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Thon FM, Müller C, Wittmann MJ. The evolution of chemodiversity in plants-From verbal to quantitative models. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14365. [PMID: 38362774 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plants harbour a great chemodiversity, that is diversity of specialised metabolites (SMs), at different scales. For instance, individuals can produce a large number of SMs, and populations can differ in their metabolite composition. Given the ecological and economic importance of plant chemodiversity, it is important to understand how it arises and is maintained over evolutionary time. For other dimensions of biodiversity, that is species diversity and genetic diversity, quantitative models play an important role in addressing such questions. Here, we provide a synthesis of existing hypotheses and quantitative models, that is mathematical models and computer simulations, for the evolution of plant chemodiversity. We describe each model's ingredients, that is the biological processes that shape chemodiversity, the scales it considers and whether it has been formalized as a quantitative model. Although we identify several quantitative models, not all are dynamic and many influential models have remained verbal. To fill these gaps, we outline our vision for the future of chemodiversity modelling. We identify quantitative models used for genetic variation that may be adapted for chemodiversity, and we present a flexible framework for the creation of individual-based models that address different scales of chemodiversity and combine different ingredients that bring this chemodiversity about.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans M Thon
- Faculty of Biology, Theoretical Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Meike J Wittmann
- Faculty of Biology, Theoretical Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Wszelaki S, Podobiński P, Środoń K. Molluscicidal activity of plant alkaloids. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1778-1792. [PMID: 36987554 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Some snail species pose a serious threat for human health, economy, and the environment due to their widespread distribution and the transmission of dangerous parasites causing, among others, schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Scientists from around the world have been studying the effects of plant extracts on snails for many years in order to find an alternative to molluscicides of synthetic origin. The main purpose of this study was to collect the results obtained so far on the effect of plant alkaloids on snails in the context of their molluscicidal properties. This work presents the results of publications on the effect of plant alkaloids on snails, which were published in the years 1974-2021. The Solanaceae, Papaveraceae, and Asteraceae are the plant families most frequently cited for containing alkaloids with molluscicidal activity. The alkaloids identified as molluscicidal belonged to various groups, of which the most numerous were pseudoalkaloids and tyrosine-derived alkaloids. Most of the tested alkaloids were characterized by a high mortality rate among the studied groups of snails. Based on the collected research results, it was found that plant alkaloids can be extremely useful in the fight against problematic species of snails and cause much lower harm to the environment than synthetic molluscicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wszelaki
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida St, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Paweł Podobiński
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida St, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Kacper Środoń
- University of Wroclaw, 1 placUniwersytecki St, Wrocław, 50-137, Poland
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3
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Schrieber K, Glüsing S, Peters L, Eichert B, Althoff M, Schwarz K, Erfmeier A, Demetrowitsch T. Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4559-4578. [PMID: 37147850 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Studying intraspecific variation in multistress responses is central for predicting and managing the population dynamics of wild plant species under rapid global change. Yet, it remains a challenging goal in this field to integrate knowledge on the complex biochemical underpinnings for the targeted 'non-model' species. Here, we studied divergence in combined drought and heat responses among Northern and Southern European populations of the dune plant Cakile maritima, by combining comprehensive plant phenotyping with metabolic profiling via FT-ICR-MS and UPLC-TQ-MS/MS. We observed pronounced constitutive divergence in growth phenology, leaf functional traits, and defence chemistry (glucosinolates and alkaloids) among population origins. Most importantly, the magnitude of growth reduction under drought was partly weaker in southern plants and associated with divergence in plastic growth responses (leaf abscission) and the modulation of primary and specialized metabolites with known central functions not only in plant abiotic but also in biotic stress responses. Our study indicates that divergent selection has shaped the constitutive and drought-/heat-induced expression of numerous morphological and biochemical functional traits to mediate higher abiotic stress resistance in southern Cakile populations, and highlights that metabolomics can be a powerful tool to explore the underlying mechanisms of local adaptation in 'non-model' species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schrieber
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Division of Geobotany, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Svea Glüsing
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisa Peters
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Division of Geobotany, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, D-06406 Bernburg (Saale), Germany
| | - Beke Eichert
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Division of Geobotany, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Merle Althoff
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Division of Geobotany, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Ecosystem Research, Division of Geobotany, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Demetrowitsch
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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4
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Watts S, Kaur S, Kariyat R. Revisiting plant defense-fitness trade-off hypotheses using Solanum as a model genus. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess physical and chemical defenses which have been found to deter herbivores that feed and oviposit on them. Despite having wide variety of defenses which can be constitutive or induced, plants are attacked and damaged by insects associated with different mouthparts and feeding habits. Since these defenses are costly, trade-offs for growth and defense traits play an important role in warding off the herbivores, with consequences for plant and herbivore growth, development and fitness. Solanum is a diverse and rich genus comprising of over 1,500 species with economic and ecological importance. Although a large number of studies on Solanum species with different herbivores have been carried out to understand plant defenses and herbivore counter defenses, they have primarily focused on pairwise interactions, and a few species of economic and ecological importance. Therefore, a detailed and updated understanding of the integrated defense system (sum of total defenses and trade-offs) is still lacking. Through this review, we take a closer look at the most common plant defense hypotheses, their assumptions and trade-offs and also a comprehensive evaluation of studies that use the genus Solanum as their host plant, and their generalist and specialist herbivores from different feeding guilds. Overall, review emphasizes on using ubiquitous Solanum genus and working toward building an integrated model which can predict defense-fitness-trade-offs in various systems with maximum accuracy and minimum deviations from realistic results.
