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Pekas A, Mazzoni V, Appel H, Cocroft R, Dicke M. Plant protection and biotremology: fundamental and applied aspects. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:32-39. [PMID: 37563025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence that synthetic pesticides have a negative impact on the environment and human health, emphasizing the need for novel and sustainable methods for plant protection. A growing body of literature reports that plants interact through substrate-borne vibrations with arthropod pests and mutualistic arthropods that provide biological control and pollination services. Here, we propose a new theoretical framework that integrates insights from biological control, the ecology of fear, and plant-borne vibrations, to address plant-insect interactions and explore new, sustainable opportunities to improve plant health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, S. Michele all'Adige 38010, TN, Italy
| | - Heidi Appel
- University of Houston, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Science & Research Building 2, 3455 Cullen Blvd, Room 342, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Reginald Cocroft
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, NL-6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Bhardwaj M, Lodnert D, Olsson M, Winsvold A, Eilertsen SM, Kjellander P, Seiler A. Inducing fear using acoustic stimuli-A behavioral experiment on moose ( Alces alces) in Sweden. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9492. [PMID: 36407905 PMCID: PMC9667297 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prey species may display anti-predatory behavior, i.e., flight, increased vigilance, and decreased feeding, in response to the true presence of a predator or to the implied presence of a predator through, e.g., acoustic cues. In this study, we investigated the anti-predatory reactions of moose (Alces alces) to acoustic stimuli related to hunting, at saltlick stones, a known attractant. In before-during-after-control-impact experiments, we compared the behavioral responses of individuals to: (i) two hunting-related acoustic stimuli-hunting dog barking and human speaking; (ii) nonpredatory acoustic stimuli-bird sounds and; and (iii) no acoustic stimulus (control). We asked: (1) How does the probability of moose leaving the site differ depending on the stimulus they are exposed to?; (2) What affect do the acoustic stimuli have on the amount of time moose spend vigilant, feeding, or away from the site?; and (3) What affect do the stimuli have on the time between events at a site? We found that when exposed to the human stimulus, moose left the sites in 75% of the events, which was significantly more often compared to the dog (39%), bird (24%), or silent (11%) events. If moose did not leave the site, they spent more time vigilant, and less time feeding, particularly when exposed to a dog or human stimulus. Furthermore, moose spent the most time away from the site and took the longest to visit the site again after a human stimulus. Moose were also more likely to leave the site when exposed to the bird stimulus than during silent controls. Those that remained spent more time vigilant, but their behaviors returned to baseline after the bird stimulus ended. These findings suggest that acoustic stimuli can be used to modify the behavior of moose; however, reactions towards presumably threatening and nonthreatening stimuli were not as distinct as we had expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bhardwaj
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Denice Lodnert
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
| | | | - Aina Winsvold
- Ruralis – Institute for Rural and Regional ResearchUniversity Centre DragvollTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Petter Kjellander
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
| | - Andreas Seiler
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesRiddarhyttanSweden
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3
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Sunde P, Böcker F, Rauset GR, Kjellander P, Chrenkova M, Skovdal TM, van Beeck Calkoen S, Mayer M, Heurich M. Mammal responses to predator scents across multiple study areas. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sunde
- Department of Ecoscience—Wildlife Ecology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Felix Böcker
- Department of Forest and Society Forest Research Institute Baden‐Württemberg Freiburg Germany
| | - Geir Rune Rauset
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science Riddarhyttan Sweden
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway
| | - Petter Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Science Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Monika Chrenkova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | | | - Suzanne van Beeck Calkoen
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Wildlife Ecology and Management University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Department of Ecoscience—Wildlife Ecology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
- Wildlife Ecology and Management University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Koppang Norway
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4
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Weterings MJ, Meister N, Fey K, Jansen PA, van Langevelde F, Kuipers HJ. Context-dependent responses of naïve ungulates to wolf-sound playback in a human-dominated landscape. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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5
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Chitwood MC, Baruzzi C, Lashley MA. “Ecology of fear” in ungulates: Opportunities for improving conservation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8657. [PMID: 35261746 PMCID: PMC8888265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ungulates are important contributors to ecosystem function, understanding the “ecology of fear” could be important to the conservation of ecosystems. Although studying ungulate ecology of fear is common, knowledge from ungulate systems is highly contested among ecologists. Here, we review the available literature on the ecology of fear in ungulates to generalize our current knowledge and how we can leverage it for conservation. Four general focus areas emerged from the 275 papers included in our literature search (and some papers were included in multiple categories): behavioral responses to predation risk (79%), physiological responses to predation risk (15%), trophic cascades resulting from ungulate responses to predation risk (20%), and manipulation of predation risk (1%). Of papers focused on behavior, 75% were about movement and habitat selection. Studies were biased toward North America (53%), tended to be focused on elk (Cervus canadensis; 29%), and were dominated by gray wolves (40%) or humans (39%) as predators of interest. Emerging literature suggests that we can utilize predation risk for conservation with top‐down (i.e., increasing predation risk) and bottom‐up (i.e., manipulating landscape characteristics to increase risk or risk perception) approaches. It is less clear whether fear‐related changes in physiology have population‐level fitness consequences or cascading effects, which could be fruitful avenues for future research. Conflicting evidence of trait‐mediated trophic cascades might be improved with better replication across systems and accounting for confounding effects of ungulate density. Improving our understanding of mechanisms modulating the nature of trophic cascades likely is most important to ensure desirable conservation outcomes. We recommend future work embrace the complexity of natural systems by attempting to link together the focal areas of study identified herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Colter Chitwood
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
| | - Carolina Baruzzi
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Marcus A. Lashley
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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6
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van Beeck Calkoen STS, Kreikenbohm R, Kuijper DPJ, Heurich M. Olfactory cues of large carnivores modify red deer behavior and browsing intensity. Behav Ecol 2021; 32:982-992. [PMID: 34690549 PMCID: PMC8528536 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of perceived predation risk imposed by lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolf (Canis lupus) on red deer (Cervus elaphus) foraging behavior under experimental conditions. We hypothesized that in response to large carnivore scent red deer would increase their vigilance, although reducing the frequency and duration of visits to foraging sites. Consequently, browsing intensity on tree saplings was expected to decrease, whereas a higher proportion of more preferred species was expected to be browsed to compensate for higher foraging costs. We expected stronger responses towards the ambush predator lynx, compared with the cursorial predator wolf. These hypotheses were tested in a cafeteria experiment conducted within three red deer enclosures, each containing four experimental plots with olfactory cues of wolf, lynx, cow, and water as control. On each plot, a camera trap was placed and browsing intensity was measured for one consecutive week, repeated three times. Red deer reduced their visitation duration and browsing intensity on plots with large carnivore scent. Despite red deer showing a clear preference for certain tree species, the presence of large carnivore scent did not change selectivity towards different tree species. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found more pronounced effects of wolf (cursorial) compared with lynx (ambush). This study is the first to experimentally assess the perceived risk effects on the red deer foraging behavior of large carnivores differing in hunting modes. Our findings provide insights into the role of olfactory cues in predator-prey interactions and how they can modify fine-scale herbivore-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T S van Beeck Calkoen
