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Laurans M, Munoz F, Charles-Dominique T, Heuret P, Fortunel C, Isnard S, Sabatier SA, Caraglio Y, Violle C. Why incorporate plant architecture into trait-based ecology? Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:524-536. [PMID: 38212187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Trait-based ecology has improved our understanding of the functioning of organisms, communities, ecosystems, and beyond. However, its predictive ability remains limited as long as phenotypic integration and temporal dynamics are not considered. We highlight how the morphogenetic processes that shape the 3D development of a plant during its lifetime affect its performance. We show that the diversity of architectural traits allows us to go beyond organ-level traits in capturing the temporal and spatial dimensions of ecological niches and informing community assembly processes. Overall, we argue that consideration of multilevel topological, geometrical, and ontogenetic features provides a dynamic view of the whole-plant phenotype and a relevant framework for investigating phenotypic integration, plant adaptation and performance, and community structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Laurans
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - François Munoz
- LiPhy, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Tristan Charles-Dominique
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France; CNRS UMR7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Caraglio
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Zhao W, Ren TH, Huang XY, Xu Z, Zhou YZ, Yin CL, Zhao R, Liu SB, Ning TY, Li G. Leaf shape, planting density, and nitrogen application affect soybean yield by changing direct and diffuse light distribution in the canopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108071. [PMID: 37922647 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
When attempting to maximize the crop yield from field-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) by means of improving the light conditions for photosynthesis in the canopy, it is crucial to find the optimal planting density and nitrogen application rate. The soybean plants that were the subject of our experiment were cultivated in N-dense mutual pairs, and included two cultivars with different leaf shapes; one cultivar sported ovate leaves (O-type) and the other lanceolate leaves (L-type). We analyzed the results quantitatively to determine the amount of spatial variation in light distribution and photosynthetic efficiency across the canopy, and to gauge the effect of the experimental parameters on the yield as well as the photosynthetic light and nitrogen use efficiency of the crop. Results indicate that the different leaf shapes were responsible for significant disparities between the photosynthetic utilization of direct and diffuse light. As the nitrogen fertilizer rate and the planting density increased, the soybean plants responded by adjusting leaf morphology in order to maximize the canopy apparent photosynthetic light use efficiency, which in turn affected the leaf nitrogen distribution in the canopy. Despite the fact that the light interception rate of the canopy of the L-type cultivar was lower than that of the canopy of the O-type cultivar, we found its canopy apparent photosynthetic nitrogen and light use efficiency were higher. It was interesting to note, however, that the nitrogen and light use efficiency contributions associated with exposure to diffuse light were greater for the latter than for the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Ting-Hu Ren
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Huang
- Jining Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jining, Shandong, 272075, PR China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Hansha Scientific Instruments Limited, Tai'an, Shandong, 271099, PR China
| | - Yan-Zheng Zhou
- Jining Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jining, Shandong, 272075, PR China
| | - Cheng-Long Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Sheng-Bo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Tang-Yuan Ning
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
| | - Geng Li
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
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Mediavilla S, Escudero A. Branch architecture in relation to canopy positions in three Mediterranean oaks. Oecologia 2023; 201:915-927. [PMID: 36932216 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Branch architecture is a key determinant of plant performance owing to its role in a light interception by photosynthetic tissues. However, under stressed conditions, excess light may be harmful to the photosynthetic apparatus, and plants often present structural mechanisms to avoid photoinhibition. Three-dimensional models were constructed of the aerial parts in different locations within the crown of three co-occurring tree species (Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Q. faginea) growing in a Mediterranean environment. We hypothesized that the species with the shorter leaf life span would exhibit higher leaf display efficiency (silhouette to total leaf area, STAR), maximizing light interception and photosynthesis in the short term. In addition, more exposed positions within a canopy should develop more structural avoidance mechanisms to minimize excessive radiation. Significant differences were detected in architectural traits at both the intra- and interspecific level. Architectural traits promoting greater self-shading were more frequent in the species with longer leaf longevity and in the canopy locations experiencing higher temperatures at the times of maximum sunlight. However, these trends were in part counteracted by the changes in individual leaf area, which tended to be larger in the species with shorter leaf longevity and in the less exposed canopy locations. We conclude that the variation in architectural traits occurs mainly as a means to avoid the excessive self-shading of branches with the largest leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Área de Ecología, Campus Unamuno s/n 37071., Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Área de Ecología, Campus Unamuno s/n 37071., Salamanca, Spain.
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Pepe M, Gratani L, Crescente MF, Puglielli G, Varone L. Daily Temperature Effect on Seedling Growth Dynamic of Three Invasive Alien Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837449. [PMID: 35401595 PMCID: PMC8990299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A greater relative growth rate (RGR) is positively correlated with a species' ability to deploy a larger leaf area either due to a greater total number of leaves (LN) in the canopy or due to an average size of individual leaves (LA). This study aimed to analyze and compare, (1) the temporal (i.e., daily) RGR, leaf production rate (LPR), and leaf area production rate (LAPR) changes during the early growth stages of three among the most invasive species in the world, namely, Ailanthus altissima, Phytolacca americana, and Robinia pseudoacacia. (2) the interspecific differences in the relationship between RGR, LPR, LAPR, and mean daily air temperature. Our results show that growth dynamics as a function of temperature differ between invasive alien species (IAS). While these differences are partly explained by differences due to the growth form of the investigated species, the three IAS have a different behavior to adjust RGR, LPR, and LAPR with air temperature changes even within the same growth form, and in agreement with species habitat requirements in their native range. In conclusion, the results help disentangle the relative role of RGR, LPR, and LAPR in defining non-native species growth responses to mean daily air temperature also in relation to a species' growth form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pepe
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Gratani
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Puglielli
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Laura Varone
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Zheng B, Zhao W, Ren T, Zhang X, Ning T, Liu P, Li G. Low Light Increases the Abundance of Light Reaction Proteins: Proteomics Analysis of Maize ( Zea mays L.) Grown at High Planting Density. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063015. [PMID: 35328436 PMCID: PMC8955883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is usually planted at high density, so most of its leaves grow in low light. Certain morphological and physiological traits improve leaf photosynthetic capacity under low light, but how light absorption, transmission, and transport respond at the proteomic level remains unclear. Here, we used tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics to investigate maize photosynthesis-related proteins under low light due to dense planting, finding increased levels of proteins related to photosystem II (PSII), PSI, and cytochrome b6f. These increases likely promote intersystem electron transport and increased PSI end electron acceptor abundance. OJIP transient curves revealed increases in some fluorescence parameters under low light: quantum yield for electron transport (φEo), probability that an electron moves beyond the primary acceptor QA- (ψo), efficiency/probability of electron transfer from intersystem electron carriers to reduction end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side (δRo), quantum yield for reduction of end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side (φRo), and overall performance up to the PSI end electron acceptors (PItotal). Thus, densely planted maize shows elevated light utilization through increased electron transport efficiency, which promotes coordination between PSII and PSI, as reflected by higher apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), lower light compensation point (LCP), and lower dark respiration rate (Rd).
