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Cui H, Zeng Y, Reddy GV, Gao F, Li Z, Zhao Z. UV radiation increases mortality and decreases the antioxidant activity in a tephritid fly. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Cui
- Department of Plant Biosecurity College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Yiying Zeng
- Department of Plant Biosecurity College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Gadi V.P. Reddy
- USDA‐ARS‐Southern Insect Management Research Unit Stoneville MS USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
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2
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Ruuhola T, Nybakken L, Randriamanana T, Lavola A, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Effects of long-term UV-exposure and plant sex on the leaf phenoloxidase activities and phenolic concentrations of Salix myrsinifolia (Salisb.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 126:55-62. [PMID: 29501893 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of flavonoids on the leaf surface is a well-characterized protective mechanism against UV-B radiation. Other protective mechanisms, such as the induction of antioxidative enzymes and peroxidase-mediated lignification may also be important. The effects of UV-B radiation have mainly been considered in short-term studies, whereas ecologically more relevant long-term field studies are still rare. Here we examined the effects of long-term exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation on the activities of two antioxidative enzymes, polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.2.2 and EC 1.14.18.1) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), as well as the phenolic concentrations in two sexes of the dioecious species, Salix myrsinifolia. After three consecutive growth seasons with enhanced UV-B radiation, we found that PPO activity was decreased by UV radiation in male plants, which might explain their lower UV-B tolerance when compared to female plants. In addition, male plants had higher specific activity than did female plants under ambient conditions, supporting the idea that males of S. myrsinifolia are generally more growth-oriented than females. By contrast, neither UV treatment nor sex had significant effects on the POD activities of willows. Gender differences in the concentrations of phenolic compounds are in line with the general concept that males are less well defended than females. We suggest that the inability to increase PPO and POD activity, along with lower accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds under UV-B exposure, might be one of the reasons why males had thinner leaves and were less tolerant of UV-B than were females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teija Ruuhola
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box, 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box, 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland; Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Tendry Randriamanana
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box, 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Anu Lavola
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box, 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box, 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Ni J, Hao J, Jiang Z, Zhan X, Dong L, Yang X, Sun Z, Xu W, Wang Z, Xu M. NaCl Induces Flavonoid Biosynthesis through a Putative Novel Pathway in Post-harvest Ginkgo Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:920. [PMID: 28659935 PMCID: PMC5466993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoids in the extracts of Ginkgo leaves have been shown to have great medical value: thus, a method to increase the flavonoid contents in these extracts is of significant importance for human health. In the present study, we investigated the changes in flavonoid contents and the corresponding gene expression levels in post-harvest Ginkgo leaves after various treatments. We found that both ultraviolet-B and NaCl treatment induced flavonoid accumulation. However, gene expression analysis showed that the increases in flavonoid contents were achieved by different pathways. Furthermore, post-harvest Ginkgo leaves responded differently to NaCl treatment compared with naturally grown leaves in both flavonoid contents and corresponding gene expression. In addition, combined treatment with ultraviolet-B and NaCl did not further increase the flavonoid contents compared with ultraviolet-B or NaCl treatment alone. Our results indicate the existence of a novel mechanism in response to NaCl treatment in post-harvest Ginkgo leaves, and provide a technique to increase flavonoid content in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Juan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaori Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zhehang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Wenya Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zhikun Wang
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Maojun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
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Impact of cold atmospheric pressure plasma on physiology and flavonol glycoside profile of peas (Pisum sativum ‘Salamanca’). Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Randriamanana TR, Lavola A, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Interactive effects of supplemental UV-B and temperature in European aspen seedlings: Implications for growth, leaf traits, phenolic defense and associated organisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 93:84-93. [PMID: 25766888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Past studies reveal opposite effects of elevated UV-B and temperature on plant growth and concentrations of UV-B absorbing compounds, yet few studies have dealt with the combined and interactive effects of these two climate change factors on woody dioecious plants. We investigated the interactive effects of UV-B and temperature treatments on growth, leaf traits and phenolic concentrations in Populus tremula L. (European aspen) seedlings. We also considered the consequences of these effects on their associated organisms: herbivorous insects, rust pathogens, the presence of endophytic fungi and whether or not the responses differ between genders and genotypes. Supplemental temperature and UV-B were modulated to +2 °C and +30.77% above ambient conditions, respectively. Warming increased growth, photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen concentration but reduced leaf thickness and phenolic concentrations. On the other hand, supplemental UV-B increased total phenolic glycosides, mainly flavonols and phenolic acids, and partially counteracted the positive effects of warming on growth. Fast growing genotypes were less susceptible to the growth-reducing effect of combined UVB + T, less infected with rust disease and less prone to insect damage probably due to their higher salicylate and lower nitrogen concentrations. Under ambient temperature, the males of European aspen were taller and had bigger leaves than the females, while under elevated temperature, females grew bigger and, under UV-B, had more tremulacin than males. The multiple interactive effects of UV-B and temperature on growth, leaf traits and phenolic compounds, highlight the importance of multifactor experiments as a realistic predictor of plant responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tendry R Randriamanana
