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Yuan G, Levi EE, Davidson TA, Lauridsen TL, Søndergaard M, Yang Z, Wu A, Cao T, Li Y, Fu H, Jeppesen E. Warming alters the network of physiological traits and their contribution to plant abundance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173573. [PMID: 38823703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The impact of global warming on plant abundance has been widely discussed, but it remains unclear how warming affects plant physiological traits, and how these traits contribute to the abundance of aquatic plants. We explored the adjustments in physiological traits of two common aquatic plant species (Potamogeton crispus L. and Elodea canadensis Michx.) and their links to plant abundance in three temperature treatments by determining twelve physiological traits and plant abundance over an 11-month period in outdoor mesocosms. This mesocosms facility has been running uninteruptedly for 16 years, rendering the plants a unique opportunity to adapt to the warming differences. We found that 1) warming reduced the starch storage in winter for P. crispus and in summer for E. canadensis while increased the nitrogenous substances (e.g., TN, FAA, and proline) in winter for P. crispus. 2) For E. canadensis, TC, starch, SC, and sucrose contents were higher in summer than in winter regardless of warming, while TC, SC, and sucrose contents were lower in summer for P. crispus. 3) Warming decreased the association strength between physiological traits and plant abundance for P. crispus but enhanced it for E. canadensis. 4) E. canadensis showed increased interaction strength among physiological traits under warming, indicating increased metabolic exertion in the response to warming, which contributed to the reduction in abundance. Trait interaction strength of P. crispus was reduced under warming, but with less impact on plant abundance compared with E. canadensis. Our study emphasizes that warming alters the network of plant physiological traits and their contribution to abundance and that different strengths of susceptibility to warming of the various plant species may alter the composition of plant communities in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Eti E Levi
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben L Lauridsen
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Martin Søndergaard
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenzhi Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Te Cao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Hui Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience and Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 60800, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin 33731, Turkey; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Wang T, Liu H. Aquatic plant allelochemicals inhibit the growth of microalgae and cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105084-105098. [PMID: 37740161 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the aquatic environment result in the growth of algal cells and water eutrophication, which adversely affect the aquatic environment and human health. Therefore, discovering a safe and efficient algae suppression method is necessary to ensure the ecological safety of water. Recently, the allelopathic effects of aquatic plants on algae have attracted extensive attention from researchers. This review demonstrates the current research hotspot of allelopathic algal inhibition in aquatic plants and lists the common aquatic plant species and allelochemicals. In addition, the inhibition mechanism of allelochemicals from aquatic plants on algae is systematically discussed. Moreover, the key factors affecting the inhibition of allelopathy in algae, such as pH, temperature, algal cell density, and concentration of allelochemicals, are summarized. The present utilization modes of allelochemicals on algae are also presented. Finally, the problems existing in the study of allelopathic algal inhibition of aquatic plants are highlighted, and suggestions for further research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 21500, China
| | - Haicheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 21500, China.
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Zhang R, Chen ZH, Li YM, Wang N, Cui WT, Zhao BN, Si C. Effects of clonal integration and nutrient availability on the growth of Glechoma longituba under heterogenous light conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1182068. [PMID: 37649995 PMCID: PMC10465176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Clonal integration of connected ramets within clones is an important ecological advantage. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of clonal integration on performance of donor and recipient ramets when one resource is heterogeneous can be influenced by the availability of another resource of donor ramets. Methods We conducted a greenhouse experiment on the widespread, perennial herb Glechoma longituba. Clonal fragments consisting of pairs of connected ramets were grown for seven weeks. The younger, apical ramets were exposed under 30% or 100% light condition and the older, basal ramets were treated with three levels of nutrients. The connections between ramets were either severed or left intact. 30% light condition negatively affected the growth of apical ramets, basal ramets and the whole fragments. Results Clonal integration significantly increased the growth of apical ramets, but decreased the growth of the basal ramets. Medium and high level nutrient availability of basal ramets significantly increased the growth of apical ramets, basal ramets and the whole fragments. At the high nutrient level, the reduction in growth of basal ramets from clonal integration was decreased, but the growth responses of apical ramets and the whole fragments to clonal integration were not influenced by nutrient availability. Conclusion The results suggested that clonal integration was benefit to the growth of apical ramets of Glechoma longituba but at the cost of reducing the growth of basal ramets. Although the high nutrient level could reduce the cost that clonal integration brought to the unshaded basal ramets, but could not increase the benefit that clonal integration brought to the shaded apical ramets and whole fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Zhi-Huan Chen
- School of Special Education, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Yu-Meng Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Wen-Tao Cui
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Bing-Nan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Chao Si
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
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Čerba D, Vlaičević B, Davidović RA, Koh M, Ergović V, Turković Čakalić I. Chironomidae in shallow water bodies of a protected lowland freshwater floodplain ecosystem. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231172653. [PMID: 37198903 PMCID: PMC10358707 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231172653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lowland floodplains are complex ecosystems comprised of standing and flowing waters interacting with terrestrial habitats, and the main force creating, shaping and influencing, both habitats and biotic communities, is a hydrological regime and water supply from the parent river. In areas not much altered by anthropogenic influence, the Danube creates such floodplain areas, and temporary shallow water bodies within represent biodiversity important habitats. In the Kopački Rit Nature Park floodplain in Croatia, diversity based on Chironomidae (Diptera) in both benthic and epiphytic communities was studied in eight ponds (temporary shallow water body) and at two channel locations (permanent shallow water body). At each location samples of sediment and macrophytes were taken at three sites. The benthic chironomid community was comprised of 29 taxa, most abundant being representatives of the Chironomus genus and Tanypus kraatzi in ponds, and Polypedilum nubeculosum and Cladotanytarsus sp. in channel samples. Cricotopus gr. sylvestris, Paratanytarsus sp. and Endochironomus tendens were dominant epiphytic chironomids (18 taxa). Non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity analyses showed there was a clear grouping of sampling locations based on their position in the park and the distance from each other, more evident in the case of benthic chironomid communities. Furthermore, when the water bodies were compared based on the community structure from different locations and substrates, there was also a statistically significant separation. Community composition indicates high productivity and organic matter production of studied water bodies, but moreover, the differences in substrate preferences evident in 16 common out of 31 recorded chironomid taxa, indicate the importance of habitat complexity preservation in a floodplain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Čerba
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Barbara Vlaičević
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ramona-Ana Davidović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Miran Koh
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Viktorija Ergović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Luo Q, Xie H, Chen Z, Ma Y, Yang H, Yang B, Ma Y. Morphology, photosynthetic physiology and biochemistry of nine herbaceous plants under water stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1147208. [PMID: 37063188 PMCID: PMC10098446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1147208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Global climate warming and shifts in rainfall patterns are expected to trigger increases in the frequency and magnitude of drought and/or waterlogging stress in plants. To cope with water stress, plants develop diverse tactics. However, the adoption capability and mechanism vary depending upon the plant species identity as well as stress duration and intensity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the species-dependent responses of alpine herbaceous species to water stress. Nine herbaceous species were subjected to different water stresses (including moderate drought and moderate waterlogging) in pot culture using a randomized complete block design with three replications for each treatment. We hypothesized that water stress would negatively impact plant growth and metabolism. We found considerable interspecies differences in morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses when plants were exposed to the same water regime. In addition, we observed pronounced interactive effects of water regime and plant species identity on plant height, root length, root/shoot ratio, biomass, and contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, betaine, soluble protein and proline, implying that plants respond to water regime differently. Our findings may cast new light on the ecological restoration of grasslands and wetlands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by helping to select stress-tolerant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Yonggui Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Haohong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushou Ma
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Zhang R, Chen ZH, Cui WT, Qiu SY, Qian ZH, He XG, Xin JC, Si C. Cadmium stress interacts with nutrient availability and light condition to affect the growth of Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280449. [PMID: 36652436 PMCID: PMC9847952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is becoming a serious problem in wetland and often co-occurs with nutrient availability and light conditions variation. We hypothesized that nutrient availability and light condition can affect the growth of wetland plants under heavy metal stress. To test this hypothesis, single ramets of a common, clonal wetland plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris were grown for four weeks at three levels of cadmium with three levels of nutrient availability under 30% or 100% light conditions. High level of nutrient availability and high light condition overall promoted growth of H. vulgaris under Cd stress. Under the two light conditions, responses of H. vulgaris to Cd treatments differed among three nutrient levels. Under 30% light condition, 2 mg L-1 Cd2+ treatment decreased total mass at the low nutrient level and decreased ramet number at the medium nutrient level; 0.5 and 2 mg L-1 Cd2+ treatments decreased leaf mass ratio at the low and the medium nutrient levels. Under 100% light condition, 2 mg L-1 Cd2+ treatments significantly decreased total mass at the high level of nutrients; 2 mg L-1 Cd2+ treatment decreased ramet number at the medium and the high nutrient levels and decreased leaf mass ratio at the medium nutrient levels. Our results suggested that Cd stress can interact with nutrient availability and light condition to affect the performance of wetland plants such as H. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Zhi-Huan Chen
