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Giovannini D, Antonelli F, Casciati A, De Angelis C, Denise Astorino M, Bazzano G, Fratini E, Ampollini A, Vadrucci M, Cisbani E, Nenzi P, Picardi L, Saran A, Marino C, Mancuso M, Ronsivalle C, Pazzaglia S. Comparing the effects of irradiation with protons or photons on neonatal mouse brain: Apoptosis, oncogenesis and hippocampal alterations. Radiother Oncol 2024; 195:110267. [PMID: 38614282 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Medulloblastoma (MB) is a common primary brain cancer in children. Proton therapy in pediatric MB is intensively studied and widely adopted. Compared to photon, proton radiations offer potential for reduced toxicity due to the characteristic Bragg Peak at the end of their path in tissue. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of irradiation with the same dose of protons or photons in Patched1 heterozygous knockout mice, a murine model predisposed to cancer and non-cancer radiogenic pathologies, including MB and lens opacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS TOP-IMPLART is a pulsed linear proton accelerator for proton therapy applications. We compared the long-term health effects of 3 Gy of protons or photons in neonatal mice exposed at postnatal day 2, during a peculiarly susceptible developmental phase of the cerebellum, lens, and hippocampus, to genotoxic stress. RESULTS Experimental testing of the 5 mm Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) proton beam, through evaluation of apoptotic response, confirmed that both cerebellum and hippocampus were within the SOBP irradiation field. While no differences in MB induction were observed after irradiation with protons or photons, lens opacity examination confirmed sparing of the lens after proton exposure. Marked differences in expression of neurogenesis-related genes and in neuroinflammation, but not in hippocampal neurogenesis, were observed after irradiation of wild-type mice with both radiation types. CONCLUSION In-vivo experiments with radiosensitive mouse models improve our mechanistic understanding of the dependence of brain damage on radiation quality, thus having important implications in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giovannini
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonelli
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Arianna Casciati
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Denise Astorino
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Bazzano
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ampollini
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Monia Vadrucci
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy; Italian Space Agency, Science and Research Directorate, Via del Politecnico 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Nenzi
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Picardi
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy
| | - Concetta Ronsivalle
- Division of Physical Technologies and Security, ENEA Frascati Research Center, Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Division of Health Protection Technology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Roma, Italy.
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Shinsato RN, Correa CG, Herai RH. Genetic network analysis indicate that individuals affected by neurodevelopmental conditions have genetic variations associated with ophthalmologic alterations: A critical review of literature. Gene 2024; 908:148246. [PMID: 38325665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the nervous system are related to a wide range of mental disorders, which include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) that are characterized by early onset mental conditions, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders and correlated conditions (ASD). Previous studies have shown distinct genetic components associated with diverse schizophrenia and ASD phenotypes, with mostly focused on rescuing neural phenotypes and brain activity, but alterations related to vision are overlooked. Thus, as the vision is composed by the eyes that itself represents a part of the brain, with the retina being formed by neurons and cells originating from the glia, genetic variations affecting the brain can also affect the vision. Here, we performed a critical systematic literature review to screen for all genetic variations in individuals presenting NDD with reported alterations in vision. Using these restricting criteria, we found 20 genes with distinct types of genetic variations, inherited or de novo, that includes SNP, SNV, deletion, insertion, duplication or indel. The variations occurring within protein coding regions have different impact on protein formation, such as missense, nonsense or frameshift. Moreover, a molecular analysis of the 20 genes found revealed that 17 shared a common protein-protein or genetic interaction network. Moreover, gene expression analysis in samples from the brain and other tissues indicates that 18 of the genes found are highly expressed in the brain and retina, indicating their potential role in adult vision phenotype. Finally, we only found 3 genes from our study described in standard public databanks of ophthalmogenetics, suggesting that the other 17 genes could be novel target for vision diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério N Shinsato
- Unisalesiano, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Camila Graczyk Correa
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil; Research Division, Buko Kaesemodel Institute (IBK), Curitiba, Paraná 80240-000, Brazil; Research Division, 9p Brazil Association (A9pB), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97060-580, Brazil.
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Seo S, Sonn SK, Kweon HY, Jin J, Kume T, Ko JY, Park JH, Oh GT. Primary Cilium in Neural Crest Cells Crucial for Anterior Segment Development and Corneal Avascularity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:30. [PMID: 38517430 PMCID: PMC10981158 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intraflagellar transport 46 (IFT46) is an integral subunit of the IFT-B complex, playing a key role in the assembly and maintenance of primary cilia responsible for transducing signaling pathways. Despite its predominant expression in the basal body of cilia, the precise role of Ift46 in ocular development remains undetermined. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of neural crest (NC)-specific deletion of Ift46 on ocular development. Methods NC-specific conditional knockout mice for Ift46 (NC-Ift46F/F) were generated by crossing Ift46F mice with Wnt1-Cre2 mice, enabling the specific deletion of Ift46 in NC-derived cells (NCCs). Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Notch signaling activities in NC-Ift46F/F mice were evaluated using Gli1lacZ and CBF:H2B-Venus reporter mice, respectively. Cell fate mapping was conducted using ROSAmTmG reporter mice. Results The deletion of Ift46 in NCCs resulted in a spectrum of ocular abnormalities, including thickened corneal stroma, hypoplasia of the anterior chamber, irregular iris morphology, and corneal neovascularization. Notably, this deletion led to reduced Shh signal activity in the periocular mesenchyme, sustained expression of key transcription factors Foxc1, Foxc2 and Pitx2, along with persistent cell proliferation. Additionally, it induced increased Notch signaling activity and the development of ectopic neovascularization within the corneal stroma. Conclusions The absence of primary cilia due to Ift46 deficiency in NCCs is associated with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and corneal neovascularization, suggesting a potential link to Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, a disorder characterized by ASD. This underscores the pivotal role of primary cilia in ensuring proper anterior segment development and maintaining an avascular cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Seo
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Imvastech Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Keun Sonn
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Yon Kweon
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Jin
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Je Yeong Ko
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Imvastech Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chaomulige, Matsuo T, Sugimoto K, Miyaji M, Hosoya O, Ueda M, Kobayashi R, Horii T, Hatada I. Morphometric Analysis of the Eye by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MGST2-Gene-Deficient Mice. Biomedicines 2024; 12:370. [PMID: 38397974 PMCID: PMC10887158 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Strabismus, a neuro-ophthalmological condition characterized by misalignment of the eyes, is a common ophthalmic disorder affecting both children and adults. In our previous study, we identified the microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 (MGST2) gene as one of the potential candidates for comitant strabismus susceptibility in a Japanese population. The MGST2 gene belongs to the membrane-associated protein involved in the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators, and it is also found in the protection against oxidative stress by decreasing the reactivity of oxidized lipids. To look for the roles of the MGST2 gene in the development, eye alignment, and overall morphology of the eye as the possible background of strabismus, MGST2 gene knockout (KO) mice were generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing with guide RNAs targeting the MGST2 exon 2. The ocular morphology of the KO mice was analyzed through high-resolution images obtained by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine for small animals. The morphometric analyses showed that the height, width, and volume of the eyeballs in MGST2 KO homozygous mice were significantly greater than those of wild-type mice, indicating that the eyes of MGST2 KO homozygous mice were significantly enlarged. There were no significant differences in the axis length and axis angle. These morphological changes may potentially contribute to the development of a subgroup of strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomulige
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Toshihiko Matsuo
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kohei Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Mary Miyaji
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Osamu Hosoya
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Masashi Ueda
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging Analysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Takuro Horii
- Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.); (I.H.)
