needed for breeding red A. truncatum and that ANR is the key gene needed for breeding varieties with a high flavonoids contens. These results may facilitate genetic modification or selection for further improvement of the ornamental qualities and flavonoid content of A. truncatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qiao
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fenfen Si
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chong Wu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jiangyong Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Anning Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jihan Tao
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Taishan Forestry Science Institute, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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10
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Memete AR, Timar AV, Vuscan AN, Miere (Groza) F, Venter AC, Vicas SI. Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020152. [PMID: 35050040 PMCID: PMC8777750 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of secondary metabolites. The aim of our study was to highlight the phytochemical profile of each of the botanical parts of Morus tree, their health benefits and applications in food industry with an updated review of literature. Black and white mulberries are characterized in terms of predominant phenolic compounds in correlation with their medical applications. In addition to anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), black mulberry fruits also contain flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves are a rich source of flavonols, including quercetin and kaempferol in the glycosylated forms and chlorogenic acid as predominant phenolic acids. Mulberry bark roots and twigs are a source of prenylated flavonoids, predominantly morusin. In this context, the exploitation of mulberry in food industry is reviewed in this paper, in terms of developing novel, functional food with multiple health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramona Memete
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Adrian Nicolae Vuscan
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Florina Miere (Groza)
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Alina Cristiana Venter
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a G Protein α Subunit Gene CsGpa1 Involved in Pathogen Appressoria Formation and Virulence Improves Tobacco Resistance to Ciboria shiraiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121053. [PMID: 34947035 PMCID: PMC8709418 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis caused by Ciboria shiraiana is the most devastating disease of mulberry fruit. However, few mulberry lines show any resistance to C. shiraiana. An increasing amount of research has shown that host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is an effective strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to pathogens by silencing genes required for their pathogenicity. In this study, two G protein α subunit genes, CsGPA1 and CsGPA2, were identified from C. shiraiana. Silencing CsGPA1 and CsGPA2 had no effect on hyphal growth but reduced the number of sclerotia and increased the single sclerotium weight. Moreover, silencing CsGpa1 resulted in increased fungal resistance to osmotic and oxidative stresses. Compared with wild-type and empty vector strains, the number of appressoria was clearly lower in CsGPA1-silenced strains. Importantly, infection assays revealed that the virulence of CsGPA1-silenced strains was significantly reduced, which was accompanied by formation of fewer appressoria and decreased expression of several cAMP/PKA- or mitogen-activated protein-kinase-related genes. Additionally, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing double-stranded RNA targeted to CsGpa1 through the HIGS method significantly improved resistance to C. shiraiana. Our results indicate that CsGpa1 is an important regulator in appressoria formation and the pathogenicity of C. shiraiana. CsGpa1 is an efficient target to improve tolerance to C. shiraiana using HIGS technology.
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12
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Li N, Wang X, Ma B, Wu Z, Zheng L, Qi Z, Wang Y. A leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase gene (RtLDOX2) from the feral forage plant Reaumuria trigyna promotes the accumulation of flavonoids and improves tolerance to abiotic stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1121-1138. [PMID: 34037878 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reaumuria trigyna, a Tamaricaceae archaic recretohalophyte, is an important feral forage plant in the desert steppe of northwestern China. We identified two significantly differentially expressed leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase genes (RtLDOX/RtLDOX2) and investigated the function and characteristics of RtLDOX2. RtLDOX2 from R. trigyna was rapidly upregulated by salt, drought, and abscisic acid, consistent with the stress-related cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region. Recombinant RtLDOX2 converted dihydrokaempferol to kaempferol in vitro, and was thus interchangeable with flavonol synthase, a dioxygenase in the flavonoid pathway. Transgenic plants overexpressing RtLDOX2 accumulated more anthocyanin and flavonols under abiotic stresses, speculating that RtLDOX2 may act as a multifunctional dioxygenase in the synthesis of anthocyanins and flavonols. Overexpression of RtLDOX2 enhanced the primary root length, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll content of salt-, drought-, and ultraviolet-B-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis. Antioxidant enzyme activity; proline content; and expression of antioxidant enzyme, proline biosynthesis, and ion-transporter genes were increased in transgenic plants. Therefore, RtLDOX2 confers tolerance to abiotic stress on transgenic Arabidopsis by promoting the accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols. This in turn increases reactive oxygen species scavenging and activates other stress responses, such as osmotic adjustment and ion transport, and so improves tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Li