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Ahrens CW, Andrew ME, Mazanec RA, Ruthrof KX, Challis A, Hardy G, Byrne M, Tissue DT, Rymer PD. Plant functional traits differ in adaptability and are predicted to be differentially affected by climate change. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:232-248. [PMID: 31988725 PMCID: PMC6972804 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is testing the resilience of forests worldwide pushing physiological tolerance to climatic extremes. Plant functional traits have been shown to be adapted to climate and have evolved patterns of trait correlations (similar patterns of distribution) and coordinations (mechanistic trade-off). We predicted that traits would differentiate between populations associated with climatic gradients, suggestive of adaptive variation, and correlated traits would adapt to future climate scenarios in similar ways.We measured genetically determined trait variation and described patterns of correlation for seven traits: photochemical reflectance index (PRI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf size (LS), specific leaf area (SLA), δ13C (integrated water-use efficiency, WUE), nitrogen concentration (NCONC), and wood density (WD). All measures were conducted in an experimental plantation on 960 trees sourced from 12 populations of a key forest canopy species in southwestern Australia.Significant differences were found between populations for all traits. Narrow-sense heritability was significant for five traits (0.15-0.21), indicating that natural selection can drive differentiation; however, SLA (0.08) and PRI (0.11) were not significantly heritable. Generalized additive models predicted trait values across the landscape for current and future climatic conditions (>90% variance). The percent change differed markedly among traits between current and future predictions (differing as little as 1.5% (δ13C) or as much as 30% (PRI)). Some trait correlations were predicted to break down in the future (SLA:NCONC, δ13C:PRI, and NCONC:WD).Synthesis: Our results suggest that traits have contrasting genotypic patterns and will be subjected to different climate selection pressures, which may lower the working optimum for functional traits. Further, traits are independently associated with different climate factors, indicating that some trait correlations may be disrupted in the future. Genetic constraints and trait correlations may limit the ability for functional traits to adapt to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin W. Ahrens
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Margaret E. Andrew
- Environmental & Conservation SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Richard A. Mazanec
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensingtonWAAustralia
| | - Katinka X. Ruthrof
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensingtonWAAustralia
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and ManagementEnvironmental & Conservation SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Anthea Challis
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Giles Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and ManagementEnvironmental & Conservation SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWAAustralia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceWestern Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensingtonWAAustralia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | - Paul D. Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
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7
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Lusk CH, Grierson ERP, Laughlin DC. Large leaves in warm, moist environments confer an advantage in seedling light interception efficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1319-1327. [PMID: 30985943 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf size varies conspicuously along environmental gradients. Small leaves help plants cope with drought and frost, because of the effect of leaf size on boundary layer conductance; it is less clear what advantage large leaves confer in benign environments. We asked if large leaves give species of warm climates an advantage in seedling light interception efficiency over small-leaved species from colder environments. We measured seedling leaf, architectural and biomass distribution traits of 18 New Zealand temperate rainforest evergreens; we then used a 3-D digitiser and the Yplant program to model leaf area display and light interception. Species associated with mild climates on average had larger leaves and larger specific leaf areas (SLA) than those from cold climates, and displayed larger effective foliage areas per unit of aboveground biomass, indicating higher light interception efficiency at whole-plant level. This reflected differences in total foliage area, rather than in self-shading. Our findings advance the understanding of leaf size by showing that large leaves enable seedlings of species with highly conductive (but frost-sensitive) xylem to deploy large foliage areas without increasing self-shading. Leaf size variation along temperature gradients in humid forests may therefore reflect a trade-off between seedling light interception efficiency and susceptibility to frost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Ella R P Grierson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Sandringham 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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Perez RPA, Dauzat J, Pallas B, Lamour J, Verley P, Caliman JP, Costes E, Faivre R. Designing oil palm architectural ideotypes for optimal light interception and carbon assimilation through a sensitivity analysis of leaf traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:909-926. [PMID: 29293866 PMCID: PMC5906926 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Enhancement of light harvesting in annual crops has successfully led to yield increases since the green revolution. Such an improvement has mainly been achieved by selecting plants with optimal canopy architecture for specific agronomic practices. For perennials such as oil palm, breeding programmes were focused more on fruit yield, but now aim at exploring more complex traits. The aim of the present study is to investigate potential improvements in light interception and carbon assimilation in the study case of oil palm, by manipulating leaf traits and proposing architectural ideotypes. Methods Sensitivity analyses (Morris method and metamodel) were performed on a functional-structural plant model recently developed for oil palm which takes into account genetic variability, in order to virtually assess the impact of plant architecture on light interception efficiency and potential carbon acquisition. Key Results The most sensitive parameters found over plant development were those related to leaf area (rachis length, number of leaflets, leaflet morphology), although fine attributes related to leaf geometry showed increasing influence when the canopy became closed. In adult stands, optimized carbon assimilation was estimated on plants with a leaf area index between 3.2 and 5.5 m2 m-2 (corresponding to usual agronomic conditions), with erect leaves, short rachis and petiole, and high number of leaflets on the rachis. Four architectural ideotypes for carbon assimilation are proposed based on specific combinations of organ dimensions and arrangement that limit mutual shading and optimize light distribution within the plant crown. Conclusions A rapid set-up of leaf area is critical at young age to optimize light interception and subsequently carbon acquisition. At the adult stage, optimization of carbon assimilation could be achieved through specific combinations of architectural traits. The proposition of multiple morphotypes with comparable level of carbon assimilation opens the way to further investigate ideotypes carrying an optimal trade-off between carbon assimilation, plant transpiration and biomass partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël P A Perez
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Dauzat
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, SupAgro, Monpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Verley
- IRD, UMR AMAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, SupAgro, Monpellier, France
| | - Robert Faivre