- School of Special Education, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Wen-Tao Cui
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Shang-Yan Qiu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Zi-Han Qian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Xue-Ge He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Jun-Cai Xin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Chao Si
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
- * E-mail:
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Yan C, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Shi X, Lock TR, Kallenbach RL. Aridity modifies the responses of plant stoichiometry to global warming and nitrogen deposition in semi-arid steppes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154807. [PMID: 35341862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and nitrogen (N) deposition are known to unbalance the stoichiometry of carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) in terrestrial plants, but it is unclear how water availability regulates their effects along a natural aridity gradient. Here, we conducted manipulative experiments to determine the effects of experimental warming (WT) and N addition (NT) on plant stoichiometry in desert, typical, and meadow steppes with decreasing aridity. WT elevated air temperatures by 1.2-2.9 °C using open-top chambers. WT increased forb C:N ratio and thus its N use efficiency and competitiveness in desert steppes, whereas WT reduced forb C:N and C:P ratios in typical and meadow steppes. Plant N:P ratio, which reflects nutrient limitation, was reduced by WT in desert steppes but not for typical or meadow steppes. NT reduced plant C:N ratios and increased N:P ratios in all three steppes. NT reduced forb C:P ratios in desert and typical steppes, but it enhanced grass C:P ratio in meadow steppes, indicating an enhancement of P use efficiency and competitiveness of grasses in wet steppes. WT and NT had synergetic effects on grass C:N and C:P ratios in all three steppes, which helps to increase grasses' productivity. Under WT or NT, the changes in community C:N ratio were positively correlated with increasing aridity, indicating that aridity increases plants' N use efficiency. However, aridity negatively affected the changes in N:P ratios under NT but not WT, which suggests that aridity mitigates P limitation induced by N deposition. Our results imply that warming could shift the dominant functional group into forbs in dry steppes due to altered stoichiometry, whereas grasses become dominated plants in wet steppes under increasing N deposition. We suggest that global changes might break the stoichiometric balance of plants and water availability could strongly modify such processes in semi-arid steppes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zunchi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiyou Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xinrong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - T Ryan Lock
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Robert L Kallenbach
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 108 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Influence of N:P Ratio of Water on Ecological Stoichiometry of Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is one of the major threats to shallow lake ecosystems, because it causes large-scale degradation of submerged plants. N:P ratio is an important indicator to estimate nutrient supply to water bodies and guide the restoration of submerged plants. The massive input of N and P changes the structure of aquatic communities and ecological processes. However, the mechanism underlying the influence of changes in N and P content and the N:P ratio of a water body on the growth of submerged plants is still unclear. In this study, we simulated gradients of water N:P ratio in lakes in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River using outdoor mesocosm experiments. Using established generalized linear models (GLM), the effects of total nitrogen (TN) content and N:P ratio of water, phytoplankton and periphytic algae biomass, and relative growth rate (RGR) of plants on the stoichiometric characteristics of two widely distributed submerged plants, Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans, were explored. The results reveal that changes in water nutrient content affected the C:N:P stoichiometry of submerged plants. In a middle-eutrophic state, the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, and P in the submerged plants were not influenced by phytoplankton and periphytic algae. The P content of H. verticillata and V. natans was positively correlated with their relative growth rate (RGR). As TN and N:P ratio of water increased, their N content increased and C:N decreased. These results indicate that excessive N absorption by submerged plants and the consequent internal physiological injury and growth inhibition may be the important reasons for the degradation of submerged vegetation in the process of lake eutrophication.
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Kviklys D, Viškelis J, Liaudanskas M, Janulis V, Laužikė K, Samuolienė G, Uselis N, Lanauskas J. Apple Fruit Growth and Quality Depend on the Position in Tree Canopy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:196. [PMID: 35050084 PMCID: PMC8781678 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the canopy position's effect on fruit internal and external quality parameters. This is the first study where all the main fruit quality and maturation parameters were evaluated on the same trees and were related to the light conditions and photosynthetic parameters. Four fruit positions were tested: top of the apple tree, lower inside part of the canopy, and east and west sides of the apple tree. Fruit quality variability was significant for fruit size, blush, colour indices, total sugar content, dry matter concentration, accumulation of secondary metabolites and radical scavenging activity. Fruit position in the canopy did not affect flesh firmness and fruit maturity parameters such as the starch index, Streif index and respiration rate. At the Lithuanian geographical location (55°60' N), significantly, the highest fruit quality was achieved at the top of the apple tree. The tendency was established that apple fruits from the west side of the canopy have better fruit quality than from the east side and it could be related to better light conditions at the west side of the tree. Inside the canopy, fruits were distinguished only by the higher accumulation of triterpenic compounds and higher content of malic acid. Light is a main factor of fruit quality variation, thus all orchard management practices, including narrow two-dimensional tree canopies and reflecting ground covers which improve light penetration through the tree canopy, should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Kviklys
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.V.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (N.U.); (J.L.)
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIO Ullensvang, Ullensvangvegen 1005, NO-5781 Lofthus, Norway
| | - Jonas Viškelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.V.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (N.U.); (J.L.)
| | - Mindaugas Liaudanskas
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.L.); (V.J.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Valdimaras Janulis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių Av. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.L.); (V.J.)
| | - Kristina Laužikė
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.V.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (N.U.); (J.L.)
| | - Giedrė Samuolienė
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.V.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (N.U.); (J.L.)
| | - Nobertas Uselis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.V.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (N.U.); (J.L.)
| | - Juozas Lanauskas
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.V.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (N.U.); (J.L.)
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Pengfei S, Yafei S, Lijun W, Tian C, Meng Z, Wenfa X, Ruimei C. Photosynthetic product allocations of Pinus massoniana seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi along a nitrogen addition gradient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948676. [PMID: 36035728 PMCID: PMC9412729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the allocation of photosynthetic products among different carbon (C) pools is critical for understanding and predicting plant C turnover response to climate change. A field experiment with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and nitrogen (N) was established to investigate the effects on allocation of photosynthetic products in Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) seedlings given increased N deposition. Seedlings were subjected to N addition and symbiosis with EMF, and the short-term allocation of a 13C photosynthetic pulse into leaves, branches, stems, roots, and soil was traced. Photosynthetic rate and root respiration were measured. It was found that N addition changed the allocation pattern of photosynthetic products in various organs of P. massoniana. Furthermore, N addition, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and interaction of N and EMF, all increased the amount of C produced by photosynthesis. N application less than 60 kg N hm-1 a-1 could promote the transfer and allocation of photosynthetic products in P. massoniana organs, which peaks at 60 kg N hm-1 a-1, and the highest N treatment began to decrease at 90 kg N hm-1 a-1. EMF inoculation could expand the absorption area of plant roots to obtain more nutrients and synthesize more C and N compounds for promoting the growth of itself and the host plant, improving the net photosynthetic rate and the distribution of C produced by photosynthesis in various organs. This forms a benign C and N cycle, thereby reducing the effect of high N addition on plants. The optimal N addition concentration was 60 kg N hm-1 a-1, and the optimal EMF was Pt, which provides a theoretical basis for inoculating EMF during increasing N deposition in the future climate change scenario. This enables plants to distribute more photosynthetic products to their roots, thus affecting their own C distribution for promoting growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Pengfei
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Yafei
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Lijun
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Meng
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wenfa
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Ruimei
- Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Beijing, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Ruimei,
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11
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Brilli F, Dani KGS, Pasqualini S, Costarelli A, Cannavò S, Paolocci F, Zittelli GC, Mugnai G, Baraldi R, Loreto F. Exposure to different light intensities affects emission of volatiles and accumulations of both pigments and phenolics in Azolla filiculoides. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13619. [PMID: 34988977 PMCID: PMC9305523 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many agronomic trials demonstrated the nitrogen-fixing ability of the ferns Azolla spp. and its obligate cyanobiont Trichormus azollae. In this study, we have screened the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and analyzed pigments (chlorophylls, carotenoids) as well as phenolic compounds in Azolla filiculoides-T. azollae symbionts exposed to different light intensities. Our results revealed VOC emission mainly comprising isoprene and methanol (~82% and ~13% of the overall blend, respectively). In particular, by dissecting VOC emission from A. filiculoides and T. azollae, we found that the cyanobacterium does not emit isoprene, whereas it relevantly contributes to the methanol flux. Enhanced isoprene emission capacity (15.95 ± 2.95 nmol m-2 s-1 ), along with increased content of both phenolic compounds and carotenoids, was measured in A. filiculoides grown for long-term under high (700 μmol m-2 s-1 ) rather than medium (400 μmol m-2 s-1 ) and low (100 μmol m-2 s-1 ) light intensity. Moreover, light-responses of chlorophyll fluorescence demonstrated that A. filiculoides was able to acclimate to high growth light. However, exposure of A. filiculoides from low (100 μmol m-2 s-1 ) to very high light (1000 μmol m-2 s-1 ) did not affect, in the short term, photosynthesis, but slightly decreased isoprene emission and leaf pigment content whereas, at the same time, dramatically raised the accumulation of phenolic compounds (i.e. deoxyanthocyanidins and phlobaphenes). Our results highlight a coordinated photoprotection mechanism consisting of isoprene emission and phenolic compounds accumulation employed by A. filiculoides to cope with increasing light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)National Research Council of Italy (CNR)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - K. G. Srikanta Dani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)National Research Council of Italy (CNR)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Alma Costarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Sara Cannavò
