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Andrew PV, Pinnock A, Poyner A, Brown K, Chittock J, Kay LJ, Cork MJ, Danby SG. Maintenance of an Acidic Skin Surface with a Novel Zinc Lactobionate Emollient Preparation Improves Skin Barrier Function in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2024; 14:391-408. [PMID: 38175365 PMCID: PMC10891035 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-01084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterised by elevated pH. As a central homeostatic regulator, an increased pH accelerates desquamation and suppresses lipid processing, resulting in diminished skin barrier function. The aim of this study was to determine whether a novel zinc lactobionate emollient cream can strengthen the skin barrier by lowering skin surface pH. METHODS A double-blind, forearm-controlled cohort study was undertaken in patients with AD. Participants applied the test cream to one forearm and a vehicle cream to the other (randomised allocation) twice daily for 56 days. Skin surface pH and barrier function (primary outcomes) were assessed at baseline and after 28 days and 56 days of treatment, amongst other tests. RESULTS A total of 23 adults with AD completed the study. During and after treatment, a sustained difference in skin surface pH was observed between areas treated with the test cream and vehicle (4.50 ± 0.38 versus 5.25 ± 0.54, respectively, p < 0.0001). This was associated with significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on the test cream treated areas compared with control (9.71 ± 2.47 versus 11.20 ± 3.62 g/m2/h, p = 0.0005). Improvements in skin barrier integrity, skin sensitivity to sodium lauryl sulphate, skin hydration, and chymotrypsin-like protease activity were all observed at sites treated with the test cream compared with the control. CONCLUSION Maintenance of an acidic skin surface pH and delivery of physiologic lipids are beneficial for skin health and may help improve AD control by reducing sensitivity to irritants and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Andrew
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Abigail Pinnock
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anna Poyner
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kirsty Brown
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Chittock
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Linda J Kay
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael J Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon G Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
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Stefanovic N, Irvine AD. Filaggrin and beyond: New insights into the skin barrier in atopic dermatitis and allergic diseases, from genetics to therapeutic perspectives. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 132:187-195. [PMID: 37758055 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide, affecting 20% of children and 5% of adults. One critical component in the pathophysiology of AD is the epidermal skin barrier, with its outermost layer, the stratum corneum (SC), conferring biochemical properties that enable resilience against environmental threats and maintain homeostasis. The skin barrier may be conceptualized as a key facilitator of complex interactions between genetics, host immunity, the cutaneous microbiome, and environmental exposures. The key genetic risk factor for AD development and persistence is a loss-of-function mutation in FLG, with recent advances in genomics focusing on rare variant discovery, establishment of pathogenic mechanisms, and exploration of the role of other epidermal differentiation complex gene variants in AD. Aberrant type 2 inflammatory responses down-regulate the transcription of key epidermal barrier genes, alter the composition of SC lipids, and induce further injury through a neurocutaneous feedback loop and the itch-scratch cycle. The dysbiotic epidermis exhibits reduced bacterial diversity and enhanced colonization with Staphylococcus and Malassezia species, which contribute to both direct barrier injury through the action of bacterial toxins and perpetuation of the inflammatory cascades. Enhanced understanding of each of the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning barrier disruption has led to the development of novel topical and systemic molecules, including interleukin (IL)-4Ra, IL-13, PDE4, and Janus-associated kinase inhibitors, whose clinical effectiveness exceeds conventional treatment modalities. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the above-mentioned pathophysiological and therapeutic mechanisms, with a focus on the genetic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underpinning AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Moran MC, Brewer MG, Schlievert PM, Beck LA. S. aureus virulence factors decrease epithelial barrier function and increase susceptibility to viral infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0168423. [PMID: 37737609 PMCID: PMC10581065 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01684-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) are highly colonized by Staphylococcus aureus and are more susceptible to severe viral complications. We hypothesized that S. aureus secreted virulence factors may alter keratinocyte biology to enhance viral susceptibility through disruption of the skin barrier, impaired keratinocyte differentiation, and/or inflammation. To address this hypothesis, human keratinocytes were exposed to conditioned media from multiple S. aureus strains that vary in virulence factor production (USA300, HG003, and RN4220) or select purified virulence factors. We have identified the S. aureus enterotoxin-like superantigen SElQ, as a virulence factor of interest, since it is highly produced by USA300 and was detected on the skin of 53% of AD subjects (n = 72) in a study conducted by our group. Treatment with USA300 conditioned media or purified SElQ resulted in a significant increase in keratinocyte susceptibility to infection with vaccinia virus, and also significantly decreased barrier function. Importantly, we have previously demonstrated that keratinocyte differentiation influences susceptibility to viral infection, and our qPCR observations indicated that USA300 S. aureus and SElQ alter differentiation in keratinocytes. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out CD40, a potential enterotoxin receptor on epithelial cells. We found that CD40 expression on keratinocytes was not completely necessary for SElQ-mediated responses, as measured by proinflammatory cytokine expression and barrier function. Together, these findings support that select S. aureus virulence factors, particularly SElQ, enhance the susceptibility of epidermal cells to viral infection, which may contribute to the increased cutaneous infections observed in individuals with AD. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization and infection are frequently observed in individuals with atopic dermatitis. Many S. aureus strains belong to the clonal group USA300, and these strains produce superantigens including the staphylococcal enterotoxin-like Q (SElQ). Our studies highlight that SElQ may play a key role by altering keratinocyte differentiation and reducing barrier function; collectively, this may explain the AD-specific enhanced infection risk to cutaneous viruses. It is unclear what receptor mediates SElQ's effects on keratinocytes. We have shown that one putative surface receptor, CD40, was not critical for its effects on proinflammatory cytokine production or barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Moran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Matthew G. Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Zhou C, Hua C, Liang Q, Al Rudaisat M, Chen S, Song Y, Zhu J, Cheng H. 0.5-5% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid Hydrogel is Safe for Long-Term Topical Application and Improves the Expression of Genes Related to Skin Barrier Homeostasis in Mice Models. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:1593-1609. [PMID: 37260764 PMCID: PMC10228590 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s397541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a keratolytic, salicylic acid (SA) can be topically applied in various formulations and doses in dermatology. Supramolecular SA hydrogel, a new SA formulation with higher bioavailability, is developed and commercially available nowadays. However, there still remain concerns that the long-term and continual application of SA at low concentrations may jeopardize the cutaneous barrier properties. Aim of the Study To reveal the long-term effects of 0.5-5% supramolecular SA hydrogel on the skin barrier in normal mice models. Materials and Methods The 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% supramolecular SA hydrogel or hydrogel vehicle without SA was applied to mice's shaved dorsal skin once per day respectively. Tissue samples of the dorsal skin were harvested on day 14 and 28 of the serial application of SA for histopathological observation and transcriptomic analysis. Results Following topical supramolecular SA hydrogel therapy with various concentrations of SA (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) for 14 days and 28 days, there were no obvious macroscopic signs of impaired cutaneous health and no inflammatory or degenerative abnormalities were observed in histological results. Additionally, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that on day 14, SA dramatically altered the expression of genes related to the extracellular matrix structural constituent. And on day 28, SA regulated gene expression profiles of keratinization, cornified envelope, and lipid metabolism remarkably. Furthermore, the expression of skin barrier related genes was significantly elevated after the application of SA based on RNA-seq results, and this is likely to be associated with the PPAR signaling pathway according to the enrichment analysis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the sustained topical administration of the 0.5-5% supramolecular SA hydrogel for up to 28 days did no harm to normal murine skin and upregulated the expression of genes related to the epidermal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunting Hua
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qichang Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mus’ab Al Rudaisat
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siji Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Voegeli R, Rawlings AV. Moisturizing at a molecular level - The basis of Corneocare. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 45:133-154. [PMID: 36453857 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review covers the last 20 years of research we and our collaborators have conducted on ethnic differences in facial skin moisturization placed in historical context with previous research. METHODS We have focussed particularly on the biochemical and cellular gradients of the stratum corneum (SC) with the aim of discovering new skin moisturization and SC maturation mechanisms, identifying new technologies and/or providing conceptual innovations for ingredients that will improve our understanding and treatment of dry skin. Specifically, we discuss gradients for corneodesmosomes and proteases, corneocyte phenotype-inducing enzymes, filaggrin and natural moisturizing factor (NMF), and barrier lipids. These gradients are interdependent and influence greatly corneocyte maturation. RESULTS The interrelationship between corneodesmolysis and the covalent attachment of ω-hydroxy ceramides and ω-hydroxy fatty acids to the corneocyte protein envelope forming the corneocyte lipid envelope is especially relevant in our new understanding of mechanisms leading to dry skin. This process is initiated by a linoleoyl-ω-acyl ceramide transforming enzyme cascade including 12R lipoxygenase (12R-LOX), epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), epoxide hydrolase 3 (EPHX3), short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7), ceramidase and transglutaminase 1. CONCLUSION Our research has opened the opportunity of using novel treatment systems for dry skin based on lipids, humectants, niacinamide and inhibitors of the plasminogen system. It is clear that skin moisturization is a more complex mechanism than simple skin hydration.