- Viral Vector Core, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Dubaic M, Peskova L, Hampl M, Weissova K, Celiker C, Shylo NA, Hruba E, Kavkova M, Zikmund T, Weatherbee SD, Kaiser J, Barta T, Buchtova M. Role of ciliopathy protein TMEM107 in eye development: insights from a mouse model and retinal organoid. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302073. [PMID: 37863656 PMCID: PMC10589122 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are cellular surface projections enriched in receptors and signaling molecules, acting as signaling hubs that respond to stimuli. Malfunctions in primary cilia have been linked to human diseases, including retinopathies and ocular defects. Here, we focus on TMEM107, a protein localized to the transition zone of primary cilia. TMEM107 mutations were found in patients with Joubert and Meckel-Gruber syndromes. A mouse model lacking Tmem107 exhibited eye defects such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia, affecting retina differentiation. Tmem107 expression during prenatal mouse development correlated with phenotype occurrence, with enhanced expression in differentiating retina and optic stalk. TMEM107 deficiency in retinal organoids resulted in the loss of primary cilia, down-regulation of retina-specific genes, and cyst formation. Knocking out TMEM107 in human ARPE-19 cells prevented primary cilia formation and impaired response to Smoothened agonist treatment because of ectopic activation of the SHH pathway. Our data suggest TMEM107 plays a crucial role in early vertebrate eye development and ciliogenesis in the differentiating retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dubaic
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Peskova
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Hampl
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Weissova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Canan Celiker
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia A Shylo
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Eva Hruba
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kavkova
- https://ror.org/03613d656 CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- https://ror.org/03613d656 CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Scott D Weatherbee
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Biology Department, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT, USA
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- https://ror.org/03613d656 CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- https://ror.org/02j46qs45 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wang X, Tan S, Yang S, Liu X, Lei J, Li H. Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Regulates Human Trabecular Meshwork Cell Function. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:430-438. [PMID: 37307020 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling on primary human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. Methods: Primary HTM cells were isolated from healthy donors and cultured. Recombinant Shh (rShh) protein and cyclopamine were used to activate and inhibit the Shh signaling pathway, respectively. A cell viability assay was performed to assess the effects of rShh on the activity of primary HTM cells. Functional assessment of cell adhesion and phagocytosis was also performed. The proportion of apoptotic cells was examined using flow cytometry. Fibronectin (FN) and transforming growth factor beta2 (TGF-β2) protein were detected to assess the influence of rShh on the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses were used to examine mRNA and protein expression of Shh signaling pathway-associated factors GLI Family Zinc Finger 1 (GLI1) and Suppressor of Fused (SUFU). Results: rShh significantly enhanced primary HTM cell viability at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL. rShh increased the adhesion and phagocytic abilities of primary HTM cells, and decreased cell apoptosis. FN and TGF-β2 protein expression increased in primary HTM cells treated with rShh. rShh upregulated the transcriptional activity and protein levels of GLI1, and downregulated those of SUFU. Correspondingly, the rShh-induced GLI1 upexpression was partially blocked by pretreatment with the Shh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine at a concentration of 10 μM. Conclusions: Activation of Shh signaling can regulate the function of primary HTM cells through GLI1. Regulation of Shh signaling may be a potential target for attenuating cell damage in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Sisi Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianmao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqin Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Wang W, Li F, Wang J, Liu Z, Tian M, Wang Z, Li H, Qu J, Chen Y, Hou L. Disrupting Hedgehog signaling in melanocytes by SUFU knockout leads to ocular melanocytosis and anterior segment malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050210. [PMID: 37577930 PMCID: PMC10481947 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is well known for its crucial role during development, but its specific role in individual cell lineages is less well characterized. Here, we disrupted Hh signaling specifically in melanocytes by using Cre-mediated cell-type-specific knockout of the Hh regulator suppressor of fused (Sufu). Interestingly, corresponding mice were fully pigmented and showed no developmental alterations in melanocyte numbers or distribution in skin and hair follicles. However, there were ectopic melanoblasts visible in the anterior chamber of the eye that eventually displayed severe malformation. Choroidal melanocytes remained unaltered. Surprisingly, the abnormal accumulation of anterior uveal melanoblasts was not the result of increased cell proliferation but of increased migration to ectopic locations such as the cornea. In melanoblasts in vitro, Sufu knockdown replicated the increase in cell migration without affecting proliferation and was mediated by an increased level of phosphorylated-ERK brought about by a reduction in the levels of the repressor form of GLI3. These results highlight the developmental divergence of distinct melanocyte subpopulations and may shed light on the pathogenesis of human ocular melanocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Feiyang Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zuimeng Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Meiyu Tian
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhenhang Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jia Qu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Akula SK, Marciano JH, Lim Y, Exposito-Alonso D, Hylton NK, Hwang GH, Neil JE, Dominado N, Bunton-Stasyshyn RK, Song JHT, Talukdar M, Schmid A, Teboul L, Mo A, Shin T, Finander B, Beck SG, Yeh RC, Otani A, Qian X, DeGennaro EM, Alkuraya FS, Maddirevula S, Cascino GD, Giannini C, Burrage LC, Rosenfield JA, Ketkar S, Clark GD, Bacino C, Lewis RA, Segal RA, Bazan JF, Smith KA, Golden JA, Cho G, Walsh CA. TMEM161B regulates cerebral cortical gyration, Sonic Hedgehog signaling, and ciliary structure in the developing central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209964120. [PMID: 36669111 PMCID: PMC9942790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209964120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates processes of embryonic development across multiple tissues, yet factors regulating context-specific Shh signaling remain poorly understood. Exome sequencing of families with polymicrogyria (disordered cortical folding) revealed multiple individuals with biallelic deleterious variants in TMEM161B, which encodes a multi-pass transmembrane protein of unknown function. Tmem161b null mice demonstrated holoprosencephaly, craniofacial midline defects, eye defects, and spinal cord patterning changes consistent with impaired Shh signaling, but were without limb defects, suggesting a CNS-specific role of Tmem161b. Tmem161b depletion impaired the response to Smoothened activation in vitro and disrupted cortical histogenesis in vivo in both mouse and ferret models, including leading to abnormal gyration in the ferret model. Tmem161b localizes non-exclusively to the primary cilium, and scanning electron microscopy revealed shortened, dysmorphic, and ballooned ventricular zone cilia in the Tmem161b null mouse, suggesting that the Shh-related phenotypes may reflect ciliary dysfunction. Our data identify TMEM161B as a regulator of cerebral cortical gyration, as involved in primary ciliary structure, as a regulator of Shh signaling, and further implicate Shh signaling in human gyral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K. Akula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD/PhD Program, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jack H. Marciano
