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Barquet-Pizá V, Siegfried CJ. Understanding racial disparities of glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2024; 35:97-103. [PMID: 37922412 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased prevalence, earlier onset, and more rapid progression to vision loss from glaucoma has demonstrated racial disparity in numerous studies over decades. Precise etiologies of these important differences among patients of African and Hispanic ancestral background have not been elucidated. This review focuses on currently available epidemiologic/population, genetic, socioeconomic and physiologic studies of racial disparities in this blinding disease. RECENT FINDINGS In depth reviews of several landmark studies of glaucoma prevalence in various racial groups have highlighted potential challenges of lack of recruitment of diverse populations in genetic studies and clinical trials, challenges of racial stratification of subjects, and the impact of socioeconomic variables. SUMMARY Through a more comprehensive analysis of racial disparities of glaucoma, both clinicians and researchers may provide more effective population screening and management with a holistic approach for individualized patient care to provide improved outcomes. Future studies of interventions in sociodemographic factors and genetic/physiologic variables that influence the prevalence, access, and consequential vision loss from glaucoma will be crucial to minimize/eliminate racial disparities and improve outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Barquet-Pizá
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Verma SS, Gudiseva HV, Chavali VRM, Salowe RJ, Bradford Y, Guare L, Lucas A, Collins DW, Vrathasha V, Nair RM, Rathi S, Zhao B, He J, Lee R, Zenebe-Gete S, Bowman AS, McHugh CP, Zody MC, Pistilli M, Khachatryan N, Daniel E, Murphy W, Henderer J, Kinzy TG, Iyengar SK, Peachey NS, Taylor KD, Guo X, Chen YDI, Zangwill L, Girkin C, Ayyagari R, Liebmann J, Chuka-Okosa CM, Williams SE, Akafo S, Budenz DL, Olawoye OO, Ramsay M, Ashaye A, Akpa OM, Aung T, Wiggs JL, Ross AG, Cui QN, Addis V, Lehman A, Miller-Ellis E, Sankar PS, Williams SM, Ying GS, Cooke Bailey J, Rotter JI, Weinreb R, Khor CC, Hauser MA, Ritchie MD, O'Brien JM. A multi-cohort genome-wide association study in African ancestry individuals reveals risk loci for primary open-angle glaucoma. Cell 2024; 187:464-480.e10. [PMID: 38242088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, disproportionately affects individuals of African ancestry. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for POAG in 11,275 individuals of African ancestry (6,003 cases; 5,272 controls). We detected 46 risk loci associated with POAG at genome-wide significance. Replication and post-GWAS analyses, including functionally informed fine-mapping, multiple trait co-localization, and in silico validation, implicated two previously undescribed variants (rs1666698 mapping to DBF4P2; rs34957764 mapping to ROCK1P1) and one previously associated variant (rs11824032 mapping to ARHGEF12) as likely causal. For individuals of African ancestry, a polygenic risk score (PRS) for POAG from our mega-analysis (African ancestry individuals) outperformed a PRS from summary statistics of a much larger GWAS derived from European ancestry individuals. This study quantifies the genetic architecture similarities and differences between African and non-African ancestry populations for this blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali S Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harini V Gudiseva
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Venkata R M Chavali
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Salowe
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Guare
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anastasia Lucas
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David W Collins
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vrathasha Vrathasha
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rohini M Nair
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonika Rathi
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bingxin Zhao
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie He
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roy Lee
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selam Zenebe-Gete
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anita S Bowman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Maxwell Pistilli
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naira Khachatryan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ebenezer Daniel
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Henderer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler G Kinzy
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Linda Zangwill
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Liebmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Susan E Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen Akafo
- Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Donald L Budenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adeyinka Ashaye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Onoja M Akpa
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Addis
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Lehman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eydie Miller-Ellis
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prithvi S Sankar
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Cooke Bailey
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Health Disparities, Brody School of Medicine. East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Robert Weinreb
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan M O'Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. joan.o'
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Masson EAY, Serrano J, Leger-Charnay E, Acar N. Cholesterol and oxysterols in retinal neuron-glia interactions: relevance for glaucoma. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 3:1303649. [PMID: 38983043 PMCID: PMC11182186 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1303649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cellular membranes, crucial for maintaining their structural and functional integrity. It is especially important for nervous tissues, including the retina, which rely on high amounts of plasma membranes for the transmission of the nervous signal. While cholesterol is by far the most abundant sterol, the retina also contains cholesterol precursors and metabolites, especially oxysterols, which are bioactive molecules. Cholesterol lack or excess is deleterious and some oxysterols are known for their effect on neuron survival. Cholesterol homeostasis must therefore be maintained. Retinal glial cells, especially Müller cells, the principal glial cells of the vertebrate retina, provide mechanical, nutritional, and metabolic support for the neighboring neurons. Several pieces of evidence indicate that Müller cells are major actors of cholesterol homeostasis in the retina, as it is known for other glial cells in the brain. This process is based on a close cooperation with neurons, and sterols can be signaling molecules participating in glia-neuron interactions. While some implication of cholesterol in age-related macular degeneration is now recognized, based on epidemiological and laboratory data, evidence for its role in glaucoma is still scarce. The association between cholesterolemia and glaucoma is controversial, but experimental data suggest that sterols could take part in the pathological processes. It has been demonstrated that Müller glial cells are implicated in the development of glaucoma through an ambivalent reactive retinal gliosis process. The early steps contribute to maintaining retinal homeostasis and favor the survival of ganglion cells, which are targeted during glaucoma. If gliosis persists, dysregulation of the neuroprotective functions, cytotoxic effects of gliotic Müller cells and disruption of glia-neuron interactions lead to an acceleration of ganglion cell death. Sterols could play a role in the glial cell response to glaucomatous injury. This represents an understudied but attractive topic to better understand glaucoma and conceive novel preventive or curative strategies. The present review describes the current knowledge on i) sterol metabolism in retinal glial cells, ii) the potential role of cholesterol in glaucoma, and iii) the possible relationships between cholesterol and oxysterols, glial cells and glaucoma. Focus is put on glia-neuron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie A Y Masson
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jeanne Serrano
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Sensory Perception, Glia/Neuron Interaction Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Elise Leger-Charnay