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Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Leprince C, Méchin MC, Simon M, Blunder S, Gruber R, Dubrac S. Revisiting the Roles of Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5318. [PMID: 35628125 PMCID: PMC9140947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery in 2006 that loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris and can predispose to atopic dermatitis (AD) galvanized the dermatology research community and shed new light on a skin protein that was first identified in 1981. However, although outstanding work has uncovered several key functions of filaggrin in epidermal homeostasis, a comprehensive understanding of how filaggrin deficiency contributes to AD is still incomplete, including details of the upstream factors that lead to the reduced amounts of filaggrin, regardless of genotype. In this review, we re-evaluate data focusing on the roles of filaggrin in the epidermis, as well as in AD. Filaggrin is important for alignment of keratin intermediate filaments, control of keratinocyte shape, and maintenance of epidermal texture via production of water-retaining molecules. Moreover, filaggrin deficiency leads to cellular abnormalities in keratinocytes and induces subtle epidermal barrier impairment that is sufficient enough to facilitate the ingress of certain exogenous molecules into the epidermis. However, although FLG null mutations regulate skin moisture in non-lesional AD skin, filaggrin deficiency per se does not lead to the neutralization of skin surface pH or to excessive transepidermal water loss in atopic skin. Separating facts from chaff regarding the functions of filaggrin in the epidermis is necessary for the design efficacious therapies to treat dry and atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Corinne Leprince
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
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Cohen-Barak E, Azzam W, Koetsier JL, Danial-Farran N, Barcan M, Hriesh M, Khayat M, Edison N, Krausz J, Gafni-Amsalem C, Kubo A, Godsel LM, Ziv M, Allon-Shalev S. Acral peeling in Nagashima type palmo-plantar keratosis patients reveals the role of serine protease inhibitor B 7 in keratinocyte adhesion. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:214-222. [PMID: 34379845 PMCID: PMC8831670 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acral peeling skin syndrome (APSS) is a heterogenous group of genodermatoses, manifested by peeling of palmo-plantar skin and occasionally associated with erythema and epidermal thickening. A subset of APSS is caused by mutations in protease inhibitor encoding genes, resulting in unopposed protease activity and desmosomal degradation and/or mis-localization, leading to enhanced epidermal desquamation. We investigated two Arab-Muslim siblings with mild keratoderma and prominent APSS since infancy. Genetic analysis disclosed a homozygous mutation in SERPINB7, c.796C > T, which is the founder mutation in Nagashima type palmo-plantar keratosis (NPPK). Although not previously formally reported, APSS was found in other patients with NPPK. We hypothesized that loss of SERPINB7 function might contribute to the peeling phenotype through impairment of keratinocyte adhesion, similar to other protease inhibitor mutations that cause APSS. Mis-localization of desmosomal components was observed in a patient plantar biopsy compared with a biopsy from an age- and gender-matched healthy control. Silencing of SERPINB7 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes led to increased cell sheet fragmentation upon mechanical stress. Immunostaining showed reduced expression of desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1. This study shows that in addition to stratum corneum perturbation, loss of SERPINB7 disrupts desmosomal components, which could lead to desquamation, manifested by skin peeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Cohen-Barak
- Department of Dermatology, "Emek" Medical Center, Afula, Israel,Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wassim Azzam
- Department of Dermatology, "Emek" Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Jennifer L. Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Moran Barcan
- Department of Dermatology, "Emek" Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Maysa Hriesh
- Department of Dermatology, "Emek" Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Morad Khayat
- The Genetic Institute, "Emek" Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Natalia Edison
- Department of Pathology, “Emek” Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Judith Krausz
- Department of Pathology, “Emek” Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | | | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa M. Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States,Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Michael Ziv
- Department of Dermatology, "Emek" Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Stavit Allon-Shalev
- Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel,Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Trevisol TC, Henriques RO, Souza AJA, Furigo A. An overview of the use of proteolytic enzymes as exfoliating agents. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3300-3307. [PMID: 34897928 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteolytic enzymes are biological catalysts that can compose cosmetic formulations: These enzymes are capable of mimicking the desquamation process of the skin, acting as exfoliants. Although enzymatic exfoliation is not new and commercial products were easily found, there is a lack of scientific literature about this topic. METHODS A search was carried out until 2021 in different scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, PubMed, etc.). In vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated the application of enzymes aiming to exfoliate the skin or with a similar cosmetic or dermatological application were selected. RESULTS Only 11 articles were found, and, among them, few studies applied enzymes as exfoliants in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that the enzymes can exfoliate the skin and improve some desired characteristics of the organ. Papain, bromelain, keratinases, and microbial proteases are some enzymes already applied as exfoliants. The study of pH, temperature, and stabilization of the enzymes in cosmetic formulations were also demonstrated to be important aspects to be evaluated, principally in preventing loss of enzyme activity and possible allergens/irritations on the skin. CONCLUSION This literature review showed the main aspects that should be evaluated before considering producing or applying proteolytic enzymes in exfoliation products/procedures. The use of enzymatic exfoliation has potential in the cosmetic industry. Hence, further robust in vivo studies are needed before the enzymatic exfoliation can be recommended with safety as a treatment modality in the current conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Canton Trevisol
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rosana Oliveira Henriques
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Antunes Souza
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Agenor Furigo
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Assessment of serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase 1, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 in atopic dermatitis in correlation with disease severity and epidermal barrier parameters. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:773-779. [PMID: 34849123 PMCID: PMC8610038 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes, conditioning the integrity of skin cells, however, their role in the inflammatory process of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the direct effect on the epidermal barrier parameters remain unexplained. Aim To assess MMP-1, MMP-2, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 concentrations in blood serum in the context of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration in AD. Moreover, serum levels of MMPs and TIMP-1 were analysed in relation to the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Material and methods Forty-three AD patients and 22 control group subjects have been investigated. Serum concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 have been evaluated with ELISA. TEWL and stratum corneum hydration have been assessed with a TM300 Tewameter and a CM825 Corneometer. Skin lesions in patients with AD have been evaluated with the Eczema Area and Severity Index. Results MMP-1 and MMP-2 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the AD group. The results of TIMP-1 serum concentration were similar for both groups. The correlation between the serum concentration and the EASI was demonstrated only for MMP-2 for patients with severe and moderate AD. Patients with AD and TIMP-1 serum concentration greater than MMP-1 presented lower TEWL and higher epidermal hydration. Conclusions The results of this study warrant further investigation. The predominance of TIMP-1 over MMP-1 in blood serum can potentially limit TEWL and maintain the proper water content of the epidermis. Future work is necessary to establish how reliable the role of MMP-2 concentration is as an indicator of the severity of AD.