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Youngshin Lim
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA90048
| | - David Exposito-Alonso
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Norma K. Hylton
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD/PhD Program, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Grace H. Hwang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jennifer E. Neil
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
| | - Nicole Dominado
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | | | - Janet H. T. Song
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Maya Talukdar
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD/PhD Program, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Aloisia Schmid
- Department of Physics/Electron Microscopy Core, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115
| | - Lydia Teboul
- Mary Lyon Centre, United Kingdom Medical Research Council Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire,OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Alisa Mo
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
| | - Taehwan Shin
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Benjamin Finander
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Samantha G. Beck
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
| | - Rebecca C. Yeh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
| | - Aoi Otani
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
| | - Xuyu Qian
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
| | - Ellen M. DeGennaro
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, 11564 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, 11564 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN55905
| | | | - Lindsay C. Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Jill A. Rosenfield
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Shamika Ketkar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Gary D. Clark
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Carlos Bacino
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Richard A. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Rosalind A. Segal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - J. Fernando Bazan
- Unit for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, 9052Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly A. Smith
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Golden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA90048
| | - Ginam Cho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA90048
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology MD/PhD Program, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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10
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Chen R, Liu X, Tan N. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMSC)-Derived Exosomes Regulates Growth of Breast Cancer Cells Mediated by Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2023.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BMSCs promote breast cancer development mainly through tumor microenvironment pathway and secreting exosomes. However, the mechanism is unclear. This study mainly explores whether BMSC-derived exosomes influence breast cancer by mediating Hedgehog signaling pathway. MCF-7 and BMSC were
cultured and then assigned into MCF-7 +Vehicle group, MCF-7+ Exosome group, and MCF-7+Exosome+Gant61 (Hedgehog signaling blocker) group followed by analysis of cell proliferation and migration, p-Akt and β-catenin expression. MCF-7+Exosome group had the highest OD450 value compared
to other two groups (P >0.05). In addition, migration distance of MCF-7 cells was the highest in MCF-7+Exosome group without difference between other two groups (P >0.05). Gli1 and SMO expression in MCF-7+Exosome group was highest compared to other two groups (P
>0.05). In conclusion, exosome from BMSC promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. The mechanism may be through raising GLI1, Smo protein expression, further raising the Hedgehog signaling pathway to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruying Chen
- Brain Hospital of Hunan Province (The Second People’s Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiulan Liu
- Department of Emergency, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province (The Second People’s Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Na Tan
- Department of Outpatient Clinic, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province (The Second People’s Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
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11
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Li X, Gordon PJ, Gaynes JA, Fuller AW, Ringuette R, Santiago CP, Wallace V, Blackshaw S, Li P, Levine EM. Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e78342. [PMID: 36459481 PMCID: PMC9718532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An important question in organogenesis is how tissue-specific transcription factors interact with signaling pathways. In some cases, transcription factors define the context for how signaling pathways elicit tissue- or cell-specific responses, and in others, they influence signaling through transcriptional regulation of signaling components or accessory factors. We previously showed that during optic vesicle patterning, the Lim-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway to downstream targets without regulating the pathway itself. Here, we show that during early retinal neurogenesis in mice, Lhx2 is a multilevel regulator of Shh signaling. Specifically, Lhx2 acts cell autonomously to control the expression of pathway genes required for efficient activation and maintenance of signaling in retinal progenitor cells. The Shh co-receptors Cdon and Gas1 are candidate direct targets of Lhx2 that mediate pathway activation, whereas Lhx2 directly or indirectly promotes the expression of other pathway components important for activation and sustained signaling. We also provide genetic evidence suggesting that Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Shh pathway to downstream targets. Through these interactions, Lhx2 establishes the competence for Shh signaling in retinal progenitors and the context for the pathway to promote early retinal neurogenesis. The temporally distinct interactions between Lhx2 and the Shh pathway in retinal development illustrate how transcription factors and signaling pathways adapt to meet stage-dependent requirements of tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Patrick J Gordon
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - John A Gaynes
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Alexandra W Fuller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Randy Ringuette
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Clayton P Santiago
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Valerie Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Pulin Li
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Edward M Levine
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
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12