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Wang W, Wang H. Understanding the complex genetics and molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101220. [PMID: 37856931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Currently the only effective treatment for glaucoma is to reduce the intraocular pressure, which can halt the progression of the disease. Highlighting the importance of identifying individuals at risk of developing glaucoma and those with early-stage glaucoma will help patients receive treatment before sight loss. However, some cases of glaucoma do not have raised intraocular pressure. In fact, glaucoma is caused by a variety of different mechanisms and has a wide range of different subtypes. Understanding other risk factors, the underlying mechanisms, and the pathology of glaucoma might lead to novel treatments and treatment of underlying diseases. In this review we present the latest research into glaucoma including the genetics and molecular basis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People's Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Huaizhou Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
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5
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Wu Z, Huang C, Zheng Y, Yuan XL, Chen S, Xu Y, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Zhang M, Ng TK. Primary open-angle glaucoma risk prediction with ABCA1 and LOC102723944 variants and their genotype-phenotype correlations in southern Chinese population. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1343-1352. [PMID: 37516687 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified caveolin-1 (CAV1), ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), and forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) loci associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a major subtype of glaucoma. This study aimed to fine map the association pattern of FOXC1 locus with POAG and determine the correlations of FOXC1, ABCA1, and CAV1 variants with ocular and lipidemic parameters in southern Chinese population. In total, 1291 unrelated Han Chinese subjects were recruited, including 301 high-tension glaucoma (HTG), 126 normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), and 864 control subjects. Twelve variants in FOXC1 locus, and two variants in ABCA1 and CAV1 genes, were genotyped by TaqMan assays. Genetic risk score and genotype-phenotype correlation analyses were conducted. In the FOXC1 locus, LOC102723944 rs6596830, rather than previously reported rs2745572, showed significant association with POAG (P = 8.61 × 10-4, odds ratio (OR) = 0.75) and HTG (P = 3.68 × 10-3, OR = 0.75). ABCA1 rs2487032 was also significantly associated with POAG (P = 3.00 × 10-5, OR = 0.70) and HTG (P = 2.08 × 10-4, OR = 0.70). Joint analysis showed that carriers of homozygous non-protective alleles of ABCA1 rs2487032 and LOC102723944 rs6596830 had 2.99-fold higher risk of POAG (P = 1.27 × 10-3) when compared to those carrying homozygous non-risk alleles. Patients with POAG carrying ABCA1 rs2487032 G allele had higher HDL cholesterol, and those with LOC102723944 rs6596830 A allele had lower LDL. This study revealed individual and joint association of ABCA1 and LOC102723944 variants with POAG in southern Chinese population. Subjects carrying non-protective alleles had increased risk to POAG, and corresponding genotypes would affect the lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggen Wu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China
| | - Chukai Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China
| | - Yuqian Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Yuan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaowan Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China.
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Shantou, China.
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Kuang G, Salowe R, O'Brien J. Paving the way while playing catch up: mitochondrial genetics in African ancestry primary open-angle glaucoma. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1267119. [PMID: 38983031 PMCID: PMC11182247 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1267119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, disproportionately affects individuals of African descent. Specifically, previous research has indicated that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form of disease, is more prevalent, severe, early-onset, and rapidly-progressive in populations of African ancestry. Recent studies have identified genetic variations that may contribute to the greater burden of disease in this population. In particular, mitochondrial genetics has emerged as a profoundly influential factor in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including POAG. Several hypotheses explaining the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial genetic contribution to disease progression have been proposed, including nuclear-mitochondrial gene mismatch. Exploring the fundamentals of mitochondrial genetics and disease pathways within the understudied African ancestry population can lead to groundbreaking advancements in the research and clinical understanding of POAG. This article discusses the currently known involvements of mitochondrial genetic factors in POAG, recent directions of study, and potential future prospects in mitochondrial genetic studies in individuals of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuang
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Salowe
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joan O'Brien
- Penn Medicine Center for Genetics in Complex Disease, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Owolabi P, Adam Y, Adebiyi E. Personalizing medicine in Africa: current state, progress and challenges. Front Genet 2023; 14:1233338. [PMID: 37795248 PMCID: PMC10546210 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1233338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine has been identified as a powerful tool for addressing the myriad of health issues facing different health systems globally. Although recent studies have expanded our understanding of how different factors such as genetics and the environment play significant roles in affecting the health of individuals, there are still several other issues affecting their translation into personalizing health interventions globally. Since African populations have demonstrated huge genetic diversity, there is a significant need to apply the concepts of personalized medicine to overcome various African-specific health challenges. Thus, we review the current state, progress, and challenges facing the adoption of personalized medicine in Africa with a view to providing insights to critical stakeholders on the right approach to deploy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Owolabi
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication, Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Yagoub Adam
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication, Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Applied Bioinformatics Division, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Yadav M, Bhardwaj A, Yadav A, Dada R, Tanwar M. Molecular genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:1739-1756. [PMID: 37203025 PMCID: PMC10391438 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2570_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a series of linked optic diseases resulting in progressive vision loss and total blindness due to the acquired loss of retinal ganglion cells. This harm to the optic nerve results in visual impairment and, ultimately, total blindness if left untreated. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most frequent variety within the large family of glaucoma. It is a multifaceted and heterogeneous condition with several environmental and genetic variables aiding in its etiology. By 2040, there will be 111.8 million glaucoma patients globally, with Asia and Africa accounting for the vast majority. The goal of this review is to elaborate on the role of genes (nuclear and mitochondrial) as well as their variants in the pathogenesis of POAG. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched online for papers until September 2022. Prevalence and inheritance patterns vary significantly across different ethnic and geographic populations. Numerous causative genetic loci may exist; however, only a few have been recognized and characterized. Further investigation into the genetic etiology of POAG is expected to uncover novel and intriguing causal genes, allowing for a more precise pathogenesis pattern of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Aarti Bhardwaj