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Altgilbers S, Rippke F, Filbry A, Conzelmann S, Vietzke JP, Burkhardt T, Segger D, Roggenkamp D, Grönniger E. A Biomimetic Combination of Actives Enhances Skin Hydration and Barrier Function via Modulation of Gene Expression: Results of Two Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Clinical Studies. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:102-111. [PMID: 34619676 DOI: 10.1159/000520009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xerosis cutis is characterized by a decreased stratum corneum (SC) hydration and an impaired skin barrier function. Urea, the most prevalent natural moisturizing factor (NMF), is currently considered the gold standard. Its efficacy can further be increased by combining urea with other NMF and skin barrier lipids (SBLs). OBJECTIVE We set out to evaluate physiological effects of a novel functional moisturizer containing 10% urea, additional NMF components, and a combination of SBLs on skin hydration and skin barrier integrity on a cellular and phenotypic level in female volunteers suffering from xerosis. METHODS Two double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical studies were conducted. In the first study, 44 female subjects having very dry body skin applied the moisturizer or its vehicle twice daily to their volar forearms. Twenty-four hours after a single product application as well as 24 h after 2 weeks of treatment, SC hydration was measured by corneometry. Skin barrier function was assessed by transepidermal water loss 24 h and 48 h after 2 weeks of regular use. Twenty-four hours after 2 weeks of application, skin tape stripping was performed, and urea content was determined in the 3rd strip by means of high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. In the second study, 22 women with self-reported very dry skin applied the moisturizer or vehicle twice daily to their volar forearms for 2 weeks. Then, suction blister samples were obtained for gene expression analysis using RT-PCR. RESULTS Application of the actives led to significantly improved skin hydration and barrier function at all points in time. Compared to the vehicle, application of the moisturizer for 2 weeks resulted in a significant increase in SC urea content. Relative gene expression data revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with skin barrier function, hydration, differentiation, and lipid metabolism compared to the vehicle-treated area. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that the functional moisturizer provides an adequate bioavailability of urea and a beneficial biophysical impact on xerotic skin. Topical treatment with a combination of urea and additional NMF as well as SBL can modify mRNA expression of important epidermal genes stimulating cellular processes and functions. The well-tolerated novel functional moisturizer stimulates molecular mechanisms involved in skin hydration and barrier function and is a profoundly effective treatment option for xerosis cutis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Rippke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Dörte Segger
- SGS Institut Fresenius GmbH (former SIT Skin Investigation and Technology), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Elke Grönniger
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
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Bow JR, Sonoki Y, Uchiyama M, Dauskardt RH. Ectoine disperses keratin and alters hydration kinetics in stratum corneum. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101134. [PMID: 34584987 PMCID: PMC8455723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Moisturizing compounds are commonly applied topically to human stratum corneum (SC). Many types of molecular species are employed, most commonly including humectants and occlusives. We find new evidence of keratin dispersion caused by the moisturizing compound ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), and provide the first characterization of its impacts on the hydration kinetics and biomechanics of SC. A second compound, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethylguanidine succinate (HEG) was investigated for comparison. A suite of biomechanical and biochemical assays including FTIR, drying stress, and cellular cohesion were used. Studies were conducted on normal, lipid-extracted, and lipid plus natural moisturizing factor extracted SC. Ectoine was found to improve the dispersity and hydration of keratin bundles in corneocytes. It also decreased rates of stress development in lipid extracted SC when exposed to a dry environment by ∼30% while improving stress reduction during rehydration by ∼20%. Peak stresses were increased in harsh drying environments of <5% RH, but SC swelling measurements suggest that water retention was improved in ambient conditions. Further, changes up to ∼4 J/m2 were seen in cohesion after ectoine treatments, suggesting corneodesmosome interactions. HEG was tested and found to disperse keratin without impacting corneodesmosomes. These results indicate that keratin dispersants produce beneficial effects on SC hydration kinetics, ultimately resulting in higher SC hydration under ambient conditions. First study demonstrating the biomechanical impact of keratin dispersion on human skin Ectoine disperses keratin bundles in human stratum corneum Rates of drying stress development are reduced in keratin-dispersed skin Rehydration rates are increased in keratin-dispersed skin Keratin dispersion alters corneocyte cohesion profiles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Bow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Sonoki
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratory, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Uchiyama
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratory, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reinhold H. Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205.
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12
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Kim J, Yeo H, Kim T, Jeong ET, Lim JM, Park SG. Relationship between lip skin biophysical and biochemical characteristics with corneocyte unevenness ratio as a new parameter to assess the severity of lip scaling. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:275-282. [PMID: 33544395 PMCID: PMC8251770 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Lip skin dryness and chapping are major concerns related to lip skin care in many populations. The distinctive features of lip skin, such as the low water‐holding capacity and weak skin barrier, are strongly associated with these problems; however, few studies have examined lip skin characteristics and the mechanisms underlying these issues. This study was conducted to identify the biophysical properties of dry lip skin and molecular targets affecting lip skin physiology. Methods Skin hydration, transepidermal water loss and lip skin scaling were evaluated in 40 female subjects. Skin scaling was assessed as a percentage area divided into five categories (G0, G1, G2, G3 and G4) according to the thickness level of tape‐stripped corneocytes. The activities and amounts of proteases, cathepsin D and bleomycin hydrolase were measured as markers for the desquamation process and skin hydration, respectively. Results Skin hydration showed a significantly positive correlation with the percentage area of evenly thin corneocytes (G0) and negative correlations with the percentage areas of slightly thick to severely thick corneocytes (G1‐G4). The corneocyte unevenness ratio (CUR) was calculated by dividing the sum of the G1, G2, G3 and G4 values with the G0 value. The CUR was significantly negatively correlated with skin hydration, suggesting that CUR is a new parameter representing the severity of lip scaling. Subjects with lower hydration and higher CUR had higher bleomycin hydrolase activity and lower cathepsin D activity, respectively, than subjects with higher hydration and lower CUR. Conclusion Our study revealed a correlation between lip skin hydration and severity of lip scaling and verified the association of protease activity with the hydration and chapping state of lip skin. These observations provide a basis for further studies of the persistent problem of lip skin dryness and chapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwook Kim
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyerin Yeo
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jun M Lim
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), Seoul, Korea
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13
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Redirecting drug repositioning to discover innovative cosmeceuticals. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:628-644. [PMID: 33544970 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin appearance is essential for self-esteem and quality of life; consequently, skin care products represent a huge market. In particular, cosmeceuticals constitute a hybrid category of skin care formulations, at the interphase of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, rationally designed to target (patho) physiological mechanisms aiming to enhance skin health and appearance. Cosmeceuticals are marketed as anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle, hair regrowth, skin whitening and wound healing agents with special emphasis on scar-free healing. An overview on recent cutting-edge advances concerning the discovery and development of enhanced performance cosmeceuticals by drug repositioning approaches is presented here. In this context, we propose "target repositioning," a new term, to highlight that druggable protein targets implicated in multiple diseases (hubs in the diseasome) can be exploited to accelerate the discovery of molecularly targeted cosmeceuticals that can promote skin health as an added benefit, which is a novel concept not described before. In this direction, emphasis is placed on the role of mouse models, for often untreatable skin diseases, as well as recent breakthroughs on monogenic rare skin syndromes, in promoting compound repositioning to innovative cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Errante F, Menicatti M, Pallecchi M, Giovannelli L, Papini AM, Rovero P, Bartolucci G. Susceptibility of cosmeceutical peptides to proteases activity: Development of dermal stability test by LC-MS/MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113775. [PMID: 33281001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several peptides are used as active ingredients in topical cosmetic formulations, few information are available on their dermal stability against proteases. In this study, it was developed a simple and reliable assay to evaluate the stability of cosmeceutical peptides in skin homogenates. The quantification of studied peptides was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in tandem mass spectrometry mode (LC-MS/MS) and the conditions were tuned through energy resolved MS/MS (ERMS) experiments. The sample preparation procedure was carried out on rat skin homogenates by employing pal-KTTKS (reference peptide and the parameters that may affect the assay results were evaluated, including substrate concentration, dilution of skin homogenate, protein concentration and batch-to-batch variation of the homogenate. The optimized conditions were applied to check the degradation profile of pal-KTTKS in human skin samples and the obtained results were compared. Finally, the degradation profiles of SA1-III and pamSA1-III, recently described as cosmeceutical peptides, in human skin homogenate were evaluated. The results showed that proposed peptides are stable toward proteases for up to 8 h of incubation. Thanks to this characteristic, these peptides can be considered very interesting candidates as active ingredients for creams intended for a daily application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fosca Errante
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy; Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Italy; Espikem s.r.l., Prato, Italy.
| | - Marta Menicatti
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy; Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
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15
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The Whey Acidic Protein WFDC12 Is Specifically Expressed in Terminally Differentiated Keratinocytes and Regulates Epidermal Serine Protease Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1198-1206.e13. [PMID: 33157095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WFDC proteins such as peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI inhibit proteases in the epidermis and other tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that further WFDC protein family members might contribute to epidermal homeostasis. We found that in addition to peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI, WFDC5 and WFDC12 were expressed in human epidermis. In contrast to WFDC5, the expression of WFDC12 was induced during the late differentiation of keratinocytes and was restricted to the outermost layer of live cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that WFDC12-positive keratinocytes were characterized by the upregulation of LCE mRNA expression and downregulated the expression of keratins and claudins. Immunogold-electron microscopy revealed the colocalization of WFDC12 with corneodesmosomes in the lower stratum corneum. WFDC12 was elevated in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Darier disease. By contrast, WFDC12 expression was strongly upregulated not only in the affected but even more so in clinically normal-appearing skin of patients with Netherton syndrome. Finally, functional analysis showed distinct inhibitory activity of WFDC12 on neutrophil elastase and epidermal kallikrein‒related peptidase. Altogether, our study identified WFDC12 as a marker of the last stage of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and suggests that WFDC12 contributes to the control of protease activity in the stratum corneum.