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Chiocchio I, Andrés NP, Anaia RA, van Dam NM, Vergara F. Steroidal glycoside profile differences among primary roots system and adventitious roots in Solanum dulcamara. PLANTA 2023; 257:37. [PMID: 36645517 PMCID: PMC9842586 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solanum dulcamara primary and adventitious roots showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their steroidal glycosides profile. This opened new venues to evaluate the bioactivity of these molecules in belowground ecosystems. The Solanum genus is characterized by the presence of steroidal glycosides (SGs) that confer herbivore resistance and serve as drug precursors in the pharmaceutical industry. Solanum dulcamara is a self-compatible, sexually reproducing species that produces seeds after buzz-pollination. In addition, primordia on the stem facilitate clonal propagation via adventitious root (AR) formation. ARs contain aerenchyma being developmentally and morphologically different from primary roots (PRs). Therefore, we hypothesized that ARs and PRs have different SG profiles. Aiming to assess differences in SGs profiles in S. dulcamara roots in relation to their origins and morphologies, we used liquid chromatography coupled to electron spray ionization quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-qToF-MS) to profile SGs from PRs and ARs of seven S. dulcamara individuals. Mass fragmentation pattern analysis indicated the presence of 31 SG-type structures, including those with spirostans and furostans moieties. We assigned the 31 structures to 9 classes of steroidal aglycons (SAgls) that differ in hydroxylation and degree of unsaturation. We found that SAgls were conjugated with di-, tri- and tetra saccharides whereby one compound contained a malonylated sugar. Principle component analysis showed that SG profiles of PRs and ARs separated on the first principal component, supporting our hypothesis. Specifically, PRs contain higher number of SGs than ARs with some compounds exclusively present in PRs. Our results reveal a high level of novel chemodiversity in PRs and ARs of Solanum dulcamara. The knowledge gained will deepen our understanding of SGs biosynthesis and their functional role in plant-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Chiocchio
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nerea Pérez Andrés
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Redouan Adam Anaia
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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6
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Mann L, Laplanche D, Turlings TCJ, Desurmont GA. A comparative study of plant volatiles induced by insect and gastropod herbivory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23698. [PMID: 34880284 PMCID: PMC8654843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect and gastropod herbivores are major plant consumers and their importance in the evolution of plant defensive traits is broadly recognized. However, their respective effects on plant responses have rarely been compared. Here we focused on plant volatile emissions (VOCs) following herbivory and compared the effects of herbivory by caterpillars of the generalist insect Spodoptera littoralis and by generalist slugs of the genus Arion on the VOCs emissions of 14 cultivated plant species. Results revealed that plants consistently produced higher amounts of volatiles and responded more specifically to caterpillar than to slug herbivory. Specifically, plants released on average 6.0 times more VOCs (total), 8.9 times more green leaf volatiles, 4.2 times more terpenoids, 6.0 times more aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5.7 times more other VOCs in response to 1 cm2 of insect damage than to 1 cm2 of slug damage. Interestingly, four of the plant species tested produced a distinct blend of volatiles following insect damage but not slug damage. These findings may result from different chemical elicitors or from physical differences in herbivory by the two herbivores. This study is an important step toward a more inclusive view of plant responses to different types of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Mann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Diane Laplanche
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland. .,European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL USDA ARS), Montferrier-sur-lez, France.