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Anshu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Harayana, India
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Cooke Bailey JN, Funk KL, Cruz LA, Waksmunski AR, Kinzy TG, Wiggs JL, Hauser MA. Diversity in Polygenic Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:111. [PMID: 36672852 PMCID: PMC9859496 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common glaucoma subtype, is more prevalent and severe in individuals of African ancestry. Unfortunately, this ancestral group has been historically under-represented among genetic studies of POAG. Moreover, both genetic and polygenic risk scores (GRS, PRS) that are typically based on genetic data from European-descent populations are not transferable to individuals without a majority of European ancestry. Given the aspirations of leveraging genetic information for precision medicine, GRS and PRS demonstrate clinical potential but fall short, in part due to the lack of diversity in these studies. Prioritizing diversity in the discovery of risk variants will improve the performance and utility of GRS and PRS-derived risk estimation for disease stratification, which could bring about earlier POAG intervention and treatment for a disease that often goes undetected until significant damage has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kaitlyn L. Funk
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lauren A. Cruz
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andrea R. Waksmunski
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tyler G. Kinzy
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Mabuchi F, Mabuchi N, Sakurada Y, Yoneyama S, Kashiwagi K, Yamagata Z, Takamoto M, Aihara M, Iwata T, Hashimoto K, Sato K, Shiga Y, Nakazawa T, Akiyama M, Kawase K, Ozaki M, Araie M. Genetic variants associated with glaucomatous visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20744. [PMID: 36456827 PMCID: PMC9715669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by a progressive optic neuropathy with visual field loss. To investigate the genetic variants associated with visual field loss in POAG, Japanese POAG patients (n = 426) and control subjects (n = 246) were genotyped for 22 genetic variants predisposing to POAG that can be classified into those associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (IOP-related genetic variants) and optic nerve vulnerability independent of IOP (optic nerve-related genetic variants). The genetic risk score (GRS) of the 17 IOP-related and five optic nerve-related genetic variants was calculated, and the associations between the GRS and the mean deviation (MD) of automated static perimetry as an indicator of the severity of visual field loss and pattern standard deviation (PSD) as an indicator of the focal disturbance were evaluated. There was a significant association (Beta = - 0.51, P = 0.0012) between the IOP-related GRS and MD. The severity of visual field loss may depend on the magnitude of IOP elevation induced by additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants. A significant association (n = 135, Beta = 0.65, P = 0.0097) was found between the optic nerve-related, but not IOP-related, GRS and PSD. The optic nerve-related (optic nerve vulnerability) and IOP-related (IOP elevation) genetic variants may play an important role in the focal and diffuse visual field loss respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show an association between additive effects of genetic variants predisposing to POAG and glaucomatous visual field loss, including severity and focal/diffuse disturbance of visual field loss, in POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Mabuchi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nakako Mabuchi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Seigo Yoneyama
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- grid.267500.60000 0001 0291 3581Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Takamoto
- grid.416704.00000 0000 8733 7415Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- grid.416239.bDivision of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hashimoto
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Masato Akiyama
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kawase
- Yasuma Eye Clinic, Nagoya, Aichi Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Ophthalmology Protective Care for Sensory Disorders, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi Japan
| | | | - Makoto Araie
- grid.414990.10000 0004 1764 8305Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Waksmunski AR, Kinzy TG, Cruz LA, Nealon CL, Halladay CW, Simpson P, Canania RL, Anthony SA, Roncone DP, Sawicki Rogers L, Leber JN, Dougherty JM, Greenberg PB, Sullivan JM, Wu WC, Iyengar SK, Crawford DC, Peachey NS, Cooke Bailey JN. Glaucoma Genetic Risk Scores in the Million Veteran Program. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:1263-1274. [PMID: 35718050 PMCID: PMC9997524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a degenerative eye disease for which early treatment is critical to mitigate visual impairment and irreversible blindness. POAG-associated loci individually confer incremental risk. Genetic risk score(s) (GRS) could enable POAG risk stratification. Despite significantly higher POAG burden among individuals of African ancestry (AFR), GRS are limited in this population. A recent large-scale, multi-ancestry meta-analysis identified 127 POAG-associated loci and calculated cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific effect estimates, including in European ancestry (EUR) and AFR individuals. We assessed the utility of the 127-variant GRS for POAG risk stratification in EUR and AFR Veterans in the Million Veteran Program (MVP). We also explored the association between GRS and documented invasive glaucoma surgery (IGS). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS MVP Veterans with imputed genetic data, including 5830 POAG cases (445 with IGS documented in the electronic health record) and 64 476 controls. METHODS We tested unweighted and weighted GRS of 127 published risk variants in EUR (3382 cases and 58 811 controls) and AFR (2448 cases and 5665 controls) Veterans in the MVP. Weighted GRS were calculated using effect estimates from the most recently published report of cross-ancestry and ancestry-specific meta-analyses. We also evaluated GRS in POAG cases with documented IGS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Performance of 127-variant GRS in EUR and AFR Veterans for POAG risk stratification and association with documented IGS. RESULTS GRS were significantly associated with POAG (P < 5 × 10-5) in both groups; a higher proportion of EUR compared with AFR were consistently categorized in the top GRS decile (21.9%-23.6% and 12.9%-14.5%, respectively). Only GRS weighted by ancestry-specific effect estimates were associated with IGS documentation in AFR cases; all GRS types were associated with IGS in EUR cases. CONCLUSIONS Varied performance of the GRS for POAG risk stratification and documented IGS association in EUR and AFR Veterans highlights (1) the complex risk architecture of POAG, (2) the importance of diverse representation in genomics studies that inform GRS construction and evaluation, and (3) the necessity of expanding diverse POAG-related genomic data so that GRS can equitably aid in screening individuals at high risk of POAG and who may require more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Waksmunski
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tyler G Kinzy
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lauren A Cruz
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cari L Nealon
- Eye Clinic, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher W Halladay
- Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Piana Simpson
- Eye Clinic, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Scott A Anthony
- Eye Clinic, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David P Roncone
- Eye Clinic, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lea Sawicki Rogers
- Ophthalmology Section, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jenna N Leber
- Ophthalmology Section, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Paul B Greenberg
- Ophthalmology Section, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island; Division of Ophthalmology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jack M Sullivan
- Ophthalmology Section, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York; Research Service, VA Western NY Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- Cardiology Section, Medical Service, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio; Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Research Service, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio.