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Young TL, Whisenhunt KN, LaMartina SM, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Tompson SW. Sonic Hedgehog Intron Variant Associated With an Unusual Pediatric Cortical Cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:25. [PMID: 35749127 PMCID: PMC9234370 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the genetic basis of an unusual pediatric cortical cataract demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance in a large European–Australian pedigree. Methods DNA from four affected individuals were exome sequenced utilizing a NimbleGen SeqCap EZ Exome V3 kit and HiSeq 2500. DNA from 12 affected and four unaffected individuals were genotyped using Human OmniExpress-24 BeadChips. Multipoint linkage and haplotyping were performed (Superlink-Online SNP). DNA from one affected individual and his unaffected father were whole-genome sequenced on a HiSeq X Ten system. Rare small insertions/deletions and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified in the disease-linked region (Golden Helix SVS). Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) analysis predicted variant deleteriousness. Putative enhancer function and variant effects were determined using the Dual-Glo Luciferase Assay system. Results Linkage mapping identified a 6.23-centimorgan support interval at chromosome 7q36. A co-segregating haplotype refined the critical region to 6.03 Mbp containing 21 protein-coding genes. Whole-genome sequencing uncovered 114 noncoding variants from which CADD predicted one was highly deleterious, a novel substitution within intron-1 of the sonic hedgehog signaling molecule (SHH) gene. ENCODE data suggested this site was a putative enhancer, subsequently confirmed by luciferase reporter assays with variant-associated gene overexpression. Conclusions In a large pedigree, we have identified a SHH intron variant that co-segregates with an unusual pediatric cortical cataract phenotype. SHH is important for lens formation, and mutations in its receptor (PTCH1) cause syndromic cataract. Our data implicate increased function of an enhancer important for SHH expression primarily within developing eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kristina N Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sarah M LaMartina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Eye Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Eye Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stuart W Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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13
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Yoon B, Yeung P, Santistevan N, Bluhm LE, Kawasaki K, Kueper J, Dubielzig R, VanOudenhove J, Cotney J, Liao EC, Grinblat Y. Zebrafish models of alx-linked frontonasal dysplasia reveal a role for Alx1 and Alx3 in the anterior segment and vasculature of the developing eye. Biol Open 2022; 11:bio059189. [PMID: 35142342 PMCID: PMC9167625 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and genetic mechanisms that coordinate formation of facial sensory structures with surrounding skeletal and soft tissue elements remain poorly understood. Alx1, a homeobox transcription factor, is a key regulator of midfacial morphogenesis. ALX1 mutations in humans are linked to severe congenital anomalies of the facial skeleton (frontonasal dysplasia, FND) with malformation or absence of eyes and orbital contents (micro- and anophthalmia). Zebrafish with loss-of-function alx1 mutations develop with craniofacial and ocular defects of variable penetrance, likely due to compensatory upregulation in expression of a paralogous gene, alx3. Here we show that zebrafish alx1;alx3 mutants develop with highly penetrant cranial and ocular defects that resemble human ALX1-linked FND. alx1 and alx3 are expressed in anterior cranial neural crest (aCNC), which gives rise to the anterior neurocranium (ANC), anterior segment structures of the eye and vascular pericytes. Consistent with a functional requirement for alx genes in aCNC, alx1; alx3 mutants develop with nearly absent ANC and grossly aberrant hyaloid vasculature and ocular anterior segment, but normal retina. In vivo lineage labeling identified a requirement for alx1 and alx3 during aCNC migration, and transcriptomic analysis suggested oxidative stress response as a key target mechanism of this function. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of fetal alcohol toxicity, and we found increased penetrance of facial and ocular malformations in alx1 mutants exposed to ethanol, consistent with a protective role for alx1 against ethanol toxicity. Collectively, these data demonstrate a conserved role for zebrafish alx genes in controlling ocular and facial development, and a novel role in protecting these key midfacial structures from ethanol toxicity during embryogenesis. These data also reveal novel roles for alx genes in ocular anterior segment formation and vascular development and suggest that retinal deficits in alx mutants may be secondary to aberrant ocular vascularization and anterior segment defects. This study establishes robust zebrafish models for interrogating conserved genetic mechanisms that coordinate facial and ocular development, and for exploring gene--environment interactions relevant to fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baul Yoon
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pan Yeung
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Nicholas Santistevan
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lauren E. Bluhm
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Janina Kueper
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, 02114, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard Dubielzig
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer VanOudenhove
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Justin Cotney
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Eric C. Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Yevgenya Grinblat
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genetics Ph.D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Hantel F, Liu H, Fechtner L, Neuhaus H, Ding J, Arlt D, Walentek P, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Gerhardt C, Hollemann T, Pfirrmann T. Cilia-localized GID/CTLH ubiquitin ligase complex regulates protein homeostasis of sonic hedgehog signaling components. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275349. [PMID: 35543155 PMCID: PMC9264362 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that orchestrate a variety of signal transduction pathways, such as sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, during embryonic development. Our recent studies have shown that loss of GID ubiquitin ligase function results in aberrant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and elongated primary cilia, which suggests a functional connection to cilia. Here, we reveal that the GID complex is an integral part of the cilium required for primary cilia-dependent signal transduction and the maintenance of ciliary protein homeostasis. We show that GID complex subunits localize to cilia in both Xenopus laevis and NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, we report SHH signaling pathway defects that are independent of AMPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) activation. Despite correct localization of SHH signaling components at the primary cilium and functional GLI3 processing, we find a prominent reduction of some SHH signaling components in the cilium and a significant decrease in SHH target gene expression. Since our data reveal a critical function of the GID complex at the primary cilium, and because suppression of GID function in X. laevis results in ciliopathy-like phenotypes, we suggest that GID subunits are candidate genes for human ciliopathies that coincide with defects in SHH signal transduction. Summary: The GID ubiquitin ligase complex localizes to primary cilia, influences sonic hedgehog signaling and causes phenotypes reminescent of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hantel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Huaize Liu
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa Fechtner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Herbert Neuhaus
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Jie Ding