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7
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Egert J, Brombacher E, Warscheid B, Kreutz C. DIMA: Data-Driven Selection of an Imputation Algorithm. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3489-3496. [PMID: 34062065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imputation is a prominent strategy when dealing with missing values (MVs) in proteomics data analysis pipelines. However, it is difficult to assess the performance of different imputation methods and varies strongly depending on data characteristics. To overcome this issue, we present the concept of a data-driven selection of an imputation algorithm (DIMA). The performance and broad applicability of DIMA are demonstrated on 142 quantitative proteomics data sets from the PRoteomics IDEntifications (PRIDE) database and on simulated data consisting of 5-50% MVs with different proportions of missing not at random and missing completely at random values. DIMA reliably suggests a high-performing imputation algorithm, which is always among the three best algorithms and results in a root mean square error difference (ΔRMSE) ≤ 10% in 80% of the cases. DIMA implementation is available in MATLAB at github.com/kreutz-lab/OmicsData and in R at github.com/kreutz-lab/DIMAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Egert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBI), Institute of Medicine and Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Brombacher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBI), Institute of Medicine and Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics (IMBI), Institute of Medicine and Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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8
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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9
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Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Metabolite Compositions in Leaf Blade and Traps of Carnivorous Nepenthes Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124376. [PMID: 32575527 PMCID: PMC7352528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepenthes is a genus of carnivorous plants that evolved a pitfall trap, the pitcher, to catch and digest insect prey to obtain additional nutrients. Each pitcher is part of the whole leaf, together with a leaf blade. These two completely different parts of the same organ were studied separately in a non-targeted metabolomics approach in Nepenthes x ventrata, a robust natural hybrid. The first aim was the analysis and profiling of small (50–1000 m/z) polar and non-polar molecules to find a characteristic metabolite pattern for the particular tissues. Second, the impact of insect feeding on the metabolome of the pitcher and leaf blade was studied. Using UPLC-ESI-qTOF and cheminformatics, about 2000 features (MS/MS events) were detected in the two tissues. They showed a huge chemical diversity, harboring classes of chemical substances that significantly discriminate these tissues. Among the common constituents of N. x ventrata are phenolics, flavonoids and naphthoquinones, namely plumbagin, a characteristic compound for carnivorous Nepenthales, and many yet-unknown compounds. Upon insect feeding, only in pitchers in the polar compounds fraction, small but significant differences could be detected. By further integrating information with cheminformatics approaches, we provide and discuss evidence that the metabolite composition of the tissues can point to their function.
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10
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Calf OW, Lortzing T, Weinhold A, Poeschl Y, Peters JL, Huber H, Steppuhn A, van Dam NM. Slug Feeding Triggers Dynamic Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Responses Leading to Induced Resistance in Solanum dulcamara. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32625224 PMCID: PMC7314995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced plant responses to insect herbivores are well studied, but we know very little about responses to gastropod feeding. We aim to identify the temporal dynamics of signaling- and defense-related plant responses after slug feeding in relation to induced resistance. We exposed Solanum dulcamara plants to feeding by the gray field slug (GFS; Deroceras reticulatum) for different periods and tested disks of local and systemic leaves in preference assays. Induced responses were analyzed using metabolomics and transcriptomics. GFS feeding induced local and systemic responses. Slug feeding for 72 h more strongly affected the plant metabolome than 24 h feeding. It increased the levels of a glycoalkaloid (solasonine), phenolamides, anthocyanins, and trypsin protease inhibitors as well as polyphenol oxidase activity. Phytohormone and transcriptome analyses revealed that jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling were activated. GFS feeding upregulated more genes than that it downregulated. The response directly after feeding was more than five times higher than after an additional 24 h without feeding. Our research showed that GFS, like most chewing insects, triggers anti-herbivore defenses by activating defense signaling pathways, resulting in increased resistance to further slug feeding. Slug herbivory may therefore impact other herbivores in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno W. Calf
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Janny L. Peters
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Department of Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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11
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Müller C, Bräutigam A, Eilers E, Junker R, Schnitzler JP, Steppuhn A, Unsicker S, van Dam N, Weisser W, Wittmann M. Ecology and Evolution of Intraspecific Chemodiversity of Plants. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.6.e49810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinarily high intraspecific chemical diversity, i.e. chemodiversity, has been found in several plant species, of which some are of major ecological or economic relevance. Moreover, even within an individual plant there is substantial chemodiversity among tissues and across seasons. This chemodiversity likely has pronounced ecological effects on plant mutualists and antagonists, associated foodwebs and, ultimately, biodiversity. Surprisingly, studies on interactions between plants and their herbivores or pollinators often neglect plant chemistry as a level of diversity and phenotypic variation. The main aim of this Research Unit (RU) is to understand the emergence and maintenance of intraspecific chemodiversity in plants. We address the following central questions:
1) How does plant chemodiversity vary across levels, i.e., within individuals, among individuals within populations, and among populations?
