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Joyce CM, Gordon EB, McGivney A, Li X, Lim T, Cohen MA, Kaplan DL. Methods to Screen the Adhesion of Fish Cells on Plant-, Algal- and Fungal-Derived Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39969-39980. [PMID: 39024341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellular agriculture, an alternative and innovative approach to sustainable food production, has gained momentum in recent years. However, there is limited research into the production of cultivated seafood. Here, we investigated the ability of fish mackerel cells (Scomber scombrus) to adhere to plant, algal and fungal-based biomaterial scaffolds, aiming to optimize the cultivation of fish cells for use in cellular agriculture. A mackerel cell line was utilized, and metabolic assays and confocal imaging were utilized to track cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation on the different biomaterials. The mackerel cells adhered and grew on gelatin (positive control), zein, and soy proteins, as well as on alginate, chitosan, and cellulose polysaccharides. The highest adhesion and growth were on the zein and chitosan substrates, apart from the gelatin control. These findings provide a blueprint to enhance scaffold selection and design, contributing to the broader field of cellular agriculture through the development of scalable and eco-conscious solutions for meeting the growing global demand for seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Joyce
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Edward B Gordon
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Aelish McGivney
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Xinxin Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Taehwan Lim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Malkiel A Cohen
- Wanda Fish Technologies LTD, 7 Pinhas Sapir St., Ness Ziona 7403630, Israel
| | - David L Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Wen W, Hu M, Gao Y, Zhang P, Meng W, Zhang F, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Effect of Soy Protein Products on Growth and Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus. Foods 2024; 13:1525. [PMID: 38790825 PMCID: PMC11121397 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial nitrogen sources are promising, and soy protein as a plant-based nitrogen source has absolute advantages in creating microbial culture medium in terms of renewability, eco-friendliness, and greater safety. Soy protein is rich in variety due to different extraction technologies and significantly different in the cell growth and metabolism of microorganisms as nitrogen source. Therefore, different soy proteins (soy meal powder, SMP; soy peptone, SP; soy protein concentrate, SPC; soy protein isolate, SPI; and soy protein hydrolysate, SPH) were used as nitrogen sources to culture Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptomyces clavuligerus to evaluate the suitable soy nitrogen sources of the above strains. The results showed that B. subtilis had the highest bacteria density in SMP medium; S. lactis had the highest bacteria density in SPI medium; and S. clavuligerus had the highest PMV in SPI medium. Nattokinase activity was the highest in SP medium; the bacteriostatic effect of nisin was the best in SPI medium; and the clavulanic acid concentration was the highest in SMP medium. Based on analyzing the correlation between the nutritional composition and growth metabolism of the strains, the results indicated that the protein content and amino acid composition were the key factors influencing the cell growth and metabolism of the strains. These findings present a new, high-value application opportunity for soybean protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Miao Hu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Weimin Meng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (W.W.); (M.H.); (Y.G.); (P.Z.); (W.M.); (F.Z.); (B.F.)
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3
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Islam SMM, Ju LK. Advanced strategies for production of soy-processing enzyme. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1042001. [PMID: 36698638 PMCID: PMC9868571 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme production is critical and often costly for biorefinery. It is challenging to produce enzymes with not only high titers but also proper combinations of all required activities in a single fermentation. This work aimed at improving productivity and composition of the multiple enzyme activities required for hydrolysis of complex soybean carbohydrate in a single fermentation. A previously selected Aspergillus niger strain was used for its high carbohydrases and low protease production. Strategies of fed-batch substrate addition and programmed pH-decrease rates were evaluated. Cheap soybean hull (SH) was confirmed to induce production of all necessary carbohydrases. Surprisingly, fed-batch SH addition, originally thought to sustain substrate-inducer availability and reduce feedback repression by sugars, did not increase pectinase and cellulase production significantly and even lowered the α-galactosidase production, when compared with batch fermentation having the same total SH amount (all added initially). On the other hand, the pH-decrease rate could be effectively optimized for production of complex enzyme mixtures. The best fermentation was programmed to lower pH from 7 to 4 in 84 h, at a drop rate of .0357 per h. It produced the highest pectinase (19.1 ± .04 U/mL), α-galactosidase (15.7 ± .4 U/mL), and cellulase (.88 ± .06 FPU/mL). Producing these high enzyme activities in a single fermentation significantly improves the effectiveness and economics of enzymatic soy processing, which, e.g., can hydrolyze the 30%-35% carbohydrate in soybean meal to sugars, with minimal protein degradation, to generate high-value protein-rich products and a hydrolysate as fermentation feedstock.