- College of Agricultural, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Binjie Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology, Ministry of Education, the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, and College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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13
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Chao N, Wang RF, Hou C, Yu T, Miao K, Cao FY, Fang RJ, Liu L. Functional characterization of two chalcone isomerase (CHI) revealing their responsibility for anthocyanins accumulation in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:65-73. [PMID: 33578286 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus sp., Moraceae) is an important economic crop plant and mulberry fruits are rich in anthocyanidins. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the conversion of chalcones to flavanones providing precursors for biosynthesis of anthocyanidins. In this study, bona fide CHIs were cloned and characterized from different Morus species with differently colored fruits (Morus multicaulis, Mm and Morus alba variety LvShenZi, LSZ). Enzymatic assay of MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 showed that they can utilize naringenin chalcone as substrate. The catalytic efficiency of MmCHI2 and LSZCHI2 are approximately 200 and 120-fold greater than that of MmCHI1 respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed the two mulberry CHIs belonged to different sub-clade of Type I CHI1 named type IA (CHI2) and type IB (CHI1). Type IB CHIs are mulberry specific. MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 had similar expression profiles and showed preferred expression in fruits. In addition, both mulberry CHI1 and CHI2 played roles in the response to excess zinc stress and sclerotiniose pathogen infection. Both MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 expression levels showed positive close relationship with anthocyanins content during fruit ripening process. The co-expression of MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 was observed during fruit ripening process and in transgenic mulberry. VIGS (virus induced gene silence) targeting on MmCHI1 and MmCHI2 showed significant down-regulation of MmCHI2 instead of MmCHI1 would result in significant (about 50%) decrease in anthocyanins content. MmCHI2 is the dominant CHI for anthocyanins accumulation in mulberry. The results presented in this work provided insight on bona fide CHIs in mulberry and reveal their roles in anthocyanins accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Chong Hou
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Ting Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Ke Miao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Rong-Jun Fang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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14
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Lv Z, He Z, Hao L, Kang X, Ma B, Li H, Luo Y, Yuan J, He N. Genome Sequencing Analysis of Scleromitrula shiraiana, a Causal Agent of Mulberry Sclerotial Disease With Narrow Host Range. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:603927. [PMID: 33519746 PMCID: PMC7840784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleromitrula shiraiana is a necrotrophic fungus with a narrow host range, and is one of the main causal pathogens of mulberry sclerotial disease. However, its molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we report a 39.0 Mb high-quality genome sequence for S. shiraiana strain SX-001. The S. shiraiana genome contains 11,327 protein-coding genes. The number of genes and genome size of S. shiraiana are similar to most other Ascomycetes. The cross-similarities and differences of S. shiraiana with the closely related Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea indicated that S. shiraiana differentiated earlier from their common ancestor. A comparative genomic analysis showed that S. shiraiana has fewer genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and effector proteins than that of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, as well as many other Ascomycetes. This is probably a key factor in the weaker aggressiveness of S. shiraiana to other plants. S. shiraiana has many species-specific genes encoding secondary metabolism core enzymes. The diversity of secondary metabolites may be related to the adaptation of these pathogens to specific ecological niches. However, melanin and oxalic acid are conserved metabolites among many Sclerotiniaceae fungi, and may be essential for survival and infection. Our results provide insights into the narrow host range of S. shiraiana and its adaptation to mulberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Xin Y, Meng S, Ma B, He W, He N. Mulberry genes MnANR and MnLAR confer transgenic plants with resistance