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR)National Research Council of Italy (CNR)PerugiaItaly
| | | | - Gianmarco Mugnai
- Institute of BioEconomy (IBE)National Research Council of Italy (CNR)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Rita Baraldi
- Institute of BioEconomy (IBE)National Research Council of Italy (CNR)BolognaItaly
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)National Research Council of Italy (CNR)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Department of BiologyThe University of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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12
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Moe TF, Hessen DO, Demars BOL. Juncus Bulbosus Tissue Nutrient Concentrations and Stoichiometry in Oligotrophic Ecosystems: Variability with Seasons, Growth Forms, Organs and Habitats. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030441. [PMID: 33652668 PMCID: PMC7996725 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic plant nutrient concentrations provide important information to characterise their role in nutrient retention and turnover in aquatic ecosystems. While large standing biomass of aquatic plants is typically found in nutrient-rich localities, it may also occur in oligotrophic ecosystems. Juncus bulbosus is able to form massive stands even in very nutrient-dilute waters. Here we show that this may be achieved by tissues with very high carbon-to-nutrient ratios combined with perennial (slow) growth and a poor food source for grazers inferred from plant stoichiometry and tissue nutrient thresholds. We also show that the C, N, P and C:N:P stoichiometric ratios of Juncus bulbosus vary with the time of year, habitats (lakes versus rivers) and organs (roots versus shoots). We found no differences between growth forms (notably in P, inferred as the most limiting nutrient) corresponding to small and large plant stands. The mass development of J. bulbosus requires C, N and P, whatever the ecosystem (lake or river), and not just CO2 and NH4, as suggested in previous studies. Since macrophytes inhabiting oligotrophic aquatic ecosystems are dominated by isoetids (perennial plants with a high root/shoot ratio), attention should be paid to quantifying the role of roots in aquatic plant stoichiometry, nutrient turnover and nutrient retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese F. Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Dag O. Hessen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Benoît O. L. Demars
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Using Freshwater Bivalves (Corbicula Fluminea) to Alleviate Harmful Effects of Small-Sized Crucian Carp (Carassius Carassius) on Growth of Submerged Macrophytes during Lake Restoration by Biomanipulation. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased recruitment of small-sized fish following biomanipulation by reducing the biomass of plankti-benthivorous fish, not least in (sub)tropical lakes, may deteriorate water quality and thereby potentially hamper the recovery of submerged macrophytes. Filter-feeding bivalves remove suspended particles from the water and may, thereby, somewhat or fully counteract this negative effect of the increasing abundance of small-sized fish. So far, only few studies have investigated the interactive effects of fish and bivalves on water clarity and macrophyte growth. We conducted a 2 × 2 factorial designed outdoor mesocosm experiment with two densities of small crucian carp Carassius carassius (low 10 g m−2 and high 40 g m−2) and two densities of bivalves Corbicula fluminea (low 204 g m−2 and high 816 g m−2). We found significant interactive effect of fish and bivalves on the growth of the macrophyte Vallisneria natans. In the low density bivalve regime, the relative growth rates, root mass, root:shoot ratio and number of tubers were 30.3%, 30.8%, 21.6% and 27.8% lower in the high than in the low density fish treatments, while the decrease was less pronounced in the high density bivalve regime: 1.2%, 8.7%, 2.1% and 13.3%, respectively. Thus, bivalves reduced the negative effects of fish, not least when bivalve density was high. The weaker effects of small fish on plants in the high- than in the low-density C. fluminea regime can be attributed to lower total suspended solids (TSS) and Chl a in the first week of the experiment. Better light conditions further stimulated the growth of benthic algae, potentially increasing the removal of nutrients from the water and reducing fish-driven resuspension of the sediment. In addition, high densities of C. fluminea also enriched the sediment total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) content, favouring plant growth as indicated by an increase in leaf tissue TN and TP contents. Our results demonstrate that filter-feeding bivalves can alleviate harmful effects of small fish by prolonging a clear-water state that facilitates submerged macrophyte growth. Addition of the bivalve C. fluminea can be a promising tool for the restoration of submerged macrophytes in shallow eutrophic lakes, in particular lakes containing small, rapidly reproducing fish that due to their small sizes are not capable of controlling the bivalves.
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14
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Vaidya P, Stinchcombe JR. The Potential for Genotype-by-Environment Interactions to Maintain Genetic Variation in a Model Legume-Rhizobia Mutualism. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100114. [PMID: 33367267 PMCID: PMC7747969 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of genetic variation in mutualism-related traits is key for understanding mutualism evolution, yet the mechanisms maintaining variation remain unclear. We asked whether genotype-by-environment (G×E) interaction is a potential mechanism maintaining variation in the model legume-rhizobia system, Medicago truncatula-Ensifer meliloti. We planted 50 legume genotypes in a greenhouse under ambient light and shade to reflect reduced carbon availability for plants. We found an expected reduction under shaded conditions for plant performance traits, such as leaf number, aboveground and belowground biomass, and a mutualism-related trait, nodule number. We also found G×E for nodule number, with ∼83% of this interaction due to shifts in genotype fitness rank order across light environments, coupled with strong positive directional selection on nodule number regardless of light environment. Our results suggest that G×E can maintain genetic variation in a mutualism-related trait that is under consistent positive directional selection across light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Vaidya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - John R. Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve at Joker's Hill, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
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15
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Rao Q, Su H, Deng X, Xia W, Wang L, Cui W, Ruan L, Chen J, Xie P. Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Allocation Strategy Among Organs in Submerged Macrophytes Is Altered by Eutrophication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:524450. [PMID: 33193470 PMCID: PMC7604295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.524450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The allocation of limiting elements among plant organs is an important aspect of the adaptation of plants to their ambient environment. Although eutrophication can extremely alter light and nutrient availability, little is known about nutrient partitioning among organs of submerged macrophytes in response to eutrophication. Here, we analyzed the stoichiometric scaling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations among organs (leaf, stem, and root) of 327 individuals of seven common submerged macrophytes (three growth forms), sampled from 26 Yangtze plain lakes whose nutrient levels differed. Scaling exponents of stem nutrients to leaf (or root) nutrients varied among the growth forms. With increasing water total N (WTN) concentration, the scaling exponents of stem C to leaf (or root) C increased from <1 to >1, however, those of stem P to root P showed the opposite trend. These results indicated that, as plant nutrient content increased, plants growing in low WTN concentration accumulated leaf C (or stem P) at a faster rate, whereas those in high WTN concentration showed a faster increase in their stem C (or root P). Additionally, the scaling exponents of stem N to leaf (or root) N and stem P to leaf P were consistently large than 1, but decreased with a greater WTN concentration. This suggested that plants invested more N and P into stem than leaf tissues, with a higher investment of N in stem than root tissues, but eutrophication would decrease the allocation of N and P to stem. Such shifts in plant nutrient allocation strategies from low to high WTN concentration may be attributed to changed light and nutrient availability. In summary, eutrophication would alter nutrient allocation strategies of submerged macrophytes, which may influence their community structures by enhancing the competitive ability of some species in the process of eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Rao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Su
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuwei Deng
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wulai Xia
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lantian Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjian Cui
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Linwei Ruan
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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16
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Li D, Zhang S, Adyel TM, Liu K, Gong L. Negative effects on the leaves of submerged macrophyte and associated biofilms growth at high nitrate induced-stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105559. [PMID: 32652412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High nitrate (NO3--N) concentration is a growing aquatic risk concern worldwide. However, adverse effects of high NO3--N concentration on submerged macrophytes-epiphytic biofilms are unclear. In this study, the alterations in physiological changes, biofilms formation and chemical compositions were investigated on leaves of Vallisneria asiatica exposed to different NO3--N concentrations. The findings showed that 10 mg L-1NO3--N resulted in low photosynthetic efficiency by inhibiting chlorophyll content 26.2 % and decreased intrinsic efficiency of photosystem II significantly at 14th day post treatment. Malondialdehyde, several antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), and secondary metabolites (i.e., phenolic compounds and anthocyanin) were all significantly up-regulated with 10 mg L-1NO3--N, implied oxidative stress were stimulated. However, no significant alterations in these indicators were observed with 5 mg L-1NO3--N. Compared to control, 10 mg L-1NO3--N concentration significantly stimulated microbes growth in biofilm and reduced the roughness of leaf-biofilms surface, but it had little effect on the biofilms distribution (from single clone to blocks) as revealed by scanning electron microscope and multifractal analysis. Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the percentage of P, Cl, K and the ratio of O1 (-O-) /O2 (C = O) were higher in leaves of control than treatments with 10 mg L-1NO3--N, indicating that 10 mg L-1NO3--N concentration exhibited significant inhibition of chemical activity and nutrient uptake of the leaf surfaces. Overall, these results demonstrated that high NO3--N does stimulate the biofilm growth and can cause negative impacts on submerged macrophytes growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Songhe Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Tanveer M Adyel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, 23 College Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kaihui Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lixue Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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17