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Agrawal RM, Miller MJ, Singh V, Stein HH, Takhar PS. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of soy flour to produce ethanol and soy protein concentrate with increased polyphenols. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir M. Agrawal
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Hans H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Pawan S. Takhar
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
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Cytocompatibility and Suitability of Protein-Based Biomaterials as Potential Candidates for Corneal Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073648. [PMID: 33807473 PMCID: PMC8037783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vision impairments suffered by millions of people worldwide and the shortage of corneal donors show the need of substitutes that mimic native tissue to promote cell growth and subsequent tissue regeneration. The current study focused on the in vitro assessment of protein-based biomaterials that could be a potential source for corneal scaffolds. Collagen, soy protein isolate (SPI), and gelatin films cross-linked with lactose or citric acid were prepared and physicochemical, transmittance, and degradation measurements were carried out. In vitro cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and migration studies were performed with human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and 3T3 fibroblasts for the films’ cytocompatibility assessment. Transmittance values met the cornea’s needs, and the degradation profile revealed a progressive biomaterials’ decomposition in enzymatic and hydrolytic assays. Cell viability at 72 h was above 70% when exposed to SPI and gelatin films. Live/dead assays and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated the adhesion of both cell types to the films, with a similar arrangement to that observed in controls. Besides, both cell lines were able to proliferate and migrate over the films. Without ruling out any material, the appropriate optical and biological properties shown by lactose-crosslinked gelatin film highlight its potential for corneal bioengineering.
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Islam SMM, Loman AA, Li Q, Ju L. Enzyme Processing of Soy Flour with Minimized Protein Loss. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Abdullah A. Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
| | - Lu‐Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3906 USA
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7
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Arrutia F, Binner E, Williams P, Waldron KW. Oilseeds beyond oil: Press cakes and meals supplying global protein requirements. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Li Q, Ray CS, Callow NV, Loman AA, Islam SMM, Ju LK. Aspergillus niger production of pectinase and α-galactosidase for enzymatic soy processing. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 134:109476. [PMID: 32044023 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is a most promising sustainable protein source for feed and food to help meet the protein demand of the rapidly rising global population. To enrich soy protein, the environment-friendly enzymatic processing requires multiple carbohydrases including cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, α-galactosidase and sucrase. Besides enriched protein, the processing adds value by generating monosaccharides that are ready feedstock for biofuel/bioproducts. Aspergillus could produce the required carbohydrases, but with deficient pectinase and α-galactosidase. Here we address this critical technological gap by focused evaluation of the suboptimal productivity of pectinase and α-galactosidase. A carbohydrases-productive strain A. niger (NRRL 322) was used with soybean hull as inducing substrate. Temperatures at 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C were found to affect cell growth on sucrose with an Arrhenius-law activation energy of 28.7 kcal/mol. The 30 °C promoted the fastest cell growth (doubling time = 2.1 h) and earliest enzyme production, but it gave lower final enzyme yield due to earlier carbon-source exhaustion. The 25 °C gave the highest enzyme yield. pH conditions also strongly affected enzyme production. Fermentations made with initial pH of 6 or 7 were most productive, e.g., giving 1.9- to 2.3-fold higher pectinase and 2.2- to 2.3-fold higher α-galactosidase after 72 h, compared to the fermentation with a constant pH 4. Further, pH must be kept above 2.6 to avoid limitation in pectinase production and, in the later substrate-limiting stage, kept below 5.5 to avoid pectinase degradation. α-Galactosidase production always followed the pectinase production with a 16-24 h lag; presumably, the former relied on pectin hydrolysis for inducers generation. Optimal enzyme production requires controlling the transient availability of inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Christopher S Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Nicholas V Callow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Abdullah A Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - S M M Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States.