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16
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Laureano AFS, Zani MB, Sant'Ana AM, Tognato RC, Lombello CB, do Nascimento MHM, Helmsing S, Fühner V, Hust M, Puzer L. Generation of recombinant antibodies against human tissue kallikrein 7 to treat skin diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127626. [PMID: 33096161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikreins (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 serine proteases that are distributed in various tissues and implicated in several pathological disorders. KLK7 is an unusual serine protease that presents both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like specificity and appears to be upregulated in pathologies that are related to skin desquamation processes, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and Netherton syndrome. In recent years, various groups have worked to develop specific inhibitors for this enzyme, as KLK7 represents a potential target for new therapeutic procedures for diseases related to skin desquamation processes. In this work, we selected nine different single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv) from a human naïve phage display library and characterized their inhibitory activities against KLK7. The scFv with the lowest IC50 against KLK7 was affinity maturated, which resulted in the generation of four new scFv-specific antibodies for the target protease. These new antibodies were expressed in the scFv-Fc format in HEK293-6E cells, and the characterization of their inhibitory activities against KLK7 showed that three of them presented IC50 values lower than that of the original antibody. The cytotoxicity analysis of these recombinant antibodies demonstrated that they can be safely used in a cellular model. In conclusion, our research showed that in our case, a phage-display methodology in combination with enzymology assays can be a very suitable tool for the development of inhibitors for KLKs, suggesting a new strategy to identify therapeutic protease inhibitors for diseases related to uncontrolled kallikrein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia S Laureano
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Zani
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aquiles M Sant'Ana
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Tognato
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane B Lombello
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais aplicadas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Helena M do Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais aplicadas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saskia Helmsing
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Bow JR, Sonoki Y, Uchiyama M, Shimizu E, Tanaka K, Dauskardt RH. Lipid Loss Increases Stratum Corneum Stress and Drying Rates. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:180-188. [DOI: 10.1159/000507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Emmert H, Baurecht H, Thielking F, Stölzl D, Rodriguez E, Harder I, Proksch E, Weidinger S. Stratum corneum lipidomics analysis reveals altered ceramide profile in atopic dermatitis patients across body sites with correlated changes in skin microbiome. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:1398-1408. [PMID: 32885529 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is driven by the interplay between a dysfunctional epidermal barrier and a skewed cutaneous immune dysregulation. As part of the complex skin barrier dysfunction, abnormalities in lipid organization and microbiome composition have been described. We set out to systematically investigate the composition of the stratum corneum lipidome, skin microbiome and skin physiology parameters at three different body sites in patients with AD and healthy volunteers. METHODS We analysed tape strips from different body areas obtained from 10 adults with AD and 10 healthy volunteers matched for FLG mutation status for 361 skin lipid species using the Metabolon mass spectrometry platform. 16S rRNA data were available from all probands. RESULTS Our study showed that the lipid composition differs significantly between body sites and between AD patients and healthy individuals. Ceramide species NS was significantly higher in AD patients compared to healthy volunteers and was also higher in AD patients with a FLG mutation compared to AD patients without a FLG mutation. The correlation analysis of skin lipid alterations with the microbiome showed that Staphylococcus colonization in AD is positively correlated with ceramide subspecies AS, ADS, NS and NDS. CONCLUSION This is the first study to reveal site-specific lipid alterations and correlations with the skin microbiome in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Emmert
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frederieke Thielking
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dora Stölzl
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inken Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ehrhardt Proksch
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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19
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Isabela Avila-Rodríguez M, Meléndez-Martínez D, Licona-Cassani C, Manuel Aguilar-Yañez J, Benavides J, Lorena Sánchez M. Practical context of enzymatic treatment for wound healing: A secreted protease approach (Review). Biomed Rep 2020; 13:3-14. [PMID: 32440346 PMCID: PMC7238406 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds have been extensively studied as their healing represents a critical step towards achieving homeostasis following a traumatic event. Dependent on the severity of the damage, wounds are categorized as either acute or chronic. To date, chronic wounds have the highest economic impact as long term increases wound care costs. Chronic wounds affect 6.5 million patients in the United States with an annual estimated expense of $25 billion for the health care system. Among wound treatment categories, active wound care represents the fastest-growing category due to its specific actions and lower costs. Within this category, proteases from various sources have been used as successful agents in debridement wound care. The wound healing process is predominantly mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that, when dysregulated, result in defective wound healing. Therapeutic activity has been described for animal secretions including fish epithelial mucus, maggot secretory products and snake venom, which contain secreted proteases (SPs). No further alternatives for use, sources or types of proteases used for wound healing have been found in the literature to date. Through the present review, the context of enzymatic wound care alternatives will be discussed. In addition, substrate homology of SPs and human MMPs will be compared and contrasted. The purpose of these discussions is to identify and propose the stages of wound healing in which SPs may be used as therapeutic agents to improve the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Meléndez-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | | | - José Manuel Aguilar-Yañez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
- Scicore Medical SAPI de CV, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64920, Mexico
| | - Jorge Benavides
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Mirna Lorena Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Materiales Biotecnológicos, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-Imbice-Conicet-Cicpba, Bernal, Buenos Aires B1876BXD, Argentina
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20
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Fukagawa S, Takahashi A, Sayama K, Mori S, Murase T. Carbon dioxide ameliorates reduced desquamation in dry scaly skin via protease activation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:564-572. [PMID: 32542869 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scaling, a phenomenon showing an abnormal detachment of the stratum corneum (SC) owing to desquamation dysfunction, is commonly observed in various skin diseases or xerotic skin due to ageing and low humidity. Therefore, it is considered that ameliorating the disturbed desquamatory process of the SC leads to improvement in scaling. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is known to be good for some skin diseases; however, the effect of CO2 on scaling and its mechanism are not sufficiently clear. We aimed to elucidate the effect of transepidermal application of CO2 on scaling and its mechanism of action. METHODS Twenty healthy men with mild scaling on the cheeks were recruited for a double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face study. They applied the formulation containing CO2 twice daily for 1 week. After the study, the SC was collected by tape stripping to analyse desquamatory protease activities and degradation of extracellular corneodesmosomes. Furthermore, the contribution of pH to proteolysis of the corneodesmosome by CO2 was evaluated using three-dimensional (3D) cultured epidermal models. RESULTS The spectroscopic absorbance of tape strips, used as scaling indicators, was decreased, concomitantly with the amelioration of incomplete degradation of desmoglein-1, one of the main corneodesmosomal proteins, and activation of trypsin-like protease in the SC by transepidermal application of CO2 . Experiments using 3D cultured epidermis showed that pH in the epidermal tissue was lowered by CO2 , whereas a pH change was not observed with the application of the formulation containing hydrochloric acid, which was added to equalize the pH to that of the CO2 formulation. CONCLUSION The transcutaneous application of CO2 ameliorates reduced desquamatory process in xerotic skin, with concomitant mild acidification of the SC, thereby leading to improvement in scaling. Thus, CO2 may have an advantage of efficiently and safely counteracting scaling of various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Fukagawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Ayami Takahashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Keimon Sayama
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Shinobu Mori
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Murase
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, 321-3497, Japan
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21