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Rybak M, Drzewiecka K, Woźniak M, Ratajczak I, Joniak T. Iron-induced behavioural and biochemical responses of charophytes in consequence of phosphates coagulant addition: Threats to lake ecosystems restoration. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126844. [PMID: 32957274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of iron (Fe) on the physiological and behavioural reaction of Chara tomentosa L. Fe was introduced into the environment in the form of iron chloride, the most common coagulants used in the restoration of water bodies. The investigations concerned the oxidative stress comprising phenolic compounds content, antioxidant activity and photosynthetic pigments concentration. Research was conducted as a laboratory microcosm experiment with one-off application of Fe at the level of 26.8 mg dm-3. Coagulant application caused short-term acidification, increased salinity and deterioration of light conditions. The shading resulted initially from the increase of water colour and turbidity and was followed by covering of the charophytes with a precipitated suspension. C. tomentosa did not activate defensive mechanisms to prevent the shading effect such as intensive elongation and elevated concentration of chlorophylls. Neither oxidative stress nor production of stress-specific phenolic metabolites was found. It was a result of iron coagulant toxicity, which led to cell membrane damage and leakage of cell contents to the water environment. Charophyte growth was significantly impaired, and thalli suffered numerous chlorotic and necrotic spots which extended gradually during experiment and finally caused death of specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rybak
- Department of Water Protection, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kinga Drzewiecka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Joniak
- Department of Water Protection, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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18
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Hu C, Li F, Yang N, Xie YH, Chen XS, Deng ZM. Testing the Growth Rate Hypothesis in Two Wetland Macrophytes Under Different Water Level and Sediment Type Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1191. [PMID: 32849739 PMCID: PMC7419612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) states that a negative correlation exists between the growth rate and N:P and C:P ratios, because fast-growing organisms need relatively more phosphorus-rich RNA to support their high rates of protein synthesis. However, it is still uncertain whether the GRH is applicable in freshwater wetlands. Several studies have shown that water level and sediment type are key factors influencing plant growth and plant C:N:P characteristics in freshwater wetlands. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the influence of these factors on plant growth and test the GRH under varying water levels and sediment conditions. We designed a controlled experiment at three water levels and under three sediment types using the two dominant plants (Carex brevicuspis and Polygonum hydropiper) in the East Dongting Lake wetland, and we further investigated the relative growth rate (RGR); concentrations of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP); and plant stoichiometry (ratios of C:N, C:P, and N:P) in the aboveground and belowground parts and whole plants in both species. Results demonstrated that the RGR and TC of both species decreased significantly with decreasing sediment nutrient supply and increasing water level. However, TN and TP of both species were markedly higher at high water levels than at low water levels; furthermore, these were significantly higher on clay than on the other two sediment types at each water level. The C:N and C:P ratios of both species decreased with increasing sediment nutrient supply and water level, whereas N:P decreased in both species with increasing sediment nutrient supply. The aboveground part of C. brevicuspis as well as the aboveground part and whole plant of P. hydropiper were negatively correlated with N:P, which is consistent with the GRH. However, the relationship between the belowground RGR and N:P of these species was inconsistent with GRH. Therefore, the water level and sediment type and their interaction significantly influenced plant RGR and C:N:P characteristics. The RGR and plant stoichiometry differed significantly between plant organs, indicating that the GRH needs refinement when applied to wetland macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- School of Environment and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Yong-hong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng-miao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Dongting Lake Station for Wetland Ecosystem Research, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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19
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Laužikė K, Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė V, Uselis N, Samuolienė G. The Impact of Stress Caused By Light Penetration and Agrotechnological Tools on Photosynthetic Behavior of Apple Trees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9177. [PMID: 32514086 PMCID: PMC7280272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to find out the impact of stress, caused by agrotechnological tools on photosynthetic behaviour of apple trees. The apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivar Rubin was grafted on dwarfing rootstocks P60, planted in single rows spaced 1.25 m apart with 3.5 m between rows. In contrast to plant senescing reflectance index and nitrogen balance index, the photochemical reflectance index was significantly higher in 2018 compared with 2017. Such differences might be caused by drought stress on the summer and fast recovery before harvest time when measurements were made. The movement of nutrients and water disrupted by trunk incision had significantly negative effect on reflectance indices regardless on the year. Mechanical pruning with trunk incision and calcium-prohexadione lead to decreased dry to fresh weight ratio by 10–12% in first year of treatment. Mechanical pruning had significantly negative impact on photosynthetic rate, compared to pruning by super spindle it decreased 47%. Strong positive correlation between PRI and NBI 0,89–0,94, and strong negative correlations between PRI, NBI and PSRI −0.88 – (−0.91) were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Laužikė
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania.
| | - Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepų str. 1, LT-53101, Girionys, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Nobertas Uselis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania
| | - Giedrė Samuolienė
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania
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20
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Shibuya T, Iwahashi Y, Suzuki T, Endo R, Hirai N. Light intensity influences feeding and fecundity of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) through the responses of host Cucumis sativus leaves. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:163-172. [PMID: 32378068 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated feeding and fecundity of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings that had been acclimatized to different light intensities. Based on these data, we analyzed the relationships between mite performance (feeding and fecundity) and leaf properties. The cucumber seedlings were grown in controlled-environment chambers under different light intensities at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 50, 100, 150, 300, or 450 µmol m- 2 s- 1 until the first true leaves had expanded. Adult females were released on the adaxial surfaces of excised leaf samples from the seedlings of each treatment group and held under standardized light intensity (200 µmol m- 2 s- 1). Fecundity and leaf damage area increased and decreased, respectively, as the acclimatization light intensity increased, indicating indirect effects of light intensity on feeding and fecundity through changes in the host leaf properties. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and photosynthetic capacity, which increased as the acclimatization light intensity increased, was positively related to the fecundity, but was negatively related to the leaf damage area. The higher LMA and photosynthetic capacity results in an increased amount of mesophyll per unit leaf area. This would allow the mites to feed efficiently from a limited area, which may explain the increased fecundity on these leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Shibuya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan.
| | - Yuta Iwahashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-6, Koganei, 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Endo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan
| | - Norio Hirai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan
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21
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Rybak M, Gąbka M, Ratajczak I, Woźniak M, Sobczyński T, Joniak T. In-situ behavioural response and ecological stoichiometry adjustment of macroalgae (Characeae, Charophyceae) to iron overload: Implications for lake restoration. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115602. [PMID: 32070833 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of water bodies markedly reduces their recreational and economic use, which in turn compels those interested to pursuing prompt and effective restoration. This also applies to waters with a moderate pool of biogenic resources which, following temporarily increased nutrient alimentation from the catchment area may become eutrophic. The in-situ experiment tested the impact of chemical restoration on benthic macroalgae (Chara hispida L.) found in meso-eutrophic waters. Commonly used doses of iron sulphate were applied, defined as Low - 10.8 g Fe m-2 and High - 21.6 g Fe m-2. It was presumed that the sudden shift of abiotic conditions of the environment will disturb growth and stoichiometry of the species. Analyses encompassed physicochemical water parameters (e.g. nutrient concentration, light availability), morphological features and elemental composition of the charophytes. Application of the coagulant caused shading of the plants and elimination of bioavailable phosphates from the water. This induced changes of behavioural ecology of the species, manifesting in elongation of the main axis and increase of the assimilation area (growth of branchlets and side-axes) as well as stoichiometric changes. It was found that shortage of phosphates in the water resulted in decreased phosphorus concentration in the thalli due to biological dilution. The increase of assimilation area and phosphorus dilution in the thalli have not been previously reported for charophytes. In this study, the qualitative transformation of the environment following application of iron as part of chemical lake restoration was evinced in significant ecological changes that adversely affected macrophytobenthos. The findings of the experiment can therefore be taken into account while planning restoration procedures, so as to preclude the risk of a negative trend of ecological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rybak
- Department of Water Protection, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Gąbka
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sobczyński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Joniak
- Department of Water Protection, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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22
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Sang Z, Yang C, Yuan H, Wang Y, Jabu D, Xu Q. Insights into the metabolic responses of two contrasting Tibetan hulless barley genotypes under low nitrogen stress. Bioinformation 2020; 15:845-852. [PMID: 32256004 PMCID: PMC7088427 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants. However, excessive use of N fertilizer for cultivation is an environmental hazard. A good adaption to N deficiency is known in
the Tibetan hulless barley. Therefore, it is of interest to complete the metabolic analysis on LSZQK which is a low nitrogen (low-N) sensitive genotype and Z0284 that is tolerant to
low-N. We identified and quantified 750 diverse metabolites in this analysis. The two genotypes show differences in their basal metabolome under normal N condition. Polyphenols and