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straβe 2, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straβe 4, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Kreikenbohm
- Department of wildlife sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Buesgenweg 3, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Geoscience and Geography, Georg-August University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dries P J Kuijper
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17–230, Białowieza, Poland
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Straβe 2, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straβe 4, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Koppang, Norway
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7
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Sand H, Jamieson M, Andrén H, Wikenros C, Cromsigt J, Månsson J. Behavioral effects of wolf presence on moose habitat selection: testing the landscape of fear hypothesis in an anthropogenic landscape. Oecologia 2021; 197:101-116. [PMID: 34420087 PMCID: PMC8445880 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Landscape of fear refers to the spatial variation in prey perception of predation risk, that under certain conditions, may lead to changes in their behavior. Behavioral responses of prey in relation to large carnivore predation risk have mainly been conducted in areas with low anthropogenic impact. We used long-term data on the distribution of moose in different habitat types in a system characterized by intensive management of all three trophic levels (silviculture, harvest of wolves and moose) to study effects on moose habitat selection resulting from the return of an apex predator, the wolf. We assumed that coursing predators such as wolves will cause an increased risk for moose in some habitat types and tested the hypotheses that moose will avoid open or young forest habitats following wolf establishment. After wolf recolonization, moose reduced their use of one type of open habitat (bog) but there was neither change in the use of the other open habitat type (clear-cut), nor in their use of young forest. Wolf establishment did not influence the use of habitat close to dense habitat when being in open habitats. Thus, the effect of wolves varied among habitat types and there was no unidirectional support for a behavioral effect of wolves' establishment on moose habitat use. Human-driven habitat heterogeneity, concentration of moose forage to certain habitat types, and the effects of a multiple predator guild on moose may all contribute to the results found. We conclude that the landscape of fear is likely to have weak ecological effects on moose in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Sand
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.
| | - Mark Jamieson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andrén
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikenros
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Joris Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Månsson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 739 93, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
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8
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Palmer MS, Packer C. Reactive anti-predator behavioral strategy shaped by predator characteristics. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256147. [PMID: 34407141 PMCID: PMC8372962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Large mammalian herbivores use a diverse array of strategies to survive predator encounters including flight, grouping, vigilance, warning signals, and fitness indicators. While anti-predator strategies appear to be driven by specific predator traits, no prior studies have rigorously evaluated whether predator hunting characteristics predict reactive anti-predator responses. We experimentally investigated behavioral decisions made by free-ranging impala, wildebeest, and zebra during encounters with model predators with different functional traits. We hypothesized that the choice of response would be driven by a predator’s hunting style (i.e., ambush vs. coursing) while the intensity at which the behavior was performed would correlate with predator traits that contribute to the prey’s relative risk (i.e., each predator’s prey preference, prey-specific capture success, and local predator density). We found that the choice and intensity of anti-predator behaviors were both shaped by hunting style and relative risk factors. All prey species directed longer periods of vigilance towards predators with higher capture success. The decision to flee was the only behavior choice driven by predator characteristics (capture success and hunting style) while intensity of vigilance, frequency of alarm-calling, and flight latency were modulated based on predator hunting strategy and relative risk level. Impala regulated only the intensity of their behaviors, while zebra and wildebeest changed both type and intensity of response based on predator traits. Zebra and impala reacted to multiple components of predation threat, while wildebeest responded solely to capture success. Overall, our findings suggest that certain behaviors potentially facilitate survival under specific contexts and that prey responses may reflect the perceived level of predation risk, suggesting that adaptive functions to reactive anti-predator behaviors may reflect potential trade-offs to their use. The strong influence of prey species identity and social and environmental context suggest that these factors may interact with predator traits to determine the optimal response to immediate predation threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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9
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Marcinek P, Haag F, Geithe C, Krautwurst D. An evolutionary conserved olfactory receptor for foodborne and semiochemical alkylpyrazines. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21638. [PMID: 34047404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100224r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition is a fundamental principle in biological systems. The olfactory detection of both food and predators via ecological relevant odorant cues are abilities of eminent evolutionary significance for many species. Pyrazines are such volatile cues, some of which act as both human-centered key food odorants (KFOs) and semiochemicals. A pyrazine-selective odorant receptor has been elusive. Here we screened 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, a KFO and semiochemical, and 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline, an innate fear-associated non-KFO, against 616 human odorant receptor variants, in a cell-based luminescence assay. OR5K1 emerged as sole responding receptor. Tested against a comprehensive collection of 178 KFOs, we newly identified 18 pyrazines and (2R/2S)-4-methoxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one as agonists. Notably, OR5K1 orthologs in mouse and domesticated species displayed a human-like, potency-ranked activation pattern of pyrazines, suggesting a domestication-led co-evolution of OR5K1 and its orthologs. In summary, OR5K1 is a specialized olfactory receptor across mammals for the detection of pyrazine-based key food odors and semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marcinek
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Hamilton Germany GmbH, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Franziska Haag
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christiane Geithe
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Thel L, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Keurinck L, Catala M, Packer C, Huebner SE, Bonenfant C. Can citizen science analysis of camera trap data be used to study reproduction? Lessons from Snapshot Serengeti program. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Thel
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- S. Chamaillé-Jammes (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-6620), CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France, and: Mammal Research Inst., Dept of Zoology and Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria,
| | - Léa Keurinck
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
| | - Maxime Catala
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
| | - Craig Packer
- C. Packer (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-8162) and S. E. Huebner (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-6467), College of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E. Huebner
- C. Packer (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3939-8162) and S. E. Huebner (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-6467), College of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- L. Thel (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2323-1106) ✉ , L. Keurinck (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-3601), M. Catala (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3665) and C. Bonenfant (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9924-419X), Laboratoire
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11
