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Jobson S, Hamel JF, Mercier A. Shake it off: exploring drivers and outcomes of autotomy in marine invertebrates. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240015. [PMID: 38807548 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Autotomy refers to self-amputation where the loss of a limb or organ is generally said to be (1) in response to stressful external stimuli; (2) voluntary and nervously mediated; (3) supported by adaptive features that increase efficiency and simultaneously mediate the cost; and (4) morphologically delineated by a predictable breakage plane. It is estimated that this phenomenon has evolved independently nine different times across the animal kingdom, appearing in many different taxa, including vertebrate and invertebrate as well as aquatic and terrestrial animals. Marine invertebrates use this behaviour in a diversity of manners that have yet to be globally reviewed and critically examined. Here, published data from marine invertebrate taxa were used to explore instances of injury as an evolutionary driver of autotomy. Findings suggest that phyla (e.g. Echinodermata and Arthropoda) possibly experiencing high rates of injury (tissue damage or loss) are more likely to be able to perform autotomy. Additionally, this review looks at various morphological, physiological and environmental conditions that have either driven the evolution or maintained the behaviour of autotomy in marine invertebrates. Finally, the use of autotomic abilities in the development of more sustainable and less ecologically invasive fisheries is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jobson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University , St John's (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
| | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment , St Philips (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University , St John's (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
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2
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Wahltinez SJ, Byrne M, Stacy NI. Coelomic fluid of asteroid echinoderms: Current knowledge and future perspectives on its utility for disease and mortality investigations. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:547-559. [PMID: 37264636 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coelomic fluid surrounds the internal organs of asteroid echinoderms (asteroids, otherwise known as sea stars or starfish) and plays an essential role in the immune system, as well as in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste products, and reproductive mediators. Due to its importance in physiology and accessibility for nonlethal diagnostic sampling, coelomic fluid of asteroids provides an excellent sample matrix for health evaluations and can be particularly useful in disease and mortality investigations. This is especially important in light of recent increases in the number of affected individuals and species, larger geographic scope, and increased observed frequency of sea star wasting events compared with historic accounts of wasting. This review summarizes the current knowledge about coelomocytes, the effector cell of the asteroid immune system; coelomic fluid electrolytes, osmolality, acid-base status and respiratory gases, and microbiota; and genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic investigations of coelomic fluid. The utility of coelomic fluid analysis for assessing stressor responses, diseases, and mortality investigations is considered with knowledge gaps and future directions identified. This complex body fluid provides an exciting opportunity to increase our understanding of this unique and ecologically important group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Byrne
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Zhan Y, Ning B, Sun J, Chang Y. Living in a hypoxic world: A review of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115207. [PMID: 37453286 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a harmful result of anthropogenic climate change. With the expansion of global low-oxygen zones (LOZs), many organisms have faced unprecedented challenges affecting their survival and reproduction. Extensive research has indicated that oxygen limitation has drastic effects on aquatic animals, including on their development, morphology, behavior, reproduction, and physiological metabolism. In this review, the global distribution and formation of LOZs were analyzed, and the impacts of hypoxia on aquatic animals and the molecular responses of aquatic animals to hypoxia were then summarized. The commonalities and specificities of the response to hypoxia in aquatic animals in different LOZs were discussed lastly. In general, this review will deepen the knowledge of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture and provide more information and research directions for the development of fishery resource protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Bingyu Ning
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jingxian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, PR China; College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, Liaoning, PR China.
