Fed-batch polyhydroxybutyrate production by Paraburkholderia sacchari from a ternary mixture of glucose, xylose and arabinose

Efficient production of polyhydroxybutyrate using lignocellulosic biomass derived from oil palm trunks by the inhibitor-tolerant strain Burkholderia ambifaria E5-3

Lignocellulosic biomass is a valuable, renewable substrate for the synthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), an ecofriendly biopolymer. In this study, bacterial strain E5-3 was isolated from soil in Japan; it was identified as Burkholderia ambifaria strain E5-3 by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain showed optimal growth at 37 °C with an initial pH of 9. It demonstrated diverse metabolic ability, processing a broad range of carbon substrates, including xylose, glucose, sucrose, glycerol, cellobiose, and, notably, palm oil. Palm oil induced the highest cellular growth, with a PHB content of 65% wt. The strain exhibited inherent tolerance to potential fermentation inhibitors derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysate, withstanding 3 g/L 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 1.25 g/L acetic acid. Employing a fed-batch fermentation strategy with a combination of glucose, xylose, and cellobiose resulted in PHB production 2.7-times that in traditional batch fermentation. The use of oil palm trunk hydrolysate, without inhibitor pretreatment, in a fed-batch fermentation setup led to significant cell growth with a PHB content of 45% wt, equivalent to 10 g/L. The physicochemical attributes of xylose-derived PHB produced by strain E5-3 included a molecular weight of 722 kDa, a number-average molecular weight of 191 kDa, and a polydispersity index of 3.78. The amorphous structure of this PHB displayed a glass transition temperature of 4.59 °C, while its crystalline counterpart had a melting point of 171.03 °C. This research highlights the potential of lignocellulosic feedstocks, especially oil palm trunk hydrolysate, for PHB production through fed-batch fermentation by B. ambifaria strain E5-3, which has high inhibitor tolerance.

The production, recovery, and valorization of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) based on circular bioeconomy

As an energy-storage substance of microorganisms, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a promising alternative to petrochemical polymers. Under appropriate fermentation conditions, PHB-producing strains with metabolic diversity can efficiently synthesize PHB using various carbon sources. Carbon-rich wastes may serve as alternatives to pure sugar substrates to reduce the cost of PHB production. Genetic engineering strategies can further improve the efficiency of substrate assimilation and PHB synthesis. In the downstream link, PHB recycling strategies based on green chemistry concepts can replace PHB extraction using chlorinated solvents to enhance the economics of PHB production and reduce the potential risks of environmental pollution and health damage. To avoid carbon loss caused by biodegradation in the traditional sense, various strategies have been developed to degrade PHB waste into monomers. These monomers can serve as platform chemicals to synthesize other functional compounds or as substrates for PHB reproduction. The sustainable potential and cycling value of PHB are thus reflected. This review summarized the recent progress of strains, substrates, and fermentation approaches for microbial PHB production. Analyses of available strategies for sustainable PHB recycling were also included. Furthermore, it discussed feasible pathways for PHB waste valorization. These contents may provide insights for constructing PHB-based comprehensive biorefinery systems.

Biosynthesis and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized from mixed C5 and C6 sugars obtained from hardwood hydrolysis

Glucose and xylose are fermentable sugars readily available from lignocellulosic biomass, and are a sustainable carbon substrate supporting industrial biotechnology. Three strains were assessed in this work - Paraburkholderia sacchari, Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava, and Bacillus megaterium - for their ability to uptake both C5 and C6 sugars contained in a hardwood hydrolysate produced via a thermomechanical pulping-based process with concomitant production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biopolymers. In batch conditions, B. megaterium showed poor growth after 12 h, minimal uptake of xylose throughout the cultivation, and accumulated a maximum of only 25 % of the dry biomass as PHA. The other strains simultaneously utilized both sugars, although glucose uptake was faster than xylose. From hardwood hydrolysate, P. sacchari accumulated 57 % of its biomass as PHA within 24 h, whereas H. pseudoflava achieved an intracellular PHA content of 84 % by 72 h. The molecular weight of the PHA synthesized by H. pseudoflava (520.2 kDa) was higher than that of P. sacchari (265.5 kDa). When the medium was supplemented with propionic acid, the latter was rapidly consumed by both strains and incorporated as 3-hydroxyvalerate subunits into the polymer, demonstrating the potential for production of polymers with improved properties and value. H. pseudoflava incorporated 3-hydroxyvalerate subunits with at least a 3-fold higher yield, and produced polymers with higher 3-hydroxyvalerate content than P. sacchari. Overall, this work has shown that H. pseudoflava can be an excellent candidate for bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars to PHA polymers or copolymers as part of an integrated biorefinery.

The potential of Burkholderia thailandensis E264 for co-valorization of C5 and C6 sugars into multiple value-added bio-products

Despite known metabolic versatility of Burkholderia spp., sugar metabolism and end-product synthesis patterns in Burkholderia thailandensis have been poorly characterized. This work has demonstrated that B. thailandensis is capable of simultaneously uptaking glucose and xylose and accumulating up to 64% of its dry mass as poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) biopolymers, resulting in a PHA titer of up to 3.8 g L-1 in shake flasks. Rhamnolipids - mainly (68-75%) in the form of Rha-Rha-C14-C14 - were produced concomitantly with a titer typically in the range of 0.2-0.4 g L-1. Gluconic and xylonic acids were also detected in titers of up to 5.3 g L-1, and while gluconic acid appeared to be back consumed, xylonic acid formed as a major end product. This first example of co-production of three products from mixed sugars using B. thailandensis paves the way for improving biorefinery economics.

Evaluation of Fed-Batch Fermentation for Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate With a Banana Pulp Juice Substrate From an Agro Industrial By-Product

Pollution resulting from the persistence of plastics in the environment has driven the development of substitutes for these materials through fermentation processes using agro-industrial wastes. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a rapidly biodegradable material with chemical and mechanical properties comparable to those of some petroleum-derived plastics. PHB accumulates intracellularly as an energy reserve in a wide variety of microorganisms exposed to nutritionally imbalanced media. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a banana waste product as a carbon source for PHB production. PHB was extracted by acid methanolysis and detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eleven bacterial strains with potential for PHB production were evaluated by in vitro fermentation in a culture broth containing fructose as the carbon source and limited nitrogen. A 22 central composite rotational design was applied to optimize the concentrations of banana juice and ammonium chloride needed to maximize the PHB-producing biomass concentration. The process was then carried out in a 3 L fed-batch fermentation system that included an initial stage of biomass growth. Banana juice was used as the carbon source and fructose pulses were added to maintain the test sugar concentrations of 30, 40, and 50 g/L. The control strain, Cupriavidus necator (ATCC 17699), produced 2.816 g/L of PHB, while productivity of the most promising isolate, C. necator (CR-12), was 0.495 g/L. Maximum biomass production was obtained using 5% banana juice and 2 g/L ammonium chloride. PHB production was not detected in fed-batch fermentations supplemented with 30 or 40 g/L of fructose, while the mean PHB production in fermentations with 50 g/L of fructose was 1.3 g/L.