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Guneri D, Voegeli R, Doppler S, Zhang C, Bankousli AL, Munday MR, Lane ME, Rawlings AV. The importance of 12R-lipoxygenase and transglutaminase activities in the hydration-dependent ex vivo maturation of corneocyte envelopes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 41:563-578. [PMID: 31429091 PMCID: PMC6899781 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Terminally differentiated keratinocytes acquire corneocyte protein envelopes (CPE) complexed with corneocyte lipid envelopes (CLE). These two structural components of the corneocyte envelopes (CEs) undergo maturation by gaining in hydrophobicity, rigidity and surface area. Linoleoyl acylceramides are processed by 12R‐lipoxygenase (12R‐LOX) and other enzymes before transglutaminase (TG) attaches ω‐hydroxyceramides to involucrin in the CPE. Concurrently, structural proteins are cross‐linked by TG that has been activated by cathepsin D (CathD). Objectives The primary aim of this work was to demonstrate the impact of relative humidity (RH) during ex vivo CE maturation. Low, optimal and high RH were selected to investigate the effect of protease inhibitors (PIs) on CE maturation and TG activity; in addition, 12R‐LOX and CathD activity were measured at optimal RH. Finally, the effect of glycerol on ex vivo CE maturation was tested at low, optimal and high RH. Methods The first and ninth tape strip of photo‐exposed (PE) cheek and photo‐protected (PP) post‐auricular sites of healthy volunteers were selected. Ex vivo CE maturation was assessed via the relative CE maturity (RCEM) approach based on CE rigidity and hydrophobicity. The second and eighth tapes were exposed to RH in the presence of inhibitors. Results Irrespective of tape stripping depth, CEs from PE samples attained CE rigidity to the same extent as mature CEs from the PP site, but such improvement was lacking for CE hydrophobicity. 70% RH was optimal for ex vivo CE maturation. The inhibition of 12R‐LOX activity resulted in enhanced CE rigidity which was reduced by the TG inhibitor. CE hydrophobicity remained unchanged during ex vivo maturation in the presence of TG or 12R‐LOX inhibition. CE hydrophobicity was enhanced in the presence of glycerol at 44% RH and 100% RH but not at 70% RH. Furthermore, TG activity was significantly diminished at 100% RH compared to the commercial inhibitor LDN‐27219. However, a protease inhibitor mix reversed the negative effect of overhydration. Conclusion The study adds to the understanding of the roles of 12R‐LOX and TG activity in CE maturation and gives further insight into the effect of glycerol on the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guneri
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugust, Switzerland
| | - S Doppler
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugust, Switzerland
| | - C Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - A L Bankousli
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - M R Munday
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - A V Rawlings
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK.,AVR Consulting Limited, 26 Shavington Way, CW98FH, Northwich, UK
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22
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Medgyesi B, Dajnoki Z, Béke G, Gáspár K, Szabó IL, Janka EA, Póliska S, Hendrik Z, Méhes G, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Kapitány A, Szegedi A. Rosacea Is Characterized by a Profoundly Diminished Skin Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1938-1950.e5. [PMID: 32199994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland-rich facial skin characterized by severe skin dryness, elevated pH, transepidermal water loss, and decreased hydration levels. Until now, there has been no thorough molecular analysis of permeability barrier alterations in the skin of patients with rosacea. Thus, we aimed to investigate the barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with healthy sebaceous gland-rich skin, using RNA sequencing analysis (n = 8). Pathway analyses by Cytoscape ClueGO revealed 15 significantly enriched pathways related to skin barrier formation. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the pathway analyses. The results showed significant alterations in barrier components in papulopustular rosacea samples compared with sebaceous gland-rich skin, including the cornified envelope and intercellular lipid lamellae formation, desmosome and tight junction organizations, barrier alarmins, and antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, the barrier damage in papulopustular rosacea was unexpectedly similar to atopic dermatitis; this similarity was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. In summary, besides the well-known dysregulation of immunological, vascular, and neurological functions, we demonstrated prominent permeability barrier alterations in papulopustular rosacea at the molecular level, which highlight the importance of barrier repair therapies for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Medgyesi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Béke
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Lőrinc Szabó
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Molecular Mechanism of Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction as Primary Abnormalities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041194. [PMID: 32054030 PMCID: PMC7072774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal barrier integrity could be influenced by various factors involved in epidermal cell differentiation and proliferation, cell–cell adhesion, and skin lipids. Dysfunction of this barrier can cause skin disorders, including eczema. Inversely, eczema can also damage the epidermal barrier. These interactions through vicious cycles make the mechanism complicated in connection with other mechanisms, particularly immunologic responses. In this article, the molecular mechanisms concerning epidermal barrier abnormalities are reviewed in terms of the following categories: epidermal calcium gradients, filaggrin, cornified envelopes, desquamation, and skin lipids. Mechanisms linked to ichthyoses, atopic dermatitis without exacerbation or lesion, and early time of experimental irritation were included. On the other hand, the mechanism associated with epidermal barrier abnormalities resulting from preceding skin disorders was excluded. The molecular mechanism involved in epidermal barrier dysfunction has been mostly episodic. Some mechanisms have been identified in cultured cells or animal models. Nonetheless, research into the relationship between the causative molecules has been gradually increasing. Further evidence-based systematic data of target molecules and their interactions would probably be helpful for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the dysfunction of the epidermal barrier.
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Riise R, Odqvist L, Mattsson J, Monkley S, Abdillahi SM, Tyrchan C, Muthas D, Yrlid LF. Bleomycin hydrolase regulates the release of chemokines important for inflammation and wound healing by keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20407. [PMID: 31892708 PMCID: PMC6938525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH) is a well-conserved cysteine protease widely expressed in several mammalian tissues. In skin, which contains high levels of BLMH, this protease is involved in the degradation of citrullinated filaggrin monomers into free amino acids important for skin hydration. Interestingly, the expression and activity of BLMH is reduced in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, and BLMH knockout mice acquire tail dermatitis. Apart from its already known function, we have discovered a novel role of BLMH in the regulation of inflammatory chemokines and wound healing. We show that lowered BLMH levels in keratinocytes result in increased release of the pro-inflammatory chemokines CXCL8 and GROα, which are upregulated in skin from AD patients compared to healthy individuals. Conditioned media from keratinocytes expressing low levels of BLMH increased chemotaxis by neutrophils and caused a delayed wound healing in the presence of low-level TNFα. This defective wound healing was improved by blocking the shared receptor of CXCL8 and GROα, namely CXCR2, using a specific receptor antagonist. Collectively, our results present a novel function of BLMH in regulating the secretion of chemokines involved in inflammation and wound healing in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riise
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Odqvist
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Mattsson
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susan Monkley
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suado M Abdillahi
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Muthas
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Fahlén Yrlid
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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The Effects of a Novel Series of KTTKS Analogues on Cytotoxicity and Proteolytic Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203698. [PMID: 31618846 PMCID: PMC6832239 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KTTKS is a matrikine that originates from the proteolytic hydrolysis of collagen. This peptide stimulates ECM production and types I and III collagen expression in vitro. A more stable form of KTTKS is pal-KTTKS, known as Matrixyl® or palmitoyl pentapeptide-3. A series of novel pentapeptides, analogues of KTTKS with the general formula X-KTTKS-OH(NH2), where X = acetyl, lipoyl, palmitoyl residues, was designed and synthesized. Their effect on amidolytic activity of urokinase, thrombin, trypsin, plasmin, t-PA, and kallikrein were tested. Cytotoxic tests on fibroblasts, as well as collagen and DNA biosynthesis tests for selected peptides, were also carried out. The test results showed that the most active plasmin inhibitors were palmitoyl peptides, whether in acid or amide form. No biological effects of lysine modification to arginine in the synthesized peptides were found. None of the synthesized peptides was not cytotoxic on fibroblasts, and three of them showed cell growth. These three compounds showed no concentration-activity relationship in the collagen and DNA biosynthesis assays.
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Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Haftek M. Expression and ultrastructural localization of plasmin(ogen) in the terminally differentiated layers of normal human epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:624-628. [PMID: 31604367 PMCID: PMC6899821 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Plasmin, a relatively unspecific trypsin‐like serine protease, is involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, particularly in dermatoses with barrier impairment. It is secreted as the inactive zymogen plasminogen and is activated to plasmin by plasminogen activators, such as urokinase. There still exists a paucity of data on the precise localization of epidermal plasmin(ogen) within the epidermis and the stratum corneum. The aim of the present study was to get information about its origin and ultrastructural localization within normal human epidermis. Method We performed immunoelectron transmission electron microscopy immunogold labelling in normal abdominal human skin. Result Plasmin was only observed in the terminally differentiated cell layers of the epidermis and was largely associated with the corneocyte envelopes and to some extent with the intercellular lipid matrix in the stratum corneum. Conclusion Our results indicate that in normal human skin, plasmin(ogen) is synthesized by differentiated epidermal keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum and is not serum‐born.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - M Haftek
- CNRS, UMR5305 LBTI, Lyon, France
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27
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Sugihara S, Sugimoto S, Tachibana K, Kobashi M, Nomura H, Miyake T, Hirai Y, Yamasaki O, Morizane S. TNF-α and IL-17A induce the expression of lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor in epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Human skin is the largest organ of the body and is an effective physical barrier keeping it from environmental conditions. This barrier function of the skin is based on stratum corneum, located in the uppermost skin. Stratum corneum has corneocytes surrounded by multilamellar lipid membranes which are composed of cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides (CERs). Alterations in ceramide content of the stratum corneum are associated with numerous skin disorders. In recent years, CERs have been incorporated into conventional and novel carrier systems with the purpose of exogenously applying CERs to help the barrier function of the skin. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and importance of CERs to restore the barrier function of the skin following their topical application.