2) What are the ecological consequences of intraspecific plant chemodiversity?
3) How is plant chemodiversity genetically determined and maintained?
By combining field and laboratory studies with metabolomics, transcriptomics, genetic tools, statistical data analysis and modelling, we aim to understand causes and consequences of plant chemodiversity and elucidate its impacts on the interactions of plants with their biotic environment. Furthermore, we want to identify general principles, which hold across different species, and develop meaningful measures to describe the fascinating diversity of defence chemicals in plants. These tasks require integrated scientific collaboration of experts in experimental and theoretical ecology, including chemical and molecular ecology, (bio)chemistry and evolution.
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12
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Zhang W, Zuo C, Chen Z, Kang Y, Qin S. RNA Sequencing Reveals That Both Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Responsive Genes are Induced during Expression of Steroidal Glycoalkaloid in Potato Tuber Subjected to Light Exposure. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E920. [PMID: 31718041 PMCID: PMC6896166 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which are widely produced by potato, even in other Solanaceae plants, are a class of potentially toxic compounds, but are beneficial to host resistance. However, changes of the other metabolic process along with SGA accumulation are still poorly understood and researched. Based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis, the global gene expression profiles of potato variety Helan 15 (Favorita) was investigated at four-time points during light exposure. The data was further verified by using quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). When compared to the control group, 1288, 1592, 1737, and 1870 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 8 d, respectively. The results of both RNAseq and qRT-PCR showed that SGA biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in the potato tuber under light exposure. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to PS light reaction and Protein degradation were significantly enriched in most time points of light exposure. Additionally, enriched Bins included Receptor kinases, Secondary metabolic process in flavonoids, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress in the early stage of light exposure, but PS Calvin cycle, RNA regulation of transcription, and UDP glucosyl and glucoronyl transferases in the later stage. Most of the DEGs involved in PS light reaction and Abiotic stress were up-regulated at all four time points, whereas DEGs that participated in biotic stresses were mainly up-regulated at the later stage (48 h and 8 d). Cis-element prediction and co-expression assay were used to confirm the expressional correlation between genes that are responsible for SGA biosynthesis and disease resistance. In conclusion, the expressions of genes involved in PS light reaction, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress were obviously aroused during the accumulation of SGAs induced by light exposure. Moreover, an increased defense response might contribute to the potato resistance to the infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yichen Kang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
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Calf OW, Huber H, Peters JL, Weinhold A, Poeschl Y, van Dam NM. Gastropods and Insects Prefer Different Solanum dulcamara Chemotypes. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:146-161. [PMID: 29961916 PMCID: PMC6469604 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet nightshade) shows significant intraspecific variation in glycoalkaloid (GA) composition and concentration. We previously showed that constitutive differences in overall GA levels are correlated with feeding preference of the grey field slug (GFS; Deroceras reticulatum). One particularly preferred accession, ZD11, contained low GA levels, but high levels of previously unknown structurally related uronic acid conjugated compounds (UACs). Here we test whether different slug species as well as insect herbivores show similar feeding preferences among six S. dulcamara accessions with different GA chemotypes. In addition, we investigate whether slug feeding can lead to induced changes in the chemical composition and affect later arriving herbivores. A leaf disc assay using greenhouse-grown plants showed that three slug species similarly preferred accessions with low GA levels. Untargeted metabolomic analyses showed that previous slug feeding consistently increased the levels of N-caffeoyl-putrescine and a structurally related metabolite, but not the levels of GAs and UACs. Slug-induced responses only affected slug preference in one accession. A common garden experiment using the same six accessions revealed that ZD11 received the highest natural gastropod feeding damage, but suffered the lowest damage by specialist flea beetles. The latter preferred to feed on accessions with high GA levels. Our study indicates that different selection pressures imposed by generalist gastropods and specialist insects may explain part of the observed chemical diversity in S. dulcamara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janny L Peters
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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14