lipids related metabolites were significantly enriched in Z0284 having a basal role prior to exposure to low-N stress. Analysis of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM)
induced by low-N explain the genotype-specific responses. Fourteen DAMs showed similar patterns of change between low-N and control conditions in both genotypes. This could be the core
low-N responsive metabolites regardless of the tolerance level in hulless barley. We also identified 4 DAMs (serotonin, MAG (18:4) isomer 2, tricin 7-O-feruloylhexoside and gluconic
acid) shared by both genotypes displaying opposite patterns of regulation under low-N conditions and may play important roles in low-N tolerance. This report provides a theoretical
basis for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of low-N stress tolerance in hulless barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zha Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, China.,Institute of Agricultural Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
| | - Chunbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, China.,Institute of Agricultural Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
| | - Hongjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, China.,Institute of Agricultural Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, China.,Institute of Agricultural Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
| | - Dunzhu Jabu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, China.,Institute of Agricultural Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
| | - Qijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, China.,Institute of Agricultural Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, China
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23
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Zhang P, Kuramae A, van Leeuwen CHA, Velthuis M, van Donk E, Xu J, Bakker ES. Interactive Effects of Rising Temperature and Nutrient Enrichment on Aquatic Plant Growth, Stoichiometry, and Palatability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:58. [PMID: 32117394 PMCID: PMC7028819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and stoichiometry of aquatic plants are crucial for nutrient cycling and energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems. However, the interactive effects of multiple global environmental changes, including temperature rise and eutrophication, on aquatic plant stoichiometry and palatability remain largely unknown. Here, we hypothesized that (1) plant growth rates increase faster with rising temperature in nutrient-rich than nutrient-poor sediments; (2) plant carbon (C): nutrient ratios [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] respond differently to rising temperatures at contrasting nutrient conditions of the sediment; (3) external nutrient loading to the water column limits the growth of plants and decreases plant C:nutrient ratios; and that (4) changes in plant stoichiometry affect plant palatability. We used the common rooted submerged plant Vallisneria spiralis as a model species to test the effects of temperature and nutrient availability in both the sediment and the water column on plant growth and stoichiometry in a full-factorial experiment. The results confirmed that plants grew faster in nutrient-rich than nutrient-poor sediments with rising temperature, whereas external nutrient loading decreased the growth of plants due to competition by algae. The plant C: N and C: P ratios responded differently at different nutrient conditions to rising temperature. Rising temperature increased the metabolic rates of organisms, increased the nutrient availability in the sediment and enhanced plant growth. Plant growth was limited by a shortage of N in the nutrient-poor sediment and in the treatment with external nutrient loading to the water column, as a consequence, the limited plant growth caused an accumulation of P in the plants. Therefore, the effects of temperature on aquatic plant C:nutrient ratios did not only depend on the availability of the specific nutrients in the environment, but also on plant growth, which could result in either increased, unaltered or decreased plant C:nutrient ratios in response to temperature rise. Plant feeding trial assays with the generalist consumer Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) did not show effects of temperature or nutrient treatments on plant consumption rates. Overall, our results implicate that warming and eutrophication might interactively affect plant abundance and plant stoichiometry, and therefore influence nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHB-CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Ayumi Kuramae
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Casper H. A. van Leeuwen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mandy Velthuis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHB-CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Elisabeth S. Bakker
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
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24
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Feces from Piscivorous and Herbivorous Birds Stimulate Differentially Phytoplankton Growth. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic birds may impact shallow ecosystems via organic and nutrient enrichment with feces. Such input may alleviate nutrient limitation, unbalance their ecological stoichiometry, and stimulate primary production. Herbivorous and piscivorous birds may produce different effects on aquatic ecosystems due to different physiology, diet and feces elemental composition. We analyze the effects of droppings from swans (herbivorous) and cormorants (piscivorous) on phytoplankton growth via a laboratory experiment. These birds are well represented in the Curonian Lagoon, where they form large colonies. As this lagoon displays summer algal hyper-blooms, we hypothesize an active, direct role of birds via defecation on algal growth. Short-term incubations of phytoplankton under low and high feces addition produces different stimulation of algal growth, significantly higher with high inputs of cormorant feces. The latter produces a major effect on reactive phosphorus concentration that augments significantly, as compared to treatments with swan feces, and determines an unbalanced, N-limited stoichiometry along with the duration of the experiment. During the incubation period, the dominant algal groups switch from blue-green to green algae, but such switch is independent of the level of feces input and from their origin. Heterotrophic bacteria also are stimulated by feces addition, but their increase is transient.
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25
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Tan X, Yuan G, Fu H, Peng H, Ge D, Lou Q, Zhong J. Effects of ammonium pulse on the growth of three submerged macrophytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219161. [PMID: 31339879 PMCID: PMC6662033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium pulse attributed to runoff of urban surface and agriculture following
heavy rain is common in inland aquatic systems and can cause profoundly effects
on the growth of macrophytes, especially when combined with low light. In this
study, three patterns of NH4-N pulse (differing in magnitude and
frequency) were applied to examine their effects on the growth of three
submersed macrophytes, namely, Myriophyllum spicatum,
Potamogeton maackianus, and Vallisneria
natans, in terms of biomass, height, branch/ramet number, root
length, leaf number, and total branch length under high and low light. Results
showed that NH4-N pulse caused negative effects on the biomass of the
submerged macrphytes even on the 13th day after releasing NH4-N
pulse. The negative effects on M. spicatum
were significantly greater than that on V.
natans and P. maackianus.
The effects of NH4-N pulse on specific species depended on the
ammonium loading patterns. The negative effects of NH4-N pulse on
P. maackianus were the strongest at high
loading with low frequency, and on V. natans
at moderate loading with moderate frequency. For M.
spicatum, no significant differences were found among the
three NH4-N pulse patterns. Low light availability did not
significantly aggregate the negative effects of NH4-N pulse on the
growth of the submersed macrophytes. Our study contributes to revealing the
roles of NH4-N pulse on the growth of aquatic plants and its species
specific effects on the dynamics of submerged macrophytes in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting
Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guixiang Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting
Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of
Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang,
China
- * E-mail:
(GXY); (DBG)
| | - Hui Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting
Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting
Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Dabing Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting
Lake Area, Ecology Department, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
(GXY); (DBG)
| | - Qian Lou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of
Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang,
China
| | - Jiayou Zhong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of
Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang,
China
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26
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Hirano I, Iida H, Ito Y, Park HD, Takahashi K. Effects of light conditions on growth and defense compound contents of Datura inoxia and D. stramonium. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:473-480. [PMID: 31020486 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of light conditions on plant growth and production of defense compounds in the toxic species Datura inoxia and D. stramonium. Specifically, we investigated morphological and physiological traits, including the contents of nitrogen-based tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) as defense compounds, under three light conditions: 100%, 80%, and 50% of full sunlight. Both species showed similar morphological and physiological responses to exposure to different intensities of light. Although the total plant mass decreased under lower light conditions, the total leaf area per plant increased. The reason being that the leaf mass per plant did not decrease, while the leaf mass per unit area decreased. Leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations and the chlorophyll/nitrogen ratio increased under lower light conditions, whereas the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased. These morphological and physiological changes may be seen as ways to increase light acquisition under low light conditions. Leaf atropine and scopolamine concentrations did not differ among the three light conditions for both species. In conclusion, both Datura species underwent morphological and physiological changes under low light conditions, enabling them to use carbon and nitrogen to increase light acquisition while maintaining their chemical defense capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuka Hirano
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hitomi Iida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ho-Dong Park
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
- Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
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27
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Chou Q, Cao T, Ni L, Xie P, Jeppesen E. Leaf Soluble Carbohydrates, Free Amino Acids, Starch, Total Phenolics, Carbon and Nitrogen Stoichiometry of 24 Aquatic Macrophyte Species Along Climate Gradients in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:442. [PMID: 31031783 PMCID: PMC6470362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Leaf soluble carbohydrates (SC), free amino acids (FAA), starch, total phenolics (TOPH), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry of 24 aquatic macrophyte species were studied at 52 selected sites in eastern, 31 sites in southwestern and 6 sites in western China, including 12 submerged, 6 floating-leaved, 4 emergent and 2 free-floating macrophytes. The leaf stoichiometric characteristics differed significantly among the plant species of the four different life forms, the lowest C content occurring in submerged macrophytes and the highest N content in free-floating macrophytes. Overall, though the variance explained by the linear regression models was low, the C and N contents decreased toward the northern latitudes, the C content and the C:N ratios increased with increasing altitude. Multiple regressions revealed that the stoichiometric characteristics of submerged macrophytes varied significantly across the large spatial and climatic gradients and among the species studied. For floating-leaved and emergent macrophytes, no correlation between climate factors and SC, FAA, starch, TOPH, C, and N contents and C:N ratio was observed. For free-floating macrophytes, the TOPH content was markedly positively correlated with latitude and altitude. We conclude that the C and N contents related more closely to latitude, altitude or mean annual air temperature than did the C and N metabolic indicators for the submerged macrophytes, while the relationships with the metabolic indicators turned out to be insignificant for most species of the other life forms. The results helped us to identify species with significant physiological plasticity across geographic and climatic gradients in China, and such information is useful when conducting restoration of lost aquatic plants in different climate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchuan Chou