to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110473. [PMID: 32540003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are major defense-related phenolics in mulberry, but the mechanism underlying their biosynthesis remains uncharacterized. In this study, the relationship between the expression of genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) or leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and PA biosynthesis was investigated in white and red mulberry fruits. In ripening fruits, the MnANR and MnLAR transcription levels tended to decrease, whereas the catechin and epicatechin contents initially increased and then decreased. In contrast, the PA content exhibited a clearly different trend. The ectopic expression of MnANR and MnLAR in tobacco increased the resistance to Botrytis cinerea, as evidenced by the less extensive disease symptoms of the transgenic plants compared with the wild-type plants. In vitro experiments revealed that the transgenic tobacco crude leaf extract had an obvious inhibitory effect on B. cinerea. Moreover, the ectopic expression of MnANR and MnLAR in tobacco inhibited the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, resulting in decreased anthocyanin contents in flowers. The results of this study may be useful for elucidating the mechanism underlying PA biosynthesis. Furthermore, ANR and LAR represent potential targets for improving the resistance of mulberry and related plant species to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenmin He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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16
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Huang G, Zeng Y, Wei L, Yao Y, Dai J, Liu G, Gui Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of mulberry reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanisms in black (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) and white (Morus alba L.) fruit genotypes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:279. [PMID: 32552771 PMCID: PMC7301479 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To gain a better understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis in mulberry fruit, we analyzed the transcriptome of the mulberry varieties Da 10 (Morus atropurpurea Roxb., black fruit) and Baisang (Morus alba L., white fruit). RESULTS We found that whereas Da 10 had high levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg), Baisang contained only Cy, at low levels. Based on a comparative transcriptome analysis, we annotated more than 27,085 genes (including 1735 new genes). Genes that were differentially expressed between Da 10 and Baisang were detected at three stages of fruit development: S1 [4256 genes, 10 days post-anthesis (DPA)], S2 (5612 genes, 19 DPA), and S3 (5226 genes, 28 DPA). Anthocyanin biosynthesis was found to be associated with the expression of 15 core genes and 5 transcription factors. Relative to Baisang, Da 10 showed a significant upregulation of genes involved in the early stages (production of the intermediate compounds chalcone and dihydroflavonol) and late stages (production of Cy and Pg) of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Baisang showed a significant downregulation of the genes involved in the early stages of anthocyanin biosynthesis and overexpression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FLS), resulting in the generation of quercetin and/or myricetin but not anthocyanins. CONCLUSIONS The biosynthesis of anthocyanin in mulberry fruit is initiated from the precursor, phenylalanine, and mediated by the upregulation of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 2-O-glucuronosyltransferase, and downregulation of FLS to produce Cy and Pg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiqun Huang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yichun Zeng
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongquan Yao
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhongzheng Gui
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China.
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Li J, An Y, Wang L. Transcriptomic Analysis of Ficus carica Peels with a Focus on the Key Genes for Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041245. [PMID: 32069906 PMCID: PMC7072940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fig (Ficus carica L.), a deciduous fruit tree of the Moraceae, provides ingredients for human health such as anthocyanins. However, little information is available on its molecular structure. In this study, the fig peels in the yellow (Y) and red (R) stages were used for transcriptomic analyses. Comparing the R with the Y stage, we obtained 6224 differentially expressed genes, specifically, anthocyanin-related genes including five CHS, three CHI, three DFR, three ANS, two UFGT and seven R2R3-MYB genes. Furthermore, three anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, i.e., FcCHS1, FcCHI1 and FcDFR1, and two R2R3-MYB genes, i.e., FcMYB21 and FcMYB123, were cloned; sequences analysis and their molecular characteristics indicated their important roles in fig anthocyanin biosynthesis. Heterologous expression of FcMYB21 and FcMYB123 significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation in both apple fruits and calli, further suggesting their regulatory roles in fig coloration. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms behind fig anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration, facilitating the genetic improvement of high-anthocyanin cultivars and other horticultural traits in fig fruits.