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12
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Aboobakar IF, Wiggs JL. The genetics of glaucoma: Disease associations, personalised risk assessment and therapeutic opportunities-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:143-162. [PMID: 35037362 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma refers to a heterogenous group of disorders characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field loss. Both early-onset and adult-onset forms of the disease have a strong genetic component. Here, we summarise the known genetic associations for various forms of glaucoma and the possible functional roles for these genes in disease pathogenesis. We also discuss efforts to translate genetic knowledge into clinical practice, including gene-based tests for disease diagnosis and risk-stratification as well as gene-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas F Aboobakar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Araki MVR, Silva YCO, Rodrigues TAR, Bajano FF, de Souza BB, Costa FF, Costa VP, de Melo MB, de Vasconcellos JPC. Association of ABCA1 (rs2472493) and GAS7 (rs9913911) gene variants with primary open-angle glaucoma in a Brazilian population. Mol Vis 2022; 28:1-10. [PMID: 35400990 PMCID: PMC8942454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most prevalent subtype. In recent years, there have been advances in knowledge about the genetics involved in POAG, but genetic studies in admixed populations, such as Brazilians, are still rare. This study aimed to evaluate the association of single nucleotide variants (SNV) of the ABCA1 (rs2472493) and GAS7 (rs9913911) genes with POAG in a sample of the Brazilian population. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the relationship between these SNVs and the need for surgical intervention in glaucoma control. Methods A cross-sectional association study with 1,009 subjects (505 patients with POAG and 504 controls) was performed. Participants underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including the need for surgical procedures for intraocular pressure control. Genotyping of SNVs was performed using the TaqMan genotyping assay. Results SNV rs9913911 of GAS7 was found to be associated with POAG in the presence of the risk allele A (p = 0.0004) and the AA genotype (p = 0.002). There was no association between SNV rs2472493 of ABCA1 for either the allele risk or genotypes. However, the combination of these variants showed an additive effect on the risk for POAG: ABCA1(GG) + GAS7(AA; p = 0.02), ABCA1(GG) + GAS7(AG; p = 0.003), and ABCA1(AG) + GAS7(AG; p = 0.004). Also, POAG patients carrying the AA genotype of the GAS7 gene required antiglaucomatous surgery more frequently than those without the AA genotype (p = 0.01). Conclusions In a Brazilian population sample, there was an association identified between SNV rs9913911 (GAS7) and the risk of POAG, and an additive effect was found when GAS7 was combined with SNV rs2472493 (ABCA1). There was an association between SNV rs9913911 (GAS7) and the risk for antiglaucomatous surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Vinicius Rocha Araki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Yuri Carvalho Oiamore Silva
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Adalton Rosa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Fialho Bajano
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Batista de Souza
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vital Paulino Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Barbosa de Melo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas – SP, Brazil
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14
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Association of the SNP rs112369934 near TRIM66 Gene with POAG Endophenotypes in African Americans. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091420. [PMID: 34573402 PMCID: PMC8471280 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs112369934 near the TRIM66 gene with qualitative and quantitative phenotypes of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in African Americans (AA). AA subjects over 35 years old were recruited for the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study in Philadelphia, PA. Glaucoma cases were evaluated for phenotypes associated with POAG pathogenesis, and the associations between rs112369934 and phenotypes were investigated by logistic regression analysis and in gender-stratified case cohorts: The SNP rs112369934 was found to have a suggestive association with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) in 1087 male AA POAG cases, individuals with the TC genotype having thinner RNFL (95% CI 0.85 to 6.61, p = 0.01) and larger CDR (95% CI -0.07 to -0.01, p = 0.02) than those with wildtype TT. No other significant associations were found. In conclusion SNP rs112369934 may play a role in POAG pathogenesis in male AA individuals. However, this SNP has been implicated in higher POAG risk in both male and female AA POAG cases.
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15
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Kondkar AA, Sultan T, Alobaidan AS, Azad TA, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Lobo GP, Al-Obeidan SA. Association analysis of variants rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 in LMX1B in primary angle-closure and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:2249-2258. [PMID: 34461764 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211042547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous genome-wide studies have demonstrated significant pathogenic association between variants rs35934224 within TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B in primary open-angle glaucoma. We investigated the association between these variants in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) patients of Saudi origin. METHODS In a case-control study, DNA samples from 249 controls (135 men and 114 women), 100 PACG cases (44 men and 56 women), and 95 PXG cases (61 men and 34 women) were genotyped by TaqMan® based real-time PCR. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate genetic association with glaucoma types and related clinical indices. RESULTS The allele frequencies of rs35934224 and rs6478746 did not show significant variation in PACG and PXG than controls, except that the rs35934224[T] allele was found to be significantly low among PXG women (0.10) as compared to controls (0.21) (odds ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval = 0.16-0.94, p = 0.024). Rs35934224 genotypes showed a nominal-to-borderline protective association with PACG and PXG among women in different genetic models. However, except for the over-dominant model in PACG (p = 0.0095), none of the effects survived Bonferroni's correction (p < 0.01). Rs6478746 showed no significant genotype or allelic association with PACG and PXG. Regression analysis showed no influence on disease outcome, and neither showed any correlation with intraocular pressure and cup/disk ratio in both PACG and PXG. CONCLUSIONS Variants rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B are not associated with PACG and PXG in the Saudi cohort, but rs35934224 may confer modest protection among women. Further population-based studies are needed to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alobaidan
- King Abdulaziz University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Saleh A Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Alobaidan AS, Sultan T, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Lobo GP, Al-Obeidan SA. Lack of Association Between Polymorphisms in TXNRD2 and LMX1B and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Saudi Cohort. Front Genet 2021; 12:690780. [PMID: 34408771 PMCID: PMC8365832 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.690780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies have demonstrated an association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B genes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) among Europeans. We performed a retrospective, case-control study to investigate the association between the rs35934224 (TXNRD2) and rs6478746 (LMX1B) and POAG in a middle-eastern population from Saudi Arabia. Methods: DNA from 399 participants consisting of 150 POAG cases (83 males and 67 females) and 249 controls (135 males and 114 females) were genotyped using TaqMan® real-time PCR. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate genetic association with POAG and related clinical indices. Results: The minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs35934224[T] was 0.19 and 0.20 in POAG and controls, respectively. The difference was non-significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.55, p = 0.663). Likewise, rs6478746[G] MAF was 0.12 in both cases and controls with no statistical significance (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.67-1.56, p = 0.910). Genotype analysis showed no association with POAG for both the SNPs in combined and gender-stratified groups. Regression analysis showed no significant effect of risk factors such as age, sex, rs35934224, and rs6478746 genotypes on POAG outcome. Furthermore, both the SNPs showed no significant genotype effect on clinical indices such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup/disc ratio in POAG patients. Conclusions: Rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B genes are not associated with POAG or related clinical indices such as IOP and cup/disc ratio in a Saudi cohort. Since the study is limited by sample size further investigations are needed to confirm these results in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Saleh A Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Nair KS, Srivastava C, Brown RV, Koli S, Choquet H, Kang HS, Kuo YM, Grimm SA, Sutherland C, Badea A, Johnson GA, Zhao Y, Yin J, Okamoto K, Clark G, Borrás T, Zode G, Kizhatil K, Chakrabarti S, John SWM, Jorgenson E, Jetten AM. GLIS1 regulates trabecular meshwork function and intraocular pressure and is associated with glaucoma in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4877. [PMID: 34385434 PMCID: PMC8361148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor of primary open-angle glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), which controls the outflow of aqueous humor (AqH) from the anterior chamber, is the major cause of elevated IOP. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the Krüppel-like zinc finger transcriptional factor GLI-similar-1 (GLIS1) develop chronically elevated IOP. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis reveal that deficiency in GLIS1 expression induces progressive degeneration of the TM, leading to inefficient AqH drainage from the anterior chamber and elevated IOP. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses identified several glaucoma- and extracellular matrix-associated genes as direct transcriptional targets of GLIS1. We also identified a significant association between GLIS1 variant rs941125 and glaucoma in humans (P = 4.73 × 10-6), further supporting a role for GLIS1 into glaucoma etiology. Our study identifies GLIS1 as a critical regulator of TM function and maintenance, AqH dynamics, and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chitrangda Srivastava
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert V Brown
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Swanand Koli
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Caleb Sutherland
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kyoko Okamoto
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Terete Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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18
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Olawoye O, Chuka-Okosa C, Akpa O, Realini T, Hauser M, Ashaye A. Eyes of Africa: The Genetics of Blindness: Study Design and Methodology. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:272. [PMID: 34243759 PMCID: PMC8267233 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report describes the design and methodology of the "Eyes of Africa: The Genetics of Blindness," a collaborative study funded through the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) program of the National Institute of Health. METHODS This is a case control study that is collecting a large well phenotyped data set among glaucoma patients and controls for a genome wide association study. (GWAS). Multiplex families segregating Mendelian forms of early-onset glaucoma will also be collected for exome sequencing. DISCUSSION A total of 4500 cases/controls have been recruited into the study at the end of the 3rd funded year of the study. All these participants have been appropriately phenotyped and blood samples have been received from these participants. Recent GWAS of POAG in African individuals demonstrated genome-wide significant association with the APBB2 locus which is an association that is unique to individuals of African ancestry. This study will add to the existing knowledge and understanding of POAG in the African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olawoye
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chimdi Chuka-Okosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Onoja Akpa
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tony Realini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Michael Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, NC Durham, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, NC Durham, USA
| | - Adeyinka Ashaye
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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19
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A Comparison of Genomic Advances in Exfoliation Syndrome and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-021-00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Qassim A, Souzeau E, Hollitt G, Hassall MM, Siggs OM, Craig JE. Risk Stratification and Clinical Utility of Polygenic Risk Scores in Ophthalmology. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:14. [PMID: 34111261 PMCID: PMC8114010 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.6.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational Relevance Common genetic variants can be used to effectively stratify the risk of disease development and progression and may be used to guide screening, triaging, monitoring, or treatment thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Qassim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Georgie Hollitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Mark M. Hassall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Owen M. Siggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
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21
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Tolman NG, Balasubramanian R, Macalinao DG, Kearney AL, MacNicoll KH, Montgomery CL, de Vries WN, Jackson IJ, Cross SH, Kizhatil K, Nair KS, John SWM. Genetic background modifies vulnerability to glaucoma-related phenotypes in Lmx1b mutant mice. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.046953. [PMID: 33462143 PMCID: PMC7903917 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (LMX1B) gene predispose individuals to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a key risk factor for glaucoma. However, the effect of LMX1B mutations varies widely between individuals. To better understand the mechanisms underlying LMX1B-related phenotypes and individual differences, we backcrossed the Lmx1bV265D (also known as Lmx1bIcst ) allele onto the C57BL/6J (B6), 129/Sj (129), C3A/BLiA-Pde6b+ /J (C3H) and DBA/2J-Gpnmb+ (D2-G) mouse strain backgrounds. Strain background had a significant effect on the onset and severity of ocular phenotypes in Lmx1bV265D/+ mutant mice. Mice of the B6 background were the most susceptible to developing abnormal IOP distribution, severe anterior segment developmental anomalies (including malformed eccentric pupils, iridocorneal strands and corneal abnormalities) and glaucomatous nerve damage. By contrast, Lmx1bV265D mice of the 129 background were the most resistant to developing anterior segment abnormalities, had less severe IOP elevation than B6 mutants at young ages and showed no detectable nerve damage. To identify genetic modifiers of susceptibility to Lmx1bV265D -induced glaucoma-associated phenotypes, we performed a mapping cross between mice of the B6 (susceptible) and 129 (resistant) backgrounds. We identified a modifier locus on Chromosome 18, with the 129 allele(s) substantially lessening severity of ocular phenotypes, as confirmed by congenic analysis. By demonstrating a clear effect of genetic background in modulating Lmx1b-induced phenotypes, providing a panel of strains with different phenotypic severities and identifying a modifier locus, this study lays a foundation for better understanding the roles of LMX1B in glaucoma with the goal of developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Tolman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Revathi Balasubramanian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christa L. Montgomery
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sally H. Cross
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - K. Saidas Nair
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Simon W. M. John
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, and Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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22
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Molecular Genetics of Glaucoma: Subtype and Ethnicity Considerations. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010055. [PMID: 33396423 PMCID: PMC7823611 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a complex disease, with differential presentation as well as ethnic and geographic disparities. The multifactorial nature of glaucoma complicates the study of genetics and genetic involvement in the disease process. This review synthesizes the current literature on glaucoma and genetics, as stratified by glaucoma subtype and ethnicity. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common cause of glaucoma worldwide, with the only treatable risk factor (RF) being the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). Genes associated with elevated IOP or POAG risk include: ABCA1, AFAP1, ARHGEF12, ATXN2, CAV1, CDKN2B-AS1, FOXC1, GAS7, GMDS, SIX1/SIX6, TMCO1, and TXNRD2. However, there are variations in RF and genetic factors based on ethnic and geographic differences; it is clear that unified molecular pathways accounting for POAG pathogenesis remain uncertain, although inflammation and senescence likely play an important role. There are similar ethnic and geographic complexities in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), but several genes have been associated with this disorder, including MMP9, HGF, HSP70, MFRP, and eNOS. In exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), genes implicated include LOXL1, CACNA1A, POMP, TMEM136, AGPAT1, RBMS3, and SEMA6A. Despite tremendous progress, major gaps remain in resolving the genetic architecture for the various glaucoma subtypes across ancestries. Large scale carefully designed studies are required to advance understanding of genetic loci as RF in glaucoma pathophysiology and to improve diagnosis and treatment options.
