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Sun R, Gu Q, Zhang X, Zeng R, Chen D, Yao J, Min J. Protective effect of cilostazol on vascular injury in rats with acute ischemic stroke complicated with chronic renal failure. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:189-202. [PMID: 38525134 PMCID: PMC10959867 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) resulting in vascular calcification, which does damage to blood vessels and endothelium, is an independent risk factor for stroke. It has been reported that cilostazol has a protective effect on the focal cerebral ischemic infarct. However, its impact on vascular injury in CRF combined stroke and its molecular protection mechanism have not been investigated. In this study, we carried out the effect of cilostazol on CRF combined stroke rats, and the results confirmed that it improved the neurobehavior, renal function as well as pathologic changes in both the kidney and brain. In addition, the inflammation and oxidative stress factors in the kidney and brain were suppressed. Moreover, the rates of brain edema and infarction were decreased. The injured brain-blood barrier (BBB) was recovered with less Evans blue extravasation and more expressions of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) and occludin. More cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the ipsilateral hemisphere and more expression of CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in brain and kidney were found in the cilostazol group. Furthermore, cell apoptosis and cell autophagy became less, on the contrary, proteins of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) after the cilostazol treatment were increased. More importantly, this protective effect is related to the pathway of Janus Kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In conclusion, our results confirmed that cilostazol exerted a protective effect on the brain and kidney function, specifically in vascular injury, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, and inflammation response in CRF combined with stroke rats which were related to the upregulation of JAK/STAT3/mTOR signal pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00217-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Qun Gu
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Yao
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Min
- Department of Neurology, the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Dong E, Wang Z, Xiao H. Toll-like receptors in cardiac hypertrophy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1143583. [PMID: 37113698 PMCID: PMC10126280 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1143583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs play an important role in the innate immune response, leading to acute and chronic inflammation. Cardiac hypertrophy, an important cardiac remodeling phenotype during cardiovascular disease, contributes to the development of heart failure. In previous decades, many studies have reported that TLR-mediated inflammation was involved in the induction of myocardium hypertrophic remodeling, suggesting that targeting TLR signaling might be an effective strategy against pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms underlying TLR functions in cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we summarized key findings of TLR signaling in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanli Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Disease-Related Biomarkers, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Zhanli Wang Han Xiao
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Zhanli Wang Han Xiao
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BRD4 Silencing Protects Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB and Activating Nrf2-HO-1 Pathways. Cardiol Res Pract 2022; 2022:8372707. [PMID: 36247184 PMCID: PMC9553838 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8372707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure is a critical health problem worldwide, and cardiac hypertrophy is an important characteristic of heart failure. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is involved in various cellular processes, including cardiac hypertrophy. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of BRD4 on cardiac hypertrophy. Methods Rat myoblast H9c2 cells were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) to increase the mRNA and protein expressions of BRD4. BRD4 was silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in H9c2 cells. Proteins involved in Nrf2-HO-1 pathway were determined by Western blot. Results Our data suggest that BRD4 silencing attenuated Ang II, increased the percentage of TUNEL + cells and caspase-3 activity, increased oxidative stress, and increased the expression and content of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, we found that BRD4 silencing enhanced the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 and inhibited the TLR4 and phosphorylation of NF-kappa B in Ang II-stimulated H9c2 cells. TLR4 overexpression attenuated cardioprotection against Ang II by BRD4 silencing, including cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, TLR4 overexpression attenuated an increase in Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins and decreased phosphorylated NF-kappa B in H9c2 cells. Conclusion Our results speculate that the BRD4/TLR4 axis might be a promising strategy for treating cardiovascular diseases with cardiac hypertrophy, including HF.
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Renalase: a novel regulator of cardiometabolic and renal diseases. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1582-1598. [PMID: 35941358 PMCID: PMC9358379 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a ~38 kDa flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain-containing protein that can function as a cytokine and an anomerase. It is emerging as a novel regulator of cardiometabolic diseases. Expressed mainly in the kidneys, renalase has been reported to have a hypotensive effect and may control blood pressure through regulation of sympathetic tone. Furthermore, genetic variations in the renalase gene, such as a functional missense polymorphism (Glu37Asp), have implications in the cardiovascular and renal systems and can potentially increase the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Research on the physiological functions and biochemical actions of renalase over the years has indicated a role for renalase as one of the key proteins involved in various disease states, such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and cancer. Recent studies have identified three transcription factors (viz., Sp1, STAT3, and ZBP89) as key positive regulators in modulating the expression of the human renalase gene. Moreover, renalase is under the post-transcriptional regulation of two microRNAs (viz., miR-29b, and miR-146a), which downregulate renalase expression. While renalase supplementation may be useful for treating hypertension, inhibition of renalase signaling may be beneficial to patients with cancerous tumors. However, more incisive investigations are required to unravel the potential therapeutic applications of renalase. Based on the literature pertaining to the function and physiology of renalase, this review attempts to consolidate and comprehend the role of renalase in regulating cardiometabolic and renal disorders. ![]()
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Koch V, Weber C, Riffel JH, Buchner K, Buss SJ, Hein S, Mereles D, Hagenmueller M, Erbel C, März W, Booz C, Albrecht MH, Vogl TJ, Frey N, Hardt SE, Ochs M. Impact of Homoarginine on Myocardial Function and Remodeling in a Rat Model of Chronic Renal Failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2022; 27:10742484211054620. [PMID: 34994208 DOI: 10.1177/10742484211054620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low plasma concentrations of the amino acid homoarginine (HA) have been shown to correlate with adverse cardiovascular outcome, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease. The present study sought to investigate the effect of HA treatment on cardiac remodeling in rats undergoing artificially induced renal insufficiency by 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx). METHODS A total of 33 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham and 5/6 Nx groups, receiving either placebo treatment or 400 mg·kg-1·day-1 HA over a 4-week period. RESULTS 5/6 Nx per se resulted in adverse myocardial remodeling with aggravated cardiac function and associated cardiac overload as the most obvious alteration (-23% ejection fraction, P < 0.0001), as well as increased myocardial fibrosis (+80%, P = 0.0005) compared to placebo treated sham animals. HA treatment of 5/6 Nx rats has led to an improvement of ejection fraction (+24%, P = 0.0003) and fractional shortening (+21%, P = 0.0126), as well as a decrease of collagen deposition (-32%, P = 0.0041), left ventricular weight (-14%, P = 0.0468), and myocyte cross-sectional area (-12%, P < 0.0001). These changes were accompanied by a downregulation of atrial natriuretic factor (-65% P < 0.0001) and collagen type V alpha 1 chain (-44%, P = 0.0006). Sham animals revealed no significant changes in cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, or any of the aforementioned molecular changes after drug treatment. CONCLUSION Dietary HA supplementation appears to have the potential of preventing cardiac remodeling and improving heart function in the setting of chronic kidney disease. Our findings shed new light on HA as a possible new therapeutic agent for patients at high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Koch