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Danilo Arlt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Health and Medical University, 14471 Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Ozernyuk ND, Isaeva VV. Early Stages of Animal Mesoderm Evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Luo S, Xu H, Yang L, Gong X, Shen J, Chen X, Wu Z. Quantitative proteomics analysis of human vitreous in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1849-1863. [PMID: 35332395 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with choroidal detachment (RRDCD) is often poor and complicated. This study focused on the identification of the characteristic proteins and signal pathways associated with the etiology of RRDCD and to provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment of RRDCD. In this study, vitreous humor samples were obtained from 16 RRDCD patients, 14 with RRD, 12 with idiopathic epiretinal macular membrane (IEMM), and 5 healthy controls from donated corpse eyes. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis were employed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). In the vitreous humor, 14,842 peptides were identified. Patients with RRDCD had 249 DEPs (93 upregulated and 156 downregulated), with 89 in patients with RRD and 61 in patients with IEMM. Enrichment analysis of the GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes DEP databases indicated functional clusters related to inflammation and immunity, protein degradation and absorption, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), the hedgehog signaling pathway, and lipid metabolism. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that DEPs with positive co-expression of RRDCD participated in immune-related pathways led by the complement and coagulation cascade, whereas DEPs with negative co-expression of RRDCD participated in protein degradation and absorption, CAMs, and the hedgehog signaling pathway. In summary, our study provides important clues and the theoretical basis for exploring the pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis of ocular fundus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lufei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Burton DF, Boa-Amponsem OM, Dixon MS, Hopkins MJ, Herbin TA, Toney S, Tarpley M, Rodriguez BV, Fish EW, Parnell SE, Cole GJ, Williams KP. Pharmacological activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway with a Smoothened small molecule agonist ameliorates the severity of alcohol-induced morphological and behavioral birth defects in a zebrafish model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1585-1601. [PMID: 35014067 PMCID: PMC9271529 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol exposure during the early stages of embryonic development can lead to a range of morphological and behavioral differences termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). In a zebrafish model, we have shown that acute ethanol exposure at 8-10 hr postfertilization (hpf), a critical time of development, produces birth defects similar to those clinically characterized in FASD. Dysregulation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway has been implicated as a molecular basis for many of the birth defects caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. We observed in zebrafish embryos that shh expression was significantly decreased by ethanol exposure at 8-10 hpf, while smo expression was much less affected. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with SAG or purmorphamine, small molecule Smoothened agonists that activate Shh signaling, ameliorated the severity of ethanol-induced developmental malformations including altered eye size and midline brain development. Furthermore, this rescue effect of Smo activation was dose dependent and occurred primarily when treatment was given after ethanol exposure. Markers of Shh signaling (gli1/2) and eye development (pax6a) were restored in embryos treated with SAG post-ethanol exposure. Since embryonic ethanol exposure has been shown to produce later-life neurobehavioral impairments, juvenile zebrafish were examined in the novel tank diving test. Our results further demonstrated that in zebrafish embryos exposed to ethanol, SAG treatment was able to mitigate long-term neurodevelopmental impairments related to anxiety and risk-taking behavior. Our results indicate that pharmacological activation of the Shh pathway at specific developmental timing markedly diminishes the severity of alcohol-induced birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek F Burton
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oswald M Boa-Amponsem
- Integrated Biosciences PhD Program, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria S Dixon
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Te-Andre Herbin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shiquita Toney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Tarpley
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blanca V Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric W Fish
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott E Parnell
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory J Cole
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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18
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De Stefano I, Leonardi S, Casciati A, Pasquali E, Giardullo P, Antonelli F, Novelli F, Babini G, Tanori M, Tanno B, Saran A, Mancusoa M, Pazzaglia S. Contribution of Genetic Background to the Radiation Risk for Cancer and Non-Cancer Diseases in Ptch1+/- Mice. Radiat Res 2022; 197:43-56. [PMID: 33857285 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00247.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental mouse studies are important to gain a comprehensive, quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the biological factors that modify individual risk of radiation-induced health effects, including age at exposure, dose, dose rate, organ/tissue specificity and genetic factors. In this study, neonatal Ptch1+/- mice bred on CD1 and C57Bl/6 background received whole-body irradiation at postnatal day 2. This time point represents a critical phase in the development of the eye lens, cerebellum and dentate gyrus (DG), when they are also particularly susceptible to radiation effects. Irradiation was performed with γ rays (60Co) at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy, delivered at 0.3 Gy/min or 0.063 Gy/min. Wild-type and mutant mice were monitored for survival, lens opacity, medulloblastoma (MB) and neurogenesis defects. We identified an inverse genetic background-driven relationship between the radiosensitivity to induction of lens opacity and MB and that to neurogenesis deficit in Ptch1+/- mutants. In fact, high incidence of radiation-induced cataract and MB were observed in Ptch1+/-/CD1 mutants that instead showed no consequence of radiation exposure on neurogenesis. On the contrary, no induction of radiogenic cataract and MB was reported in Ptch1+/-/C57Bl/6 mice that were instead susceptible to induction of neurogenesis defects. Compared to Ptch1+/-/CD1, the cerebellum of Ptch1+/-/C57Bl/6 mice showed increased radiosensitivity to apoptosis, suggesting that differences in processing radiation-induced DNA damage may underlie the opposite strain-related radiosensitivity to cancer and non-cancer pathologies. Altogether, our results showed lack of dose-rate-related effects and marked influence of genetic background on the radiosensitivity of Ptch1+/-mice, supporting a major contribution of individual sensitivity to radiation risk in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - S Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - A Casciati
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - E Pasquali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - P Giardullo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - F Antonelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - F Novelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - G Babini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - M Tanori
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - B Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - A Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - M Mancusoa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - S Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
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19