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Te Cao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Leyi Ni
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Pereira DT, Pereira B, Fonseca A, Ramlov F, Maraschin M, Álvarez-Gómez F, Figueroa FL, Schmidt ÉC, Bouzon ZL, Simioni C. Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (UV-A+UV-B) on the Antioxidant Metabolism of the Red Macroalga Species Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales) From Different Salinity and Nutrient Conditions. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:999-1009. [PMID: 30811599 DOI: 10.1111/php.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen is a macroalga of great economic importance. This study evaluated the antioxidant responses of two algal populations of A. spicifera adapted to different abiotic conditions when exposed to ultraviolet-A+ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-A+UV-B). Experiments were performed using the water at two collection points for 7 days of acclimatization and 7 days of exposure to UVR (3 h per day), followed by metabolic analyses. At point 1, water of 30 ± 1 practical salinity unit (psu) had concentrations of 1.06 ± 0.27 mm NH 4 + , 8.47 ± 0.01 mm NO 3 - , 0.17 ± 0.01 mm PO 4 - 3 and pH 7.88. At point 2, water of 35 ± 1 psu had concentrations of 1.13 ± 0.05 mm NH 4 + , 3.73 ± 0.01 mm NO 3 - , 0.52 ± 0.01 mm PO 4 - 3 and pH 8.55. Chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, mycosporins, polyphenolics and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase) were evaluated. The present study demonstrates that ultraviolet radiation triggers antioxidant activity in the A. spicifera. However, such activation resulted in greater responses in samples of the point 1, with lower salinity and highest concentration of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Tomazi Pereira
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pereira
- Chemical Oceanography Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Fonseca
- Chemical Oceanography Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ramlov
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Maraschin
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Félix Álvarez-Gómez
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Felix L Figueroa
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Éder Carlos Schmidt
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Zenilda Laurita Bouzon
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carmen Simioni
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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29
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Deng B, Li Y, Xu D, Ye Q, Liu G. Nitrogen availability alters flavonoid accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus via the effects on the internal carbon/nitrogen balance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2370. [PMID: 30787347 PMCID: PMC6382939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus has traditionally been used in medicines and nutraceutical foods. The aims of this study were to determine whether flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus is dependent on nitrogen (N) availability and to investigate the internal C (carbon)/N balance under controlled conditions. One-year-old seedlings were grown under five increasing available N level treatments (N1-5) and were harvested throughout the 15-d experimental period. The greatest total chlorophyll amount and photosynthetic rate were achieved during the intermediate N treatments (N3 and N4). The greatest starch level was detected in N3. The total C level was relatively stable, but the total N and free amino acid levels increased, which resulted in a decreased C:N ratio. The flavonoid contents in roots and stalks decreased, while leaves showed a different pattern (peaking in N3). The flavonoid level was closely correlated with flavanone-3-hydroxylase activity, which displayed a similar variation pattern, and their levels were significantly positively correlated with those of total C and starch. Thus, the partitioning of C among primary and secondary metabolisms could be responsible for flavonoid biosynthesis and provide the basis for maintaining high yields, which increases the nutritional values of crops and medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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Deng B, Li Y, Lei G, Liu G. Effects of nitrogen availability on mineral nutrient balance and flavonoid accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:111-118. [PMID: 30529170 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus has traditionally been used as medicine or nutraceutical foods. This study aims at investigating flavonoid accumulation in C. paliurus dependent on nitrogen availability and the following internal mineral nutrient balance under controlled condition. The 1-year-old seedlings of C. paliurus were grown in five different nitrogen levels. Along with the N gradient, C/N was significantly decreased, and the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were changed within plant. In the leaves, the main accumulation organ in C. paliurus, the highest flavonoid accumulation was achieved in intermediate N level (N3), which was closely related to flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activity as they had the similar variation patterns. Correlation analysis suggested that internal mineral nutrient balance can significantly affect flavonoid accumulation, especially for Mg within plant. These data revealed that nitrogen availability and the following altered internal mineral balance can significantly affect flavonoid accumulation. This study can provide the basis for developing new agricultural practices to maintain high yield while still keeping the nutritional value of crop or medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Gang Lei
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Test Center of Anhui Taiping, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Taiping, 245700, PR China
| | - Guihua Liu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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Lind L, Schuler MS, Hintz WD, Stoler AB, Jones DK, Mattes BM, Relyea RA. Salty fertile lakes: how salinization and eutrophication alter the structure of freshwater communities. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Lind
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; 90187 Umeå Sweden
| | - Matthew S. Schuler
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
| | - William D. Hintz
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
| | - Aaron B. Stoler
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; Stockton University; Galloway New Jersey 08205 USA
| | - Devin K. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa Florida 33620 USA
| | - Brian M. Mattes
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
| | - Rick A. Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences; Darrin Fresh Water Institute; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York 12180 USA
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Jiaojiao LU, Meng ZHANG, Shuiqing QUAN, Zugen LIU, Hongwen CHEN, Qi YIN, Chaoyi OUYANG. Integrated effects of hypoxia, high ammonia and low light on the growth and physiological C-N metabolism indices of Vallisneria natans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18307/2018.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Grutters BMC, Saccomanno B, Gross EM, Van de Waal DB, van Donk E, Bakker ES. Growth strategy, phylogeny and stoichiometry determine the allelopathic potential of native and non-native plants. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. C. Grutters
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Saccomanno
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. Gross
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Univ. de Lorraine; Metz France
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecology and Biodiversity; Utrecht Univ.; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth S. Bakker
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
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Grutters BMC, Roijendijk YOA, Verberk WCEP, Bakker ES. Plant traits and plant biogeography control the biotic resistance provided by generalist herbivores. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. C. Grutters
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne O. A. Roijendijk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C. E. P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth S. Bakker
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
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Lu N, Bernardo EL, Tippayadarapanich C, Takagaki M, Kagawa N, Yamori W. Growth and Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Perilla as Affected by Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density and Electrical Conductivity of the Nutrient Solution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:708. [PMID: 28523012 PMCID: PMC5416839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for medicinal plants is increasing. The quality of plants grown outdoors, however, is difficult to control. Myriad environmental factors influence plant growth and directly impact biosynthetic pathways, thus affecting the secondary metabolism of bioactive compounds. Plant factories use artificial lighting to increase the quality of medicinal plants and stabilize production. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solutions are two important factors that substantially influence perilla (Perilla frutescens, Labiatae) plant growth and quality. To identify suitable levels of PPFD and EC for perilla plants grown in a plant factory, the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of secondary metabolites in red and green perilla plants were measured at PPFD values of 100, 200, and 300 μmol m-2 s-1 in nutrient solutions with EC values of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 dS m-1. The results showed significant interactive effects between PPFD and EC for both the fresh and dry weights of green perilla, but not for red perilla. The fresh and dry weights of shoots and leafy areas were affected more by EC than by PPFD in green perilla, whereas they were affected more by PPFD than by EC in red perilla. Leaf net photosynthetic rates were increased as PPFD increased in both perilla varieties, regardless of EC. The perillaldehyde concentration (mg g-1) in red perilla was unaffected by the treatments, but accumulation in plants (mg per plant) was significantly enhanced as the weight of dry leaves increased. Perillaldehyde concentrations in green perilla showed significant differences between combinations of the highest PPFD with the highest EC and the lowest PPFD with the lowest EC. Rosmarinic acid concentration (mg g-1) was increased in a combination of low EC and high PPFD conditions. Optimal cultivation conditions of red and green perilla in plant factory will be discussed in terms of plant growth and contents of medicinal ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lu
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
| | - Emmanuel L. Bernardo
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- Masikhay MicroPlants NurseryLos Baños, Philippines
| | - Chayanit Tippayadarapanich
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - Michiko Takagaki
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kagawa
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Wataru Yamori, Natsuko Kagawa,
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba UniversityKashiwa, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Wataru Yamori, Natsuko Kagawa,