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Weber
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes H Riffel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Buchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Section for Developmental Genetics, 27178University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Buss
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Selina Hein
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Derliz Mereles
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Hagenmueller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christian Booz
- 9173Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J Vogl
- 9173Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan E Hardt
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Ochs
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonology, 27178Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Li Y, Wu W, Liu W, Zhou M. Roles and mechanisms of renalase in cardiovascular disease: A promising therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110712. [PMID: 32916539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent worldwide and remains a leading cause of death. Although substantial progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of CVD, the prognosis remains unsatisfactory. Renalase is a newly discovered cytokine that is synthesized by the kidney and then secreted into blood. Numerous studies have suggested the efficacy of renalase in treating CVD by metabolizing catecholamines in the circulatory system. As a new biomarker of heart disease, renalase is normally recognized as a signalling molecule that activates cytoprotective intracellular signals to lower blood pressure, protect ischaemic heart muscle and promote atherosclerotic plaque stability in CVD, which subsequently improves cardiac function. Due to its important regulatory role in the circulatory system, renalase has gradually become a potential target in the treatment of CVD. This review summarizes the structure, mechanism and function of renalase in CVD, thereby providing preclinical evidence for alternative approaches and new prospects in the development of renalase-related drugs against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- London Metropolitan University, London, N7 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Weihong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Mingxue Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China.
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Lapp HE, Mueller I, Moore CL. Limited bedding and nesting material changes indices of cellular metabolism and behavioral thermal regulation in Long-Evans rats during the first two weeks of life. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Stojanovic D, Mitic V, Stojanovic M, Petrovic D, Ignjatovic A, Stefanovic N, Cvetkovic T, Kocic G, Bojanic V, Deljanin Ilic M. The partnership between renalase and ejection fraction as a risk factor for increased cardiac remodeling biomarkers in chronic heart failure patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:909-919. [PMID: 32297799 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1756233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Heart failure (HF) represents a huge socio-economic burden. It has been demonstrated, experimentally, that renalase, a newly discovered protein, prevents cardiac hypertrophy and adverse remodeling, which is seen in HF. We postulated the following aims: to investigate associations of renalase with biomarkers of cardiac remodeling: galectin-3, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity, (sST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and syndecan-1, myocardial stretch (BNP) and cardio-renal axis (cystatin C) in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) to determine whether renalase, in combination with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), represents a risk factor for plasma elevation in biomarkers.Methods: We classified HF patients (n = 76) according to LVEF (preserved/reduced), applied a median plasma renalase (113 ng/mL) as a cut-off value (low/high) and created four subgroups of HF patients: HFpEF/low renalase (n = 19), HFrEF/low renalase (n = 19), HFrEF/high renalase (n = 32) and HFpEF/high renalase (n = 6). A control group (n = 35) consisted of healthy volunteers.Results: Plasma concentrations of evaluated biomarkers were determined using an ELISA technique and were highest in HF patients with reduced EF (p < .001, respectively), and renalase's positive correlations were obtained relating to all biomarkers: galectin-3 (r = 0.913; p < .001), sST2 (r = 0.965; p < .001), GDF-15 (r = 0.887; p < .001), syndecan-1 (r = 0.922; p < .001), BNP (r = 0.527; p < .001) and cystatin C (r = 0.844; p < .001) and strong and negative correlation with LVEF (r = -0.456, p < .001). Increased renalase, regardless of the EF (preserved/reduced), was shown to be an independent risk factor for an increase in all evaluated cardiac remodeling biomarkers, p < .001, respectively. However, increased renalase and reduced EF was the only independent risk factor for BNP and cystatin C elevation, p < .001, respectively. Results after multivariable adjustments (age/gender) were identical.Conclusion: When elevated plasma renalase and HF are present, regardless of EF being reduced or preserved, that represents a significant risk factor for increase in cardiac remodeling biomarker plasma concentrations. However, only elevated renalase and reduced EF demonstrated significance as a risk factor for BNP and cystatin C plasma elevation. Renalase may be considered a promising molecule for the improved predictive abilities of conventional biomarkers and is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Stojanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Valentina Mitic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niška Banja, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Stojanovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Institute for Public Health, Nis, Serbia
| | - Dejan Petrovic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niška Banja, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ignjatovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Institute for Public Health, Nis, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stefanovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Cvetkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Vladmila Bojanic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Marina Deljanin Ilic
- Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation "Niska Banja", Niška Banja, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Baek SH, Cha RH, Kang SW, Park CW, Cha DR, Kim SG, Yoon SA, Kim S, Han SY, Park JH, Chang JH, Lim CS, Kim YS, Na KY. Circulating renalase predicts all-cause mortality and renal outcomes in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:858-866. [PMID: 29172403 PMCID: PMC6610203 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been found to show markedly increased rates of end-stage renal disease, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), and mortality. Therefore, new biomarkers are required for the early detection of such clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. We aimed to determine whether the level of circulating renalase was associated with CKD progression, MACCEs, and all-cause mortality, using data from a prospective randomized controlled study, Kremezin STudy Against Renal disease progression in Korea (K-STAR; NCT00860431). METHODS A retrospective analysis of the K-STAR data was performed including 383 patients with CKD (mean age, 56.4 years; male/female, 252/131). We measured circulating renalase levels and examined the effects of these levels on clinical outcomes. RESULTS The mean level of serum renalase was 75.8 ± 34.8 μg/mL. In the multivariable analysis, lower hemoglobin levels, higher serum creatinine levels, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with a higher renalase levels. Over the course of a mean follow-up period of 56 months, 25 deaths and 61 MACCEs occurred. Among 322 patients in whom these outcomes were assessed, 137 adverse renal outcomes occurred after a mean follow-up period of 27.8 months. Each 10- μg/mL increase in serum renalase was associated with significantly greater hazards of all-cause mortality and adverse renal outcomes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.112, p = 0.049; HR = 1.052, p = 0.045). However, serum renalase level was not associated with the rate of MACCEs in patients with CKD. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that circulating renalase might be a predictor of mortality and adverse renal outcomes in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ha Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ran-hui Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Ki Young Na, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7014 Fax: +82-31-787-4051 E-mail:
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10
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Huang YS, Lai JB, Li SF, Wang T, Liu YN, Zhang QX, Zhang SY, Sun CH, Hu N, Zhang XZ. Relationship between Renalase Expression and Kidney Disease: an Observational Study in 72 Patients Undergoing Renal Biopsy. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:268-276. [PMID: 30074185 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the levels of renalase and changes in proteinuria, hypertension, renal function, renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression was investigated in patients (chronic nephritis, primary nephrotic syndrome or other kidney disease) that underwent renal biopsy. The study group comprised 72 patients undergoing renal biopsy. Patient profiles and renal function were collected. Concentrations of renalase and Bcl-2 were measured by immunohistochemistry. Tubular injury was detected by periodic acid Schiff staining (PAS) and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. The expression of renalase was significantly lower in renal biopsy specimens than in normal kidney tissues. There was a positive linear relationship between renalase and some serum and cardiac indices; a negative correlation was found between age, eGFR, Ccr and 24-h urinary protein. Renal tubule injury index and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis index showed a negative linear correlation with renalase. The results showed that renalase probably increased the expression of Bcl-2. By two independent samples t-test, renalase levels were significantly increased in the non-hypertension group than in the hypertension group. One-way ANOVA showed that renalase expression was higher in samples with Lee's grade III than in those with Lee's grade V. The expression of renalase was significantly decreased in patients who underwent renal biopsy, and was also associated with blood and renal function. The research proved that renalase may reduce renal tubular injury and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, finally achieving the purpose of delaying the progress of renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Jian-Bo Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Sheng-Fa Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Huizhou First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying-Nan Liu
- Department of Hand Microsurgry, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qing-Xia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Chun-Han Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Huizhou First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| | - Xin-Zhou Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
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11
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Orlowska-Baranowska E, Gadomska vel Betka L, Gora J, Baranowski R, Pedzich-Placha E, Zakrzewski D, Dlugosz A, Kossowska H, Zebrowska A, Zakoscielna E, Janiszewska A, Hryniewiecki T, Gaciong Z, Placha G. Functional polymorphism of the renalase gene is associated with cardiac hypertrophy in female patients with aortic stenosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186729. [PMID: 29065134 PMCID: PMC5655536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renalase decreases circulating catecholamines concentration and is important in maintaining primary cellular metabolism. Renalase acts through the plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4b in the heart, which affects pressure overload but not exercise induced heart hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to test the association between a functional polymorphism Glu37Asp (rs2296545) of the renalase gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in a large cohort of patients with aortic stenosis. The study group consisted of 657 patients with aortic stenosis referred for aortic valve replacement. Preoperative echocardiographic assessment was performed to obtain cardiac phenotypes. Generalized-linear models were implemented to analyze data using crude or full model adjusted for selected clinical factors. In females, the Asp37 variant of the Glu37Asp polymorphism was associated with higher left ventricular mass (p = 0.0021 and p = 0.055 crude and full model respectively), intraventricular septal thickness (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0143) and posterior wall thickness (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0219) all indexed to body surface area, as well as relative wall thickness (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0097). No significant associations were found among the male patients. In conclusion, we have found the association of the renalase Glu37Asp polymorphism with left ventricle hypertrophy in large group of females with aortic stenosis. The Glu37Asp polymorphism causes not only amino-acid substitution in FAD binding domain but may also change binding affinity of the hypoxia- and hypertrophy-related transcription factors and influence renalase gene expression. Our data suggest that renalase might play a role in hypertrophic response to pressure overload, but the exact mechanism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucja Gadomska vel Betka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Gora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Baranowski
- Department of Arrhythmia, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pedzich-Placha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Zakrzewski
- Department of Acquired Cardiac Defects, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Dlugosz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Helena Kossowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zebrowska
- Department of Acquired Cardiac Defects, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Zakoscielna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Janiszewska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hryniewiecki
- Department of Acquired Cardiac Defects, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gaciong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Placha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension, and Vascular Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Wu J, Zhao YM, Deng ZK. Tangeretin ameliorates renal failure via regulating oxidative stress, NF-κB–TNF-α/iNOS signalling and improves memory and cognitive deficits in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:119-132. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Fedchenko V, Medvedev A. Comparative analysis of expression of genes encoding enzymes of catecholamine catabolism and renalase in tissues of normotensive and hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:312-315. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176304312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of expression of genes encoding enzymes of catecholamine catabolism (monoaminbe oxidases A and B (MAO A and MAO B) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)) and renalase has been carried out in tissues of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Among investigated tissues the highest level of mRNA of genes encoding key enzymes of catecholamine catabolism (MAO A, MAO B, COMT) was found in the heart of WKY rats. In SHR the mRNA levels of these genes were lower (p<0.05-0.01), however, no similar changes were observed in the tissues studied in dependence of hypertension. The relative mRNA levels of the studied genes normalized versus actin mRNA significantly varied. In heart and kidney the relative level of COMT mRNA significantly exceeded the relative levels of both MAO A mRNA and MAO B mRNA. In the brain differences in mRNAs of MAOA, MAOB, and COMT were less pronounced. However, in all examined tissue the renalase mRNA level was much (at least 10-20-fold) lower than any other mRNA studied. Taking into consideration known correlations between mRNAs and corresponding protein products reported in the literature for many genes these results suggest that in the case of any catalytic scenarios proposed or even proved for renalase this protein cannot contribute to catecholamine degradation. It is also unlikely that the products of renalase reaction, b-NAD(P)+ and hydrogen peroxide, can exhibit a hypotensive effect due to low expression of the renalase encoding gene.