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4
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Huo D, Zhang L, Yang H, Sun L. Adaptation to hypoxic stress involves amino acid metabolism: A case in sea cucumber. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121766. [PMID: 37142211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Low dissolved oxygen (LO) in seawater negatively affects aquatic animals and has received considerable attention. However, there is still much to learn about how echinoderms, which are keystone species in benthic ecosystems, respond to hypoxic stress. Here, we detected differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in sea cucumber (Apositchopus japonicus) between normoxic conditions (NC group) and hypoxic conditions (2 mg L-1) for 3 and 7 days (i.e., LO3 and LO7 groups). A total of 156, 180, and 95 DEMs were found in the NC versus LO3, NC vs. LO7, and LO3 vs. LO7 comparisons, respectively. Amino acids were the most abundant class of DEMs, and "biosynthesis of amino acids" was an enriched pathway in all three comparisons. Most of the enriched metabolite sets under hypoxic stress were related to metabolism. As the duration of the hypoxia treatment extended, the metabolism-related process maintained an upward trend, and signaling pathways maintained a downward trend. Thus, metabolism-related processes are affected in hypoxia-stressed sea cucumber, and amino acid metabolism is the most important process for adaption to hypoxic conditions, potentially function in osmotic regulation and energy regulation. Our results shed light on the adaptative strategies of sea cucumber to challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Aksakal E, Ekinci D. Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on growth parameters and transcription levels of growth, immune system and stress related genes in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 262:111060. [PMID: 34455084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and hyperoxia are disparate stressors which can have destructive influences on fish growth and physiology. It is yet to be determined if hypoxia and hyperoxia have a cumulative effect in aquatic ecosystems that affect biological parameters in fish, and to understand if this is associated with gene expression. Here we address whether growth performance and expressions of growth, immune system and stress related genes were affected by hypoxia and hyperoxia in fish. Rainbow trout was chosen as the study organism due to its excellent service as biomonitor. After an acclimatization period, fish were exposed to hypoxia (4.0 ± 0.5 ppm O2), normoxia (7.5 ± 0.5 ppm O2) and hyperoxia (12 ± 1.2 ppm O2) for 28 days. At 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 28 days, samples were collected. Hypoxia and hyperoxia negatively affected weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The best WG, SGR, SR and FCR values occurred in fish exposed to normoxia, whereas hypoxia was most suppressive on growth and hyperoxia showed intermediate suppression of these parameters. Gene expression analyses were performed in liver and results revealed that long term exposure caused reduced growth hormone-I (GH-I) and insulin like growth factor I-II (IGF I-II) levels in both hypoxia and hyperoxia-treated fish. Heat shock protein (HSP70) levels increased in both hypoxia and hyperoxia treatment, and both exposures caused elevation of leptin (LEP) expression in long-term exposure. Overall data indicate that both hypoxia and hyperoxia cause stress in rainbow trout and negatively affects growth parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercüment Aksakal
- Akdeniz University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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6
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Metabolic response of longitudinal muscles to acute hypoxia in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka): A metabolome integrated analysis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 29:235-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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7
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Huo D, Sun L, Ru X, Zhang L, Lin C, Liu S, Xin X, Yang H. Impact of hypoxia stress on the physiological responses of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: respiration, digestion, immunity and oxidative damage. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4651. [PMID: 29719735 PMCID: PMC5926553 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most frequently occurring stressors confronted by industrial cultures of sea cucumber and can cause large economic losses and resource degradation. However, its responsive mechanisms are still lacking. In this paper, the physiological responses of Apostichopus japonicus to oxygen deficiency was illustrated, including induced oxidative response and immune defense and changed digestive enzymes activities. Significantly increased activities of alpha-amylase (AMS), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and higher content of malondialdehyde, and decreased activities of lipase and trypsin (TRY) were observed after hypoxia exposure (dissolved oxygen [DO] 2 mg/L). Expressions of key genes showed that AMS, peptidase, ACP, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, heat shock protein 70 and glutathione peroxidase were increased and TRY was decreased under hypoxia. With the decline of the DO level, the decreased tendency of oxygen consumption rates was different in varied weight groups. Moreover, respiratory trees were observed degraded under long-term hypoxia stress, thus leading a negative effect of respiration. These results could help to develop a better understanding of the responsive mechanism of sea cucumber under hypoxia stress and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of hypoxia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoshang Ru
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenggang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoke Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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8
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Kim JH, Jeong SY, Kim PJ, Dahms HU, Han KN. Bio-effect-monitoring of long-term thermal wastes on the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, using heat shock proteins. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:359-364. [PMID: 28454761 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We bio-monitored the stress of oyster, Crassostrea gigas, for possible long term effects of thermal waste from a power plant. The expression level of its heat shock proteins (HSPs) was measured by real time-reverse transcript PCR along with their density and growth in the field. Oyster size varied in a distance dependent pattern. Physics modeling for evaluation of spreading of the thermal effluent revealed that station A is affected by the thermal effluents abundance, and the size of C. gigas showed a negative relationship with distance to the power plant. The abundance and size of C. gigas were smallest at station A, which was closest to the thermal effluent outlet. The kinetics of changes in the hsp70 and hsp90 mRNA levels in the mantle of C. gigas were also investigated. Regardless of the higher expression level of hsp70 mRNA than hsp90, both hsp70 and hsp90 mRNA levels were significantly higher at station A. The expression levels decreased inversely with distance from the thermal effluent outlet, with expression of hsp70 mRNA at station A being approximately 7-fold higher than at station B and 15-fold higher than at station C. Similarly, expression of hsp90 mRNA at station A was approximately 14-fold higher than at station B and 22-fold higher than at station C. The present findings provide new insights on biological correlation among the growth of individuals and population size and the molecular index in C. gigas following thermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Jeong
- Department of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Pyung-Joong Kim
- ARA Consulting & Technology, D-1510, SMART Valley Bldg., 30, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kyung-Nam Han
- Department of Oceanography, College of Natural Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea.