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18
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Li H, Li D, Yang Z, Zeng Q, Luo Y, He N. Flavones Produced by Mulberry Flavone Synthase Type I Constitute a Defense Line against the Ultraviolet-B Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020215. [PMID: 32045991 PMCID: PMC7076714 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavones, one of the largest classes of flavonoids in plants, have a variety of bioactivities and participate in the resistance response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, flavone synthase (FNS), the key enzyme for flavone biosynthesis, has not yet been characterized in mulberry. In this study, we report that the leaves of certain mulberry cultivars, namely BJ7, PS2, and G14, are rich in flavones. We identified a Fe2+/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase from Morus notabilis (MnFNSI) that shows the typical enzymatic activity of a FNSI-type enzyme, and directly converts eriodictyol and naringenin into their corresponding flavones. Overexpression of MnFNSI in tobacco increased the flavones contents in leaves and enhanced the tolerance of tobacco to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress. We found that mulberry cultivars with higher flavones contents exhibit less UV-B induced damage after a UV-B treatment. Accordingly, our findings demonstrate that MnFNSI, a FNSI-type enzyme, is involved in the biosynthesis of flavones, which provide protection against UV-B radiation. These results lay the foundation for obtaining mulberry germplasm resources that are more tolerant to UV-B stress and richer in their nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Industrial Engineering Research Center of Mulberry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.L.); (D.L.); (Z.Y.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Industrial Engineering Research Center of Mulberry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Li D, Chen G, Ma B, Zhong C, He N. Metabolic Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis of Mulberry Leaves Provide Insights into Flavonoid Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1494-1504. [PMID: 31917553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed in mulberry leaves and have been recognized for their beneficial physiological effects on the human health. Here, we analyzed variations in 44 flavonoid compounds among 91 mulberry resources. Metabolic profiling revealed that O-rhamnosylated flavonols and malonylated flavonol glycosides, including rutin and quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-malonylglucoside) (Q3MG), were absent from Morus notabilis and multiple mulberry (Morus alba L.) resources. Transcriptome and phylogenetic analyses of flavonoid-related UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) suggested that the flavonol 3-O-glucoside-O-rhamnosyltransferase (FGRT) KT324624 is a key enzyme involved in rutin synthesis. A recombinant FGRT protein was able to convert kaempferol/quercetin 3-O-glucoside to kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (K3G6″Rha) and rutin. The recombinant FGRT was able to use 3-O-glucosylated flavonols but not flavonoid aglycones or 7-O-glycosylated flavonoids as substrates. The enzyme preferentially used UDP-rhamnose as the sugar donor, indicating that it was a flavonol 3-O-glucoside: 6″-O-rhamnosyltransferase. This study provided insights into the biosynthesis of rutin in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Chengzhang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
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Li H, Yang Z, Zeng Q, Wang S, Luo Y, Huang Y, Xin Y, He N. Abnormal expression of bHLH3 disrupts a flavonoid homeostasis network, causing differences in pigment composition among mulberry fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:83. [PMID: 32528695 PMCID: PMC7261776 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry fruits with high concentrations of anthocyanins are favored by consumers because of their good taste, bright color, and high nutritional value. However, neither the regulatory mechanism controlling flavonoid biosynthesis in mulberry nor the molecular basis of different mulberry fruit colors is fully understood. Here, we report that a flavonoid homeostasis network comprising activation and feedback regulation mechanisms determines mulberry fruit color. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that MYBA-bHLH3-TTG1 regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, while TT2L1 and TT2L2 work with bHLH3 or GL3 and form a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex with TTG1 to regulate proanthocyanidin (PA) synthesis. Functional and expression analyses showed that bHLH3 is a key regulator of the regulatory network controlling mulberry fruit coloration and that MYB4 is activated by MBW complexes and participates in negative feedback control of the regulatory network to balance the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Our research demonstrates that the interaction between bHLH3 and MYB4 in the homeostasis regulatory network ensures that the fruits accumulate desirable flavonoids and that this network is stable in pigment-rich mulberry fruits. However, the abnormal expression of bHLH3 disrupts the balance of the network and redirects flavonoid metabolic flux in pale-colored fruits, resulting in differences in the levels and proportions of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols among differently colored mulberry fruits (red, yellow, and white). The results of our study reveal the molecular basis of the diversity of mulberry fruit colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Youchao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