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Bai J, Hao J, Zhang X, Cui H, Han J, Cao N. Netrin-1 attenuates the progression of renal dysfunction by blocking endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the 5/6 nephrectomy rat model. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:47. [PMID: 27176224 PMCID: PMC4866282 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a crucial event during kidney interstitial fibrosis and it is believed to be inhibited by netrin-1. Our aim was to determine the influence of netrin-1 on renal EndoMT in chronic kidney disease by studying its effect in 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (10 rats/group): sham-operated rats treated with control adenovirus; 5/6 Nx rats treated with control adenovirus; and 5/6 Nx rats treated with recombinant adenovirus expressing the netrin-1 gene (Ad-netrin-1). Rats were sacrificed 13 weeks after surgery. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) levels were measured regularly after surgery. After the rats were sacrificed, pathological changes in renal tissues were analyzed histologically. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the co-expression of CD31 and α-SMA. CD31, α-SMA and Snail mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Protein expression was detected by western blot. RESULTS Renal function and histopathological damage were significantly improved in Ad-netrin-1-treated 5/6 Nx rats. In the sham and control-treated 5/6 Nx rats, the percentage of CD31(+)/α-SMA(+) cells increased, which indicated EndoMT. However, the percentage of CD31(+)/α-SMA(+) cells were reduced in the netrin-1-treated 5/6 Nx rats, which indicates netrin-1-induced blocking of EndoMT. CONCLUSION From the results, it seems that netrin-1 attenuates the progression of renal dysfunction by inhibiting EndoMT in 5/6 Nx rats. Netrin-1 can therefore be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuxu Bai
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hanmin Cui
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingming Han
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Department of Blood Purification, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No.83, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China.
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15
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Zhou M, Ma C, Liu W, Liu H, Wang N, Kang Q, Li P. Valsartan Promoting Atherosclerotic Plaque Stabilization by Upregulating Renalase: A Potential-Related Gene of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 20:509-19. [PMID: 25818930 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415575967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renalase is a protein that can regulate sympathetic nerve activity by metabolizing catecholamines, while redundant catecholamines are thought to contribute to atherosclerosis (As). Catecholamine release can be facilitated by angiotensin (Ang) II by binding to Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors. Valsartan, a special AT1 antagonist, can dilate blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, but it remained unclear whether valsartan can promote the stability of atherosclerotic plaque by affecting renalase. OBJECTIVE This study examined the tissue distribution of renalase in ApoE(-/-) mice fed with a high-fat diet and the effect of valsartan on expression of renalase. METHODS ApoE(-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 13 or 26 weeks. As a control, 10 C57BL mice were fed with a standard chow diet. After 13 weeks on the high-fat diet, the ApoE(-/-) mice were randomized (10 mice/group) and treated with valsartan, simvastatin, or distilled water (control group) for an additional 13 weeks accompanied by a high-fat diet. RESULTS Knockout of ApoE caused a dramatic increase in expression of renalase in mice adipose tissue. With the disturbance of lipid metabolism induced by a high-fat diet, renalase expression decreased in the liver. Renalase can be expressed in smooth muscle cells and M2 macrophages in atherosclerotic plaque, and its expression gradually decreases in the fibrous cap during the transition from stable to vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Valsartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist, promotes the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque by increasing the levels of renalase in serum and the expression of renalase in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaque. It also reduces triglyceride levels in serum and increases the expression of renalase in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Renalase may be a potential-related gene of lipid metabolism and As, and it may be the possible molecular target of valsartan to help stabilize atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China Both the authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Both the authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weihong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Qunfu Kang
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of TCM Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of TCM, Beijing, China
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16
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Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Dobrzycki S. Renalase, kidney and cardiovascular disease: are they related or just coincidentally associated? Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:41-9. [PMID: 25461379 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension are the leading cause of death in the developed countries. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease became also more prevalent reaching almost the level of epidemy. Researchers are looking eagerly for the new risk and/or pathogenetic factors, as well as therapeutic option in these disease. It has been suggested that human kidney releases a protein named renalase into the bloodstream. It is supposed to be an enzyme which breaks down catecholamines in the blood circulation and regulate blood pressure. However, there were several doubts whether renalase exerts monoaminooxidase activity, or if it is monoaminooxidase at all. Recently, a hypothesis that it is also a cytokine was postulated. Studies on renalase polymorphisms in hypertension, cardiovascular disease or diabetes are inconsistent. Similarly, there are several discrepancies in the animal on the possible role of renalase in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Some studies report a protective role of renalase in acute kidney injury, whereas others showed that renalase levels were mainly dependent on kidney function, indicating rather a role of kidney in excretion of this substance. Moreover, validated assays are needed to evaluate renalase levels and activity. On one hand a deeper and more accurate link between renalase and cardiovascular diseases require further profound research, on the other hand whether or not renalase protein could be a new therapeutic target in these pathologies should also be considered. Whether renalase, discovered in 2005, might be a Holy Grail of hypertension, linking kidney and cardiovascular diseases, remains to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- 2nd Department of Nephrology and Hypertension with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Slawomir Dobrzycki
- Invasive Cardiology Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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17