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9
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An integrated view of asteroid regeneration: tissues, cells and molecules. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:13-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Reinardy HC, Bodnar AG. Profiling DNA damage and repair capacity in sea urchin larvae and coelomocytes exposed to genotoxicants. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:829-39. [PMID: 26175033 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to protect the genome from harmful DNA damage is critical for maintaining genome stability and protecting against disease, including cancer. Many echinoderms, including sea urchins, are noted for the lack of neoplastic disease, but there are few studies investigating susceptibility to DNA damage and capacity for DNA repair in these animals. In this study, DNA damage was induced in adult sea urchin coelomocytes and larvae by exposure to a variety of genotoxicants [UV-C (0-3000 J/m(2)), hydrogen peroxide (0-10mM), bleomycin (0-300 µM) and methylmethanesulfonate (MMS, 0-30 mM)] and the capacity for repair was measured over a 24-h period of recovery. Larvae were more sensitive than coelomocytes, with higher levels of initial DNA damage (fast micromethod) for all genotoxicants except MMS and increased levels of mortality 24h following treatment for all genotoxicants. The larvae that survived were able to efficiently repair damage within 24-h recovery. The ability to repair DNA damage differed depending on treatments, but both larvae and coelomocytes were able to most efficiently repair H2O2-induced damage. Time profiles of expression of a panel of DNA repair genes (ddb1, ercc1, xpc, xrcc1, pcna, ogg1, parp1, parp2, ape, brca1, rad51, xrcc2, xrcc3, xrcc4, xrcc5, xrcc6 and gadd45), throughout the period of recovery, showed greater gene induction in coelomocytes compared with larvae, with particularly high expression of xrcc1, ercc1, parp2 and pcna. The heterogeneous response of larvae to DNA damage may reflect a strategy whereby a subset of the population is equipped to withstand acute genotoxic stress, while the ability of coelomocytes to resist and repair DNA damage confirm their significant role in protection against disease. Consideration of DNA repair capacity is critical for understanding effects of genotoxicants on organisms, in addition to shedding light on life strategies and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Reinardy
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St. George's, GE 01 Bermuda
| | - Andrea G Bodnar
- Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, 17 Biological Station, St. George's, GE 01 Bermuda
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11
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Vazzana M, Siragusa T, Arizza V, Buscaino G, Celi M. Cellular responses and HSP70 expression during wound healing in Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:306-315. [PMID: 25463287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wound repair is a key event in the regeneration mechanisms of echinoderms. We studied, at the behavioural, cellular and molecular levels, the wound healing processes in Holothuria tubulosa after injuries to the body wall. The experiments were performed for periods of up to 72 h, and various coelomocyte counts, as well as the expression of heat shock proteins (HS27, HSP70 and HSP90), were recorded. Dermal wound healing was nearly complete within 72 h. In the early stages, we observed the injured animals twisting their bodies to keep their injuries on the surface of the water for the extrusion of the buccal pedicles. At the cellular level, we found time-dependent variations in the circulating coelomocyte counts. After injury, in particular, we observed a significant increase in spherule cells at 2.5 h post-injury. Using the western blot method, we observed and reported that the wounds produced, compared with controls, a significant increase in HSP27 and HSP70 expression in coelomocytes, whereas HSP70 was increased in scar tissue and HSP90 was increased only in cell-free coelomic fluid. These results highlight that the wounds were responsible for the stress condition with the induction of cellular and biochemical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Siragusa
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy; IEMEST - Istituto Euromediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Buscaino
- IAMC - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero U.O. di Capo Granitola - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Mare, 3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, TP, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Dept. STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy; IAMC - Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero U.O. di Capo Granitola - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Mare, 3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, TP, Italy
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12