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Palmer MS, Portales-Reyes C, Potter C, Mech LD, Isbell F. Behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade attenuated by prey use of risky places at safe times. Oecologia 2021; 195:235-248. [PMID: 33389153 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mere threat of predation may incite behavioral changes in prey that lead to community-wide impacts on productivity, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. The paucity of experimental manipulations, however, has contributed to controversy over the strength of this pathway in wide-ranging vertebrate systems. We investigated whether simulated gray wolf (Canis lupus) presence can induce behaviorally-mediated trophic cascades, specifically, whether the 'fear' of wolf olfactory cues alone can change deer foraging behavior in ways that affect plants and soils. Wolves were recently removed from the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (Minnesota, USA), such that consumptively mediated predator effects were negligible. At 32 experimental plots, we crossed two nested treatments: wolf urine application and herbivore exclosures. We deployed camera traps to quantify how white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) adjusted their spatiotemporal habitat use, foraging, and vigilance in response to wolf cues and how these behavioral changes affected plant productivity, plant communities, and soil nutrients. Weekly applications of wolf urine significantly altered deer behavior, but deer responses did not cascade to affect plant or soil properties. Deer substantially reduced crepuscular activity at wolf-simulated sites compared to control locations. As wolves in this area predominantly hunted during mornings and evenings, this response potentially allows deer to maximize landscape use by accessing dangerous areas when temporal threat is low. Our experiment suggests that prey may be sensitive to 'dynamic' predation risk that is structured across both space and time and, consequentially, prey use of risky areas during safe times may attenuate behaviorally-mediated trophic cascades at the predator-prey interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55104, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - C Portales-Reyes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55104, USA
| | - C Potter
- Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, University of Minnesota, East Bethel, MN, USA
| | - L David Mech
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55104, USA.,Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, University of Minnesota, East Bethel, MN, USA
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12
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Gilbert SL, Hundertmark KJ, Lindberg MS, Person DK, Boyce MS. The Importance of Environmental Variability and Transient Population Dynamics for a Northern Ungulate. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.531027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathways through which environmental variability affects population dynamics remain poorly understood, limiting ecological inference and management actions. Here, we use matrix-based population models to examine the vital rate responses to environmental variability and individual traits, and subsequent transient dynamics of the population in response to the environment. Using Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Southeast Alaska as a study system, we modeled effects of inter-annual process variance of covariates on female survival, pregnancy rate, and fetal rate, and summer and winter fawn survival. To examine the influence of environmental variance on population dynamics, we compared asymptotic and transient perturbation analysis (elasticity analysis, a life-table response experiment, and transience simulation). We found that summer fawn survival was primarily determined by black bear (Ursus americanus) predation and was positively influenced by mass at birth and female sex. Winter fawn survival was determined by malnutrition in deep-snow winters and was influenced by an interaction between date of birth and snow depth, with late-born fawns at greater risk in deep-snow winters. Adult female survival was the most influential vital rate based on classic elasticity analysis, however, elasticity analysis based on process variation indicated that winter and summer fawn survival were most variable and thus most influential to variability in population growth. Transient dynamics produced by non-stable stage distributions produced realized annual growth rates different from predicted asymptotic growth rates in all years, emphasizing the importance of winter perturbations to population dynamics of this species.
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13
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Pays O, Blanchard P, Chamaillé‐Jammes S, Valeix M, Loveridge AJ, Macdonald DW, Périquet S, Meer E, Duncan P, Mtare G, Fritz H. Disentangling the roles of bottom‐up and top‐down drivers in the trade‐off between food acquisition and safety in prey with multiple predators. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pays
- LETG‐Angers UMR 6554 CNRS Université d'Angers Angers France
- LTSER France Zone Atelier CNRS Hwange Dete Zimbabwe
- REHABS International Research Laboratory CNRS‐Université Lyon 1‐Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
| | - Pierrick Blanchard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174 CNRS ENSFEA Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III Toulouse France
| | - Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes
- LTSER France Zone Atelier CNRS Hwange Dete Zimbabwe
- CEFE Univ. MontpellierCNRSEPHEIRDUniversité Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
- Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Marion Valeix
- LTSER France Zone Atelier CNRS Hwange Dete Zimbabwe
- CNRSUniversité LyonUniversité Lyon 1Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558 Villeurbanne France
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) Zoology Department Oxford UniversityRecanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Andrew J. Loveridge
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) Zoology Department Oxford UniversityRecanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) Zoology Department Oxford UniversityRecanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Stéphanie Périquet
- CNRSUniversité LyonUniversité Lyon 1Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558 Villeurbanne France
| | | | - Patrick Duncan
- LTSER France Zone Atelier CNRS Hwange Dete Zimbabwe
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé UMR 7372 CNRS‐Université de la Rochelle Beauvoir‐sur‐Niort France
| | - Godfrey Mtare
- Parks and Wildlife Management Authority Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Hervé Fritz
- LTSER France Zone Atelier CNRS Hwange Dete Zimbabwe
- REHABS International Research Laboratory CNRS‐Université Lyon 1‐Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
- CNRSUniversité LyonUniversité Lyon 1Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558 Villeurbanne France
- Sustainability Research Unit Nelson Mandela University George South Africa
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14
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Torsekar VR, Thaker M. Mate-searching context of prey influences the predator-prey space race. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201462. [PMID: 32962542 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation risk is a strong driver of prey distribution and movement. However, fitness-influencing behaviours, such as mating, can alter risk and influence predator-prey space-use dynamics. In tree crickets, Oecanthus henryi, mate searching involves acoustic signalling by immobile males and phonotactic movement by females. Space-use patterns in tree crickets relative to their primary predators, green lynx spiders (Peucetia viridans), should therefore depend on their current mate-searching state; whether males are calling or non-calling and whether females are phonotactic or non-phonotactic. We first measured the degree of spatial anchoring of crickets to specific bushes in the field and determined whether that influenced the probability of broad-scale spatial overlap with spiders. In the absence of spiders, all crickets, independent of sex or male calling status, were found to be spatially anchored to specific types of bushes and not uniformly distributed on the landscape. At the broad spatial scale, spiders were more likely to be found on bushes with female crickets and, to a lesser degree, calling male crickets. At a finer spatial scale within a bush, movement strategies of crickets not only varied depending on the presence or absence of a spider, but also on their current mate-searching state. Phonotactic females showed clear predator avoidance, whereas calling and non-calling males moved towards the spider instead of away, similar to predator inspection behaviour seen in many taxa. As the strongly selected sex, males are more likely to undertake risky mate-searching activities, which includes inspection of predator positions. Overall, we found that all crickets were predictably anchored at the landscape scale, but their sex and mate-seeking behaviour influenced the degree of overlap with predators and their antipredator movement strategies. Reproductive strategies within a prey species, therefore, can alter predator-prey space race at multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj R Torsekar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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15