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, INRA, UR875 MIAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Yao H, Zhang Y, Yi X, Zhang X, Fan D, Chow WS, Zhang W. Diaheliotropic leaf movement enhances leaf photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic light and nitrogen use efficiency via optimising nitrogen partitioning among photosynthetic components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:213-222. [PMID: 29222927 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phototropic leaf movement of plants is an effective mechanism for adapting to light conditions. Light is the major driver of plant photosynthesis. Leaf N is also an important limiting factor on leaf photosynthetic potential. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) exhibits diaheliotropic leaf movement. Here, we compared the long-term photosynthetic acclimation of fixed leaves (restrained) and free leaves (allowed free movement) in cotton. The fixed leaves and free leaves were used for determination of PAR, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf N content and leaf gas exchange. The measurements were conducted under clear sky conditions at 0, 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment (DAT). The results showed that leaf N allocation and partitioning among different components of the photosynthetic apparatus were significantly affected by diaheliotropic leaf movement. Diaheliotropic leaf movement significantly increased light interception per unit leaf area, which in turn affected leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf N content (NA ) and leaf N allocation to photosynthesis (NP ). In addition, cotton leaves optimised leaf N allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus by adjusting leaf mass per area and NA in response to optimal light interception. In the presence of diaheliotropic leaf movement, cotton leaves optimised their structural tissue and photosynthetic characteristics, such as LMA, NA and leaf N allocation to photosynthesis, so that leaf photosynthetic capacity was maximised to improve the photosynthetic use efficiency of light and N under high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Y Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - X Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - X Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - D Fan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - W S Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - W Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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10
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Osada N, Hiura T. How is light interception efficiency related to shoot structure in tall canopy species? Oecologia 2017; 185:29-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Hu X, Zhang W, Zhou J. Plastic Responses in Tree Architecture to Different Light Intensity Habitats: A Case of Chinese Cork Oak. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2016.64.4.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Laurans M, Vincent G. Are inter- and intraspecific variations of sapling crown traits consistent with a strategy promoting light capture in tropical moist forest? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:983-996. [PMID: 27489160 PMCID: PMC5055821 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Morphological variation in light-foraging strategies potentially plays important roles in efficient light utilization and carbon assimilation in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments such as tropical moist forest understorey. By considering a suite of morphological traits at various hierarchical scales, we examined the functional significance of crown shape diversity and plasticity in response to canopy openness. Methods We conducted a field comparative study in French Guiana among tree saplings of 14 co-occurring species differing in light-niche optimum and breadth. Each leaf, axis or crown functional trait was characterized by a median value and a degree of plasticity expressed under contrasting light regimes. Key Results We found divergent patterns between shade-tolerant and heliophilic species on the one hand and between shade and sun plants on the other. Across species, multiple regression analysis showed that relative crown depth was positively correlated with leaf lifespan and not correlated with crown vertical growth rate. Within species displaying a reduction in crown depth in the shade, we observed that crown depth was limited by reduced crown vertical growth rate and not by accelerated leaf or branch shedding. In addition, the study provides contrasting examples of morphological multilevel plastic responses, which allow the maintenance of efficient foliage and enable effective whole-plant light capture in shaded conditions under a moderate vertical light gradient. Conclusions This result suggests that plastic adjustment of relative crown depth does not reflect a strategy maximizing light capture efficiency. Integrating and scaling-up leaf-level dynamics to shoot- and crown-level helps to interpret in functional and adaptive terms inter- and intraspecific patterns of crown traits and to better understand the mechanism of shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Laurans
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gregoire Vincent
- IRD, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS1, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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13
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Guzmán Q JA, Cordero S RA. Neighborhood structure influences the convergence in light capture efficiency and carbon gain: an architectural approach for cloud forest shrubs. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:712-724. [PMID: 27013125 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although plant competition is recognized as a fundamental factor that limits survival and species coexistence, its relative importance on light capture efficiency and carbon gain is not well understood. Here, we propose a new framework to explain the effects of neighborhood structures and light availability on plant attributes and their effect on plant performance in two understory shade-tolerant species (Palicourea padifolia (Roem. & Schult.) C.M. Taylor & Lorence and Psychotria elata (Swartz)) within two successional stages of a cloud forest in Costa Rica. Features of plant neighborhood physical structure and light availability, estimated by hemispherical photographs, were used to characterize the plant competition. Plant architecture, leaf attributes and gas exchange parameters extracted from the light-response curve were used as functional plant attributes, while an index of light capture efficiency (silhouette to total area ratio, averaged over all viewing angles, STAR) and carbon gain were used as indicators of plant performance. This framework is based in a partial least square Path model, which suggests that changes in plant performance in both species were affected in two ways: (i) increasing size and decreasing distance of neighbors cause changes in plant architecture (higher crown density and greater leaf dispersion), which contribute to lower STAR and subsequently lower carbon gain; and (ii) reductions in light availability caused by the neighbors also decrease plant carbon gain. The effect of neighbors on STAR and carbon gain were similar for the two forests sites, which were at different stages of succession, suggesting that the architectural changes of the two understory species reflect functional convergence in response to plant competition. Because STAR and carbon gain are variables that depend on multiple plant attributes and environmental characteristics, we suggest that changes in these features can be used as a whole-plant response approach to detect environmental filtering in highly diverse tropical forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Guzmán Q
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biología, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 11501, Costa Rica Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto A Cordero S
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