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Li X, Jiang W, Li L, Huang R, Yang Q, Yang Y, Hong Y, Tang X. Renalase gene polymorphism in patients with hypertension and concomitant coronary heart disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:9-16. [PMID: 24821235 DOI: 10.1159/000355771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study aimed to investigate renalase gene polymorphism in patients with hypertension and concomitant coronary heart disease (CHD) and to evaluate the risk for CHD in hypertensive patients from the view of genetics. METHODS NCBI and HapMap genome database were employed to screen the Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). These SNPs were detected in hypertensive and CHD patients (n=791), hypertensive patients (n=802) and healthy controls (n=812), and the genotypes were recorded. Haploview 4.2 software was used to determine the genotypes, allele frequency, haplotypes, linkage disequilibrium and Hardy-Weinberg (HWE) equilibrium, and odds ratio (OR) was calculated with non-conditioned logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The frequency of allele A of rs2576178 in patients with hypertensive and CHD was markedly higher than that in hypertensive patients (p=0.001, OR=1.625,95% CI 1.221-2.160). The frequency of allele C of rs2296545 in hypertensive patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (P=0.009, OR=1.436, 95% CI 1.095-1.883). CONCLUSION The allele A of rs2576178 may be a predisposing factor of CHD in hypertensive patients, and hypertensive patients with AA genotype are susceptible to develop CHD. The allele C of rs2296545 may be a predisposing factor of hypertension and patients with CC genotype are susceptible to develop hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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18
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Li X, Huang R, Xie Z, Lin M, Liang Z, Yang Y, Jiang W. Renalase, a new secretory enzyme: Its role in hypertensive-ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:688-92. [PMID: 24762661 PMCID: PMC4005863 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Renalase, a novel amine oxidase, is mainly expressed in the kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle. It has been known to degrade circulating catecholamines and plays a crucial role in human diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated its structure, unique bioactivities, function, and the gene polymorphisms in human diseases. In this review, we summarize the effects of renalase on hypertension, myocardial ischemia, acute kidney injury (AKI), ischemic stroke, cardiac dysfunction, organ transplantation, and diabetes mellitus reported in numerous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Ruixia Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Zijian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyuan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongshu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (mainland)
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Wang F, Huang B, Li J, Liu L, Wang N. Renalase might be associated with hypertension and insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes. Ren Fail 2014; 36:552-6. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.876352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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20
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Quelhas-Santos J, Soares-Silva I, Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Simões-Silva L, Ferreira I, Carvalho C, Coentrão L, Vaz R, Sampaio-Maia B, Pestana M. Plasma and urine renalase levels and activity during the recovery of renal function in kidney transplant recipients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:502-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214522182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renalase is a recently described enzyme secreted by the kidney into both plasma and urine, where it was suggested to degrade catecholamines contributing to blood pressure control. While there is a controversy regarding the relationship between renal function and plasma renalase levels, there is virtually no data in humans on plasma renalase activity as well as on both urine renalase levels and activity. We prospectively examined the time course of plasma and urine renalase levels and activity in 26 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving a cadaver kidney transplant (cadaver kidney recipients [CKR]) before surgery and during the recovery of renal function up to day 90 post transplant. The relationship with sympathetic and renal dopaminergic activities was also evaluated. The recovery of renal function in CKR closely predicted decreases in plasma renalase levels ( r = 0.88; P < 0.0001), urine renalase levels ( r = 0.75; P < 0.0001) and urine renalase activity ( r = 0.56; P < 0.03), but did not predict changes in plasma renalase activity ( r = −0.02; NS). Plasma norepinephrine levels positively correlated with plasma renalase levels ( r = 0.64, P < 0.002) as well as with urine renalase levels and activity ( r = 0.47 P < 0.02; r = 0.71, P < 0.0005, respectively) and negatively correlated with plasma renalase activity ( r = −0.57, P < 0.002). By contrast, plasma epinephrine levels positively correlated with plasma renalase activity ( r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with plasma renalase levels ( r = −0.62, P < 0.003). A significant negative relationship was observed between urine dopamine output and urine renalase levels ( r = −0.48; P < 0.03) but not with urine renalase activity ( r = −0.33, NS). We conclude that plasma and urine renalase levels closely depend on renal function and sympathetic nervous system activity. It is suggested that epinephrine-mediated activation of circulating renalase may occur in renal transplant recipients with good recovery of renal function. The increase in plasma renalase activity observed in ESRD patients and renal transplant recipients can be explained on the basis of reduced inhibition of the circulating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete Quelhas-Santos
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Soares-Silva
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Fernandes-Cerqueira
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Simões-Silva
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Ferreira
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nephrology, São João Hospital Center, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Carvalho
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nephrology, São João Hospital Center, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Coentrão
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nephrology, São João Hospital Center, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Vaz
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nephrology, São João Hospital Center, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-392 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Pestana
- Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research and Development Group, INEB-(I3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Nephrology, São João Hospital Center, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Renal, Urological and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Serum renalase is related to catecholamine levels and renal function. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:92-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-0951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Cardiovascular and renal effects of bromocriptine in diabetic patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:104059. [PMID: 23984312 PMCID: PMC3747336 DOI: 10.1155/2013/104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bromocriptine (BEC) on left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and residual renal function (RRF) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Research Design and Methods. A 6-month double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in 28 patients with T2D and stage 4 CKD with increased LVMI. Fourteen patients received BEC (2.5 mg, initially 1 tablet with subsequent increase to three times a day) and 14 received a placebo (PBO; initially 1 tablet with subsequent increase to three times a day). Cardiovascular changes were assessed by monitoring 24 h ambulatory blood pressure, two-dimensional-guided M-mode echocardiography, and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plasma levels. RRF was evaluated by creatinine clearance and cystatin-C plasma levels. Results. Both BEC and PBO groups decreased blood pressure—but the effect was more pronounced in the BEC group. Average 24 h, diurnal and nocturnal blood pressures, and circadian profile showed improved values compared to the PBO group; LVMI decreased by 14% in BEC and increased by 8% in PBO group. NT-proBNP decreased in BEC (0.54 ± 0.15 to 0.32 ± 0.17 pg/mL) and increased in PBO (0.37 ± 0.15 to 0.64 ± 0.17 pg/mL). Creatinine clearance did not change in the BEC group and decreased in the PBO group. Conclusions. BEC resulted in a decrease on blood pressure and LVMI. BEC also prevented the progression of CKD while maintaining the creatinine clearance unchanged.