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Rørvang MV, Nielsen BL, McLean AN. Sensory Abilities of Horses and Their Importance for Equitation Science. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:633. [PMID: 33033724 PMCID: PMC7509108 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch comprise the sensory modalities of most vertebrates. With these senses, the animal receives information about its environment. How this information is organized, interpreted, and experienced is known as perception. The study of the sensory abilities of animals and their implications for behavior is central not only to ethology but also to animal welfare. Sensory ability, perception, and behavior are closely linked. Horses and humans share the five most common sensory modalities, however, their ranges and capacities differ, so that horses are unlikely to perceive their surroundings in a similar manner to humans. Understanding equine perceptual abilities and their differences is important when horses and human interact, as these abilities are pivotal for the response of the horse to any changes in its surroundings. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the sensory abilities of horses. The information is discussed within an evolutionary context and also includes a practical perspective, outlining potential ways to mitigate risks of injuries and enhance positive horse-human interactions. The equine sensory apparatus includes panoramic visual capacities with acuities similar to those of red-green color-blind humans as well as aural abilities that, in some respects exceed human hearing and a highly developed sense of smell, all of which influence how horses react in various situations. Equine sensitivity to touch has been studied surprisingly sparingly despite tactile stimulation being the major interface of horse training. We discuss the potential use of sensory enrichment/positive sensory stimulation to improve the welfare of horses in various situations e.g. using odors, touch or sound to enrich the environment or to appease horses. In addition, equine perception is affected by factors such as breed, individuality, age, and in some cases even color, emphasizing that different horses may need different types of management. Understanding the sensory abilities of horses is central to the emerging discipline of equitation science, which comprises the gamut of horse-human interactions. Therefore, sensory abilities continue to warrant scientific focus, with more research to enable us to understand different horses and their various needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vilain Rørvang
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Birte L Nielsen
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Paris, France
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16
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Randon M, Bonenfant C, Michallet J, Chevrier T, Toïgo C, Gaillard J, Valeix M. Population responses of roe deer to the recolonization of the French Vercors by wolves. POPUL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malory Randon
- Fédération Départementale des Chasseurs de la Drôme Crest France
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive CNRS, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Jacques Michallet
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS) Gières France
| | - Thierry Chevrier
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS) Gières France
| | - Carole Toïgo
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS) Gières France
| | - Jean‐Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive CNRS, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Marion Valeix
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive CNRS, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France
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Martin JL, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Waller DM. Deer, wolves, and people: costs, benefits and challenges of living together. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:782-801. [PMID: 32043747 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human-driven species annihilations loom as a major crisis. However the recovery of deer and wolf populations in many parts of the northern hemisphere has resulted in conflicts and controversies rather than in relief. Both species interact in complex ways with their environment, each other, and humans. We review these interactions in the context of the ecological and human costs and benefits associated with these species. We integrate scattered information to widen our perspective on the nature and perception of these costs and benefits and how they link to each other and ongoing controversies regarding how we manage deer and wolf populations. After revisiting the ecological roles deer and wolves play in contemporary ecosystems, we explore how they interact, directly and indirectly, with human groups including farmers, foresters, shepherds, and hunters. Interactions with deer and wolves generate various axes of tension, posing both ecological and sociological challenges. Resolving these tensions and conflicts requires that we address key questions using integrative approaches: what are the ecological consequences of deer and wolf recovery? How do they influence each other? What are the social and socio-ecological consequences of large deer populations and wolf presence? Finally, what key obstacles must be overcome to allow deer, wolves and people to coexist? Reviewing contemporary ecological and sociological results suggests insights and ways to improve our understanding and resolve long-standing challenges to coexistence. We should begin by agreeing to enhance aggregate benefits while minimizing the collective costs we incur by interacting with deer and wolves. We should also view these species, and ourselves, as parts of integrated ecosystems subject to long-term dynamics. If co-existence is our goal, we need deer and wolves to persevere in ways that are compatible with human interests. Our human interests, however, should be inclusive and fairly value all the costs and benefits deer and wolves entail including their intrinsic value. Shifts in human attitudes and cultural learning that are already occurring will reshape our ecological interactions with deer and wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Martin
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - PSL, IRD, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - PSL, IRD, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Donald M Waller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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18
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Makin DF, Kotler BP. How do Allenby’s gerbils titrate risk and reward in response to different predators? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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van Ginkel HAL, Smit C, Kuijper DPJ. Behavioral response of naïve and non-naïve deer to wolf urine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223248. [PMID: 31774819 PMCID: PMC6880981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores are recolonizing many regions in Europe, where their ungulate prey have lived without them for >150 years. Whether the returning large carnivores will modify ungulate behavior and indirectly affect lower trophic levels, depends on the ability of ungulates to recognize risk based on past encounters and cues indicating carnivore presence. In two case studies, we tested, by means of camera trapping, the behavioral response of deer to wolf urine. The first case study was in the Netherlands where deer (still) live in absence of wolves, and the second in Poland with long-term wolf presence. As controls we used water (no scent) and all-purpose soap (unfamiliar scent). Deer vigilance level on control plots was 20% in both case studies indicating that wolf occupancy per se does not lead to a consistent difference in behavior. Placing wolf urine did not significantly affect deer behavior in either the wolf-absent or the wolf-present area. More intense cues, or a combination of cues, are likely needed to affect deer behavior. Moreover, we found an unexpected reaction of deer towards all-purpose soap of reduced foraging (and tendency for increased vigilance) in the wolf-present area, whereas it did not affect deer behavior in the wolf-absent area. We hypothesize that deer associate all-purpose soap with human presence, causing no response in human-dominated landscapes (the Netherlands), but triggering a behavioral reaction in more remote areas (Poland). This illustrates attention should be paid to controls used in scent experiments as they may be associated differently than intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Annette Lisa van Ginkel
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Christian Smit
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Bedoya-Pérez MA, Smith KL, Kevin RC, Luo JL, Crowther MS, McGregor IS. Parameters That Affect Fear Responses in Rodents and How to Use Them for Management. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Alarm calls or predator calls: which elicit stronger responses in ungulate communities living with and without lions? Oecologia 2019; 190:25-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Patin R, Fortin D, Sueur C, Chamaillé-Jammes S. Space Use and Leadership Modify Dilution Effects on Optimal Vigilance under Food-Safety Trade-Offs. Am Nat 2019; 193:E15-E28. [PMID: 30624106 DOI: 10.1086/700566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dilution of predation risk within groups allows individuals to be less vigilant and forage more while still facing lower risk than if they were alone. How group size influences vigilance when individuals can also adjust their space use and whether this relationship differs among individuals contributing differently to space use decisions remain unknown. We present a model-based study of how dilution affects the optimal antipredator behavior of group members in groups where all individuals determine their vigilance level while group leaders also determine space use. We showed that optimal vigilance did not always decrease with group size, as it was sometimes favorable for individuals in larger groups to use riskier patches while remaining vigilant. Followers were also generally less vigilant than leaders. Indeed, followers needed to acquire more resources than leaders, as only the latter could decide when to go to richer patches. Followers still benefit from dilution of predation risk compared with solitary individuals. For leaders, keeping their leadership status can be more important than incorporating new group members to increase dilution. We demonstrate that risk dilution impacts both optimal vigilance and space use, with fitness reward being tied to a member's ability to influence group space use.