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Trocha LK, Weiser E, Robakowski P. Interactive effects of juvenile defoliation, light conditions, and interspecific competition on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris seedlings. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:47-56. [PMID: 26003665 PMCID: PMC4700103 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of forest tree species are exposed to a number of abiotic (organ loss or damage, light shortage) and biotic (interspecific competition) stress factors, which may lead to an inhibition of growth and reproduction and, eventually, to plant death. Growth of the host and its mycorrhizal symbiont is often closely linked, and hence, host damage may negatively affect the symbiont. We designed a pot experiment to study the response of light-demanding Pinus sylvestris and shade-tolerant Fagus sylvatica seedlings to a set of abiotic and biotic stresses and subsequent effects on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tip colonization, seedling biomass, and leaf nitrogen content. The light regime had a more pronounced effect on ECM colonization than did juvenile damage. The interspecific competition resulted in higher ECM root tip abundance for Pinus, but this effect was insignificant in Fagus. Low light and interspecific competition resulted in lower seedling biomass compared to high light, and the effect of the latter was partially masked by high light. Leaf nitrogen responded differently in Fagus and Pinus when they grew in interspecific competition. Our results indicated that for both light-demanding (Pinus) and shade-tolerant (Fagus) species, the light environment was a major factor affecting seedling growth and ECM root tip abundance. The light conditions favorable for the growth of seedlings may to some extent compensate for the harmful effects of juvenile organ loss or damage and interspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia K Trocha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Ewa Weiser
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Piotr Robakowski
- Department of Forestry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71E, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Pieruschka R, Albrecht H, Muller O, Berry JA, Klimov D, Kolber ZS, Malenovský Z, Rascher U. Daily and seasonal dynamics of remotely sensed photosynthetic efficiency in tree canopies. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:674-685. [PMID: 24924438 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthesis of various species or even a single plant varies dramatically in time and space, creating great spatial heterogeneity within a plant canopy. Continuous and spatially explicit monitoring is, therefore, required to assess the dynamic response of plant photosynthesis to the changing environment. This is a very challenging task when using the existing portable field instrumentation. This paper reports on the application of a technique, laser-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT), developed for ground remote measurement of photosynthetic efficiency at a distance of up to 50 m. The LIFT technique was used to monitor the seasonal dynamics of selected leaf groups within inaccessible canopies of deciduous and evergreen tree species. Electron transport rates computed from LIFT measurements varied over the growth period between the different species studied. The LIFT canopy data and light-use efficiency measured under field conditions correlated reasonably well with the single-leaf pulse amplitude-modulated measurements of broadleaf species, but differed significantly in the case of conifer tree species. The LIFT method has proven to be applicable for a remote sensing assessment of photosynthetic parameters on a diurnal and seasonal scale; further investigation is, however, needed to evaluate the influence of complex heterogeneous canopy structures on LIFT-measured chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Pieruschka
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hendrik Albrecht
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Onno Muller
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Denis Klimov
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Zbigniew S Kolber
- Department of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zbyněk Malenovský
- Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 76, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Uwe Rascher
- 1Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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16
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Smith DD, Sperry JS, Enquist BJ, Savage VM, McCulloh KA, Bentley LP. Deviation from symmetrically self-similar branching in trees predicts altered hydraulics, mechanics, light interception and metabolic scaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:217-229. [PMID: 24102299 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The West, Brown, Enquist (WBE) model derives symmetrically self-similar branching to predict metabolic scaling from hydraulic conductance, K, (a metabolism proxy) and tree mass (or volume, V). The original prediction was Kα V(0.75). We ask whether trees differ from WBE symmetry and if it matters for plant function and scaling. We measure tree branching and model how architecture influences K, V, mechanical stability, light interception and metabolic scaling. We quantified branching architecture by measuring the path fraction, Pf : mean/maximum trunk-to-twig pathlength. WBE symmetry produces the maximum, Pf = 1.0. We explored tree morphospace using a probability-based numerical model constrained only by biomechanical principles. Real tree Pf ranged from 0.930 (nearly symmetric) to 0.357 (very asymmetric). At each modeled tree size, a reduction in Pf led to: increased K; decreased V; increased mechanical stability; and decreased light absorption. When Pf was ontogenetically constant, strong asymmetry only slightly steepened metabolic scaling. The Pf ontogeny of real trees, however, was 'U' shaped, resulting in size-dependent metabolic scaling that exceeded 0.75 in small trees before falling below 0.65. Architectural diversity appears to matter considerably for whole-tree hydraulics, mechanics, photosynthesis and potentially metabolic scaling. Optimal architectures likely exist that maximize carbon gain per structural investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Van M Savage
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Katherine A McCulloh
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR , 97331, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lisa P Bentley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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18
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Geographical variation in growth form traits in Quercus suber and its relation to population evolutionary history. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Silveira FAO, Oliveira EG. Does plant architectural complexity increase with increasing habitat complexity? A test with a pioneer shrub in the Brazilian Cerrado. BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 73:271-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding variation in plant traits in heterogeneous habitats is important to predict responses to changing environments, but trait-environment associations are poorly known along ecological gradients. We tested the hypothesis that plant architectural complexity increases with habitat complexity along a soil fertility gradient in a Cerrado (Neotropical savanna) area in southeastern Brazil. Plant architecture and productivity (estimated as the total number of healthy infructescences) of Miconia albicans (SW.) Triana were examined in three types of vegetation which together form a natural gradient of increasing soil fertility, tree density and canopy cover: grasslands (campo sujo, CS), shrublands (cerrado sensu strico, CE) and woodlands (cerradão, CD). As expected, plants growing at the CS were shorter and had a lower branching pattern, whereas plants at the CD were the tallest. Unexpectedly, however, CD plants did not show higher architectural complexity compared to CE plants. Higher architectural similarity between CE and CD plants compared to similarity between CS and CE plants suggests reduced expression of functional architectural traits under shade. Plants growing at the CE produced more quaternary shoots, leading to a larger number of infructescences. This higher plant productivity in CE indicates that trait variation in ecological gradients is more complex than previously thought. Nematode-induced galls accounted for fruit destruction in 76.5% infructescences across physiognomies, but percentage of attack was poorly related to architectural variables. Our data suggest shade-induced limitation in M. albicans architecture, and point to complex phenotypic variation in heterogeneous habitats in Neotropical savannas.