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D’Urso G, Mes JJ, Montoro P, Hall RD, de Vos RC. Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Mulberries. Metabolites 2019; 10:metabo10010007. [PMID: 31861822 PMCID: PMC7023076 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberries are consumed either freshly or as processed fruits and are traditionally used to tackle several diseases, especially type II diabetes. Here, we investigated the metabolite compositions of ripe fruits of both white (Morus alba) and black (Morus nigra) mulberries, using reversed-phase HPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and related these to their in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Based on accurate masses, fragmentation data, UV/Vis light absorbance spectra and retention times, 35 metabolites, mainly comprising phenolic compounds and amino sugar acids, were identified. While the antioxidant activity was highest in M. nigra, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were similar between species. Both bioactivities were mostly resistant to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. To identify the bioactive compounds, we combined LC-MS with 96-well-format fractionation followed by testing the individual fractions for α-glucosidase inhibition, while compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were identified using HPLC with an online antioxidant detection system. We thus determined iminosugars and phenolic compounds in both M. alba and M. nigra, and anthocyanins in M. nigra as being the key α-glucosidase inhibitors, while anthocyanins in M. nigra and both phenylpropanoids and flavonols in M. alba were identified as key antioxidants in their ripe berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda D’Urso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy; (G.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Business Unit Fresh Food and Chains, Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Paola Montoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy; (G.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C.H. de Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-317480841
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Li J, Zhao A, Yu M, Li Y, Liu X, Chen X. Function analysis of anthocyanidin synthase from Morus alba L. by expression in bacteria and tobacco. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chaves-Silva S, Santos ALD, Chalfun-Júnior A, Zhao J, Peres LEP, Benedito VA. Understanding the genetic regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants - Tools for breeding purple varieties of fruits and vegetables. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 153:11-27. [PMID: 29803860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring flavonoids derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is increasing evidence of the preventative and protective roles of anthocyanins against a broad range of pathologies, including different cancer types and metabolic diseases. However, most of the fresh produce available to consumers typically contains only small amounts of anthocyanins, mostly limited to the epidermis of plant organs. Therefore, transgenic and non-transgenic approaches have been proposed to enhance the levels of this phytonutrient in vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Here, were review the current literature on the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in model and crop species, including the structural and regulatory genes involved in the differential pigmentation patterns of plant structures. Furthermore, we explore the genetic regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the reasons why it is strongly repressed in specific cell types, in order to create more efficient breeding strategies to boost the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in fresh fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chaves-Silva
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA; Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Luís Dos Santos
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA; Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Chalfun-Júnior
- Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vagner Augusto Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA.
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Identification and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis in mulberry (Morus alba L.). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194129. [PMID: 29543877 PMCID: PMC5854264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an important economic tree species in many countries. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) has become a widely used method for gene expression studies in plants. A suitable reference gene is essential to ensure accurate and reliable results for qRT-PCR analyses. However, no reports describing the selection of reference genes have been published for mulberry. In this work, we evaluated the stability of twenty candidate reference genes in different plant tissues and under different stress conditions by qRT-PCR in mulberry using algorithms in two programs—geNorm and NormFinder. The results revealed that TUB2, UBI4, ACTIN3 and RPL4 were ranked as the most stable reference genes in the samples subsets, whereas EF1α4 and TUB3showed the least stability with both algorithms. To further validate the stability of the reference genes, the expression patterns of six genes of mulberry were analyzed by normalization with the selected reference genes. Our study will benefit future analyses of gene expression in mulberry.