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Liu Y, Qian C, Ding S, Shang X, Yang W, Fang S. Effect of light regime and provenance on leaf characteristics, growth and flavonoid accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja coppices. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2016; 57:28. [PMID: 28597438 PMCID: PMC5432901 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a highly valued and multiple function tree species, Cyclocarya paliurus is planted and managed for timber production and medical use. However, limited information is available on its genotype selection and cultivation for growth and phytochemicals. Responses of growth and secondary metabolites to light regimes and genotypes are useful information to determine suitable habitat conditions for the cultivation of medicinal plants. RESULTS Both light regime and provenance significantly affected the leaf characteristics, leaf flavonoid contents, biomass production and flavonoid accumulation per plant. Leaf thickness, length of palisade cells and chlorophyll a/b decreased significantly under shading conditions, while leaf areas and total chlorophyll content increased obviously. In the full light condition, leaf flavonoid contents showed a bimodal temporal variation pattern with the maximum observed in August and the second peak in October, while shading treatment not only reduced the leaf content of flavonoids but also delayed the peak appearing of the flavonoid contents in the leaves of C. paliurus. Strong correlations were found between leaf thickness, palisade length, monthly light intensity and measured flavonoid contents in the leaves of C. paliurus. Muchuan provenance with full light achieved the highest leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation per plant. CONCLUSIONS Cyclocarya paliurus genotypes show diverse responses to different light regimes in leaf characteristics, biomass production and flavonoid accumulation, highlighting the opportunity for extensive selection in the leaf flavonoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyun Qian
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sihui Ding
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Yang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
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Su H, Wu Y, Xie P, Chen J, Cao T, Xia W. Effects of taxonomy, sediment, and water column on C:N:P stoichiometry of submerged macrophytes in Yangtze floodplain shallow lakes, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22577-22585. [PMID: 27557960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the three most important essential elements limiting growth of primary producers. Submerged macrophytes generally absorb nutrients from sediments by root uptake. However, the C:N:P stoichiometric signatures of plant tissue are affected by many additional factors such as taxonomy, nutrient availability, and light availability. We first revealed the relative importance of taxonomy, sediment, and water column on plant C:N:P stoichiometry using variance partitioning based on partial redundancy analyses. Results showed that taxonomy was the most important factor in determining C:N:P stoichiometry, then the water column and finally the sediment. In this study, a significant positive relationship was found between community C concentration and macrophyte community biomass, indicating that the local low C availability in macrophytes probably was the main reason why submerged macrophytes declined in Yangtze floodplain shallow lakes. Based on our study, it is suggested that submerged macrophytes in Yangtze floodplain shallow lakes are primarily limited by low light levels rather than nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Su
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Te Cao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wulai Xia
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Corrêa FF, Pereira MP, Madail RH, Santos BR, Barbosa S, Castro EM, Pereira FJ. Anatomical traits related to stress in high density populations of Typha angustifolia L. (Typhaceae). BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 77:52-59. [PMID: 27382995 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.09715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Some macrophytes species show a high growth potential, colonizing large areas on aquatic environments. Cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) uncontrolled growth causes several problems to human activities and local biodiversity, but this also may lead to competition and further problems for this species itself. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate anatomical modifications on T. angustifolia plants from different population densities, once it can help to understand its biology. Roots and leaves were collected from natural populations growing under high and low densities. These plant materials were fixed and submitted to usual plant microtechnique procedures. Slides were observed and photographed under light microscopy and images were analyzed in the UTHSCSA-Imagetool software. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and ten replicates, data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Scott-Knott test at p<0.05. Leaves from low density populations showed higher stomatal density and index. These modifications on stomatal characteristics were more evident on the leaf abaxial surface. Plants from low density populations showed thicker mesophyll and higher proportion of aerenchymal area. Roots from low density populations showed a higher proportion of the vascular cylinder. Whereas, plants from higher density populations showed greater thickness of the endodermis, exodermis, phloem and root cortex. Higher density populations showed a higher proportion of aerenchymal gaps in the root cortex. Therefore, cattail plants from populations growing under high density population show anatomical traits typical of plants under stress, which promotes the development of less functional anatomical modifications to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Corrêa
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - M P Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - R H Madail
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil
| | - B R Santos
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - S Barbosa
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - E M Castro
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - F J Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Martínez-Crego B, Arteaga P, Tomas F, Santos R. The Role of Seagrass Traits in Mediating Zostera noltei Vulnerability to Mesograzers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156848. [PMID: 27257679 PMCID: PMC4892680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how intra-specific differences in plant traits mediate vulnerability to herbivores of relevant habitat-forming plants is vital to attain a better knowledge on the drivers of the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Such studies, however, are rare in seagrass-mesograzer systems despite the increasingly recognized relevance of mesograzers as seagrass consumers. We investigated the role and potential trade-offs of multiple leaf traits in mediating the vulnerability of the seagrass Zostera noltei to different mesograzer species, the amphipod Gammarus insensibilis and the isopod Idotea chelipes. We worked with plants from two different meadows for which contrasting chemical and structural traits were expected based on previous information. We found that plants with high vulnerability to mesograzers (i.e. those preferred and subjected to higher rates of leaf area loss) had not only higher nitrogen content and lower C:N, fibre, and phenolics, but also tender and thinner leaves. No trade-offs between chemical and structural traits of the seagrass were detected, as they were positively correlated. When leaf physical structure was removed using agar-reconstituted food, amphipod preference towards high-susceptibility plants disappeared; thus indicating that structural rather than chemical traits mediated the feeding preference. Removal of plant structure reduced the size of isopod preference to less than half, indicating a stronger contribution of structural traits (> 50%) but combined with chemical/nutritional traits in mediating the preference. We then hypothesized that the high environmental nutrient levels recorded in the meadow exhibiting high susceptibility modulate the differences observed between meadows in seagrass traits. To test this hypothesis, we exposed low-vulnerability shoots to eutrophic nutrient levels in a 6-week enrichment experiment. Nutrient enrichment increased Z. noltei nitrogen content and lowered C:N, fibre, and phenolics, but had no effect on structural traits. Overall, our findings help to better understand the trait-mediated seagrass susceptibility to mesograzers and reinforce the increasingly recognized role of structural defences against herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Tomas
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rui Santos
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal
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Robionek A, Banaś K, Chmara R, Szmeja J. The avoidance strategy of environmental constraints by an aquatic plant Potamogeton alpinus in running waters. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3327-37. [PMID: 26380667 PMCID: PMC4569029 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic plants anchored in streams are under pressure from various constraints linked to the water flow and display strategies to prevent their damage or destruction. We assume that the responses of aquatic plants to fast-water flow are a manifestation of a trade-off consisting in either maximizing the resistance to damage (tolerance strategy) in minimizing the hydrodynamic forces (avoidance strategy), or both. Our main hypothesis was that Potamogeton alpinus demonstrate the avoidance strategy. We analyzed architecture traits of the modules of this clonal plant from slow- and fast-flowing streams. In fast-flowing waters, the avoidance strategy of P. alpinus is reflected by the following: (1) the presence of floating leaves that stabilize the vertical position of the stem and protect the inflorescence against immersion; (2) elongation of submerged leaves (weakens the pressure of water); and (3) shoot diameter reduction and increase in shoot density (weakens the pressure of water, increases shoot elasticity), and by contrast in slow-water flow include the following: (4) the absence of floating leaves in high intensity of light (avoiding unnecessary outlays on a redundant organ); (5) the presence of floating leaves in low intensity of light (avoidance of stress caused by an insufficient assimilation area of submerged leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Robionek
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 59, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Banaś
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 59, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Chmara
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 59, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Józef Szmeja
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 59, PL 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Experimental evidence for enhanced top-down control of freshwater macrophytes with nutrient enrichment. Oecologia 2014; 176:825-36. [PMID: 25194349 PMCID: PMC4207960 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of primary producers is controlled by bottom-up and top-down forces. Despite the fact that there is consensus that the abundance of freshwater macrophytes is strongly influenced by the availability of resources for plant growth, the importance of top-down control by vertebrate consumers is debated, because field studies yield contrasting results. We hypothesized that these bottom-up and top-down forces may interact, and that consumer impact on macrophyte abundance depends on the nutrient status of the water body. To test this hypothesis, experimental ponds with submerged vegetation containing a mixture of species were subjected to a fertilization treatment and we introduced consumers (mallard ducks, for 8 days) on half of the ponds in a full factorial design. Over the whole 66-day experiment fertilized ponds became dominated by Elodea nuttallii and ponds without extra nutrients by Chara globularis. Nutrient addition significantly increased plant N and P concentrations. There was a strong interactive effect of duck presence and pond nutrient status: macrophyte biomass was reduced (by 50 %) after the presence of the ducks on fertilized ponds, but not in the unfertilized ponds. We conclude that nutrient availability interacts with top-down control of submerged vegetation. This may be explained by higher plant palatability at higher nutrient levels, either by a higher plant nutrient concentration or by a shift towards dominance of more palatable plant species, resulting in higher consumer pressure. Including nutrient availability may offer a framework to explain part of the contrasting field observations of consumer control of macrophyte abundance.