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Affiliation(s)
- FAO Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, Brazil
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20
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Song Q, Zhang G, Zhu XG. Optimal crop canopy architecture to maximise canopy photosynthetic CO 2 uptake under elevated CO 2 - a theoretical study using a mechanistic model of canopy photosynthesis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:108-124. [PMID: 32481092 DOI: 10.1071/fp12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Canopy architecture has been a major target in crop breeding for improved yields. Whether crop architectures in current elite crop cultivars can be modified for increased canopy CO2 uptake rate (Ac) under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca) is currently unknown. To study this question, we developed a new model of canopy photosynthesis, which includes three components: (i) a canopy architectural model; (ii) a forward ray tracing algorithm; and (iii) a steady-state biochemical model of C3 photosynthesis. With this model, we demonstrated that the Ac estimated from 'average' canopy light conditions is ~25% higher than that from light conditions at individual points in the canopy. We also evaluated theoretically the influence of canopy architectural on Ac under current and future Ca in rice. Simulation results suggest that to gain an optimal Ac for the examined rice cultivar, the stem height, leaf width and leaf angles can be manipulated to enhance canopy photosynthesis. This model provides a framework for designing ideal crop architectures to gain optimal Ac under future changing climate conditions. A close linkage between canopy photosynthesis modelling and canopy photosynthesis measurements is required to fully realise the potential of such modelling approaches in guiding crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology and CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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21
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Gspaltl M, Bauerle W, Binkley D, Sterba H. Leaf area and light use efficiency patterns of Norway spruce under different thinning regimes and age classes. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 288:49-59. [PMID: 25540477 PMCID: PMC4268600 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Silviculture focuses on establishing forest stand conditions that improve the stand increment. Knowledge about the efficiency of an individual tree is essential to be able to establish stand structures that increase tree resource use efficiency and stand level production. Efficiency is often expressed as stem growth per unit leaf area (leaf area efficiency), or per unit of light absorbed (light use efficiency). We tested the hypotheses that: (1) volume increment relates more closely with crown light absorption than leaf area, since one unit of leaf area can receive different amounts of light due to competition with neighboring trees and self-shading, (2) dominant trees use light more efficiently than suppressed trees and (3) thinning increases the efficiency of light use by residual trees, partially accounting for commonly observed increases in post-thinning growth. We investigated eight even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands at Bärnkopf, Austria, spanning three age classes (mature, immature and pole-stage) and two thinning regimes (thinned and unthinned). Individual leaf area was calculated with allometric equations and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation was estimated for each tree using the three-dimensional crown model Maestra. Absorbed photosynthetically active radiation was only a slightly better predictor of volume increment than leaf area. Light use efficiency increased with increasing tree size in all stands, supporting the second hypothesis. At a given tree size, trees from the unthinned plots were more efficient, however, due to generally larger tree sizes in the thinned stands, an average tree from the thinned treatment was superior (not congruent in all plots, thus only partly supporting the third hypothesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gspaltl
- Institute of Forest Growth, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - William Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dan Binkley
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hubert Sterba
- Institute of Forest Growth, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Lusk CH, Pérez-Millaqueo MM, Saldaña A, Burns BR, Laughlin DC, Falster DS. Seedlings of temperate rainforest conifer and angiosperm trees differ in leaf area display. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:177-88. [PMID: 22585929 PMCID: PMC3380592 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The contemporary relegation of conifers mainly to cold or infertile sites has been ascribed to low competitive ability, as a result of the hydraulic inefficiency of tracheids and their seedlings' initial dependence on small foliage areas. Here it is hypothesized that, in temperate rainforests, the larger leaves of angiosperms also reduce self-shading and thus enable display of larger effective foliage areas than the numerous small leaves of conifers. METHODS This hypothesis was tested using 3-D modelling of plant architecture and structural equation modelling to compare self-shading and light interception potential of seedlings of six conifers and 12 angiosperm trees from temperate rainforests. The ratio of displayed leaf area to plant mass (LAR(d)) was used to indicate plant light interception potential: LAR(d) is the product of specific leaf area, leaf mass fraction, self-shading and leaf angle. RESULTS Angiosperm seedlings self-shaded less than conifers, mainly because of differences in leaf number (more than leaf size), and on average their LAR(d) was about twice that of conifers. Although specific leaf area was the most pervasive influence on LAR(d), differences in self-shading also significantly influenced LAR(d) of large seedlings. CONCLUSIONS The ability to deploy foliage in relatively few, large leaves is advantageous in minimizing self-shading and enhancing seedling light interception potential per unit of plant biomass. This study adds significantly to evidence that vegetative traits may be at least as important as reproductive innovations in explaining the success of angiosperms in productive environments where vegetation is structured by light competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Duursma RA, Falster DS, Valladares F, Sterck FJ, Pearcy RW, Lusk CH, Sendall KM, Nordenstahl M, Houter NC, Atwell BJ, Kelly N, Kelly JWG, Liberloo M, Tissue DT, Medlyn BE, Ellsworth DS. Light interception efficiency explained by two simple variables: a test using a diversity of small- to medium-sized woody plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:397-408. [PMID: 22066945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
• Plant light interception efficiency is a crucial determinant of carbon uptake by individual plants and by vegetation. Our aim was to identify whole-plant variables that summarize complex crown architecture, which can be used to predict light interception efficiency. • We gathered the largest database of digitized plants to date (1831 plants of 124 species), and estimated a measure of light interception efficiency with a detailed three-dimensional model. Light interception efficiency was defined as the ratio of the hemispherically averaged displayed to total leaf area. A simple model was developed that uses only two variables, crown density (the ratio of leaf area to total crown surface area) and leaf dispersion (a measure of the degree of aggregation of leaves). • The model explained 85% of variation in the observed light interception efficiency across the digitized plants. Both whole-plant variables varied across species, with differences in leaf dispersion related to leaf size. Within species, light interception efficiency decreased with total leaf number. This was a result of changes in leaf dispersion, while crown density remained constant. • These results provide the basis for a more general understanding of the role of plant architecture in determining the efficiency of light harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