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XIAO JING, GUO JIA, LIU XINXIN, ZHANG XIAOXUE, LI ZHENZHEN, ZHAO ZHANZHENG, LIU ZHANGSUO. Soluble Tie2 fusion protein decreases peritoneal angiogenesis in uremic rats. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:267-71. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ulu N, Mulder GM, Vavrinec P, Landheer SW, Duman-Dalkilic B, Gurdal H, Goris M, Duin M, van Dokkum RPE, Buikema H, van Goor H, Henning RH. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor PKI-166 Governs Cardiovascular Protection without Beneficial Effects on the Kidney in Hypertensive 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:393-403. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Cao N, Feng J, Bai J, Sun L, Li S, Ma J, Wang L. Netrin-1 attenuates the progression of renal dysfunction by inhibiting peritubular capillary loss and hypoxia in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 36:209-19. [PMID: 23147235 DOI: 10.1159/000343410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of netrin-1 on peritubular capillary (PTC) loss and hypoxia in 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 10 rats/group): sham-operated rats treated with control adenovirus; 5/6 Nx rats treated with control adenovirus; and 5/6 Nx rats treated with recombinant adenovirus mediated netrin-1 gene (Ad-netrin-1) therapy. Rats were killed 12 weeks after surgery. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and 24-h urinary albumin excretion rates were measured. Pathological changes in renal tissues were analyzed histologically. The concentration of netrin-1, CD34, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time PCR. RESULTS Renal function and histopathological damage were significantly improved in Adnetrin-1 treated 5/6 Nx rats, compared with rats treated with the control adenovirus in the 5/6 Nx group. Furthermore, Ad-netrin-1 treatment induced a significant increase in renal PTC density, accompanied by a significant decrease in HIF-1α expression. CONCLUSION Adenovirus mediated netrin-1 treatment attenuates PTC damage, relieves tissues hypoxia and improves renal function, thus alleviating renal pathological changes and interstitial fibrosis in 5/6 Nx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cao
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang F, Xing T, Li J, Bai M, Hu R, Zhao Z, Tian S, Zhang Z, Wang N. Renalase's expression and distribution in renal tissue and cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46442. [PMID: 23056310 PMCID: PMC3463591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To study renalase's expression and distribution in renal tissues and cells, renalase coded DNA vaccine was constructed, and anti-renalase monoclonal antibodies were produced using DNA immunization and hybridoma technique, followed by further investigation with immunological testing and western blotting to detect the expression and distribution of renalase among the renal tissue and cells. Anti-renalase monoclonal antibodies were successfully prepared by using DNA immunization technique. Further studies with anti-renalase monoclonal antibody showed that renalase expressed in glomeruli, tubule, mesangial cells, podocytes, renal tubule epithelial cells and its cells supernatant. Renalase is wildly expressed in kidney, including glomeruli, tubule, mesangial cells, podocytes and tubule epithelial cells, and may be secreted by tubule epithelial cells primarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (NW)
| | - Tao Xing
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Bai
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruimin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan Univesity, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan Univesity, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoufu Tian
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan Univesity, Shanghai, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (NW)
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Wang F, Zhao Q, Xing T, Li J, Wang N. Renalase-Specific Polyclonal Antibody and Its Application in the Detection of Renalase's Expression. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:378-81. [PMID: 23098306 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xing
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Desir GV, Tang L, Wang P, Li G, Sampaio-Maia B, Quelhas-Santos J, Pestana M, Velazquez H. Renalase lowers ambulatory blood pressure by metabolizing circulating adrenaline. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e002634. [PMID: 23130169 PMCID: PMC3487338 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure is acutely regulated by the sympathetic nervous system through the action of vasoactive hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Renalase, a recently described, secreted flavoprotein, acutely decreases systemic pressure when administered in vivo. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms present in the gene are associated with hypertension, cardiac disease, and diabetes. Although renalase's crystal structure was recently solved, its natural substrate(s) remains undefined. METHODS AND RESULTS Using in vitro enzymatic assays and in vivo administration of recombinant renalase, we show that the protein functions as a flavin adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidase that lowers blood pressure by degrading plasma epinephrine. The enzyme also metabolizes the dopamine precursor l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine but has low activity against dopamine and does not metabolize norepinephrine. To test if epinephrine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were renalase's only substrates, 17 246 unique small molecules were screened. Although the search revealed no additional, naturally occurring compounds, it identified dobutamine, isoproterenol, and α-methyldopa as substrates of renalase. Mutational analysis was used to test if renalase's hypotensive effect correlated with its enzymatic activity. Single-amino acid mutations that decrease its enzymatic activity to varying degrees comparably reduce its hypotensive effect. CONCLUSIONS Renalase metabolizes circulating epinephrine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and its capacity to decrease blood pressure is directly correlated to its enzymatic activity. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized mechanism for epinephrine metabolism and blood pressure regulation, expand our understanding of the sympathetic nervous system, and could lead to the development of novel therapeutic modalities for the treatment of hypertension. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e002634 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.002634.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Desir
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, New Haven, CT (G.V.D., L.Q.T., P.W., G.L., H.V.) ; VA Connecticut Healthcare System (VACHS) Medical Center, West Haven, CT (G.V.D., L.Q.T., P.W., G.L., H.V.)