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23
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Youngblood H, Cai J, Drewry MD, Helwa I, Hu E, Liu S, Yu H, Mu H, Hu Y, Perkumas K, Aboobakar IF, Johnson WM, Stamer WD, Liu Y. Expression of mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Upon Mechanical Stretch. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:2. [PMID: 32392310 PMCID: PMC7405621 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intraocular pressure (IOP), the primary risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma, is determined by resistance to aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM). IOP homeostasis relies on TM responses to mechanical stretch. To model the effects of elevated IOP on the TM, this study sought to identify coding and non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in response to mechanical stretch. Methods Monolayers of TM cells from non-glaucomatous donors (n = 5) were cultured in the presence or absence of 15% mechanical stretch, 1 cycle/second, for 24 hours using a computer-controlled Flexcell unit. We profiled mRNAs and lncRNAs with stranded total RNA sequencing and microRNA (miRNA) expression with NanoString-based miRNA assays. We used two-tailed paired t-tests for mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the Bioconductor limma package for miRNAs. Gene ontology and pathway analyses were performed with WebGestalt. miRNA–mRNA interactions were identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Integrative miRNA Target Finder software. Validation of differential expression was conducted using droplet digital PCR. Results We identified 219 mRNAs, 42 miRNAs, and 387 lncRNAs with differential expression in TM cells upon cyclic mechanical stretch. Pathway analysis indicated significant enrichment of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and extracellular matrix–receptor interaction. We also identified several miRNA master regulators (miR-125a-5p, miR-30a-5p, and miR-1275) that regulate several mechanoresponsive genes. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the differential expression of coding and non-coding RNAs in a single set of cells subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch. Our results validate previously identified, as well as novel, genes and pathways.
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24
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Genetic Variants Associated With the Onset and Progression of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 215:135-140. [PMID: 32217119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to investigate the genetic variants associated with the onset and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). DESIGN Case-control genetic association study. METHODS Japanese POAG patients (n = 505) and control subjects (n = 246) were genotyped for 22 genetic variants predisposing to POAG that can be classified into those associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (IOP-related genetic variants) and optic nerve vulnerability independent of IOP (non-IOP-related genetic variants). The total number of risk alleles of the 17 IOP-related and 5 non-IOP-related genetic variants were calculated as the genetic risk score (GRS), and the associations between the GRS and family history of glaucoma as an indicator of POAG onset and age at the diagnosis of glaucoma as an indicator of POAG progression were evaluated. RESULTS There was a significant association (P = .014; odds ratio 1.26 per GRS) between the non-IOP-related GRS, but not IOP-related GRS, and a family history of glaucoma in POAG. As the non-IOP-related GRS increased, the risk of a family history of glaucoma increased. In contrast, a significant association (P = .0014; β = -0.14) was found between the IOP-related GRS, but not non-IOP-related GRS, and age at the diagnosis of glaucoma. As the IOP-related GRS increased, age at the diagnosis of glaucoma decreased. CONCLUSION The results indicate that non-IOP-related (optic nerve vulnerability) rather than IOP-related (IOP elevation) genetic variants may play an important role in the onset of POAG (family history of glaucoma) and that IOP-related rather than non-IOP-related genetic variants may play an important role in its progression (age at the diagnosis of glaucoma).
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25
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Choquet H, Wiggs JL, Khawaja AP. Clinical implications of recent advances in primary open-angle glaucoma genetics. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:29-39. [PMID: 31645673 PMCID: PMC7002426 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, genetic studies, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have accelerated the discovery of genes and genomic regions contributing to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Here, we review the findings of genetic studies of POAG published in English prior to September 2019. In total, 74 genomic regions have been associated at a genome-wide level of significance with POAG susceptibility. Recent POAG GWAS provide not only insight into global and ethnic-specific genetic risk factors for POAG susceptibility across populations of diverse ancestry, but also important functional insights underlying biological mechanisms of glaucoma pathogenesis. In this review, we also summarize the genetic overlap between POAG, glaucoma endophenotypes, such as intraocular pressure and vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), and other eye disorders. We also discuss approaches recently developed to increase power for POAG locus discovery and to predict POAG risk. Finally, we discuss the recent development of POAG gene-based therapies and future strategies to treat glaucoma effectively. Understanding the genetic architecture of POAG is essential for an earlier diagnosis of this common eye disorder, predictive testing of at-risk patients, and design of gene-based targeted medical therapies none of which are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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26
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Boehm C, Field MC. Evolution of late steps in exocytosis: conservation and specialization of the exocyst complex. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:112. [PMID: 31633057 PMCID: PMC6784791 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15142.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The eukaryotic endomembrane system most likely arose
via paralogous expansions of genes encoding proteins that specify organelle identity, coat complexes and govern fusion specificity. While the majority of these gene families were established by the time of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), subsequent evolutionary events has moulded these systems, likely reflecting adaptations retained for increased fitness. As well as sequence evolution, these adaptations include loss of otherwise canonical components, the emergence of lineage-specific proteins and paralog expansion. The exocyst complex is involved in late exocytosis and additional trafficking pathways and a member of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods (CATCHR) tethering complex family. CATCHR includes the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS)/class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complexes and several others. The exocyst is integrated into a complex GTPase signalling network in animals, fungi and other lineages. Prompted by discovery of Exo99, a non-canonical subunit in the excavate protist
Trypanosoma brucei, and availability of significantly increased genome sequence data, we re-examined evolution of the exocyst. Methods: We examined the evolution of exocyst components by comparative genomics, phylogenetics and structure prediction. Results: The exocyst composition is highly conserved, but with substantial losses of subunits in the Apicomplexa and expansions in Streptophyta plants, Metazoa and land plants, where for the latter, massive paralog expansion of Exo70 represents an extreme and unique example. Significantly, few taxa retain a partial complex, suggesting that, in general, all subunits are probably required for functionality. Further, the ninth exocyst subunit, Exo99, is specific to the Euglenozoa with a distinct architecture compared to the other subunits and which possibly represents a coat system. Conclusions: These data reveal a remarkable degree of evolutionary flexibility within the exocyst complex, suggesting significant diversity in exocytosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Boehm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovic, 37005, Czech Republic
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27