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Lusk CH, Pérez-Millaqueo MM, Piper FI, Saldaña A. Ontogeny, understorey light interception and simulated carbon gain of juvenile rainforest evergreens differing in shade tolerance. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:419-28. [PMID: 21856637 PMCID: PMC3158685 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A long-running debate centres on whether shade tolerance of tree seedlings is mainly a function of traits maximizing net carbon gain in low light, or of traits minimizing carbon loss. To test these alternatives, leaf display, light-interception efficiency, and simulated net daily carbon gain of juvenile temperate evergreens of differing shade tolerance were measured, and how these variables are influenced by ontogeny was queried. METHODS The biomass distribution of juveniles (17-740 mm tall) of seven temperate rainforest evergreens growing in low (approx. 4 %) light in the understorey of a second-growth stand was quantified. Daytime and night-time gas exchange rates of leaves were also determined, and crown architecture was recorded digitally. YPLANT was used to model light interception and carbon gain. RESULTS An index of species shade tolerance correlated closely with photosynthetic capacities and respiration rates per unit mass of leaves, but only weakly with respiration per unit area. Accumulation of many leaf cohorts by shade-tolerant species meant that their ratios of foliage area to biomass (LAR) decreased more gradually with ontogeny than those of light-demanders, but also increased self-shading; this depressed the foliage silhouette-to-area ratio (STAR), which was used as an index of light-interception efficiency. As a result, displayed leaf area ratio (LAR(d) = LAR × STAR) of large seedlings was not related to species shade tolerance. Self-shading also caused simulated net daily carbon assimilation rates of shade-tolerant species to decrease with ontogeny, leading to a negative correlation of shade tolerance with net daily carbon gain of large (500 mm tall) seedlings in the understorey. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that efficiency of energy capture is not an important correlate of shade tolerance in temperate rainforest evergreens. Ontogenetic increases in self-shading largely nullify the potential carbon gain advantages expected to result from low respiration rates and long leaf lifespans in shade-tolerant evergreens. The main advantage of their long-lived leaves is probably in reducing the costs of crown maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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25
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Valladares F, Gianoli E, Saldaña A. Climbing plants in a temperate rainforest understorey: searching for high light or coping with deep shade? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:231-9. [PMID: 21685433 PMCID: PMC3143042 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While the climbing habit allows vines to reach well-lit canopy areas with a minimum investment in support biomass, many of them have to survive under the dim understorey light during certain stages of their life cycle. But, if the growth/survival trade-off widely reported for trees hold for climbing plants, they cannot maximize both light-interception efficiency and shade avoidance (i.e. escaping from the understorey). The seven most important woody climbers occurring in a Chilean temperate evergreen rainforest were studied with the hypothesis that light-capture efficiency of climbers would be positively associated with their abundance in the understorey. METHODS Species abundance in the understorey was quantified from their relative frequency and density in field plots, the light environment was quantified by hemispherical photography, the photosynthetic response to light was measured with portable gas-exchange analyser, and the whole shoot light-interception efficiency and carbon gain was estimated with the 3-D computer model Y-plant. KEY RESULTS Species differed in specific leaf area, leaf mass fraction, above ground leaf area ratio, light-interception efficiency and potential carbon gain. Abundance of species in the understorey was related to whole shoot features but not to leaf level features such as specific leaf area. Potential carbon gain was inversely related to light-interception efficiency. Mutual shading among leaves within a shoot was very low (<20 %). CONCLUSIONS The abundance of climbing plants in this southern rainforest understorey was directly related to their capacity to intercept light efficiently but not to their potential carbon gain. The most abundant climbers in this ecosystem match well with a shade-tolerance syndrome in contrast to the pioneer-like nature of climbers observed in tropical studies. The climbers studied seem to sacrifice high-light searching for coping with the dim understorey light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Valladares
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Niinemets Ü. A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance. Ecol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ishii H, Yoshimura KI, Mori A. Convergence of leaf display and photosynthetic characteristics of understory Abies amabilis and Tsuga heterophylla in an old-growth forest in southwestern Washington State, USA. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:989-998. [PMID: 19525494 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We compared the morphological and physiological characteristics of understory trees of Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. growing adjacent to each other in an old-growth forest in southwestern Washington State, USA. We hypothesized that, despite contrasting branching patterns and crown architectures, the two species should exhibit convergence in leaf display and photosynthetic gain per light intercepting area, because these are important properties determining their survival in the light-limited understory. The branching pattern of A. amabilis was regular (normal shoot-length distribution, less variable branching angle and bifurcation ratio), whereas that of T. heterophylla was more plastic (positively skewed shoot-length distribution, more variable branching angle and bifurcation ratio). The two species had similar shoot morphologies: number of leaves per unit shoot length and leaf to axis dry mass ratio. Leaf morphology, in contrast, was significantly different. Leaves of A. amabilis were larger and heavier than those of T. heterophylla, which resulted in lower mass-based photosynthetic rate for A. amabilis. Despite these differences, the two species had similar levels of leaf overlap and area-based photosynthetic characteristics. Needle longevity of A. amabilis was nearly twice that of T. heterophylla. The leaf N contents of current and 1-year-old leaves were lower for A. amabilis than for T. heterophylla. However, the leaf N content of A. amabilis did not change from current leaves to 6-year-old leaves, whereas that of T. heterophylla decreased with increasing leaf age. Abies amabilis had deeper crowns than T. heterophylla and retained branches with low relative growth rates. Longer branch retention may compensate for the lower branch-level assimilation rate of A. amabilis. We inferred that the convergence of leaf display and photosynthetic characteristics between A. amabilis and T. heterophylla may contribute to the persistence of both species in the understory of this forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Piper FI, Reyes-Díaz M, Corcuera LJ, Lusk CH. Carbohydrate storage, survival, and growth of two evergreen Nothofagus species in two contrasting light environments. Ecol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-009-0606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Niinemets Ü, Anten NPR. Packing the Photosynthetic Machinery: From Leaf to Canopy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SILICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zheng B, Shi L, Ma Y, Deng Q, Li B, Guo Y. Comparison of architecture among different cultivars of hybrid rice using a spatial light model based on 3-D digitising. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:900-910. [PMID: 32688841 DOI: 10.1071/fp08060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modification of plant types (i.e. plant architecture) is an important strategy to enhance the yield potential of crops. The aims of this study were to specify rice plant types using 3-D modelling methodology. The architecture of three typical hybrid rice cultivars were measured in situ in a paddy field using a 3-D digitiser at four development stages from the panicle initiation to the filling stage. The structural parameters of the rice canopies were calculated and their light capture and potential carbon gain were simulated based on a 3-D light model. The results confirmed that a plant type with steeper leaf angles let light penetrate more deeply with relatively uniform light distribution in the canopy at higher sun elevation angles, although this result was related to leaf area index. The variations of plant types, however, did not convert into differences of light distribution across rice varieties at lower sun elevation angles. Light use efficiency at the higher leaf area index could be enhanced by reducing mutual-shading. These results indicate that a promising approach to quantify the rice architecture in situ is to combine 3-D digitising and a 3-D light model to evaluate light interception and photosynthesis of rice plant types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- China National Hybrid Rice R&D Center, 410125 Changsha, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Qiyun Deng