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Geuss D, Lortzing T, Schwachtje J, Kopka J, Steppuhn A. Oviposition by Spodoptera exigua on Solanum dulcamara Alters the Plant's Response to Herbivory and Impairs Larval Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124008. [PMID: 30545097 PMCID: PMC6321313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant resistance traits against insect herbivores are extremely plastic. Plants respond not only to the herbivory itself, but also to oviposition by herbivorous insects. How prior oviposition affects plant responses to larval herbivory is largely unknown. Combining bioassays and defense protein activity assays with microarray analyses and metabolite profiling, we investigated the impact of preceding oviposition on the interaction of Solanum dulcamara with the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera exigua at the levels of the plant’s resistance, transcriptome and metabolome. We found that oviposition increased plant resistance to the subsequent feeding larvae. While constitutive and feeding-induced levels of defensive protease inhibitor activity remained unaffected, pre-exposure to eggs altered S. dulcamara’s transcriptional and metabolic response to larval feeding in leaves local and systemic to oviposition. In particular, genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were more strongly expressed in previously oviposited plants, which was reflected by reciprocal changes of primary metabolites upstream and within these pathways. Our data highlight that plants integrate signals from non-threatening life stages of their natural enemies to optimize their response when they become actually attacked. The observed transcriptional and metabolic reshaping of S. dulcamara’s response to S. exigua herbivory suggests a role of phenylpropanoids in oviposition-primed plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geuss
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens Schwachtje
- Applied Metabolome Analysis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Applied Metabolome Analysis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Peters K, Worrich A, Weinhold A, Alka O, Balcke G, Birkemeyer C, Bruelheide H, Calf OW, Dietz S, Dührkop K, Gaquerel E, Heinig U, Kücklich M, Macel M, Müller C, Poeschl Y, Pohnert G, Ristok C, Rodríguez VM, Ruttkies C, Schuman M, Schweiger R, Shahaf N, Steinbeck C, Tortosa M, Treutler H, Ueberschaar N, Velasco P, Weiß BM, Widdig A, Neumann S, Dam NMV. Current Challenges in Plant Eco-Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1385. [PMID: 29734799 PMCID: PMC5983679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively new research discipline of Eco-Metabolomics is the application of metabolomics techniques to ecology with the aim to characterise biochemical interactions of organisms across different spatial and temporal scales. Metabolomics is an untargeted biochemical approach to measure many thousands of metabolites in different species, including plants and animals. Changes in metabolite concentrations can provide mechanistic evidence for biochemical processes that are relevant at ecological scales. These include physiological, phenotypic and morphological responses of plants and communities to environmental changes and also interactions with other organisms. Traditionally, research in biochemistry and ecology comes from two different directions and is performed at distinct spatiotemporal scales. Biochemical studies most often focus on intrinsic processes in individuals at physiological and cellular scales. Generally, they take a bottom-up approach scaling up cellular processes from spatiotemporally fine to coarser scales. Ecological studies usually focus on extrinsic processes acting upon organisms at population and community scales and typically study top-down and bottom-up processes in combination. Eco-Metabolomics is a transdisciplinary research discipline that links biochemistry and ecology and connects the distinct spatiotemporal scales. In this review, we focus on approaches to study chemical and biochemical interactions of plants at various ecological levels, mainly plant⁻organismal interactions, and discuss related examples from other domains. We present recent developments and highlight advancements in Eco-Metabolomics over the last decade from various angles. We further address the five key challenges: (1) complex experimental designs and large variation of metabolite profiles; (2) feature extraction; (3) metabolite identification; (4) statistical analyses; and (5) bioinformatics software tools and workflows. The presented solutions to these challenges will advance connecting the distinct spatiotemporal scales and bridging biochemistry and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Peters
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anja Worrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Alka
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Balcke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cell and Metabolic Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Dietz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kai Dührkop
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Marlen Kücklich
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Victor Manuel Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Christoph Ruttkies
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Meredith Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nir Shahaf
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, 234 Herzl St., P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Christoph Steinbeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Maria Tortosa
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Hendrik Treutler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassica, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Widdig
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
- Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Stress and Developmental Biology, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Müller C, Orians CM. From plants to herbivores: novel insights into the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant variation. Oecologia 2018; 187:357-360. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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