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Blanchard P, Lauzeral C, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Brunet C, Lec'hvien A, Péron G, Pontier D. Coping with change in predation risk across space and time through complementary behavioral responses. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:60. [PMID: 30572866 PMCID: PMC6302475 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our picture of behavioral management of risk by prey remains fragmentary. This partly stems from a lack of studies jointly analyzing different behavioral responses developed by prey, such as habitat use and fine-scale behavior, although they are expected to complement each other. We took advantage of a simple system on the Kerguelen archipelago, made of a prey species, European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, a predator, feral cat Felis catus, and a mosaic of closed and open foraging patches, allowing reliable assessment of spatio-temporal change in predation risk. We investigated the way such a change triggered individual prey decisions on where, when and how to perform routine activities. Results Rabbit presence and behavior were recorded both day and night in patches with similar foraging characteristics, but contrasted in terms of openness. Cats, individually recognizable, were more active at night and in closed patches, in line with their expected higher hunting success in those conditions. Accordingly, rabbits avoided using closed patches at night and increased their vigilance if they did. Both day and night, rabbits increased their use of closed patches as compared to open patches in windy conditions, thereby probably reducing the thermoregulatory costs expected under such harsh environmental conditions. Conclusions Overall, our data map the landscape of fear in this study system and indicate that prey habitat use and vigilance complement each other. Solely focusing on one or the other tactic may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the way predation risk triggers prey decisions. Finally, future studies should investigate inter-individual variability in the relative use of these different types of complementary behavioral responses to perceived risk, along with the determinants and outcomes of such tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Blanchard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS, UMR 5174, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Christine Lauzeral
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS, UMR 5174, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, Ecole Pratiques des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clément Brunet
- Laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud Lec'hvien
- Laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Péron
- Laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
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25
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Hermann SL, Thaler JS. The effect of predator presence on the behavioral sequence from host selection to reproduction in an invulnerable stage of insect prey. Oecologia 2018; 188:945-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Langenhof MR, Komdeur J. Why and how the early-life environment affects development of coping behaviours. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018; 72:34. [PMID: 29449757 PMCID: PMC5805793 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ways in which individuals cope with threats, respond to challenges, make use of opportunities and mediate the harmful effects of their surroundings is important for predicting their ability to function in a rapidly changing world. Perhaps one of the most essential drivers of coping behaviour of adults is the environment experienced during their early-life development. Although the study of coping, defined as behaviours displayed in response to environmental challenges, has a long and rich research history in biology, recent literature has repeatedly pointed out that the processes through which coping behaviours develop in individuals are still largely unknown. In this review, we make a move towards integrating ultimate and proximate lines of coping behaviour research. After broadly defining coping behaviours (1), we review why, from an evolutionary perspective, the development of coping has become tightly linked to the early-life environment (2), which relevant developmental processes are most important in creating coping behaviours adjusted to the early-life environment (3), which influences have been shown to impact those developmental processes (4) and what the adaptive significance of intergenerational transmission of coping behaviours is, in the context of behavioural adaptations to a fast changing world (5). Important concepts such as effects of parents, habitat, nutrition, social group and stress are discussed using examples from empirical studies on mammals, fish, birds and other animals. In the discussion, we address important problems that arise when studying the development of coping behaviours and suggest solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rohaa Langenhof
- Behavioural Physiology and Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Behavioural Physiology and Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Champagne E, Perroud L, Dumont A, Tremblay JP, Côté S. Neighbouring plants and perception of predation risk modulate winter browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of neighbouring plants and predation risk can affect trophic interactions between plants and herbivores. We hypothesized that the relative preference for neighbouring species would determine winter herbivory and that predation risk would modulate browsing pressure. We tested these hypotheses using feeding trials in two regions with high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) densities: Outaouais and Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada). In each, we selected a species of interest and compared browsing rates and time spent foraging with neighbours relatively preferred or avoided. In a subexperiment, we included coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823) urine to test for threat-sensitive foraging and interactions with neighbour effects. In Outaouais, time spent foraging on the focal species was reduced by the presence of potentially avoided neighbours and deer reduced browsing with increased perceived predation risk. On Anticosti, browsing rates on the focal species increased with avoided neighbours, with no effect of the predator urine. Anticosti deer have been in a predator-free environment for more than 120 years, likely reducing antipredator behaviours. This study demonstrates both neighbour effects and threat-sensitive foraging, phenomena that could interact and thus would benefit from being studied together to better represent trophic interactions in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Champagne
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - L. Perroud
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Écologie–Évolution, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - A. Dumont
- Direction de la gestion de la faune de l’Outaouais, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Gatineau, QC J8T 0B1, Canada
| | - J.-P. Tremblay
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - S.D. Côté
- Département de biologie, Centre d’études nordiques et Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d’Anticosti, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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28
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Makin DF, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Shrader AM. Changes in feeding behavior and patch use by herbivores in response to the introduction of a new predator. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Makin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, France
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adrian M Shrader
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Kuijper DPJ, Sahlén E, Elmhagen B, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Sand H, Lone K, Cromsigt JPGM. Paws without claws? Ecological effects of large carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1625. [PMID: 27798302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores are frequently presented as saviours of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning through their creation of trophic cascades, an idea largely based on studies coming primarily out of relatively natural landscapes. However, in large parts of the world, particularly in Europe, large carnivores live in and are returning to strongly human-modified ecosystems. At present, we lack a coherent framework to predict the effects of large carnivores in these anthropogenic landscapes. We review how human actions influence the ecological roles of large carnivores by affecting their density or behaviour or those of mesopredators or prey species. We argue that the potential for density-mediated trophic cascades in anthropogenic landscapes is limited to unproductive areas where even low carnivore numbers may impact prey densities or to the limited parts of the landscape where carnivores are allowed to reach ecologically functional densities. The potential for behaviourally mediated trophic cascades may be larger and more widespread, because even low carnivore densities affect prey behaviour. We conclude that predator-prey interactions in anthropogenic landscapes will be highly context-dependent and human actions will often attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores. We highlight the knowledge gaps and outline a new research avenue to study the role of carnivores in anthropogenic landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P J Kuijper