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Purwar N, Tiwari P, Mathur N, Sharma H, Sahlot R, Garg U, Sharma B, Saxena A, Mathur SK. Higher CNV Frequencies in Chromosome 14 of Girls With Turner Syndrome Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4935-e4955. [PMID: 34333639 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Precise genotype-phenotype correlations in Turner syndrome (TS) have not yet been deciphered. The chromosomal basis of the clinical TS phenotype in the absence of X chromosome aberrations on conventional karyotyping remains more and less unexplored. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the high-resolution chromosomal picture and analyze the genotype-phenotype associations in girls with clinical phenotype of TS by chromosomal microarray. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Cross sectional observational study conducted between October 2018 and January 2020 on 47 girls presenting the clinical TS phenotype and fulfilling the criteria for chromosomal analysis. SETTING Outpatient department at Department of Endocrinology and the Molecular Research Lab at tertiary care teaching institution. RESULTS The copy number variation (CNV) polymorphs were more frequent on autosomes than X chromosomes, and they were detected in 89.3%, 61.7%, and 92.8% of patients, respectively, on chromosome 14 or X or both. A total 445 and 64 CNV polymorphs were discovered on chromosome X and 14, respectively. The latter exhibited either gain at 14q32.33, loss at 14q11.2, or both. Karyotype was available for 27 patients; 55.6% of cases displayed X chromosome abnormalities while 44.4% cases had a normal karyotype. Functional interactomes of the genes that were present in chromosome 14 CNVs and those known to be associated with TS showed an overlap of 67% and enriched various development-related cellular pathways underlying TS phenotype. CONCLUSIONS On high-resolution karyotype analysis, clinical phenotype of TS can be associated with CNV defects in autosomes, specifically chromosome 14 or X chromosome or both. The syndrome of chromosome 14 CNV defects with and without X-chromosomal defects clinically mimics TS and shares a common genomic network that deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naincy Purwar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Pradeep Tiwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Nitish Mathur
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Rahul Sahlot
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Umesh Garg
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Balram Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Aditya Saxena
- Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, Institute of Engineering & Technology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Sandeep K Mathur
- Department of Endocrinology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur 302004, India
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20
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Altered gene expression in slc4a11 -/- mouse cornea highlights SLC4A11 roles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20885. [PMID: 34686736 PMCID: PMC8536660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC4A11 is a H+/NH3/water transport protein, of corneal endothelial cells. SLC4A11 mutations cause congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy and some cases of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. To probe SLC4A11’s roles, we compared gene expression in RNA from corneas of 17-week-old slc4a11−/− (n = 3) and slc4a11+/+ mice (n = 3) and subjected to RNA sequencing. mRNA levels for a subset of genes were also assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT RT-PCR). Cornea expressed 13,173 genes, which were rank-ordered for their abundance. In slc4a11−/− corneas, 100 genes had significantly altered expression. Abundant slc14a1 expression, encoding the urea transporter UT-A, suggests a significant role in the cornea. The set of genes with altered expression was subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, revealing that alterations clustered into extracellular region, cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and plasma membrane functions. Gene expression changes further clustered into classes (with decreasing numbers of genes): cell fate and development, extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, ion homeostasis and energy metabolism. Together these gene changes confirm earlier suggestions of a role of SLC4A11 in ion homeostasis, energy metabolism, cell adhesion, and reveal an unrecognized SLC4A11 role in cytoskeletal organization.
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21
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Wagstaff EL, Heredero Berzal A, Boon CJF, Quinn PMJ, ten Asbroek ALMA, Bergen AA. The Role of Small Molecules and Their Effect on the Molecular Mechanisms of Early Retinal Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7081. [PMID: 34209272 PMCID: PMC8268497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in vivo embryonic retinal development is a well-documented and evolutionary conserved process. The specification towards eye development is temporally controlled by consecutive activation or inhibition of multiple key signaling pathways, such as the Wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways. Recently, with the use of retinal organoids, researchers aim to manipulate these pathways to achieve better human representative models for retinal development and disease. To achieve this, a plethora of different small molecules and signaling factors have been used at various time points and concentrations in retinal organoid differentiations, with varying success. Additions differ from protocol to protocol, but their usefulness or efficiency has not yet been systematically reviewed. Interestingly, many of these small molecules affect the same and/or multiple pathways, leading to reduced reproducibility and high variability between studies. In this review, we make an inventory of the key signaling pathways involved in early retinogenesis and their effect on the development of the early retina in vitro. Further, we provide a comprehensive overview of the small molecules and signaling factors that are added to retinal organoid differentiation protocols, documenting the molecular and functional effects of these additions. Lastly, we comparatively evaluate several of these factors using our established retinal organoid methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Wagstaff
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Andrea Heredero Berzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
| | - Camiel J. F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center—New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | | | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam (UvA), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.H.B.); (C.J.F.B.)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
In this review, we consider transformations of axial symmetry in metazoan evolution and development, the genetic basis, and phenotypic expressions of different axial body plans. In addition to the main symmetry types in metazoan body plans, such as rotation (radial symmetry), reflection (mirror and glide reflection symmetry), and translation (metamerism), many biological objects show scale (fractal) symmetry as well as some symmetry-type combinations. Some genetic mechanisms of axial pattern establishment, creating a coordinate system of a metazoan body plan, bilaterian segmentation, and left–right symmetry/asymmetry, are analysed. Data on the crucial contribution of coupled functions of the Wnt, BMP, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways (all pathways are designated according to the abbreviated or full names of genes or their protein products; for details, see below) and the axial Hox-code in the formation and maintenance of metazoan body plans are necessary for an understanding of the evolutionary diversification and phenotypic expression of various types of axial symmetry. The lost body plans of some extinct Ediacaran and early Cambrian metazoans are also considered in comparison with axial body plans and posterior growth in living animals.
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23
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A 300-kb microduplication of 7q36.3 in a patient with triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome combined with congenital heart disease and optic disc coloboma: a case report. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:175. [PMID: 33218365 PMCID: PMC7678048 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triphalangeal thumb-polysyndactyly syndrome (TPT-PS) is a rare well-defined autosomal dominant disorder characterized by long thumbs with three phalanges combined with pre- and postaxial polydactyly/syndactyly of limbs.