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29
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Petrunin DD. Pharmacotherapy: Its impact on morphofunctional characteristics of the epidermal barrier. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2019. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-1-59-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pharmaceuticals used for topical and systemic therapy are capable of exerting significant impact on morphological and physiological characteristics of human epidermis, as well as its barrier properties. This may affect the course of dermatologic diseases and the efficacy of their treatment. In this literature review, the author analyzes the impact of various pharmaceutical classes on the morphofunctional characteristics of the epidermal barrier and formulates recommendations for skin disease treatment.
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30
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Hussain H, Ziegler J, Hause G, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Quantitative Analysis of Free Amino Acids and Urea Derived from Isolated Corneocytes of Healthy Young, Healthy Aged, and Diseased Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:94-100. [PMID: 30783061 DOI: 10.1159/000495992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Free amino acids (FAAs) and urea, present inside the corneocytes, can be important indicators of skin condition. However, due to the lack of a standard extraction protocol for FAAs from corneocytes, conflicting research results have been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to standardize the extraction protocol and (2) to investigate FAA profiles in healthy young and healthy old volunteers, as well as in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients. METHODS Skin samples were collected from four groups (healthy young, healthy old, and psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients) with 5 volunteers per group. Corneocytes were isolated and examined microscopically. FAAs and urea were extracted from the isolated corneocytes, and their amounts were quantified using LC-ESI/MS/MS (after derivatization with Fmoc-Cl) and colorimetric methods, respectively. RESULTS The micrographs of the corneocytes showed no morphological features attributable to age or disease conditions. The highest and lowest concentrations of total FAAs and urea were observed in the healthy old group and the healthy young group, respectively. Unlike the other FAAs and urea, citrulline was found at a higher level in the healthy young group than in the disease groups. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the levels of FAAs and urea in the skin are affected by age and skin conditions (healthy/diseased). However, further studies are needed to show the effects of different skin conditions on the levels of FAAs and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Microscopy Unit, Biocenter of the University, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany, .,Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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31
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Ma J, Xu S, Wang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu M, Jin L, Wu M, Qian D, Li X, Zhen Q, Guo H, Gao J, Yang S, Zhang X. Noninvasive analysis of skin proteins in healthy Chinese subjects using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:424-433. [PMID: 30657212 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Shuangjun Xu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Yaochi Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Ling Jin
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Mingshun Wu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Danfeng Qian
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xueying Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological TechnologyAnhui Agricultural University Hefei China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei China
- The Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education Hefei China
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Sugimoto S, Morizane S, Nomura H, Kobashi M, Sugihara S, Iwatsuki K. Toll-like receptor signaling induces the expression of lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor in epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:181-187. [PMID: 30270115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI) tightly controls the activities of serine proteases such as kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 5 and KLK7 in the epidermis. LEKTI is known to be an essential molecule for the epidermal skin barrier, as demonstrated by SPINK5 nonsense mutation, which results in Netherton syndrome. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns and produce inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. However, the effect of TLR signaling on the expression of LEKTI is not clear. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether TLR signaling can affect expression of LEKTI in epidermal keratinocytes. METHODS We stimulated a panel of TLR ligands and investigated the expression of LEKTI in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). We further measured trypsin or chymotrypsin-like serine protease activity in NHEK cultured media under stimulation with TLR3 ligand, poly (I:C). Immunostaining for LEKTI was performed using skin samples from skin infectious diseases. RESULTS TLR1/2, 3, 5, and 2/6 ligands induced the expression of LEKTI in NHEKs. The trypsin or chymotrypsin-like serine protease activity in NHEKs was up-regulated with the stimulation of poly (I:C). The gene expressions of KLK6, KLK10, KLK11, and KLK13 were also increased by poly (I:C). An immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression of LEKTI was up-regulated in the lesions of varicella, pyoderma, and rosacea. CONCLUSIONS TLR signaling induces the expression of LEKTI in epidermal keratinocytes, which might contribute to the control of aberrant serine protease activities in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Sugimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Hayato Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mina Kobashi
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Sugihara
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
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Infant Skin Barrier, Structure, and Enzymatic Activity Differ from Those of Adult in an East Asian Cohort. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1302465. [PMID: 30112358 PMCID: PMC6077685 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1302465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skin physiology is dynamically changing over the first years of postnatal life; however, ethnic variations are still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize infant skin barrier function, epidermal structure, and desquamation-related enzymatic activity as compared to that of adult skin in an East Asian population. The skin properties of 52 infants (3-24 months) and 27 adults (20-40 years) were assessed by noninvasive methods at the dorsal forearm and upper inner arm. Transepidermal water loss and skin surface conductance values were higher and more dispersed for infants compared to adults. Infant skin surface pH was slightly lower than adult on the dorsal forearm. The infant SC and viable epidermis were thinner compared to adults with differences that were site-specific. Although the chymotrypsin-like activity for infant skin was comparable to adult level, the caseinolytic specific activity was significantly higher for the infant cohort. These observations indicate a differently controlled pattern of corneocyte desquamation in infants. In conclusion, structural and functional differences exist between infant and adult skin in the East Asian population pointing to dynamic maturation of the epidermal barrier early in life.
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 20% and substantial effects on quality of life. AD is characterized by intense itch, recurrent eczematous lesions and a fluctuating course. AD has a strong heritability component and is closely related to and commonly co-occurs with other atopic diseases (such as asthma and allergic rhinitis). Several pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to AD aetiology and clinical manifestations. Impairment of epidermal barrier function, for example, owing to deficiency in the structural protein filaggrin, can promote inflammation and T cell infiltration. The immune response in AD is skewed towards T helper 2 cell-mediated pathways and can in turn favour epidermal barrier disruption. Other contributing factors to AD onset include dysbiosis of the skin microbiota (in particular overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus), systemic immune responses (including immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization) and neuroinflammation, which is involved in itch. Current treatments for AD include topical moisturizers and anti-inflammatory agents (such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors and cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors), phototherapy and systemic immunosuppressants. Translational research has fostered the development of targeted small molecules and biologic therapies, especially for moderate-to-severe disease.