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Chen H, Yu W, Chen G, Meng S, Xiang Z, He N. Antinociceptive and Antibacterial Properties of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Fruits of Black and Non-Black Mulberries. Molecules 2017; 23:E4. [PMID: 29267231 PMCID: PMC5943937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins and flavones are important pigments responsible for the coloration of fruits. Mulberry fruit is rich in anthocyanins and flavonols, which have multiple uses in traditional Chinese medicine. The antinociceptive and antibacterial activities of total flavonoids (TF) from black mulberry (MnTF, TF of Morus nigra) and non-black mulberry (MmTF, TF of Morus mongolica; and MazTF, TF of Morus alba 'Zhenzhubai') fruits were studied. MnTF was rich in anthocyanins (11.3 mg/g) and flavonols (0.7 mg/g) identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tunable ultraviolet/mass single-quadrupole detection (UPLC-TUV/QDa). Comparatively, MmTF and MazTF had low flavonol contents and MazTF had no anthocyanins. MnTF showed significantly higher antinociceptive and antibacterial activities toward Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus than MmTF and MazTF. MnTF inhibited the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phospho-p65 (p-p65) and phospho-IκBα (p-IκBα), and increased interleukin 10 (IL-10). Additionally, mice tests showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), rutin (Ru) and isoquercetin (IQ) were the main active ingredients in the antinociceptive process. Stronger antinociceptive effect of MnTF was correlated with its high content of anthocyanins and flavonols and its inhibitory effects on proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wansha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Qi X, Yu X, Xu D, Fang H, Dong K, Li W, Liang C. Identification and analysis of CYP450 genes from transcriptome of Lonicera japonica and expression analysis of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis related CYP450s. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3781. [PMID: 28924501 PMCID: PMC5600180 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lonicera japonica is an important medicinal plant that has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. The pharmacological activities of L. japonica are mainly due to its rich natural active ingredients, most of which are secondary metabolites. CYP450s are a large, complex, and widespread superfamily of proteins that participate in many endogenous and exogenous metabolic reactions, especially secondary metabolism. Here, we identified CYP450s in L. japonica transcriptome and analyzed CYP450s that may be involved in chlorogenic acid (CGA) biosynthesis. Methods The recent availability of L. japonica transcriptome provided opportunity to identify CYP450s in this herb. BLAST based method and HMM based method were used to identify CYP450s in L. japonica transcriptome. Then, phylogenetic analysis, conserved motifs analysis, GO annotation, and KEGG annotation analyses were conducted to characterize the identified CYP450s. qRT-PCR was used to explore expression patterns of five CGA biosynthesis related CYP450s. Results In this study, 151 putative CYP450s with complete cytochrome P450 domain, which belonged to 10 clans, 45 families and 76 subfamilies, were identified in L. japonica transcriptome. Phylogenetic analysis classified these CYP450s into two major branches, A-type (47%) and non-A type (53%). Both types of CYP450s had conserved motifs in L. japonica. The differences of typical motif sequences between A-type and non-A type CYP450s in L. japonica were similar with other plants. GO classification indicated that non-A type CYP450s participated in more molecular functions and biological processes than A-type. KEGG pathway annotation totally assigned 47 CYP450s to 25 KEGG pathways. From these data, we cloned two LjC3Hs (CYP98A subfamily) and three LjC4Hs (CYP73A subfamily) that may be involved in biosynthesis of CGA, the major ingredient for pharmacological activities of L. japonica. qRT-PCR results indicated that two LjC3Hs exhibited oppositing expression patterns during the flower development and LjC3H2 exhibited a similar expression pattern with CGA concentration measured by HPLC. The expression patterns of three LjC4Hs were quite different and the expression pattern of LjC4H3 was quite similar with that of LjC3H1. Discussion Our results provide a comprehensive identification and characterization of CYP450s in L. japonica. Five CGA biosynthesis related CYP450s were cloned and their expression patterns were explored. The different expression patterns of two LjC3Hs and three LjC4Hs may be due to functional divergence of both substrate and catalytic specificity during plant evolution. The co-expression pattern of LjC3H1 and LjC4H3 strongly suggested that they were under coordinated regulation by the same transcription factors due to same cis elements in their promoters. In conclusion, this study provides insight into CYP450s and will effectively facilitate the research of biosynthesis of CGA in L. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Qi
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Daohua Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Weilin Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing, China