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9
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Li L, Qing Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu J, Mou H. Production of a water-soluble protein powder from anchovy and soybean meal by endogenous enzymatic hydrolysis and solid-state fermentation. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Yingerile Qing
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Jianlei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean University of China; Qingdao China
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10
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Li Q, Loman AA, Callow NV, Islam SM, Ju LK. Leveraging pH profiles to direct enzyme production (cellulase, xylanase, polygalacturonase, pectinase, α-galactosidase, and invertase) by Aspergillus foetidus. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Single-step enzyme processing of soybeans into intact oil bodies, protein bodies and hydrolyzed carbohydrates. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Islam SMM, Elliott JR, Ju LK. Minimization of fermentation inhibitor generation by carbon dioxide-water based pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis of guayule biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 251:84-92. [PMID: 29272772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Guayule rubber production leaves >80% biomass as ground bagasse, which can be hydrolyzed to release sugars but also fermentation inhibitors. Here inhibitor generation and sugar conversion by the CO2-H2O pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis were studied. Different pretreatment conditions: 550-4900 psi, 160-195 °C, 10-60 min and fixed 66.7% water, generated widely varying amounts of inhibitors (per dry-bagasse mass): 0.014-0.252% hydroxymethylfurfural, 0.012-0.794% furfural and 0.17-8.02% acetic acid. The condition (195 °C/3400 psi/30 min) giving highest reducing sugar (86.9 ± 1.5%) and cellulose (99.2 ± 1.3%) conversions generated more inhibitors. Kluyveromyces marxianus fermentation showed complete growth and ethanol production inhibition at ≥14 g/L combined inhibitors. Considering both sugars and inhibitors, the optimum condition was 180 °C, 1800 psi and 30 min, enabling 82.8 ± 2.8% reducing sugar, 74.8 ± 4.8% cellulose and 88.5 ± 6.9% hemicellulose conversions with low levels of hydroxymethylfurfural (0.07%), furfural (0.25%) and acetic acid (3.0%). The optimized CO2-H2O pretreatment gave much lower inhibitor formation and higher sugar conversion than other pretreatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - J Richard Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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13
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Enzyme pre-treatment of soybean meal: Effects on non-starch carbohydrates, protein, phytic acid, and saponin biotransformation and digestibility in mink ( Neovison vison ). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Solaiman DK, Ashby RD, Aneja KK, Crocker NV, Liu Y. Galacto-oligosaccharide hydrolysis by genetically-engineered alpha-galactosidase-producing Pseudomonas chlororaphis strains. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Loman AA, Islam SMM, Ju LK. Production of arabitol from enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean flour by Debaryomyces hansenii fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:641-653. [PMID: 29150708 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arabitol is a low-calorie sugar alcohol with anti-cariogenic properties. Enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean flour is a new renewable biorefinery feedstock containing hexose, pentose, and organic nitrogen sources. Arabitol production by Debaryomyces hansenii using soybean flour hydrolysate was investigated. Effects of medium composition, operating conditions, and culture stage (growing or stationary phase) were studied. Production was also compared at different culture volumes to understand the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO). Main factors examined for medium composition effects were the carbon to nitrogen concentration ratio (C/N), inorganic (ammonium) to organic nitrogen ratio (I/O-N), and sugar composition. Arabitol yield increased with increasing C/N ratio and a high I/O-N (0.8-1.0), suggesting higher yield at stationary phase of low pH (3.5-4.5). Catabolite repression was observed, with the following order of consumption: glucose > fructose > galactose > xylose > arabinose. Arabitol production also favored hexoses and, among hexoses, glucose. DO condition was of critical importance to arabitol production and cell metabolism. The yeast consumed pentoses (xylose and arabinose) only at more favorable DO conditions. Finally, arabitol was produced in fermentors using mixed hydrolysates of soy flour and hulls. The process gave an arabitol yield of 54%, volumetric productivity of 0.90 g/L-h, and specific productivity of 0.031 g/g-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - S M M Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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16
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Islam SMM, Li Q, Loman AA, Ju LK. CO 2-H 2O based pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis of soybean hulls. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:18-27. [PMID: 28859806 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The high carbohydrate content of soybean hull makes it an attractive biorefinery resource. But hydrolyzing its complex structure requires concerted enzyme activities, at least cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and α-galactosidase. Effective pretreatment that generates minimal inhibitory products is important to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis. Combined CO2-H2O pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei enzyme broths was studied here. The pretreatment was evaluated at 80°C-180°C temperature and 750psi-1800psi pressure, with fixed moisture content (66.7%) and pretreatment time (30min). Ground hulls without and with different pretreatments were hydrolyzed by enzyme at 50°C and pH 4.8 and compared for glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose and total reducing sugar release. CO2-H2O pretreatment at 1250psi and 130°C was found to be optimal. Compared to the unpretreated hulls hydrolyzed with 2.5-fold more enzyme, this pretreatment improved glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and mannose releases by 55%, 35%, 105%, 683% and 52%, respectively. Conversions of 97% for glucose, 98% for xylose, 41% for galactose, 59% for arabinose, 87% for mannose and 89% for total reducing sugar were achieved with Spezyme CP at 18FPU/g hull. Monomerization of all carbohydrate types was demonstrated. At the optimum pretreatment condition, generation of inhibitors acetic acid, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was negligible, 1.5mg/g hull in total. The results confirmed the effective CO2-H2O pretreatment of soybean hulls at much lower pressure and temperature than those reported for biomass of higher lignin contents. The lower pressure requirement reduces the reactor cost and makes this new pretreatment method more practical and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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Al Loman A, Ju LK. Enzyme-based processing of soybean carbohydrate: Recent developments and future prospects. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:35-47. [PMID: 28859808 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is well known for its high-value oil and protein. Carbohydrate is, however, an underutilized major component, representing almost 26-30% (w/w) of the dried bean. The complex soybean carbohydrate is not easily hydrolyzable and can cause indigestibility when included in food and feed. Enzymes can be used to hydrolyze the carbohydrate for improving soybean processing and value of soybean products. Here the enzyme-based processing developed for the following purposes is reviewed: hydrolysis of different carbohydrate-rich by/products from soybean processing, improvement of soybean oil extraction, and increase of nutritional value of soybean-based food and animal feed. Once hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars, soybean carbohydrate can find more value-added applications and further improve the overall economics of soybean processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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18
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Loman AA, Islam SMM, Li Q, Ju LK. Enzyme recycle and fed-batch addition for high-productivity soybean flour processing to produce enriched soy protein and concentrated hydrolysate of fermentable sugars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:252-261. [PMID: 28575788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite having high protein and carbohydrate, soybean flour utilization is limited to partial replacement of animal feed to date. Enzymatic process can be exploited to increase its value by enriching protein content and separating carbohydrate for utilization as fermentation feedstock. Enzyme hydrolysis with fed-batch and recycle designs were evaluated here for achieving this goal with high productivities. Fed-batch process improved carbohydrate conversion, particularly at high substrate loadings of 250-375g/L. In recycle process, hydrolysate retained a significant portion of the limiting enzyme α-galactosidase to accelerate carbohydrate monomerization rate. At single-pass retention time of 6h and recycle rate of 62.5%, reducing sugar concentration reached up to 120g/L using 4ml/g enzyme. When compared with batch and fed-batch processes, the recycle process increased the volumetric productivity of reducing sugar by 36% (vs. fed-batch) to 57% (vs. batch) and that of protein product by 280% (vs. fed-batch) to 300% (vs. batch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - S M Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA.
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Li Q, Loman AA, Coffman AM, Ju LK. Soybean hull induced production of carbohydrases and protease among Aspergillus and their effectiveness in soy flour carbohydrate and protein separation. J Biotechnol 2017; 248:35-42. [PMID: 28315372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soybean hull consists mainly of three major plant carbohydrates, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. It is inexpensive and a good potential substrate for carbohydrase production because it is capable of inducing a complete spectrum of activities to hydrolyze complex biomass. Aspergillus is known for carbohydrase production but no studies have evaluated and compared, among Aspergillus species and strains, the soybean hull induced production of various carbohydrases. In this study, A. aculeatus, A. cinnamomeus, A. foetidus, A. phoenicis and 11 A. niger strains were examined together with T. reesei Rut C30, another known carbohydrase producer. The carbohydrases evaluated included pectinase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, cellulase, α-galactosidase and sucrase. Growth morphology and pH profiles were also followed. Among Aspergillus strains, morphology was found to correlate with both carbohydrase production and pH decrease profile. Filamentous strains gave higher carbohydrase production while causing slower pH decrease. The enzyme broths produced were also tested for separation of soy flour carbohydrate and protein. Defatted soy flour contains about 53% protein and 32% carbohydrate. The enzymatic treatment can increase protein content and remove indigestible oligo-/poly-saccharides, and improve use of soy flour in feed and food. Protease production by different strains was therefore also compared for minimizing protein degradation. A. niger NRRL 322 and A. foetidus NRRL 341 were found to be the most potent strains that produced maximal carbohydrases and minimal protease under soybean hull induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Abdullah Al Loman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Anthony M Coffman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, United States.
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