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1d, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - E Sahlén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.,Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 110 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - B Elmhagen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Chamaillé-Jammes
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE, 1919 Route Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - H Sand
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - K Lone
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J P G M Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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Moll RJ, Redilla KM, Mudumba T, Muneza AB, Gray SM, Abade L, Hayward MW, Millspaugh JJ, Montgomery RA. The many faces of fear: a synthesis of the methodological variation in characterizing predation risk. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:749-765. [PMID: 28390066 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Predators affect prey by killing them directly (lethal effects) and by inducing costly antipredator behaviours in living prey (risk effects). Risk effects can strongly influence prey populations and cascade through trophic systems. A prerequisite for assessing risk effects is characterizing the spatiotemporal variation in predation risk. Risk effects research has experienced rapid growth in the last several decades. However, preliminary assessments of the resultant literature suggest that researchers characterize predation risk using a variety of techniques. The implications of this methodological variation for inference and comparability among studies have not been well recognized or formally synthesized. We couple a literature survey with a hierarchical framework, developed from established theory, to quantify the methodological variation in characterizing risk using carnivore-ungulate systems as a case study. Via this process, we documented 244 metrics of risk from 141 studies falling into at least 13 distinct subcategories within three broader categories. Both empirical and theoretical work suggest risk and its effects on prey constitute a complex, multi-dimensional process with expressions varying by spatiotemporal scale. Our survey suggests this multi-scale complexity is reflected in the literature as a whole but often underappreciated in any given study, which complicates comparability among studies and leads to an overemphasis on documenting the presence of risk effects rather than their mechanisms or scale of influence. We suggest risk metrics be placed in a more concrete conceptual framework to clarify inference surrounding risk effects and their cascading effects throughout ecosystems. We recommend studies (i) take a multi-scale approach to characterizing risk; (ii) explicitly consider 'true' predation risk (probability of predation per unit time); and (iii) use risk metrics that facilitate comparison among studies and the evaluation of multiple competing hypotheses. Addressing the pressing questions in risk effects research, including how, to what extent and on what scale they occur, requires leveraging the advantages of the many methods available to characterize risk while minimizing the confusion caused by variability in their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remington J Moll
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kyle M Redilla
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tutilo Mudumba
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Arthur B Muneza
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Giraffe Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 51061 GPO, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Steven M Gray
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Leandro Abade
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Matt W Hayward
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.,Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, X001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joshua J Millspaugh
- Wildlife Biology Program, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Parsons MH, Apfelbach R, Banks PB, Cameron EZ, Dickman CR, Frank ASK, Jones ME, McGregor IS, McLean S, Müller-Schwarze D, Sparrow EE, Blumstein DT. Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator-prey research across disciplines. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:98-114. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Parsons
- Department of Biology; Hofstra University; Hempstead NY 11549 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Fordham University; Bronx NY 10458 U.S.A
| | - Raimund Apfelbach
- Institut für Neurobiologie; Universität Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camperdown 2006 Australia
| | - Elissa Z. Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Chris R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camperdown 2006 Australia
| | - Anke S. K. Frank
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
- Botanisches Institut, AG Linstädter; Universität zu Köln; D-50674 Köln Germany
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Ian S. McGregor
- School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre; University of Sydney; Camperdown 2050 Australia
| | - Stuart McLean
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Dietland Müller-Schwarze
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry; State University of New York; Syracuse NY 13210 U.S.A
| | - Elisa E. Sparrow
- Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources; Natural Resources Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges; Willunga 5172 Australia
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 U.S.A
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Salandre JA, Beil R, Loehr JA, Sundell J. Foraging decisions of North American beaver (Castor canadensis) are shaped by energy constraints and predation risk. MAMMAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-017-0312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Gilbert SL, Hundertmark KJ, Person DK, Lindberg MS, Boyce MS. Behavioral plasticity in a variable environment: snow depth and habitat interactions drive deer movement in winter. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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35
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Lone K, Mysterud A, Gobakken T, Odden J, Linnell J, Loe LE. Temporal variation in habitat selection breaks the catch-22 of spatially contrasting predation risk from multiple predators. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lone
- Dept of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas Norway
- Norwegian Polar Inst., Fram Centre; Tromsø Norway
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Dept of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern; Oslo Norway
| | - Terje Gobakken
- Dept of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas Norway
| | - John Odden
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research; Sluppen Trondheim Norway
| | - John Linnell
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research; Sluppen Trondheim Norway
| | - Leif Egil Loe
- Dept of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas Norway
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36
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Levels of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites do not reflect environmental contrasts across islands in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) populations. MAMMAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-016-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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37
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Bonnot NC, Morellet N, Hewison AM, Martin JL, Benhamou S, Chamaillé-Jammes S. Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) adjust habitat selection and activity rhythm to the absence of predators. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although individuals must generally trade off acquisition of high-quality resources against predation risk avoidance, removal of top predators by humans has resulted in many large herbivores experiencing novel conditions where their natural predators are absent. Antipredator behaviors should be attenuated or lost in such a context of relaxed predation pressure. To test this prediction, we analyzed daily and seasonal habitat selection and activity rhythm (both commonly linked to predation risk) of GPS-collared Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Merriam, 1898) on predator-free islands (British Columbia, Canada). In marked contrast to the behavioral patterns commonly observed in populations subject to predation risk, we documented a very low day–night contrast in habitat selection. Moreover, we observed higher activity during daytime than nighttime, as expected for nonhunted populations. We also showed that resource selection was primarily driven by seasonal variations in resource availability. These results are consistent with the expected attenuation of antipredator behaviors in predation-free environments. However, we also observed marked crepuscular activity peaks, which are commonly interpreted as an antipredator response in ungulates. Our study indicates that large herbivores are able to adjust certain antipredator behaviors under relaxed selection, notably habitat selection and activity rhythm, while others persist despite the long-term absence of predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège C. Bonnot