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Yu X, Zhu Y, Fan J, Wang D, Gong X, Ouyang Z. Accumulation of Flavonoid Glycosides and UFGT Gene Expression in Mulberry Leaves (Morus alba L.) before and after Frost. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28281324 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the influence of frost on chemical changes in mulberry leaves, the UFGT activity, expression level, and accumulation of flavonoid glycosides in mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) were studied. The expression of UFGT gene was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and the UFGT activity, accumulation of flavonoid glycosides was studied by high performance liquid chromatography. Then, the correlation between the expression level of UFGT, the UFGT activity, and the flavonoid glycosides accumulation with temperature was explored. The accumulation of isoquercitrin and astragalin is significantly positively correlated with UFGT gene expression and UFGT activity. On the contrary, the average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the level of UFGT gene expression and UFGT activity. The results show that after frost, low temperature can induce the expression of UFGT gene in mulberry leaves, resulting in the accumulation of flavonoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China.,College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yiling Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Dujun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
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Arora V, Ghosh MK, Pal S, Gangopadhyay G. Allele specific CAPS marker development and characterization of chalcone synthase gene in Indian mulberry (Morus spp., family Moraceae). PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640826 PMCID: PMC5480871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) is an essential enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway that catalyzes the first step in flavonoid biosynthesis in plants under diverse environmental stress. We have used CHS as a candidate gene in mulberry and developed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) based co-dominant Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) marker associated with the CHS locus. The segregation pattern of the marker was studied in an F1 population derived from a hybridization program between two mulberry genotypes showing polymorphism for the CHS locus. Differential CHS activity of the recombinants has been correlated with the segregation pattern of the marker. Homology modelling and docking studies are performed for both the identified CHS alleles and correlated with respective CHS activity. Phenotyping of Powdery Mildew infected F1 population indicated a probable association with the CAPS marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Arora
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main Campus), Kolkata, India
| | - M. K. Ghosh
- Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Berhampore, India
| | - Soumili Pal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main Campus), Kolkata, India
| | - Gaurab Gangopadhyay
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute (Main Campus), Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Wang C, Zhi S, Liu C, Xu F, Zhao A, Wang X, Tang X, Li Z, Huang P, Yu M. Isolation and characterization of a novel chalcone synthase gene family from mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:107-118. [PMID: 28355585 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the pivotal enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to flavonoids. Here, five CHS genes were determined in mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.). Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis tended to group three MaCHSs in the stilbene synthase (STS) family and initially annotated these as MaSTSs. A co-expression system that harbored a 4-coumarate:CoA ligase gene and one of the candidate genes was established to determine the functions of this novel gene family. The fermentation result demonstrated that MaSTS in fact encoded a CHS enzyme, and was consequently retermed MaCHS. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that MaCHS1/MaCHS2 was highly abundant in fruit, and MaCHS4 had significant expression in root bark, stem bark and old leaves, while MaCHS3 and MaCHS5 were more expressed in old leaves. Subcellular localization experiments showed that MaCHS was localized to the cytoplasm. Transcription levels suggested MaCHS genes were involved in a series of defense responses. Over-expression of MaCHS in transgenic tobacco modified the metabolite profile, and resulted in elevated tolerance to a series of environmental stresses. This study comprehensively evaluated the function of MaCHS genes and laid the foundation for future research on MaCHS in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shuang Zhi
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Changying Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhengang Li
- The Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China
| | - Ping Huang
- The Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan 661100, China
| | - Maode Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Li H, Liang J, Chen H, Ding G, Ma B, He N. Evolutionary and functional analysis of mulberry type III polyketide synthases. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:540. [PMID: 27487946 PMCID: PMC4973071 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type III polyketide synthases are important for the biosynthesis of flavonoids and various plant polyphenols. Mulberry plants have abundant polyphenols, but very little is known about the mulberry type III polyketide synthase genes. An analysis of these genes may provide new targets for genetic improvement to increase relevant secondary metabolites and enhance the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Results Eighteen genes encoding type III polyketide synthases were identified, including six chalcone synthases (CHS), ten stilbene synthases (STS), and two polyketide synthases (PKS). Functional characterization of four genes representing most of the MnCHS and MnSTS genes by coexpression with 4-Coumaroyl-CoA ligase in Escherichia coli indicated that their products were able to catalyze p-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to generate naringenin and resveratrol, respectively. Microsynteny analysis within mulberry indicated that segmental and tandem duplication events contributed to the expansion of the MnCHS family, while tandem duplications were mainly responsible for the generation of the MnSTS genes. Combining