By now, the syndrome has been reported in several large families from different ethnic backgrounds, with a high degree of inter- and intrafamilial variability. The genome locus responsible for TPT-PS has been mapped to the 7q36.3 region harboring a long-range sonic hedgehog (SHH) regulatory sequence (ZRS). Both single-nucleotide variants and complete duplications of ZRS were shown to cause TPT-PS and similar limb phenotypes. TPT-PS usually forms as isolated limb pathology not associated with additional malformations, in particular, with cardiovascular abnormalities. Case presentation Here we report on a rare Russian neonatal case of TPT-PS combined with severe congenital heart disease, namely double outlet right ventricle, and microphthalmia with optic disc coloboma. Pedigree analysis revealed TPT-PS of various expressivity in 10 family members throughout five generations, while the cardiac defect and the eye pathology were detected only in the proband. To extend the knowledge on genotype–phenotype spectrum of TPT-PS, the careful clinical and genomic analysis of the family was performed. High-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) revealed a ~ 300 kb microduplication of 7q36.3 locus (arr[GRCh37] 7q36.3(156385810_156684811) × 3) that co-segregated with TPT-PS in the proband and her mother. The duplication encompassed three genes including LMBR1, the intron 5 of which is known to harbor ZRS. Based on whole-exome sequencing data, no additional pathogenic mutations or variants of uncertain clinical significance were found in morbid cardiac genes or genes associated with a microphthalmia/anophthalmia/coloboma spectrum of ocular malformations. Conclusions The results support the previous data, indicating that complete ZRS duplication underlies TPT-PS, and suggest a broader phenotypic impact of the 7q36.3 microduplication. Potential involvement of the 7q36.3 microduplication in the patient’s cardiac and eye malformations is discussed. However, the contribution of some additional genetic/epigenetic factors to the complex patient`s phenotype cannot be excluded entirely. Further comprehensive functional studies are needed to prove the possible involvement of the 7q36.3 locus in congenital heart disease and eye pathology.
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24
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Case report: Unilateral optic nerve aplasia and developmental hemi-chiasmal dysplasia with VEP misrouting. Doc Ophthalmol 2020; 142:247-255. [PMID: 32852652 PMCID: PMC7943516 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-020-09788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To describe the trans-occipital asymmetries of pattern and flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs), in an infant with MRI findings of unilateral optic nerve aplasia and hemi-chiasm dysplasia. Methods A child with suspected left cystic microphthalmia, left microcornea, left unilateral optic nerve aplasia, and hemi-chiasm underwent a multi-channel VEP assessment with pattern reversal, pattern onset, and flash stimulation at the age of 16 weeks. Results There was no VEP evidence of any post-retinal visual pathway activation from left eye with optic nerve aplasia. The VEP trans-occipital distribution from the functional right eye was skewed markedly across the midline, in keeping with significant misrouting of optic nerve fibres at the chiasm. This was supported by the anatomical trajectory of the optic chiasm and tracts seen on MRI. Conclusion This infant has chiasmal misrouting in association with unilateral optic nerve aplasia and unilateral microphthalmos. Chiasmal misrouting has not been found in patients with microphthalmos or anophthalmos, but has been reported after early eye loss in animal models. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the discrepancy between the visual pathway physiology of human unilateral microphthalmia and animal models.
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25
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David O, Eskin-Schwartz M, Ling G, Dolgin V, Kristal E, Benkowitz E, Osyntsov L, Gradstein L, Birk OS, Loewenthal N, Yerushalmi B. Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome broadens the clinical spectrum of the TTC26 ciliopathy. Clin Genet 2020; 98:303-307. [PMID: 32617964 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders, related to abnormal ciliary function. Severe biliary ciliopathy, caused by bi-allelic mutations in TTC26, has been recently described in the context of a syndrome of polydactyly and severe neonatal cholestasis, with brain, kidney and heart involvement. Pituitary involvement has not been previously reported for patients with this condition. Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a congenital anomaly of the pituitary gland, diagnosed by characteristic MRI findings. We now describe four patients with TTC26 ciliopathy due to a homozygous c.695A>G p.Asn232Ser mutation and delineate PSIS as a novel clinical feature of this disorder, highlighting an important role of TTC26 in pituitary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odeya David
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marina Eskin-Schwartz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Galina Ling
- Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vadim Dolgin
- Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eyal Kristal
- Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ela Benkowitz
- Radiology Department, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lidia Osyntsov
- Institute of Pathology, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Libe Gradstein
- Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Ophthalmology Clinic, Southern District, Clalit Health Services, Beer-sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- Genetics Institute at Soroka University Medical Center and the Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Center for Rare Diseases, at the Faculty of Health Sciences and National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Neta Loewenthal
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Baruch Yerushalmi
- Saban Pediatric Medical Center for Israel, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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26
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Novel PXDN biallelic variants in patients with microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:487-491. [PMID: 32015378 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and anterior segment dysgenesis are severe ocular developmental defects. There is a wide genetic heterogeneity leading to these ocular malformations. By using whole genome, exome and targeted sequencing in patients with ocular developmental anomalies, six biallelic pathogenic variants (including five novel variants) were identified in the PXDN gene in four families with microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. Only 11 different mutations (11 families) have been described in this gene to date. The phenotype of these patients is variable in severity, ranging from cataract and developmental glaucoma to complex microphthalmia. Interestingly, two unrelated patients of our series presented with an ocular phenotype including aniridia and microspherophakia. However, despite various phenotypic presentations and types of mutations, no genotype-phenotype correlation could be made. Thus, this work improves our knowledge of the recessive phenotype associated with biallelic variants in this gene and highlights the importance of screening PXDN in patients with anterior segment dysgenesis with or without microphthalmia.
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Simultaneous Requirements for Hes1 in Retinal Neurogenesis and Optic Cup-Stalk Boundary Maintenance. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1501-1513. [PMID: 31949107 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2327-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Hes1 is a key downstream effector for the Notch signaling pathway. During embryogenesis neural progenitors express low levels of Hes1 in an oscillating pattern, whereas glial brain boundary regions (e.g., isthmus) have high, sustained Hes1 levels that suppress neuronal fates. Here, we show that in the embryonic mouse retina, the optic nerve head and stalk express high Hes1, with the ONH constituting a boundary between the neural retina and glial cells that ultimately line the optic stalk. Using two Cre drivers with distinct spatiotemporal expression we conditionally inactivated Hes1, to delineate the requirements for this transcriptional repressor during retinal neurogenesis versus patterning of the optic cup and stalk. Throughout retinal neurogenesis, Hes1 maintains proliferation and blocks retinal ganglion cell formation, but surprisingly we found it also promotes cone photoreceptor genesis. In the postnatal eye, Hes1 inactivation with Rax-Cre resulted in increased bipolar neurons and a mispositioning of Müller glia. Our results indicate that Notch pathway regulation of cone genesis is more complex than previously assumed, and reveal a novel role for Hes1 in maintaining the optic cup-stalk boundary.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The bHLH repressor Hes1 regulates the timing of neurogenesis, rate of progenitor cell division, gliogenesis, and maintains tissue compartment boundaries. This study expands current eye development models by showing Notch-independent roles for Hes1 in the developing optic nerve head (ONH). Defects in ONH formation result in optic nerve coloboma; our work now inserts Hes1 into the genetic hierarchy regulating optic fissure closure. Given that Hes1 acts analogously in the ONH as the brain isthmus, it prompts future investigation of the ONH as a signaling factor center, or local organizer. Embryonic development of the ONH region has been poorly studied, which is surprising given it is where the pan-ocular disease glaucoma is widely believed to inflict damage on RGC axons.