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Wei LI, Liang HE, Tianshun ZHU, Te CAO, Xiaolin ZHANG, Leyi NI. Distribution and leaf C, N, P stoichiometry of Vallisneria natans in response to various water depths in a large mesotrophic lake, Lake Erhai, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.18307/2014.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Wu J, Hong J, Wang X, Sun J, Lu X, Fan J, Cai Y. Biomass partitioning and its relationship with the environmental factors at the alpine steppe in Northern Tibet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81986. [PMID: 24349170 PMCID: PMC3861368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpine steppe is considered to be the largest grassland type on the Tibetan Plateau. This grassland contributes to the global carbon cycle and is sensitive to climate changes. The allocation of biomass in an ecosystem affects plant growth and the overall functioning of the ecosystem. However, the mechanism by which plant biomass is allocated on the alpine steppe remains unclear. In this study, biomass allocation and its relationship to environmental factors on the alpine grassland were studied by a meta-analysis of 32 field sites across the alpine steppe of the northern Tibetan Plateau. We found that there is less above-ground biomass (MA) and below-ground biomass (MB) in the alpine steppe than there is in alpine meadows and temperate grasslands. By contrast, the root-to-shoot ratio (R:S) in the alpine steppe is higher than it is in alpine meadows and temperate grasslands. Although temperature maintained the biomass in the alpine steppe, precipitation was found to considerably influence MA, MB, and R:S, as shown by ordination space partitioning. After standardized major axis (SMA) analysis, we found that allocation of biomass on the alpine steppe is supported by the allometric biomass partitioning hypothesis rather than the isometric allocation hypothesis. Based on these results, we believe that MA and MB will decrease as a result of the increased aridity expected to occur in the future, which will reduce the landscape’s capacity for carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangtao Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
| | - Jihui Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjiang Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Its Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, CAS, Chengdu, China
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Cherif M, Loreau M. Plant-herbivore-decomposer stoichiometric mismatches and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122453. [PMID: 23303537 PMCID: PMC3574320 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant stoichiometry is thought to have a major influence on how herbivores affect nutrient availability in ecosystems. Most conceptual models predict that plants with high nutrient contents increase nutrient excretion by herbivores, in turn raising nutrient availability. To test this hypothesis, we built a stoichiometrically explicit model that includes a simple but thorough description of the processes of herbivory and decomposition. Our results challenge traditional views of herbivore impacts on nutrient availability in many ways. They show that the relationship between plant nutrient content and the impact of herbivores predicted by conceptual models holds only at high plant nutrient contents. At low plant nutrient contents, the impact of herbivores is mediated by the mineralization/immobilization of nutrients by decomposers and by the type of resource limiting the growth of decomposers. Both parameters are functions of the mismatch between plant and decomposer stoichiometries. Our work provides new predictions about the impacts of herbivores on ecosystem fertility that depend on critical interactions between plant, herbivore and decomposer stoichiometries in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Cherif
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Deng B, Shang X, Fang S, Li Q, Fu X, Su J. Integrated effects of light intensity and fertilization on growth and flavonoid accumulation in Cyclocarya paliurus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6286-92. [PMID: 22670661 DOI: 10.1021/jf301525s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus has been used for drug formulations and ingredients in functional foods in China. Field studies were conducted to examine the relationships between environmental factors and flavonoid accumulation. A split-plot randomized design was used to establish three shading treatments and three fertilization levels, and growth parameters and flavonoid contents were detected. The greatest biomass production was achieved in intermediate shade and fertilization treatment, and leaf production per seedling increased by 139.5% compared to the treatment without shade and fertilization. Overall, shade and fertilization had a significantly negative effect on contents of total flavonoid, kaempferol, quercetin, and isoquercitrin in leaves of C. paliurus. However, the greatest accumulation of total flavonoid in the leaves was observed in intermediate shade and fertilization treatment, achieving 364.4 g/plant. The results suggest that manipulating the field growing conditions and optimizing the silvicultural system would be important for obtaining the greatest yield of targeted health-promoting substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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46
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Arnold T, Mealey C, Leahey H, Miller AW, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M, Maers K. Ocean acidification and the loss of phenolic substances in marine plants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35107. [PMID: 22558120 PMCID: PMC3338829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO(2) often triggers the production of plant phenolics, including many that serve as herbivore deterrents, digestion reducers, antimicrobials, or ultraviolet sunscreens. Such responses are predicted by popular models of plant defense, especially resource availability models which link carbon availability to phenolic biosynthesis. CO(2) availability is also increasing in the oceans, where anthropogenic emissions cause ocean acidification, decreasing seawater pH and shifting the carbonate system towards further CO(2) enrichment. Such conditions tend to increase seagrass productivity but may also increase rates of grazing on these marine plants. Here we show that high CO(2) / low pH conditions of OA decrease, rather than increase, concentrations of phenolic protective substances in seagrasses and eurysaline marine plants. We observed a loss of simple and polymeric phenolics in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa near a volcanic CO(2) vent on the Island of Vulcano, Italy, where pH values decreased from 8.1 to 7.3 and pCO(2) concentrations increased ten-fold. We observed similar responses in two estuarine species, Ruppia maritima and Potamogeton perfoliatus, in in situ Free-Ocean-Carbon-Enrichment experiments conducted in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. These responses are strikingly different than those exhibited by terrestrial plants. The loss of phenolic substances may explain the higher-than-usual rates of grazing observed near undersea CO(2) vents and suggests that ocean acidification may alter coastal carbon fluxes by affecting rates of decomposition, grazing, and disease. Our observations temper recent predictions that seagrasses would necessarily be "winners" in a high CO(2) world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arnold
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Mealey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah Leahey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Whitman Miller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kelly Maers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE. Primary, secondary metabolites, H2O2, malondialdehyde and photosynthetic responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. to different irradiance levels. Molecules 2012; 17:1159-76. [PMID: 22286668 PMCID: PMC6268385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The resource availability hypothesis predicts an increase in the allocation to secondary metabolites when carbon gain is improved relative to nutrient availability, which normally occurs during periods of low irradiance. The present work was carried out to confirm this hypothesis by investigating the effects of decreasing irradiance on the production of plant secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics) in the herbal plant Orthosiphon stamineus, and to characterize this production by carbohydrate, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, net photosynthesis, leaf chlorophyll content and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). Four levels of irradiance (225, 500, 625 and 900 µmol/m2/s) were imposed onto two-week old seedlings for 12 weeks in a randomized complete block design experiment. Peak production of total flavonoids, phenolics, soluble sugar, starch and total non-structural carbohydrate ocurred under low irradiance of 225 µmol/m2/s, and decreased with increasing irradiance. The up-regulation of secondary metabolites could be explained by the concomitant increases in H2O2 and MDA activities under low irradiance. This condition also resulted in enhanced C/N ratio signifying a reduction in nitrogen levels, which had established significant negative correlations with net photosynthesis, total biomass and total chlorophyll content, indicating the possible existence of a trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism under low irradiance with reduced nitrogen content. The competition between total chlorophyll and secondary metabolites production, as exhibited by the negative correlation coefficient under low irradiance, also suggests a sign of gradual switch of investment from chlorophyll to polyphenols production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; or ; Tel.: +60-12-372-3585; Fax: +60-38-943-5973
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Roca-Pérez L, Martínez C, Marcilla P, Boluda R. Composting rice straw with sewage sludge and compost effects on the soil-plant system. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:781-7. [PMID: 19187949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Composting organic residue is an interesting alternative to recycling waste as the compost obtained may be used as organic fertilizer. This study aims to assess the composting process of rice straw and sewage sludge on a pilot-scale, to evaluate both the quality of the composts obtained and the effects of applying such compost on soil properties and plant development in pot experiments. Two piles, with shredded and non-shredded rice straw, were composted as static piles with passive aeration. Throughout the composting process, a number of parameters were determined, e.g. colour, temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, C/N ratio, humification index, cation exchange capacity, chemical oxygen demand, and germination index. Moreover, sandy and clayey soils were amended with different doses of mature compost and strewed with barley in pot experiments. The results show that compost made from shredded rice straw reached the temperatures required to maximise product sanitisation, and that the parameters indicating compost maturity were all positive; however, the humification index and NH(4) content were more selective. Therefore, using compost-amended soils at a dose of 34 Mg ha(-1) for sandy soil, and of 11 Mg ha(-1) for clayey soil improves soil properties and the growth of Hordeum vulgare plants. Under there conditions, the only limiting factor of agronomic compost utilisation was the increased soil salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roca-Pérez
- Dep. Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés i Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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LI HJ. RESPONSES OF VALLISNERIA NATANS TO REDUCED LIGHT AVAILABILITY AND NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1035.2008.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Erhard D, Pohnert G, Gross EM. Chemical defense in Elodea nuttallii reduces feeding and growth of aquatic herbivorous Lepidoptera. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:1646-61. [PMID: 17577598 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The submersed macrophyte Elodea nuttallii (Hydrocharitaceae) is invasive in Europe and frequently found in aquatic plant communities. Many invertebrate herbivores, such as larvae of the generalist aquatic moth, Acentria ephemerella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), avoid feeding on E. nuttallii and preferably consume native species. First instar larvae exhibited a high mortality on E. nuttallii compared to the native macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus. Mortality of older larvae was also high when fed E. nuttallii exposed to high light intensities. Growth of older larvae was strongly reduced on E. nuttallii compared to pondweeds (Potamogeton lucens). Neither differences in nitrogen nor phosphorus content explained the different performance on these submerged macrophytes, but plants differed in their flavonoid content. To investigate whether plant-derived allelochemicals from E. nuttallii affect larval performance in the same way as live plants, we developed a functional bioassay, in which Acentria larvae were reared on artificial diets. We offered larvae Potamogeton leaf disks coated with crude Elodea extracts and partially purified flavonoids. Elodea extracts deterred larvae from feeding on otherwise preferred Potamogeton leaves, and yet, unknown compounds in the extracts reduced growth and survival of Acentria. The flavonoid fraction containing luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide, apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide, and chrysoeriol-7-O-diglucuronide strongly reduced feeding of larvae, but did not increase mortality. The concentrations of these compounds in our assays were 0.01-0.09% of plant dry mass, which is in the lower range of concentrations found in the field (0.02-1.2%). Chemical defense in E. nuttallii thus plays an ecologically relevant role in this aquatic plant-herbivore system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Erhard
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Box M 659, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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