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Wohlrab J, Staubach P, Augustin M, Eisert L, Hünerbein A, Nast A, Reimann H, Strömer K, Mahler V. S2k-Leitlinie zum Gebrauch von Präparationen zur lokalen Anwendung auf der Haut (Topika). J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13473_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wohlrab
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie; Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale); Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
| | - Petra Staubach
- Hautklinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsmedizin; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institut für Versorgungsforschung in der Dermatologie und bei Pflegeberufen (IVDP); Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg
| | - Lisa Eisert
- Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM); Klinik für Dermatologie; Allergologie und Venerologie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | | | - Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM); Klinik für Dermatologie; Allergologie und Venerologie; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Holger Reimann
- Apothekerhaus Eschborn; Carl-Mannich-Straße 26; 65760 Eschborn
| | | | - Vera Mahler
- Hautklinik Universitätsklinikum Erlangen; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen
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36
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Wohlrab J, Staubach P, Augustin M, Eisert L, Hünerbein A, Nast A, Reimann H, Strömer K, Mahler V. S2k guidelines for the use of topical preparations on the skin. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wohlrab
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Medical Center Halle (Saale); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Petra Staubach
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Lisa Eisert
- Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM); Department of Dermatology; Allergology and Venereology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM); Department of Dermatology; Allergology and Venereology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Holger Reimann
- Pharmacy Eschborn, Carl-Mannich-Straße 26, 65760 Eschborn; Germany
| | - Klaus Strömer
- Office-based Dermatology Practice; Mönchengladbach Gemany
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
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37
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Campiche R, Sandau P, Kurth E, Massironi M, Imfeld D, Schuetz R. Protective effects of an extract of the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus rubescens on UV-irradiated skin cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:187-192. [PMID: 29438574 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin ageing results from intrinsic but also extrinsic factors of which UV irradiation is a main cause. It is hence of interest to have means to protect skin from UV irradiation-induced damage. We selected an extract of the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus rubescens and assessed its potential to protect skin from photoageing caused by UV irradiation. METHODS Skin cells in vitro and ex vivo were analysed for markers of UV irradiation-induced photodamage such as decreased viability, decreased collagen content, hyperpigmentation and sunburn cells. RESULTS We found that a dry extract of the microalga Scenedesmus rubescens was able to suppress cellular signs of ageing induced by UV irradiation. It enhanced dermal fibroblast viability, rescued dermal collagen content, inhibited the formation of sunburn cells and inhibited tyrosinase activity. CONCLUSION An extract of Scenedesmus rubescens showed broad activity against markers of UV irradiation-induced cutaneous ageing. It may therefore be used as a preventive or regenerative agent for anti-ageing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - P Sandau
- IGV Institut für Getreideverarbeitung GmbH, Arthur Scheunert Allee 40-41, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - E Kurth
- IGV Institut für Getreideverarbeitung GmbH, Arthur Scheunert Allee 40-41, D-14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - M Massironi
- Cutech srl, Via San Marco 9/M, I-35129, Padua, Italy
| | - D Imfeld
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - R Schuetz
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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38
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Hecker N, Sharma V, Hiller M. Transition to an Aquatic Habitat Permitted the Repeated Loss of the Pleiotropic KLK8 Gene in Mammals. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:3179-3188. [PMID: 29145610 PMCID: PMC5716171 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein related peptidase 8 (KLK8; also called neuropsin) is a serine protease that plays distinct roles in the skin and hippocampus. In the skin, KLK8 influences keratinocyte proliferation and desquamation, and activates antimicrobial peptides in sweat. In the hippocampus, KLK8 affects memory acquisition. Here, we examined the evolution of KLK8 in mammals and discovered that, out of 70 placental mammals, KLK8 is exclusively lost in three independent fully-aquatic lineages, comprising dolphin, killer whale, minke whale, and manatee. In addition, while the sperm whale has an intact KLK8 reading frame, the gene evolves neutrally in this species. We suggest that the distinct functions of KLK8 likely became obsolete in the aquatic environment, leading to the subsequent loss of KLK8 in several fully-aquatic mammalian lineages. First, the cetacean and manatee skin lacks sweat glands as an adaptation to the aquatic environment, which likely made the epidermal function of KLK8 obsolete. Second, cetaceans and manatees exhibit a proportionally small hippocampus, which may have rendered the hippocampal functions of KLK8 obsolete. Together, our results shed light on the genomic changes that correlate with skin and neuroanatomical differences of aquatic mammals, and show that even pleiotropic genes can be lost during evolution if an environmental change nullifies the need for the different functions of such genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Virag Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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39
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40
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Brunt EG, Burgess JG. The promise of marine molecules as cosmetic active ingredients. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 40:1-15. [PMID: 29057483 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment represents an underexploited resource for the discovery of novel products, despite its high level of biological and chemical diversity. With increasing awareness of the harmful effects of chronic ultraviolet exposure, and a universal desire to improve cosmetic appearance, the market for new cosmetic ingredients is growing, and current trends have generated a greater demand for products sourced from the environment. A growing number of novel molecules from marine flora and fauna exhibit potent and effective dermatological activities. Secondary metabolites isolated from macroalgae, including carotenoids and polyphenols, have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-ageing and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, marine extremophilic bacteria have recently been shown to produce bioactive exopolymeric molecules, some of which have been commercialized. Available data on their activities show significant antioxidant, moisturizing and anti-ageing activities, but a more focussed investigation into their mechanisms and applications is required. This review surveys the reported biological activities of an emerging and growing portfolio of marine molecules that show promise in the treatment of cosmetic skin problems including ultraviolet damage, ageing and cutaneous dryness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Brunt
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - J G Burgess
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
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41
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Voegeli R, Monneuse JM, Schoop R, Summers B, Rawlings AV. The effect of photodamage on the female Caucasian facial stratum corneum corneome using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 39:637-652. [PMID: 28865110 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of photodamage on facial stratum corneum (SC) is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To describe the SC proteome from tape strippings of Caucasian SC from photoexposed cheek and photoprotected post-auricular (PA) site, a global analysis of photodamage on the skin will be developed leading to a better understanding of keratinocyte signalling pathways and identification of new molecular targets for the treatment of photoaged skin. METHODS Female Caucasian subjects had nine consecutive tape strippings taken from their cheeks and PA site. Proteins were extracted and the trypsin-digested peptides were analysed by nanochromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Data-dependent acquisition allowed protein identification that was processed by Paragon algorithm of Protein Pilot software. RESULTS Changes in the levels of epidermal differentiation proteins were apparent indicating poor epidermal differentiation and SC maturation (keratins, cornified envelope (CE) proteins) on photoexposed cheeks. Differences in protease-anti-protease balance were observed for corneodesmolysis (favouring desquamation) and filaggrinolysis (favouring reduced filaggrin processing). 12R-LOX, a CE maturation enzyme, was reduced in photodamaged skin but not transglutaminases. Changes in signal keratinocyte transduction pathway markers were demonstrated especially by reduced levels of downstream signalling markers such as calreticulin (unfolded protein response; UPR) and increased level of stratifin (target of rapamycin; mTOR). Evidence for impaired proteostasis was apparent by reduced levels of a key proteasomal subunit (subunit beta type-6). Finally, key antioxidant proteins were upregulated except catalase. CONCLUSION Clear examples of poor keratinocyte differentiation and associated metabolic and signalling pathways together with reduced SC maturation were identified in photodamaged facial SC. Corneocyte immaturity was evident with changes in CE proteins. Particularly, the reduction in 12R-LOX is a novel finding in photodamaged skin and supports the lack of SC maturation. Moreover, filaggrinolysis was reduced, whereas corneodesmolysis was enhanced. From our results, we propose that there is a poor cross-talk between the keratinocyte endoplasmic reticulum UPR, proteasome network and autophagy machinery that possibly leads to impaired keratinocyte proteostasis. Superimposed on these aberrations is an apparently enhanced mTOR pathway that also contributes to reduced SC formation and maturation. Our results clearly indicate a corneocyte scaffold disorder in photodamaged cheek SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J-M Monneuse
- Phylogene S.A., 62, Route Nationale 113, 30620, Bernis, France
| | - R Schoop
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - B Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi St, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A V Rawlings
- AVR Consulting Ltd., 26 Shavington Way, Northwich, Cheshire CW9 8FH, UK
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Shevchenko A, Valdes-Rodriguez R, Yosipovitch G. Causes, pathophysiology, and treatment of pruritus in the mature patient. Clin Dermatol 2017; 36:140-151. [PMID: 29566918 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic itch is a common and debilitating health condition in the elderly. There are several common causes of itch in the mature population, such as skin xerosis, immunosenescence, and neuropathic changes. In addition, skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis and stasis dermatitis, systemic conditions (end-stage renal disease and diabetes), or psychogenic derailments, such as depression, anxiety, and dementia, can all serve as triggers of pruritus. Polypharmacy, a common occurrence among the elderly population, may also serve as a cause of itch that may or may not be accompanied by dermatitis. Such medications as μ opioids and calcium channel blockers have been found to have a connection with pruritus in the advanced aging population. Determining the exact trigger for pruritus in the elderly may be especially challenging, because itch can be idiopathic in many cases. The role of treatments should not only take into account elimination of various underlying cutaneous, systemic, or psychogenic conditions associated with itch but also focus on the skin changes that are characteristic of the aging process. Development of such treatment options can be guided by elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of itch in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Shevchenko