- INRA, UR35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- INRA, UR35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A.J. Mark Hewison
- INRA, UR35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Louis Martin
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Simon Benhamou
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
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38
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Differences in measures of boldness even when underlying behavioral syndromes are present in two populations of the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). J ETHOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-016-0465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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39
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Bastille-Rousseau G, Rayl ND, Ellington EH, Schaefer JA, Peers MJ, Mumma MA, Mahoney SP, Murray DL. Temporal variation in habitat use, co-occurrence, and risk among generalist predators and a shared prey. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Generalist predators typically have broad diets, but their diets may become constrained when one species of prey becomes disproportionately available. Yet there is poor understanding regarding whether generalist predators exhibit stereotypic relationships with pulsed prey resources. We used telemetry data from 959 woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788); 146 adult females, 813 calves), 61 coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823), and 55 black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) to investigate how two generalist predators interacted with caribou neonates on the island of Newfoundland. We examined the similarity of patterns of habitat use between caribou and their predators across time and related this similarity to interspecific spatiotemporal co-occurrence and mortality risk for caribou neonates. The similarity in habitat use between coyotes and caribou mirrored variation in juvenile hazard risk, but had weak association with actual co-occurrence with caribou. Bears and caribou exhibited less similarity in habitat use during the calving season than coyotes and caribou. The relationship between habitat use of bear and caribou did not correspond with either co-occurrence patterns or overall risk for caribou neonates. Our work illustrates how risk for a prey species can be shaped differently based upon differences between the behavioural strategies of generalist predator species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel D. Rayl
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - E. Hance Ellington
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - James A. Schaefer
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Michael J.L. Peers
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Matthew A. Mumma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Shane P. Mahoney
- Conservation Visions Inc., P.O. Box 5489, Station C, 354 Water St., St. John’s, NL A1C 5W4, Canada
| | - Dennis L. Murray
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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40
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Sahlén E, Noell S, DePerno CS, Kindberg J, Spong G, Cromsigt JPGM. Phantoms of the forest: legacy risk effects of a regionally extinct large carnivore. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:791-9. [PMID: 26865966 PMCID: PMC4739569 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased abundance of large carnivores in Europe is a conservation success, but the impact on the behavior and population dynamics of prey species is generally unknown. In Europe, the recolonization of large carnivores often occurs in areas where humans have greatly modified the landscape through forestry or agriculture. Currently, we poorly understand the effects of recolonizing large carnivores on extant prey species in anthropogenic landscapes. Here, we investigated if ungulate prey species showed innate responses to the scent of a regionally exterminated but native large carnivore, and whether the responses were affected by human-induced habitat openness. We experimentally introduced brown bear Ursus arctos scent to artificial feeding sites and used camera traps to document the responses of three sympatric ungulate species. In addition to controls without scent, reindeer scent Rangifer tarandus was used as a noncarnivore, novel control scent. Fallow deer Dama dama strongly avoided areas with bear scent. In the presence of bear scent, all ungulate species generally used open sites more than closed sites, whereas the opposite was observed at sites with reindeer scent or without scent. The opening of forest habitat by human practices, such as forestry and agriculture, creates a larger gradient in habitat openness than available in relatively unaffected closed forest systems, which may create opportunities for prey to alter their habitat selection and reduce predation risk in human-modified systems that do not exist in more natural forest systems. Increased knowledge about antipredator responses in areas subjected to anthropogenic change is important because these responses may affect prey population dynamics, lower trophic levels, and attitudes toward large carnivores. These aspects may be of particular relevance in the light of the increasing wildlife populations across much of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Sahlén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden; Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University 110 Brooks Ave Raleigh NC 27607
| | - Sonja Noell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher S DePerno
- Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University 110 Brooks Ave Raleigh NC 27607
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Göran Spong
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden; Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University 110 Brooks Ave Raleigh NC 27607
| | - Joris P G M Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Skogsmarksgränd SE-901 83 Umeå Sweden; Department of Zoology Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University PO Box 77000 Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
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41
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Osada K, Miyazono S, Kashiwayanagi M. The scent of wolves: pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:363. [PMID: 26500485 PMCID: PMC4595651 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gray wolf (Canis lupus) is an apex predator located at the top of the food chain in the Northern Hemisphere. It preys on rodents, rabbits, ungulates, and many other kinds of mammal. However, the behavioral evidence for, and the chemical basis of, the fear-inducing impact of wolf urine on prey are unclear. Recently, the pyrazine analogs 2, 6-dimethylpyrazine, 2, 3, 5-trimethylpyrazine and 3-ethyl-2, 5-dimethyl pyrazine were identified as kairomones in the urine of wolves. When mice were confronted with a mixture of purified pyrazine analogs, vigilance behaviors, including freezing and excitation of neurons at the accessory olfactory bulb, were markedly increased. Additionally, the odor of the pyrazine cocktail effectively suppressed the approach of deer to a feeding area, and for those close to the feeding area elicited fear-related behaviors such as the "tail-flag," "flight," and "jump" actions. In this review, we discuss the transfer of chemical information from wolf to prey through the novel kairomones identified in wolf urine and also compare the characteristics of wolf kairomones with other predator-produced kairomones that affect rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Osada
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Miyazono
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa, Japan
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Nielsen BL, Rampin O, Meunier N, Bombail V. Behavioral responses to odors from other species: introducing a complementary model of allelochemics involving vertebrates. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:226. [PMID: 26161069 PMCID: PMC4480148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that the behavior of an animal can be affected by odors from another species. Such interspecific effects of odorous compounds (allelochemics) are usually characterized according to who benefits (emitter, receiver, or both) and the odors categorized accordingly (allomones, kairomones, and synomones, respectively), which has its origin in the definition of pheromones, i.e., intraspecific communication via volatile compounds. When considering vertebrates, however, interspecific odor-based effects exist which do not fit well in this paradigm. Three aspects in particular do not encompass all interspecific semiochemical effects: one relates to the innateness of the behavioral response, another to the origin of the odor, and the third to the intent of the message. In this review we focus on vertebrates, and present examples of behavioral responses of animals to odors from other species with specific reference to these three aspects. Searching for a more useful classification of allelochemical effects we examine the relationship between the valence of odors (attractive through to aversive), and the relative contributions of learned and unconditioned (innate) behavioral responses to odors from other species. We propose that these two factors (odor valence and learning) may offer an alternative way to describe the nature of interspecific olfactory effects involving vertebrates compared to the current focus on who benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte L Nielsen