the evolution and expression analysis results of the mulberry type III PKS genes indicated that MnCHS and MnSTS genes evolved mainly under purifying selection to maintain their original functions, but transcriptional subfunctionalization occurred during long-term species evolution. Moreover, mulberry leaves can rapidly accumulated oxyresveratrol after UV-C irradiation, suggesting that resveratrol was converted to oxyresveratrol. Conclusions Characterizing the functions and evolution of mulberry type III PKS genes is crucial for advancing our understanding of these genes and providing the basis for further studies on the biosynthesis of relevant secondary metabolites in mulberry plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2843-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiubo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Systematic study on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of some new and common mulberry cultivars in China. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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32
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Dwivedi SL, Upadhyaya HD, Chung IM, De Vita P, García-Lara S, Guajardo-Flores D, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Serna-Saldívar SO, Rajakumar G, Sahrawat KL, Kumar J, Ortiz R. Exploiting Phenylpropanoid Derivatives to Enhance the Nutraceutical Values of Cereals and Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:763. [PMID: 27375635 PMCID: PMC4891577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse chemical class with immense health benefits that are biosynthesized from the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine. This article reviews the progress for accessing variation in phenylpropanoids in germplasm collections, the genetic and molecular basis of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and the development of cultivars dense in seed-phenylpropanoids. Progress is also reviewed on high-throughput assays, factors that influence phenylpropanoids, the site of phenylpropanoids accumulation in seed, Genotype × Environment interactions, and on consumer attitudes for the acceptance of staple foods rich in phenylpropanoids. A paradigm shift was noted in barley, maize, rice, sorghum, soybean, and wheat, wherein cultivars rich in phenylpropanoids are grown in Europe and North and Central America. Studies have highlighted some biological constraints that need to be addressed for development of high-yielding cultivars that are rich in phenylpropanoids. Genomics-assisted breeding is expected to facilitate rapid introgression into improved genetic backgrounds by minimizing linkage drag. More research is needed to systematically characterize germplasm pools for assessing variation to support crop genetic enhancement, and assess consumer attitudes to foods rich in phenylpropanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam L. Dwivedi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru, India
| | - Hari D. Upadhyaya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru, India
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Life Science, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la CerealicolturaFoggia, Italy
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y CienciasMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Daniel Guajardo-Flores
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y CienciasMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Janet A. Gutiérrez-Uribe
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y CienciasMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y CienciasMonterrey, Mexico
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Applied Life Science, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - Kanwar L. Sahrawat
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru, India
| | | | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
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33
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Wang C, Yin LY, Shi XY, Xiao H, Kang K, Liu XY, Zhan JC, Huang WD. Effect of Cultivar, Temperature, and Environmental Conditions on the Dynamic Change of Melatonin in Mulberry Fruit Development and Wine Fermentation. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M958-67. [PMID: 26953927 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High levels of melatonin have been reported in various foods but not in mulberry or its wine. This study investigated the dynamic changes of melatonin levels during mulberry fruit development and ethanol fermentation of 2 different colored mulberry cultivars ("Hongguo2ˮ Morus nigra, black and "Baiyuwangˮ Morus alba, white) at 2 fermentation temperatures (16 and 25 °C). Our results showed that the melatonin level increased in the beginning of mulberry development but decreased in the end. The MnTDC gene expression level correlated with melatonin production, which implied that TDC may be the rate-limiting enzyme of the melatonin biosynthetic process in mulberries. During mulberry fermentation, the melatonin concentration increased rapidly in the beginning and then decreased gradually. Low temperature delayed the melatonin production during fermentation. A relatively high level of melatonin was found in "Hongguo2ˮ compared with "Baiyuwangˮ during fruit development and fermentation. The variation of melatonin correlated with the ethanol production rate, suggesting that melatonin may participate in physiological regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yuan Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Ying Shi
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xiao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Kun Kang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Yan Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Cheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ, Qinghua East Rd. No.17, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
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