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Zhao F, Fan Z, Huang X. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene polymorphisms in glaucoma: A hospital-based study in Chinese patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23105. [PMID: 31713905 PMCID: PMC7083395 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is the irreversible vision loss and contributes second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) is involved with remodeling and destruction of extracellular matrix. Elevated MMP‐9 levels and various functional variants of MMP‐9 have been associated with glaucoma in different population. In the current investigation, we tested association of MMP‐9 common variants with different clinical categories of glaucoma in Chinese population. Materials and Methods We enrolled total of 396 glaucoma patients those reported to hospital comprising of 212 primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) cases and 184 primary open‐angle glaucoma POAG patients. In addition, 329 normal individuals from similar geographical areas were enrolled as healthy controls. Five common single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3918242, rs3918254, rs2250889, rs3918249, and rs17576) were genotyped by PCR‐RFLP. Plasma levels of MMP‐9 were quantified by ELISA. Results Heterozygotes (GC) and allele “G” for rs2250889 polymorphism were more frequent in PACG cases compared with healthy controls (GC: P < .0001, OR = 2.26; G: P < .0001, OR = 1.19). Similarly, heterozygous mutant and minor allele for rs3918242 polymorphism were more prevalent in POAG in comparison with healthy controls. Interestingly, distribution of rs17576 variant was statistically higher in both PACG and POAG cases than healthy controls. Furthermore, analysis of plasma MMP‐9 with MMP‐9 polymorphisms revealed significant association of rs2250889, rs3918242, and rs17576 with plasma levels of the protein. Conclusions MMP‐9 mutants are associated with elevated plasma MMP‐9 and predisposed to development of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Zongshan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Xuewen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
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28
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Hauser MA, Allingham RR, Aung T, Van Der Heide CJ, Taylor KD, Rotter JI, Wang SHJ, Bonnemaijer PWM, Williams SE, Abdullahi SM, Abu-Amero KK, Anderson MG, Akafo S, Alhassan MB, Asimadu I, Ayyagari R, Bakayoko S, Nyamsi PB, Bowden DW, Bromley WC, Budenz DL, Carmichael TR, Challa P, Chen YDI, Chuka-Okosa CM, Cooke Bailey JN, Costa VP, Cruz DA, DuBiner H, Ervin JF, Feldman RM, Flamme-Wiese M, Gaasterland DE, Garnai SJ, Girkin CA, Guirou N, Guo X, Haines JL, Hammond CJ, Herndon L, Hoffmann TJ, Hulette CM, Hydara A, Igo RP, Jorgenson E, Kabwe J, Kilangalanga NJ, Kizor-Akaraiwe N, Kuchtey RW, Lamari H, Li Z, Liebmann JM, Liu Y, Loos RJF, Melo MB, Moroi SE, Msosa JM, Mullins RF, Nadkarni G, Napo A, Ng MCY, Nunes HF, Obeng-Nyarkoh E, Okeke A, Okeke S, Olaniyi O, Olawoye O, Oliveira MB, Pasquale LR, Perez-Grossmann RA, Pericak-Vance MA, Qin X, Ramsay M, Resnikoff S, Richards JE, Schimiti RB, Sim KS, Sponsel WE, Svidnicki PV, Thiadens AAHJ, Uche NJ, van Duijn CM, de Vasconcellos JPC, Wiggs JL, Zangwill LM, Risch N, Milea D, Ashaye A, Klaver CCW, Weinreb RN, Ashley Koch AE, Fingert JH, Khor CC. Association of Genetic Variants With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Individuals With African Ancestry. JAMA 2019; 322:1682-1691. [PMID: 31688885 PMCID: PMC6865235 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance Primary open-angle glaucoma presents with increased prevalence and a higher degree of clinical severity in populations of African ancestry compared with European or Asian ancestry. Despite this, individuals of African ancestry remain understudied in genomic research for blinding disorders. Objectives To perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of African ancestry populations and evaluate potential mechanisms of pathogenesis for loci associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Design, Settings, and Participants A 2-stage GWAS with a discovery data set of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma and 2121 control individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma. The validation stage included an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals using multicenter clinic- and population-based participant recruitment approaches. Study participants were recruited from Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, the United States, Tanzania, Britain, Cameroon, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, Peru, and Mali from 2003 to 2018. Individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma had open iridocorneal angles and displayed glaucomatous optic neuropathy with visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure was not included in the case definition. Control individuals had no elevated intraocular pressure and no signs of glaucoma. Exposures Genetic variants associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. Main Outcomes and Measures Presence of primary open-angle glaucoma. Genome-wide significance was defined as P < 5 × 10-8 in the discovery stage and in the meta-analysis of combined discovery and validation data. Results A total of 2320 individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma (mean [interquartile range] age, 64.6 [56-74] years; 1055 [45.5%] women) and 2121 individuals without primary open-angle glaucoma (mean [interquartile range] age, 63.4 [55-71] years; 1025 [48.3%] women) were included in the discovery GWAS. The GWAS discovery meta-analysis demonstrated association of variants at amyloid-β A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 2 (APBB2; chromosome 4, rs59892895T>C) with primary open-angle glaucoma (odds ratio [OR], 1.32 [95% CI, 1.20-1.46]; P = 2 × 10-8). The association was validated in an analysis of an additional 6937 affected individuals and 14 917 unaffected individuals (OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.21]; P < .001). Each copy of the rs59892895*C risk allele was associated with increased risk of primary open-angle glaucoma when all data were included in a meta-analysis (OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.14-1.25]; P = 4 × 10-13). The rs59892895*C risk allele was present at appreciable frequency only in African ancestry populations. In contrast, the rs59892895*C risk allele had a frequency of less than 0.1% in individuals of European or Asian ancestry. Conclusions and Relevance In this genome-wide association study, variants at the APBB2 locus demonstrated differential association with primary open-angle glaucoma by ancestry. If validated in additional populations this finding may have implications for risk assessment and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Signapore
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Signapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Signapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Young Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Carly J Van Der Heide
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Shih-Hsiu J Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pieter W M Bonnemaijer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan E Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Khaled K Abu-Amero
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Stephen Akafo
- Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Ifeoma Asimadu
- Department of Ophthalmology, ESUT Teaching Hospital Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Radha Ayyagari
- Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Saydou Bakayoko
- Institut d'Ophtalmologie Tropicale de l'Afrique, Bamako, Mali
- Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Prisca Biangoup Nyamsi
- Service Spécialisé d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital Militaire de Région No1 de Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Donald L Budenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Trevor R Carmichael
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance
| | | | - Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Vital Paulino Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dianne A Cruz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - John F Ervin
- Kathleen Price Bryan Brain Bank and Biorepository, Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert M Feldman
- McGovern Medical School, Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston
| | - Miles Flamme-Wiese
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | | | - Sarah J Garnai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Christopher A Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Nouhoum Guirou
- Institut d'Ophtalmologie Tropicale de l'Afrique, Bamako, Mali
- Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, FoLSM, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Herndon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco
| | | | - Abba Hydara
- Sheikh Zayed Regional Eye Care Centre, Kanifing, The Gambia
| | - Robert P Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Joyce Kabwe
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Joseph Hospital, Kinshasa, Limete, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Nkiru Kizor-Akaraiwe
- Department of Ophthalmology, ESUT Teaching Hospital Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
- The Eye Specialists Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Rachel W Kuchtey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hasnaa Lamari
- Clinique Spécialisée en Ophtalmologie Mohammedia, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Zheng Li
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey M Liebmann
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yutao Liu
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Monica B Melo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sayoko E Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Joseph M Msosa
- Lions Sight-First Eye Hospital, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Girish Nadkarni
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Abdoulaye Napo