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Rampin
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France ; Department of Biology, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Versailles, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Le Saout S, Martin JL, Blanchard P, Cebe N, Mark Hewison A, Rames JL, Chamaillé-Jammes S. Seeing a Ghost? Vigilance and Its Drivers in a Predator-free World. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Le Saout
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | | | - Pierrick Blanchard
- UMR 5174 CNRS ‘Evolution et Diversité Biologique’; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - Nicolas Cebe
- INRA; UR 35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - A.J. Mark Hewison
- INRA; UR 35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Jean-Luc Rames
- INRA; UR 35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Castanet-Tolosan France
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44
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Fancourt BA, Hawkins CE, Cameron EZ, Jones ME, Nicol SC. Devil declines and catastrophic cascades: is mesopredator release of feral cats inhibiting recovery of the eastern quoll? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119303. [PMID: 25760348 PMCID: PMC4356622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized Australian marsupial carnivore that has recently undergone a rapid and severe population decline over the 10 years to 2009, with no sign of recovery. This decline has been linked to a period of unfavourable weather, but subsequent improved weather conditions have not been matched by quoll recovery. A recent study suggested another mechanism: that declines in Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) populations, due to the spread of the fatal Devil Facial Tumour Disease, have released feral cats (Felis catus) from competitive suppression, with eastern quoll declines linked to a subsequent increase in cat sightings. Yet current evidence of intraguild suppression among devils, cats and quolls is scant and equivocal. We therefore assessed the influences of top-down effects on abundance and activity patterns among devils, feral cats and eastern quolls. Between 2011 and 2013, we monitored four carnivore populations using longitudinal trapping and camera surveys, and performed camera surveys at 12 additional sites throughout the eastern quoll's range. We did not find evidence of a negative relationship between devil and cat abundance, nor of higher cat abundance in areas where devil populations had declined the longest. Cats did not appear to avoid devils spatially; however, there was evidence of temporal separation of cat and devil activity, with reduced separation and increasing nocturnal activity observed in areas where devils had declined the longest. Cats and quolls used the same areas, and there was no evidence that cat and quoll abundances were negatively related. Temporal overlap in observed cat and quoll activity was higher in summer than in winter, but this seasonal difference was unrelated to devil declines. We suggest that cats did not cause the recent quoll decline, but that predation of juvenile quolls by cats could be inhibiting low density quoll populations from recovering their former abundance through a 'predator pit' effect following weather-induced decline. Predation intensity could increase further should cats become increasingly nocturnal in response to devil declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn A. Fancourt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Clare E. Hawkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Elissa Z. Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stewart C. Nicol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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45
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Wikenros C, Kuijper DP, Behnke R, Schmidt K. Behavioural responses of ungulates to indirect cues of an ambush predator. BEHAVIOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ambush predators provide more persistent cues of predation risk compared to coursing predators and are predicted to exert stronger effects on behaviour of their prey. We studied anti-predator responses of ungulates by means of camera traps to an olfactory cue (fresh scat) of an ambush predator, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) both important prey species for lynx were not more vigilant when exposed to lynx scent, but reduced their visitation duration. Our results contrast with previously reported responses of red deer to scent from a coursing predator, the wolf (Canis lupus), where only vigilance and foraging behaviour but not visitation duration changed in response to wolf scat. This indicates that ungulates are able to recognize the risk of predation from predators with differing hunting modes based on olfactory cues and adjust their anti-predatory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Wikenros
- aMammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230, Białowieza, Poland
- bGrimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Dries P.J. Kuijper
- aMammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230, Białowieza, Poland
| | - Robert Behnke
- aMammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230, Białowieza, Poland
- cUniversity of Applied Life Sciences and Natural Resources (BOKU) Vienna, Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Schmidt
- aMammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230, Białowieza, Poland
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Cinková I, Policht R. Discrimination of familiarity and sex from chemical cues in the dung by wild southern white rhinoceros. Anim Cogn 2014; 18:385-92. [PMID: 25273823 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-014-0810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Communication in rhinos is primarily mediated by the vocal and olfactory signals as they have relatively poor eyesight. White rhinos are the most social of all the rhinoceros species, they defecate at common dungheaps and the adult bulls use dung and urine to mark their territory. Chemical communication may therefore be particularly important in the social interactions of white rhinos, and its knowledge could be very helpful in their management and conservation. However, no studies have investigated up until now the olfactory discrimination in any rhinoceros species in the wild. We have experimentally studied the reactions of the wild southern white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum) to the dung of familiar and unfamiliar adult females and adult territorial males. We registered the number of sniffing events, the duration of sniffing and the latency of the vigilance posture from the onset of sniffing. The dung of unfamiliar rhinos was sniffed longer than that of familiar rhinos. The rhinos showed a shorter latency of vigilance posture to the familiar dung of males than that of females. For unfamiliar dung, they displayed a shorter latency of vigilance posture to female than male dung. Our results indicate that the rhinos are able to discriminate the familiarity and sex of conspecifics from the smell of their dung. Olfactory cues could therefore play an important role in the social relationships and spatial organization of the southern white rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cinková
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic,
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Osada K, Miyazono S, Kashiwayanagi M. Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:276. [PMID: 25177281 PMCID: PMC4132518 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that a cocktail of pyrazine analogs, identified in wolf urine, induced avoidance and fear behaviors in mice. The effects of the pyrazine cocktail on Hokkaido deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were investigated in field bioassays at a deer park in Hokkaido, Japan. A set of feeding bioassay trials tested the effects of the pyrazine cocktail odor on the behavior of the deer located around a feeding area in August and September 2013. This odor effectively suppressed the approach of the deer to the feeding area. In addition, the pyrazine cocktail odor provoked fear-related behaviors, such as “tail-flag”, “flight” and “jump” actions, of the deer around the feeding area. This study is the first experimental demonstration that the pyrazine analogs in wolf urine have robust and continual fearful aversive effects on ungulates as well as mice. The pyrazine cocktail might be suitable for a chemical repellent that could limit damage to forests and agricultural crops by wild ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Osada
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Miyazono
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Kashiwayanagi
- Department of Sensory Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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