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Anu Lavola
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Stark S, Väisänen M, Ylänne H, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Martz F. Decreased phenolic defence in dwarf birch (Betula nana) after warming in subarctic tundra. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Silfver T, Paaso U, Rasehorn M, Rousi M, Mikola J. Genotype × herbivore effect on leaf litter decomposition in Betula Pendula saplings: ecological and evolutionary consequences and the role of secondary metabolites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116806. [PMID: 25622034 PMCID: PMC4306545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic variation and herbivores can both influence ecosystem functioning by affecting the quantity and quality of leaf litter. Few studies have, however, investigated the effects of herbivore load on litter decomposition at plant genotype level. We reduced insect herbivory using an insecticide on one half of field-grown Betula Pendula saplings of 17 genotypes, representing random intrapopulation genetic variation, and allowed insects to naturally colonize the other half. We hypothesized that due to induced herbivore defence, saplings under natural herbivory produce litter of higher concentrations of secondary metabolites (terpenes and soluble phenolics) and have slower litter decomposition rate than saplings under reduced herbivory. We found that leaf damage was 89 and 53% lower in the insecticide treated saplings in the summer and autumn surveys, respectively, which led to 73% higher litter production. Litter decomposition rate was also affected by herbivore load, but the effect varied from positive to negative among genotypes and added up to an insignificant net effect at the population level. In contrast to our hypothesis, concentrations of terpenes and soluble phenolics were higher under reduced than natural herbivory. Those genotypes, whose leaves were most injured by herbivores, produced litter of lowest mass loss, but unlike we expected, the concentrations of terpenes and soluble phenolics were not linked to either leaf damage or litter decomposition. Our results show that (1) the genetic and herbivore effects on B. pendula litter decomposition are not mediated through variation in terpene or soluble phenolic concentrations and suggest that (2) the presumably higher insect herbivore pressure in the future warmer climate will not, at the ecological time scale, affect the mean decomposition rate in genetically diverse B. pendula populations. However, (3) due to the significant genetic variation in the response of decomposition to herbivory, evolutionary changes in mean decomposition rate are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Silfver
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Rasehorn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
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Neugart S, Fiol M, Schreiner M, Rohn S, Zrenner R, Kroh LW, Krumbein A. Interaction of moderate UV-B exposure and temperature on the formation of structurally different flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4054-62. [PMID: 24655223 DOI: 10.1021/jf4054066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kale has a high number of structurally different flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. In this study we investigated the interaction of moderate UV-B radiation and temperature on these compounds. Kale plants were grown at daily mean temperatures of 5 or 15 °C and were exposed to five subsequent daily doses (each 0.25 kJ m(-2) d(-1)) of moderate UV-B radiation at 1 d intervals. Of 20 phenolic compounds, 11 were influenced by an interaction of UV-B radiation and temperature, e.g., monoacylated quercetin glycosides. Concomitantly, enhanced mRNA expression of flavonol 3'- hydroxylase showed an interaction of UV-B and temperature, highest at 0.75 kJ m(-2) and 15 °C. Kaempferol glycosides responded diversely and dependent on, e.g., the hydroxycinnamic acid residue. Compounds containing a catechol structure seem to be favored in the response to UV-B. Taken together, subsequent exposure to moderate UV-B radiation is a successful tool for enhancing the flavonoid profile of plants, and temperature should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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Ðinh ST, Gális I, Baldwin IT. UVB radiation and 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides provide durable resistance against mirid (Tupiocoris notatus) attack in field-grown Nicotiana attenuata plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:590-606. [PMID: 22897424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Depending on geographical location, plants are exposed to variable amounts of UVB radiation and herbivore attack. Because the role(s) of UVB in the priming and/or accumulation of plant defence metabolites against herbivores are not well understood, we used field-grown Nicotiana attenuata plants to explore the effects of UVB on herbivore performance. Consistent with previous reports, UVB-exposed plants accumulated higher levels of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds (rutin, chlorogenic acid, crypto-chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoylspermidine). Furthermore, UVB increased the accumulation of jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine and abscisic acid, all phytohormones which regulate plant defence against biotic and abiotic stress. In herbivore bioassays, N. attenuata plants experimentally protected from UVB were more infested by mirids in three consecutive field seasons. Among defence metabolites measured, 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides (HGL-DTGs) showed strongly altered accumulation patterns. While constitutive HGL-DTGs levels were higher under UVB, N. attenuata plants exposed to mirid bugs (Tupiocoris notatus) had still more HGL-DTGs under UVB, and mirids preferred to feed on HGL-DTGs-silenced plants when other UVB protecting factors were eliminated by UVB filters. We conclude that UVB exposure not only stimulates UV protective screens but also affects plant defence mechanisms, such as HGL-DTGs accumulation, and modulates ecological interactions of N. attenuata with its herbivores in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- So'n Tru'ò'ng Ðinh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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The effects of simulated acid rain and heavy metal pollution on the mountain birch–autumnal moth interaction. CHEMOECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-012-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Neugart S, Zietz M, Schreiner M, Rohn S, Kroh LW, Krumbein A. Structurally different flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives respond differently to moderate UV-B radiation exposure. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:582-93. [PMID: 22292604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the modifying influence of moderate ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation exposure on structurally different flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives during pre-harvest using kale, a leafy Brassica species with a wide spectrum of different non-acylated and acylated flavonol glycosides. Juvenile kale plants were treated with short-term (1 day), moderate UV-B radiation [0.22-0.88 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ biologically effective UV-B (UV-B(BE))]. Twenty compounds were quantified, revealing a structure-specific response of flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives to UV-B radiation. A dose- and structure-dependent response of the investigated phenolic compounds to additional UV-B radiation was found. The investigated quercetin glycosides decreased under UV-B; for kaempferol glycosides, however, the amount of sugar moieties and the flavonol glycoside hydoxycinnamic acid residue influenced the response to UV-B. Monoacylated kaempferol tetraglucosides decreased in the investigated UV-B range, whereas the monoacylated kaempferol diglucosides increased strongly with doses of 0.88 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ UV-B(BE) . The UV-B-induced increase in monoacylated kaempferol triglucosides was dependent on the acylation pattern. Furthermore, the hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides disinapoyl-gentiobiose and sinapoyl-feruloyl-gentiobiose were enhanced in a dose-dependent manner under UV-B. While UV-B radiation treatments often focus on flavonol aglycones or total flavonols, our investigations were extended to structurally different non-acylated and acylated glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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Haviola S, Neuvonen S, Rantala MJ, Saikkonen K, Salminen JP, Saloniemi I, Yang S, Ruuhola T. Genetic and Environmental Factors Behind Foliar Chemistry of the Mature Mountain Birch. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:902-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Mohanta TK, Occhipinti A, Atsbaha Zebelo S, Foti M, Fliegmann J, Bossi S, Maffei ME, Bertea CM. Ginkgo biloba responds to herbivory by activating early signaling and direct defenses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32822. [PMID: 22448229 PMCID: PMC3308967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) is one of the most ancient living seed plants and is regarded as a living fossil. G. biloba has a broad spectrum of resistance or tolerance to many pathogens and herbivores because of the presence of toxic leaf compounds. Little is known about early and late events occurring in G. biloba upon herbivory. The aim of this study was to assess whether herbivory by the generalist Spodoptera littoralis was able to induce early signaling and direct defense in G. biloba by evaluating early and late responses. Methodology/Principal Findings Early and late responses in mechanically wounded leaves and in leaves damaged by S. littoralis included plasma transmembrane potential (Vm) variations, time-course changes in both cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) and H2O2 production, the regulation of genes correlated to terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, the induction of direct defense compounds, and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results show that G. biloba responded to hebivory with a significant Vm depolarization which was associated to significant increases in both [Ca2+]cyt and H2O2. Several defense genes were regulated by herbivory, including those coding for ROS scavenging enzymes and the synthesis of terpenoids and flavonoids. Metabolomic analyses revealed the herbivore-induced production of several flavonoids and VOCs. Surprisingly, no significant induction by herbivory was found for two of the most characteristic G. biloba classes of bioactive compounds; ginkgolides and bilobalides. Conclusions/Significance By studying early and late responses of G. biloba to herbivory, we provided the first evidence that this “living fossil” plant responds to herbivory with the same defense mechanisms adopted by the most recent angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Occhipinti
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simon Atsbaha Zebelo
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Foti
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Simone Bossi
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Cinzia M. Bertea
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Boron fertilization enhances the induced defense of silver birch. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:460-71. [PMID: 21487920 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency is a common micronutrient deficiency that has been reported to affect the phenolic metabolism of plants. Thus, it may play a role in defense against herbivorous animals. However, the role of B in a plant's resistance to herbivores has not received any particular attention from researchers. In this study, we tested the effects of B nutrition 1) on the biochemical and mechanical defenses of birches and the growth of seedlings, and 2) the resistance of seedlings to larvae of the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata. Boron fertilization improved the resistance of birch, which was shown as reduced pupal weight of the herbivore. However, B fertilized trees suffered from heavier defoliation than unfertilized ones due to compensation feeding of larvae. The growth of the seedlings was diminished, and several biochemical changes occurred in leaves of herbivore seedlings, and B also played a role in these changes. Polyphenoloxidases (PPOs) and peroxidases (PODs) and their substrates, chlorogenic acids, were induced by herbivory in B fertilized seedlings but not in unfertilized seedlings. The lower pupal weights and increased consumption of the herbivores were probably linked to the plants' phenoloxidase-mediated production of reactive quinones, which decrease the nutritive value. Herbivory upon new stems led to an increase in the number of resin glands that provide defense against mammalian herbivores. Herbivory also had a substantially negative effect on B concentration in leaves of B fertilized seedlings. We postulate that B nutrition of trees may play a significant role in the induced defense of birches.
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