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Suh SS, Hwang J, Park M, Park SY, Ryu TK, Lee S, Lee TK. Hypoxia-modulated gene expression profiling in sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) immune cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:63-69. [PMID: 25164204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an issue that affects ocean coastal waters worldwide. It has severe consequences for marine organisms, including death and rapid adaptive changes in metabolic organization. Although some aquatic animals are routinely exposed and resistant to severe environmental hypoxia, others such as sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus nudus) have a limited capacity to withstand this stress. In this study, hypoxia induced a significant increase in the number of red spherule cells among coelomocytes, which function as immune cells. This suggests that sea urchin immune cells could be used as a biological indicator of hypoxic stress. In the current study, we used cDNA microarrays to investigate the differential expression patterns of hypoxia-regulated genes to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of immune cells to hypoxia. Surprisingly, the predominant major effect of hypoxia was the widespread suppression of gene expression. In particular, the expression of RNA helicase and GATA-4/5/6 was decreased significantly in response to hypoxia, even in field conditions, suggesting that they could be utilized as sensitive bioindicators of hypoxic stress in the sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Suk Suh
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinik Hwang
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirye Park
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Ryu
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Jing J, Liu H, Chen H, Hu S, Xiao K, Ma X. Acute effect of copper and cadmium exposure on the expression of heat shock protein 70 in the Cyprinidae fish Tanichthys albonubes. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1113-1122. [PMID: 23402923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A full sequence of TaHSP70 (heat shock protein 70 of Tanichthys albonubes) was amplified which was 2398 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 1392 bp encoding a polypeptide of 643 amino acids with all three HSP70 family signatures and cytosolic motif of EEVD. Genomic DNA structure analysis revealed that the TaHSP70 gene contained one intron in 5'UTR. BLAST analysis revealed that the TaHSP70 gene shared high similarity with other known HSP70 genes. The alignment of inferred amino acid sequences also showed high degrees of similarity among the homologues. There was a basal mRNA expression of TaHSP70 in the different tissues from the non-exposed T. albonubes and the highest expression level in the liver. To investigated the time- and dose-dependent relationship of the expression of TaHSP70 following exposure to heavy metals, T. albonubes were exposed to 2(-1) 96 h-LC50 (0.027 mg L(-1)), 4(-1) 96 h-LC50 (0.0135 mg L(-1)) of copper and 2(-1) 96 h-LC50 (2.31 mg L(-1)), 4(-1) 96 h-LC50 (1.15 mg L(-1)) of cadmium for 96 h. Hsp70 expression relative to the control was analyzed by Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. The results indicated that there were a dose-dependent expression pattern and an exposure time effect in the liver responded to heavy metal stress. Interestingly, TaHSP70 gene expressions did not show consistent changes between transcription and translation levels. Taken together, the dynamics of TaHSP70 expression observed provided important insight into heavy metal stress, heat shock protein activity, and the potential ways to monitor the chronic stressors in T. albonubes culture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Arizza V, Vazzana M, Schillaci D, Russo D, Giaramita FT, Parrinello N. Gender differences in the immune system activities of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 164:447-55. [PMID: 23220062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the immune system of vertebrates, gender-specific differences in individual immune competence are well known. In general, females possess more powerful immune response than males. In invertebrates, the situation is much less clear. For this purpose we have chosen to study the immune response of the two sexes of the echinoderm Paracentrotus lividus in pre- and post-spawning phases. The coelomic fluid from the echinoderms contains several coelomocyte types and molecules involved in innate immune defenses. In this article we report that the degree of immune responses in the P. lividus differs according to sex in both pre- and post-spawning phases. We found in all tests that females were more active than males. The results indicate that females possess a significant higher number of immunocytes consisting of phagocytes and uncolored spherulocytes. Since the immunological activity is mainly based on immunocytes, it was not surprising that females possessed the highest values of cytotoxicity and hemolysis activity and showed a greater ability to uptake neutral red and phagocyte yeasts cells, while the average number of ingested particles per active phagocyte was not significantly different. Furthermore, agglutinating activity was more evident in the coelomocyte lysate and coelomic fluid of females than in those of males. Finally we found that the acidic extract of female gonads possessed greater antimicrobial activity than that of male gonads. These results make it very likely that gender differences in the immune response are not restricted to vertebrates; rather, they are a general evolutionary phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale e Biodiversità, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18-90123 Palermo, Italy