- China National Hybrid Rice R&D Center, 410125 Changsha, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant-soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
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Poorter L, Rozendaal DMA. Leaf size and leaf display of thirty-eight tropical tree species. Oecologia 2008; 158:35-46. [PMID: 18719946 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trees forage for light through optimal leaf display. Effective leaf display is determined by metamer traits (i.e., the internode, petiole, and corresponding leaf), and thus these traits strongly co-determine carbon gain and as a result competitive advantage in a light-limited environment. We examined 11 metamer traits of sun and shade trees of 38 coexisting moist forest tree species and determined the relative strengths of intra- and interspecific variation. Species-specific metamer traits were related to two variables that represent important life history variation; the regeneration light requirements and average leaf size of the species. Metamer traits varied strongly across species and, in contrast to our expectation, showed only modest changes in response to light. Intra- and interspecific responses to light were only congruent for a third of the traits evaluated. Four traits, amongst which leaf size, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf area ratio at the metamer level (LAR) showed even opposite intra- and interspecific responses to light. Strikingly, these are classic traits that are thought to be of paramount importance for plant performance but that have completely different consequences within and across species. Sun trees of a given species had small leaves to reduce the heat load, but light-demanding species had large leaves compared to shade-tolerants, probably to outcompete their neighbors. Shade trees of a given species had a high SLA and LAR to capture more light in a light-limited environment, whereas shade-tolerant species have well-protected leaves with a low SLA compared to light-demanding species, probably to deter herbivores and enhance leaf lifespan. There was a leaf-size-mediated trade-off between biomechanical and hydraulic safety, and the efficiency with which species can space their leaves and forage for light. Unexpectedly, metamer traits were more closely linked to leaf size than to regeneration light requirements, probably because leaf-size-related biomechanical and vascular constraints limit the trait combinations that are physically possible. This suggests that the leaf size spectrum overrules more subtle variation caused by the leaf economics spectrum, and that leaf size represents a more important strategy axis than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Marks CO. The causes of variation in tree seedling traits: the roles of environmental selection versus chance. Evolution 2007; 61:455-69. [PMID: 17348954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of biodiversity is the great quantitative variation in functional traits observed among species. One perspective asserts that trait values should converge on a single optimum value in a particular selective environment, and consequently trait variation would reflect differences in selective environment, and evolutionary outcomes would be predictable. An alternative perspective asserts that there are likely multiple alternative optima within a particular selective environment, and consequently different lineages would evolve toward different optima due to chance. Because there is evidence for both of these perspectives, there is a long-standing controversy over the relative importance of convergence due to environmental selection versus divergence due to chance in shaping trait variation. Here, I use a model of tree seedling growth and survival to distinguish trait variation associated with multiple alternative optima from variation associated with environmental differences. I show that variation in whole plant traits is best explained by environmental differences, whereas in organ level traits variation is more affected by alternative optima. Consequently, I predict that in nature variation in organ level traits is most closely related to phylogeny, whereas variation in whole plant traits is most closely related to ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O Marks
- Biology Department, McGill University, Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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LUSK CH, PIPER FI. Seedling size influences relationships of shade tolerance with carbohydrate-storage patterns in a temperate rainforest. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chenu K, Franck N, Lecoeur J. Simulations of virtual plants reveal a role for SERRATE in the response of leaf development to light in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:472-481. [PMID: 17635222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The SERRATE gene (SE) was shown to determine leaf organogenesis and morphogenesis patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. The se-1 mutant was used here to investigate the role of SE in leaf development in response to incident light. Virtual plants were modelled to analyse the phenotypes induced by this mutation. Plants were grown under various levels of incident light. The amount of light absorbed by the plant was estimated by combining detailed characterizations of the radiative environment and virtual plant simulations. Four major changes in leaf development were induced by the se-1 mutation. Two constitutive leaf growth variables were modified, with a lower initial expansion rate and a higher duration of expansion. Two original responses to a reduced incident light were identified, concerning the leaf-initiation rate and the duration of leaf expansion. The se-1 mutation dramatically affects both changes in the leaf development pattern and the response to reduced incident light. Virtual plants helped to reveal the combined effects of the multiple changes induced by this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Chenu
- INRA, UMR 759 LEPSE, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 01, France
| | - Nicolàs Franck
- Centro de Estudios de Zonas Áridas (CEZA), Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 1004, Correo Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jérémie Lecoeur
- SupAgro, UMR 759 LEPSE, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 01, France
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Miyazawa Y, Ishihara M, Suzuki M, Fukumasu H, Kikuzawa K. Comparison of the physiology, morphology, and leaf demography of tropical saplings with different crown shapes. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2006; 119:459-67. [PMID: 16941062 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Branch architecture, leaf photosynthetic traits, and leaf demography were investigated in saplings of two woody species, Homolanthus caloneurus and Macaranga rostulata, co-occurring in the understory of a tropical mountain forest. M. rostulata saplings have cylindrical crowns, whereas H. caloneurus saplings have flat crowns. Saplings of the two species were found not to differ in area-based photosynthetic traits and in average light conditions in the understory of the studied site, but they do differ in internode length, leaf emergence rate, leaf lifespan, and total leaf area. Displayed leaf area of H. caloneurus saplings, which have the more rapid leaf emergence, was smaller than that of M. rostulata saplings, which have a longer leaf lifespan and larger total leaf area, although M. rostulata saplings showed a higher degree of leaf overlap. Short leaf lifespan and consequent small total leaf area would be linked to leaf overlap avoidance in the densely packed flat H. caloneurus crown. In contrast, M. rostulata saplings maintained a large total leaf area by producing leaves with a long leaf lifespan. In these understory saplings with a different crown architecture, we observed two contrasting adaptation strategies to shade which are achieved by adjusting a suite of morphological and leaf demographic characters. Each understory species has a suite of morphological traits and leaf demography specific to its architecture, thus attaining leaf overlap avoidance or large total leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Forest Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Delagrange S, Montpied P, Dreyer E, Messier C, Sinoquet H. Does shade improve light interception efficiency? A comparison among seedlings from shade-tolerant and -intolerant temperate deciduous tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:293-304. [PMID: 16995917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Here, we tested two hypotheses: shading increases light interception efficiency (LIE) of broadleaved tree seedlings, and shade-tolerant species exhibit larger LIEs than do shade-intolerant ones. The impact of seedling size was taken into account to detect potential size-independent effects on LIE. LIE was defined as the ratio of mean light intercepted by leaves to light intercepted by a horizontal surface of equal area. Seedlings from five species differing in shade tolerance (Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, A. pseudoplatanus, B. pendula, Fagus sylvatica) were grown under neutral shading nets providing 36, 16 and 4% of external irradiance. Seedlings (1- and 2-year-old) were three-dimensionally digitized, allowing calculation of LIE. Shading induced dramatic reduction in total leaf area, which was lowest in shade-tolerant species in all irradiance regimes. Irradiance reduced LIE through increasing leaf overlap with increasing leaf area. There was very little evidence of significant size-independent plasticity of LIE. No relationship was found between the known shade tolerance of species and LIE at equivalent size and irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Delagrange
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Forestière interuniversitaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3P 3P8
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Reiter IM, Häberle KH, Nunn AJ, Heerdt C, Reitmayer H, Grote R, Matyssek R. Competitive strategies in adult beech and spruce: space-related foliar carbon investment versus carbon gain. Oecologia 2005; 146:337-49. [PMID: 16205957 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Central Europe, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies represent contrasting extremes in foliage type, crown structure and length of growing season. In order to examine the competitive strategies of these two co-occurring species, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) the space occupied by the foliage of sun branches is characterized by greater foliar mass investment compared to shade branches, (2) the carbon (C) gain per unit of occupied space is greater in sun than in shade branches, and (3) annual C and water costs of the foliage for sustaining the occupied space are low, wherever C gain per unit of occupied space is low. These were investigated in a mature forest in Southern Germany. The examination was based on the annual assessment of space-related resource investments and gains of the foliage. The foliated space around branches was regarded as the relevant volume with respect to aboveground resource availability. Occupied crown space per standing foliage mass was higher in shade compared to sun branches of beech, whereas no difference existed in crown volume per foliage mass between sun and shade branches of spruce (hypothesis 1 accepted for beech but rejected for spruce). However, beech occupied more space per foliage mass than spruce. The C gain per occupied crown volume was greater in sun than in shade branches (hypothesis 2 accepted) but did not differ between species. The amount of occupied space per respiratory and transpiratory costs did not differ between species or between sun and shade branches. In beech and spruce, the proportion of foliage investment in the annual C balance of sun and shade branches remained rather stable, whereas respiratory costs distinctly increased in shade foliage. Hence, shade branches were costly structures to occupy space, achieving only low and even negative C balances (rejection of hypothesis 3), which conflicts with the claimed C autonomy of branches. Our findings suggest that competitiveness is determined by the standing foliage mass and the annual branch volume increment rather than annual investments in foliage. Expressing competitiveness in terms of space-related resource investments versus returns, as demonstrated here, has the potential of promoting mechanistic understanding of plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Reiter
- Department of Ecology, Ecophysiology of Plants, TU München, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Chelle M. Phylloclimate or the climate perceived by individual plant organs: what is it? How to model it? What for? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 166:781-90. [PMID: 15869641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review introduces the emergence of a new research topic, phylloclimate, located at the crossroads between ecophysiology and canopy microclimate research. Phylloclimate corresponds to the physical environment actually perceived by each individual aerial organ of a plant population, and is described by physical variables such as spectral irradiance, temperature, on-leaf water and features of around-organ air (wind speed, temperature, humidity, etc.). Knowing the actual climate in which plant organs grow may enable advances in the understanding of plant-environment interactions, as knowing surface temperature instead of air temperature enabled advances in the study of canopy development. Characterizing phylloclimate variables, using experimental work or modeling, raises many questions such as the choice of suitable space- and time-scale as well as the ability to individualize plant organs within a canopy. This is of particular importance when aiming to link phylloclimate and function-structure plant models. Finally, recent trends and challenging questions in phylloclimate research are discussed, as well as the possible applications of phylloclimate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Chelle
- UMR Environnement et Grandes cultures, INRA, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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Pearcy RW, Muraoka H, Valladares F. Crown architecture in sun and shade environments: assessing function and trade-offs with a three-dimensional simulation model. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 166:791-800. [PMID: 15869642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sun and shade environments place markedly different constraints on the photosynthetic performance of plants. Leaf-level photosynthetic responses to sun and shade have been extensively investigated, whereas there has been much less research on the functional role of crown architecture in these environments. This paper focuses on the role of architecture in maximizing light capture and photosynthesis in shaded understories and in minimizing exposure to excess radiation in open high light environments. Understanding these contrasting roles of architecture is facilitated by application of a three-dimensional structural-functional model, Y-plant. Surveys of understory plants reveal a diversity of architectures but a strong convergence at only modest light-capture efficiencies because of significant self-shading. Simulations with Psychotria species revealed that increasing internode lengths would increase light-capture efficiencies and whole plant carbon gain. However, the costs of the additional required biomechanical support was high, which, in terms of relative growth rates, would override the advantage provided by higher light-capture efficiencies. In high light environments, leaf angles and self-shading provide structural photoprotection, minimizing potential damage from photoinhbition. Simulations reveal that without these structural protections photoinhibition of photosynthesis is likely to be much greater with daily carbon gain significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Pearcy
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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LUSK CH. Leaf area and growth of juvenile temperate evergreens in low light: species of contrasting shade tolerance change rank during ontogeny. Funct Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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