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Portal C, Rompolas P, Lwigale P, Iomini C. Primary cilia deficiency in neural crest cells models anterior segment dysgenesis in mouse. eLife 2019; 8:52423. [PMID: 31845891 PMCID: PMC6946567 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects affecting tissues of the anterior segment (AS) of the eye lead to a group of highly debilitating disorders called Anterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD). Despite the identification of some causative genes, the pathogenesis of ASD remains unclear. Interestingly, several ciliopathies display conditions of the AS. Using conditional targeting of Ift88 with Wnt1-Cre, we show that primary cilia of neural crest cells (NCC), precursors of most AS structures, are indispensable for normal AS development and their ablation leads to ASD conditions including abnormal corneal dimensions, defective iridocorneal angle, reduced anterior chamber volume and corneal neovascularization. Mechanistically, NCC cilia ablation abolishes hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the periocular mesenchyme (POM) canonically activated by choroid-secreted Indian Hh, reduces proliferation of POM cells surrounding the retinal pigment epithelium and decreases the expression of Foxc1 and Pitx2, two transcription factors identified as major ASD causative genes. Thus, we uncovered a signaling axis linking cilia and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Portal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Panteleimos Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Peter Lwigale
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Carlo Iomini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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29
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Molecular genetics of congenital cataracts. Exp Eye Res 2019; 191:107872. [PMID: 31770519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cataracts, the most common cause of visual impairment and blindness in children worldwide, have diverse etiologies. According to statistics analysis, about one quarter of congenital cataracts caused by genetic defects. Various mutations of more than one hundred genes have been identified in hereditary cataracts so far. In this review, we briefly summarize recent developments about the genetics, molecular mechanisms, and treatments of congenital cataracts. The studies of these pathogenic mutations and molecular genetics is making it possible for us to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of cataractogenesis and providing new insights into the preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of cataracts.
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Holt RJ, Young RM, Crespo B, Ceroni F, Curry CJ, Bellacchio E, Bax DA, Ciolfi A, Simon M, Fagerberg CR, van Binsbergen E, De Luca A, Memo L, Dobyns WB, Mohammed AA, Clokie SJ, Zazo Seco C, Jiang YH, Sørensen KP, Andersen H, Sullivan J, Powis Z, Chassevent A, Smith-Hicks C, Petrovski S, Antoniadi T, Shashi V, Gelb BD, Wilson SW, Gerrelli D, Tartaglia M, Chassaing N, Calvas P, Ragge NK. De Novo Missense Variants in FBXW11 Cause Diverse Developmental Phenotypes Including Brain, Eye, and Digit Anomalies. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:640-657. [PMID: 31402090 PMCID: PMC6731360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetic variants implicated in human developmental disorders has been revolutionized by second-generation sequencing combined with international pooling of cases. Here, we describe seven individuals who have diverse yet overlapping developmental anomalies, and who all have de novo missense FBXW11 variants identified by whole exome or whole genome sequencing and not reported in the gnomAD database. Their phenotypes include striking neurodevelopmental, digital, jaw, and eye anomalies, and in one individual, features resembling Noonan syndrome, a condition caused by dysregulated RAS signaling. FBXW11 encodes an F-box protein, part of the Skp1-cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex, involved in ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation and thus fundamental to many protein regulatory processes. FBXW11 targets include β-catenin and GLI transcription factors, key mediators of Wnt and Hh signaling, respectively, critical to digital, neurological, and eye development. Structural analyses indicate affected residues cluster at the surface of the loops of the substrate-binding domain of FBXW11, and the variants are predicted to destabilize the protein and/or its interactions. In situ hybridization studies on human and zebrafish embryonic tissues demonstrate FBXW11 is expressed in the developing eye, brain, mandibular processes, and limb buds or pectoral fins. Knockdown of the zebrafish FBXW11 orthologs fbxw11a and fbxw11b resulted in embryos with smaller, misshapen, and underdeveloped eyes and abnormal jaw and pectoral fin development. Our findings support the role of FBXW11 in multiple developmental processes, including those involving the brain, eye, digits, and jaw.
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31
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Zhang J, Li Y, Fan Y, Wu D, Xu J. Compound heterozygous mutations in SMO associated with anterior segment dysgenesis and morning glory syndrome. Gene 2019; 713:143973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Calvas P, Traboulsi EI, Ragge N. Through the looking glass: eye anomalies in the age of molecular science. Hum Genet 2019; 138:795-798. [PMID: 31392423 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Calvas
- INSERM U1056, Centre de Référence des Anomalies Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elias I Traboulsi
- Center for Genetic Eye Diseases/i32, Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nicola Ragge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK. .,West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK.
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Etchevers HC, Dupin E, Le Douarin NM. The diverse neural crest: from embryology to human pathology. Development 2019; 146:146/5/dev169821. [PMID: 30858200 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We review here some of the historical highlights in exploratory studies of the vertebrate embryonic structure known as the neural crest. The study of the molecular properties of the cells that it produces, their migratory capacities and plasticity, and the still-growing list of tissues that depend on their presence for form and function, continue to enrich our understanding of congenital malformations, paediatric cancers and evolutionary biology. Developmental biology has been key to our understanding of the neural crest, starting with the early days of experimental embryology and through to today, when increasingly powerful technologies contribute to further insight into this fascinating vertebrate cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Dupin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nicole M Le Douarin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
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Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
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