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Hernroth B, Baden S, Thorndyke M, Dupont S. Immune suppression of the echinoderm Asterias rubens (L.) following long-term ocean acidification. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:222-224. [PMID: 21473849 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We compared effects of exposure to predict near-future (2100) ocean acidification (OA; pH 7.7) and normal seawater (Control; pH 8.1) on immune and stress responses in the adult sea star Asterias rubens. Analyses were made after one week and after six months of continuous exposure. Following one week exposure to acidified water, the pH of coelomic fluid was significantly reduced. Levels of the chaperon Hsp70 were elevated while key cellular players in immunity, coelomocytes, were reduced by approximately 50%. Following long-term exposure (six months) levels of Hsp70 returned to control values, whereas immunity was further impaired, evidenced by the reduced phagocytic capacity of coelomocytes and inhibited activation of p38 MAP-kinase. Such impacts of reduced seawater pH may have serious consequences for resistance to pathogens in a future acidified ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Kristineberg 566, 450 34 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
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Oweson C, Li C, Söderhäll I, Hernroth B. Effects of manganese and hypoxia on coelomocyte renewal in the echinoderm, Asterias rubens (L.). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:84-90. [PMID: 20678812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a naturally abundant metal and particularly so in soft-bottom oceanic sediments where it generally occurs bound in a four-valent colloidal state as MnO2. When hypoxic conditions occur in bottom waters, the metal reduces to the bioavailable ion Mn2+ and can reach concentrations known to have immunotoxic effects in the crustacean Nephrops norvegicus, reducing numbers of circulating haemocytes as a consequence. However, we have previously shown that Mn seems to have a contrasting effect on the echinoderm Asterias rubens in which it triggers the proliferation of haematopoietic cells and increases coelomocyte numbers. Since elevated Mn levels mostly co-occur with hypoxia in nature, here we investigated whether hypoxia has a negative effect on haematopoiesis. Proliferation and differentiation of coelomocytes and cells in the coelomic epithelium of A. rubens were compared after 3 days of exposure to realistic levels of Mn, hypoxia or a combination of these two parameters. We can confirm that Mn elevated numbers of coelomocytes and increased proliferation of epithelial cells, but hypoxia did not affect these levels. However, hypoxia did affect differentiation of these cells as judged by investigating the expression of a Runt domain transcription factor, which was also cloned and sequenced. Through comparative quantification using a real time PCR technique, we found that exposure to hypoxia had a clearly stimulating effect on mRNA expression of Runt gene in both coelomocytes and epithelial cells. These results indicate that during hypoxic conditions the composition of coelomocyte sub-populations changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Oweson
- Department of Marine Ecology, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg 566, SE-45034 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
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Smith LC, Ghosh J, Buckley KM, Clow LA, Dheilly NM, Haug T, Henson JH, Li C, Lun CM, Majeske AJ, Matranga V, Nair SV, Rast JP, Raftos DA, Roth M, Sacchi S, Schrankel CS, Stensvåg K. Echinoderm Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:260-301. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gorshkov AN, Blinova MI, Pinaev GP. Ultrastructure of coelomic epithelium and coelomocytes of the starfish Asterias rubens L. in norm and after wounding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x09050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Simultaneous exposure of Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells to concurrent mild sodium arsenite and heat stress results in enhanced hsp30 and hsp70 gene expression and the acquisition of thermotolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 153:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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