- Institut d'Ophtalmologie Tropicale de l'Afrique, Bamako, Mali
- Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hugo Freire Nunes
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Anthony Okeke
- Nigerian Navy Reference Hospital, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Suhanya Okeke
- Department of Ophthalmology, ESUT Teaching Hospital Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
- The Eye Specialists Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | | | - Olusola Olawoye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mariana Borges Oliveira
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Louise R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Xue Qin
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia E Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - William E Sponsel
- San Antonio Eye Health, San Antonio, Texas
- Eyes of Africa, Child Legacy International (CLI) Hospital, Msundwe, Malawi
| | | | - Alberta A H J Thiadens
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nkechinyere J Uche
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
- The Eye Specialists Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Janey L Wiggs
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Hospital, Boston
| | - Linda M Zangwill
- Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Neil Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Signapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Adeyinka Ashaye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - John H Fingert
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Lee JW, Chan PP, Zhang X, Chen LJ, Jonas JB. Latest Developments in Normal-Pressure Glaucoma: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Genetics, Etiology, Causes and Mechanisms to Management. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2019; 8:457-468. [PMID: 31789648 PMCID: PMC6903364 DOI: 10.1097/01.apo.0000605096.48529.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal-pressure glaucoma (NPG) is part of the spectrum of the open-angle glaucomas and morphologically characterized, as any glaucoma, by a loss of neuroretinal rim parallel to an enlargement and deepening of the optic cup, and development or enlargement of parapapillary beta zone. These morphological characteristics, in addition to the therapeutic benefit of lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP), make NPG differ from vascular-induced optic neuropathy. Based on the anatomy of the optic nerve as a cerebral fascicle, the physiological counter-pressure against the IOP is the orbital cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), with both pressures forming the trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD). In contrast to the IOP, the TLCPD is the true pressure exerting force on the optic nerve fibers when passing through the lamina cribrosa. As a theoretical notion, an abnormally high TLCPD due to a low CSFP, in association with a low arterial blood pressure, could therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of NPG. It fits with the finding that the reduction of the IOP (and thus indirectly of the TLCPD) is (the only proven) procedure for NPG therapy. This review additionally highlights the genetic background, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic modalities of NPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky W.Y. Lee
- International Eye Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, 1 Tairan 9th Rd, Futian, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- C-MER Eye Center, Hong Kong
| | - Poemen P. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - XiuJuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Youngblood H, Hauser MA, Liu Y. Update on the genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107795. [PMID: 31525344 PMCID: PMC6901111 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Affecting nearly 80 million individuals, glaucoma is the number one cause of irreversible blindness in the world. This ocular disease describes a set of optic neuropathies of which primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common. POAG is associated with progressive visual field deterioration resulting from damage to the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells. Risk factors for POAG include elevated intraocular pressure, aging, African and Hispanic ancestry, and a positive family history of POAG. Multiple genes have been found to contribute to POAG. Much of POAG genetics and pathology has yet to be explained. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of novel loci associated with POAG and its endophenotypes. Genomic and proteomic profiling of biofluids has contributed to our knowledge of differential gene expression in POAG. Functional studies both in cell culture and animal models have confirmed the effects of variants and differential gene expression on ocular physiology while in silico analyses have increased our understanding of disease risk and progression so that we might better diagnose and treat this complex genetic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, 300 N Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, United States.
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd CB1101, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
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31
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Boehm C, Field MC. Evolution of late steps in exocytosis: conservation, specialization. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:112. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15142.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:The eukaryotic endomembrane system likely aroseviaparalogous expansion of genes encoding proteins specifying organelle identity, coat complexes and government of fusion specificity. While the majority of these gene families were established by the time of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), subsequent evolutionary events molded these systems, likely reflecting adaptations retained for increased fitness. As well as sequence evolution, these adaptations include loss of otherwise canonical subunits, emergence of lineage-specific proteins and paralog expansion. The exocyst complex is involved in late exocytosis, and possibly additional pathways, and is a member of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods (CATCHR) tethering complex family, which includes conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG), homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS), class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) and others. The exocyst is integrated into a complex GTPase signaling network in animals, fungi and other lineages. Prompted by discovery of Exo99, a non-canonical subunit in the excavate protistTrypanosoma brucei,and significantly increased genome sequence data, we examined evolution of the exocyst.Methods:We examined evolution of the exocyst by comparative genomics, phylogenetics and structure prediction.Results:The exocyst is highly conserved, but with substantial losses of subunits in the Apicomplexa and expansions in Streptophyta plants and Metazoa. Significantly, few taxa retain a partial complex, suggesting that, in the main, all subunits are required for functionality. Further, the ninth exocyst subunit Exo99 is specific to the Euglenozoa with a distinct architecture compared to the other subunits and which possibly represents a coat system.Conclusions:These data reveal a remarkable degree of evolutionary flexibility within the exocyst complex, suggesting significant diversity in exocytosis mechanisms.
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Chan W, Wiggs JL, Sobrin L. The Genetic Influence on Corticosteroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension: A Field Positioned for Discovery. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 202:1-5. [PMID: 30763540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide evidence that corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension has a genetic component. DESIGN Evidence-based perspective. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search for studies exploring genetic influences on intraocular pressure responses to corticosteroid treatment. RESULTS Studies demonstrating increased risk of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension among first-degree relatives of affected individuals support a genetic contribution to the disease. Family and personal history of primary open-angle glaucoma also increases the risk of corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation, suggesting common genetic etiologies. A number of studies have attempted to identify predisposing genetic factors; however, reproducible findings have not yet been reported. The recent availability of large data sets with clinical and genetic data for patients affected by corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma provides new opportunities to study the genetic underpinnings of this important condition. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial evidence suggesting a genetic component to corticosteroid-related ocular hypertension and glaucoma, but specific genetic risk factors have yet to be identified. The current confluence of large genetic data sets and affordable genetic sequencing technologies has great potential for discovering the genes that increase risk for this blinding complication of corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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