- Department of Dermatology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Valdes-Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology & Miami Itch Center at the University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Igawa S, Kishibe M, Minami-Hori M, Honma M, Tsujimura H, Ishikawa J, Fujimura T, Murakami M, Ishida-Yamamoto A. Incomplete KLK7 Secretion and Upregulated LEKTI Expression Underlie Hyperkeratotic Stratum Corneum in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:449-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Abdayem R, Formanek F, Minondo AM, Potter A, Haftek M. Cell surface glycans in the human
stratum corneum
: distribution and depth‐related changes. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:865-871. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Abdayem
- University of Lyon1 EA4169 “Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function” Lyon France
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation Aulnay sous Bois France
| | | | | | - Anne Potter
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation Aulnay sous Bois France
| | - Marek Haftek
- University of Lyon1 EA4169 “Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Skin Barrier Function” Lyon France
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45
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Cartner T, Brand N, Tian K, Saud A, Carr T, Stapleton P, Lane ME, Rawlings AV. Effect of different alcohols on stratum corneum kallikrein 5 and phospholipase A 2 together with epidermal keratinocytes and skin irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:188-196. [PMID: 27578266 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effect of ethanol, isopropanol and n-propanol on stratum corneum (SC) enzymes and keratinocytes in vitro together with their effects on skin condition and function. METHODS Activities of kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) as well as keratinocyte metabolic activity, interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in vitro in the presence and absence of the different alcohols. We also measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, visual dryness and visual redness on the volar forearms of 25 Caucasian women following application of the alcohols 20 and 100 times per day over a period of 14 days in a clinical study. RESULTS Reduced activities of KLK5 and PLA2 were observed in the presence of the alcohols. The greatest denaturing effect was always observed for n-propanol (P < 0.001), and in the case of PLA2, the effect of isopropanol was greater than ethanol (P < 0.001). Equally, ethanol had the mildest effects on keratinocyte metabolic activity and cytokine secretion (P < 0.001) and n-propanol always produced the most severe changes in normal and differentiated keratinocytes. These in vitro findings supported the clinical results where the major effects were on the induction of skin irritation (increased dropout rates) and ranked the intolerance of the different alcohols as follows: n-propanol > isopropanol > ethanol. At the high application frequencies, the effect of the different alcohols on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin capacitance was similar, but at the low application frequencies, n-propanol had a significant effect on TEWL and capacitance values (P < 0.05). Equally, n-propanol and isopropanol produced significantly more skin redness at the low application frequencies. CONCLUSIONS Clearly, isopropanol and n-propanol caused significant SC and keratinocyte perturbation in vitro together with damage to skin condition and function in vivo whereas ethanol did not. As a result, we show that ethanol-based sanitizers are better tolerated by skin, particularly in high-use settings, than other alcohols and should be the active ingredient of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cartner
- GOJO Industries, Inc, PO Box 991, Akron, OH, 44309-0991, USA
| | - N Brand
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
| | - K Tian
- GOJO Industries, Inc, PO Box 991, Akron, OH, 44309-0991, USA
| | - A Saud
- GOJO Industries, Inc, PO Box 991, Akron, OH, 44309-0991, USA
| | - T Carr
- Carr Consulting, Wilmette, IL, USA
| | | | - M E Lane
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
| | - A V Rawlings
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK.,AVR Consulting Ltd., 26 Shavington way, Northwich, UK
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46
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Voegeli R, Wikstroem P, Campiche R, Steinmetzer T, Jackson E, Gempeler M, Imfeld D, Rawlings AV. The effects of benzylsulfonyl-D-Ser-homoPhe-(4-amidino-benzylamide), a dual plasmin and urokinase inhibitor, on facial skin barrier function in subjects with sensitive skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:109-120. [PMID: 27434836 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to optimize the synthesis of the plasmin and urokinase (uPA) inhibitor benzylsulfonyl-D-Ser-homoPhe-(4-amidino-benzylamide) (BSFAB), to characterize its activity and mechanism of action and to assess its use to improve stratum corneum (SC) barrier function. METHODS Peptide coupling methods were used to synthesize BSFAB, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) together with 1 H- and 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were applied to clarify its structure and determine its purity. Its binding mode was determined by docking studies to the catalytic domains of plasmin and uPA. Inhibition constants (Ki ) were determined by enzyme kinetic studies, and the effect of BSFAB on plasmin, uPA and transglutaminase 1 expression was evaluated in non-cytokine and cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes. A vehicle-controlled clinical study on SC barrier function was conducted on facial skin of subjects with self-perceived sensitive skin. RESULTS BSFAB was synthesized with high purity (97.3%). In silico studies indicated that the amidine moiety of BSFAB was anchored in the S1 pocket of both enzymes by binding to Asp189, Ser190 and Gly219, whereas the backbone of the D-Ser residue makes an anti-parallel β-sheet interaction with Gly216. BSFAB was shown to be an effective inhibitor of plasmin and uPA with Ki values of 29 and 25 nM, respectively. BSFAB also inhibited keratinocyte-secreted protease activities in basal (plasmin inhibition 37.7%, P < 0.05 and uPA inhibition 96.6%, P < 0.01) and cytokine-induced conditions (plasmin inhibition 41.1%, P < 0.05 and uPA inhibition 97.0%, P < 0.001) and stimulated the gene expression of transglutaminase 1 in cytokine-stimulated keratinocytes (approximately 4.5 times increased expression, P < 0.01). Clinically, BSFAB was shown to improve SC barrier integrity (P < 0.02 on day 29) and subjective improvements in the perception of healthy skin (P < 0.05 on day 28). CONCLUSION BSFAB binds as a reversible competitive inhibitor to the active sites of plasmin and uPA. Additionally, BSFAB positively improved keratinocyte differentiation gene expression (transglutaminase 1). These effects were translated into improvements in SC barrier integrity clinically in subjects with dry and sensitive skin and improved their perception of having a healthy skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - P Wikstroem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - R Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - T Steinmetzer
- Philipps University, Department of Pharmacy, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - E Jackson
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - M Gempeler
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - D Imfeld
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - A V Rawlings
- AVR Consulting Ltd, 26 Shavington Way, Northwich, Cheshire, UK
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47
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Hinkes S, Wuttke A, Saupe SM, Ivanova T, Wagner S, Knörlein A, Heine A, Klebe G, Steinmetzer T. Optimization of Cyclic Plasmin Inhibitors: From Benzamidines to Benzylamines. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6370-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hinkes
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - André Wuttke
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Saupe
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Teodora Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Knörlein
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg
6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Chronic itch in the elderly is a common problem, with a significant impact on quality of life and sleep in elderly patients. Chronic itch may be attributable to several causes, including dry skin, immunosenescence and neural degeneration. Itch may also be caused by skin diseases, such as seborrhoeic dermatitis and stasis dermatitis; systemic conditions, such as end-stage renal disease and diabetes; and psychogenic conditions, such as depression and anxiety. The use of polypharmacy may also cause itch, with or without a rash. Specifically, thiazides and calcium channel blockers have been known to cause itch in elderly patients. Management should be tailored according to the underlying dermatological or systemic aetiology of itch. Topical treatment is the mainstay of therapy, providing special emphasis on skin hydration and barrier repair. In addition, topical and oral medications that target the nervous system and reduce neuronal hypersensitization, such as gabapentin and selective antidepressants, have a role in treating patients with severe chronic itch. Furthermore, management must account for changes in metabolism and pharmacokinetics of drugs in the aging population in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse effects.
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49
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Involvement of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Normal and Pathologic Processes. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:946572. [PMID: 26783378 PMCID: PMC4689925 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a subgroup of serine proteases that participate in proteolytic pathways and control protein levels in normal physiology as well as in several pathological conditions. Their complex network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions may induce inflammatory and immune responses and contribute to the neoplastic phenotype through the regulation of several cellular processes, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. This family of proteases, which includes one of the most useful cancer biomarkers, kallikrein-related peptidase 3 or PSA, also has a protective effect against cancer promoting apoptosis or counteracting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Therefore, they represent attractive therapeutic targets and may have important applications in clinical oncology. Despite being intensively studied, many gaps in our knowledge on several molecular aspects of KLK functions still exist. This review aims to summarize recent data on their involvement in different processes related to health and disease, in particular those directly or indirectly linked to the neoplastic process.
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50
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Raj N, Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Gibbons S, Munday MR, Summers B, Lane ME. Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:224-31. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raj
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - R. Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.; Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - A. V. Rawlings
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - S. Gibbons
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - M. R. Munday
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
| | - B. Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory; Sefako Makgatho University; Mednusa South Africa
| | - M. E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy; University College London; London U.K
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