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The Renalase Asp37Glu polymorphism is not associated with hypertension and cardiovascular events in an urban-based prospective cohort: the Malmö Diet and cancer study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:57. [PMID: 22812913 PMCID: PMC3458972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Renalase (gene name RNLS), a recently discovered enzyme with monoamine oxidase activity, is implicated in the degradation of catecholamines. Recent studies delineate a possible role of this enzyme in blood pressure (BP) maintenance and cardiac protection and two single nucleotide polymorphisms, RNLS rs2576178 A > G and rs2296545 C > G have been associated with hypertension. The latter SNP leads to a non synonymous Asp to Glu substitution deleting a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) binding site with possible impaired functionality. We tested the hypothesis that these polymorphisms could affect BP levels, hypertension prevalence, and risk of incident cardiovascular events in middle-aged Swedes. Methods The polymorphisms were genotyped in 5696 participants of the population-based Cardiovascular Cohort of the "Malmö Diet and Cancer" (MDC-CC). The incidence of cardiovascular events (coronary events [n = 408], strokes [n = 330], heart failure [n = 190] and atrial fibrillation/flutter [n = 406]) was monitored for an average of approximately 15 years of follow-up. Results Both before and after adjustment for sex, age and BMI the polymorphisms did not show any effect on BP level and hypertension prevalence. Before and after adjustment for major cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio for cardiac and cerebrovascular events was not significantly different in carriers of different genotypes. A significant interaction was found between the rs2296545 C > G and age with respect to BP/hypertension. Conclusions Our data do not support a major role for these RNLS polymorphisms in determining BP level and incident events at population level. The positive interaction with age suggest that the effect of the rs2296545 C > G polymorphism, if any, could vary between different ages.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease. It has been recently postulated that the loss or reduced levels of renalase in patients with chronic renal disease are, at least in part, responsible for elevated plasma catecholamine levels, which leads to increased CVD. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether renalase administration might serve as a therapeutic drug, decreasing the severity of CVD in 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) rats. The current study was conducted on 30 male Wistar albino rats divided into the following groups: group I: sham-operated rats that received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) subcutaneously (s.c.) for 4 weeks following sham operation, group II: rats in which 5/6 Nx was done and then the rats received PBS daily s.c. for 4 weeks following 5/6 Nx, and group III: rats in which 5/6 Nx was done and then the rats received recombinant renalase daily s.c. for 4 weeks following 5/6 Nx. 5/6 nephrectomy resulted in a significant increase in mean arterial pressure, left ventricular (LV)/body weight ratio, LV hydroxyproline concentration, plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and noradrenaline (NA) levels as well as significant decrease in LV papillary muscle developed tension in group II compared with the sham-operated group I. Administration of renalase to group III resulted in significant amelioration of all studied parameters with the exception of plasma creatinine and BUN which were not significantly different from nontreated group II. The results of the current study identify renalase as a new therapeutic modality that might modulate cardiac function and systemic blood pressure in renalase-deficient states like chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baraka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Fedchenko V, Buneeva O, Kopylov A, Kaloshin A, Axenova L, Zgoda V, Medvedev A. Mass spectrometry detection of monomeric renalase in human urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 58:599-607. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125805599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently discovered secretory protein, which is suggested to play a role (which still remains elusive) in regulation of blood pressure. Earlier it was purified from urine of healthy volunteers by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation and subsequent affinity chromatography (Xu et al. (2005) J. Clin. Invest., 115, 1275). The resultant purified preparation of renalase contained 2 proteins with molecular masses of 35 and 67-75 kDa. The authors believed that the latter represents a dimerization (aggregation) product of the 35 kDa protein. In this study we have detected relanase in urinary samples of 2 of 6 volunteers only after immunoaffinity enrichment of urinary samples subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation. Electrophoresis of the purified preparation also demonstrated the presence of 2 proteins with molecular masses of 35 and 66 kDa, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis of these proteins identified 35 and 66 kDa proteins as renalase and serum albumin, respectively. Thus, our results do not support suggestion on formation of renalase dimers and they indicate that urinary renalase excretion significantly varies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.I. Fedchenko
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - O.A. Buneeva
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - A.T. Kopylov
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - A.A. Kaloshin
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - L.N. Axenova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - V.G. Zgoda
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - A.E. Medvedev
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
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Ghosh SS, Krieg R, Massey HD, Sica DA, Fakhry I, Ghosh S, Gehr TWB. Curcumin and enalapril ameliorate renal failure by antagonizing inflammation in 5/6 nephrectomized rats: role of phospholipase and cyclooxygenase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F439-54. [PMID: 22031851 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00356.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that curcumin prevents chronic kidney disease (CKD) development in ⅚ nephrectomized (Nx) rats when given within 1 wk after Nx (Ghosh SS, Massey HD, Krieg R, Fazelbhoy ZA, Ghosh S, Sica DA, Fakhry I, Gehr TW. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F1146-F1157, 2009). To better mimic the scenario for renal disease in humans, we began curcumin and enalapril therapy when proteinuria was already established. We hypothesized that curcumin, by blocking the inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-1β, could also reduce cyclooxygenase (COX) and phospholipase expression in the kidney. Nx animals were divided into untreated Nx, curcumin-treated, and enalapril-treated groups. Curcumin (75 mg/kg) and enalapril (10 mg/kg) were administered for 10 wk. Renal dysfunction in the Nx group, as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, proteinuria, segmental sclerosis, and tubular dilatation, was comparably reduced by curcumin and enalapril, with only enalapril significantly lowering blood pressure. Compared with controls, Nx animals had higher plasma/kidney TNF-α and IL-1β, which were reduced by curcumin and enalapril treatment. Nx animals had significantly elevated kidney levels of cytosolic PLA(2), calcium-independent intracellular PLA(2), COX 1, and COX 2, which were comparably reduced by curcumin and enalapril. Studies in mesangial cells and macrophages were carried out to establish that the in vivo increase in PLA(2) and COX were mediated by TNF-α and IL-1β and that curcumin, by antagonizing the cytokines, could significantly reduce both PLA(2) and COX. We conclude that curcumin ameliorates CKD by blocking inflammatory signals even if it is given at a later stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Ghosh
- Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Dept. of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, 1101 E. Marshall St., Sanger Hall, Rm. 8-059, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Tain YL, Ghosh S, Krieg RJ, Baylis C. Reciprocal changes of renal neuronal nitric oxide synthase-α and -β associated with renal progression in a neonatal 5/6 nephrectomized rat model. Pediatr Neonatol 2011; 52:66-72. [PMID: 21524625 PMCID: PMC4356250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency contributes to chronic kidney disease progression. NO deficiency could occur for many reasons, one of which is decreased NO synthase (NOS) abundance and/or activity. METHODS In these experiments, we studied two groups of male Sprague Dawley rats given sham or surgical excision of both poles of the left kidney (at 2 days of age) followed by sham or surgical removal of the right kidney at 10 days. Rats were sacrificed at 9 weeks of age and the kidneys examined for abundance of neuronal NOS (nNOS)-α and -β, endothelial NOS, arginase II, argininosuccinate synthase and lysate, protein arginine methyltransferase 1, dimethylarginine dimethylamino-hydrolase 1 and 2, as well as renal pathology. RESULTS The 5/6 nephrectomy (NX) group showed renal dysfunction, severe rapidly progressing glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension. Renal cortical nNOSα abundance was significantly reduced, whereas nNOSβ abundance was increased in the 5/6 NX group versus sham. Renal endothelial NOS was unchanged. Next, renal protein arginine methyltransferase 1 abundance was higher, whereas dimethylarginine dimethylamino-hydrolase 2 expression was lower in the 5/6 NX group versus sham. Renal arginase II, argininosuccinate synthase, and argininosuccinate lysate abundances were significantly decreased in 5/6 NX rats than those in sham. CONCLUSION The neonatal kidney is very susceptible to 5/6 NX-induced injury, and, as in adults, reciprocal changes in the nNOSα and nNOSβ in renal cortex occur during progression of chronic kidney disease and may contribute to the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taiwan.
| | - Sid Ghosh
- Division of Nephrology, VCU Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Richard J. Krieg
- Department of Anatomy, VCU Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Chris Baylis
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Medvedev AE, Veselovsky AV, Fedchenko VI. Renalase, a new secretory enzyme responsible for selective degradation of catecholamines: achievements and unsolved problems. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:951-8. [PMID: 21073414 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910080018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently discovered secretory enzyme responsible for selective degradation of blood catecholamines. The review summarizes literature data on expression of this enzyme and on its structure and functions. Special attention is paid to unsolved and questionable problems including: 1) prediction of the presence of FAD in the protein structure based on amino acid sequence similarity of renalase with known FAD-dependent enzymes; 2) identity of plasma and urinary renalase; 3) mechanism underlying conversion of inactive renalase into the active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Medvedev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
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Gu R, Lu W, Xie J, Bai J, Xu B. Renalase deficiency in heart failure model of rats--a potential mechanism underlying circulating norepinephrine accumulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14633. [PMID: 21297953 PMCID: PMC3031511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sympathetic overactivity and catecholamine accumulation are important characteristic findings in heart failure, which contribute to its pathophysiology. Here, we identify a potential mechanism underlying norepinephrine accumulation in a rat model of heart failure. Methodology/Principal Findings Initially, we constructed a rat model of unilateral renal artery stenosis (n = 16) and found that the expression of renalase, a previously identified secreted amine oxidase, was markedly reduced in the ischemic compared to the non-ischemic kidney (protein: 0.295±0.085 versus 0.765±0.171, p<0.05). Subsequently, we utilized an isolated perfused rat kidney model to demonstrate that the clearance rate of norepinephrine decreased with reduction of perfusion flow. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized the reduced renal blood supply which occurs in heart failure would result in impaired synthesis of renalase by the kidney and consequently reduced degradation of circulating norepinephrine. To verify this, we used a rat model of infarction-induced heart failure (n = 12 per group). In these rats, the flow velocity of renal artery, when measured at four weeks, is obviously lower in the operation group. Renal expression of renalase was reduced (protein: 0.476±0.043 for control, 0.248±0.029 for operation versus 0.636±0.151 for sham-operation) and this was associated with an increase in circulating norepinephrine (0.168±0.016 ng/mL for control, 0.203±0.019 ng/mL for operation versus 0.138±0.008 ng/mL for sham-operation). Conclusions/Significance Renalase expression is influenced by renal blood flow and impaired synthesis of renalase by the kidney may represent a potential mechanism underlying circulating norepinephrine accumulation in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Wu Y, Xu J, Velazquez H, Wang P, Li G, Liu D, Sampaio-Maia B, Quelhas-Santos J, Russell K, Russell R, Flavell RA, Pestana M, Giordano F, Desir GV. Renalase deficiency aggravates ischemic myocardial damage. Kidney Int 2010; 79:853-60. [PMID: 21178975 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to an 18-fold increase in cardiovascular complications not fully explained by traditional risk factors. Levels of renalase, a recently discovered oxidase that metabolizes catecholamines, are decreased in CKD. Here we show that renalase deficiency in a mouse knockout model causes increased plasma catecholamine levels and hypertension. Plasma blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and aldosterone were unaffected. However, knockout mice had normal systolic function and mild ventricular hypertrophy but tolerated cardiac ischemia poorly and developed myocardial necrosis threefold more severe than that found in wild-type mice. Treatment with recombinant renalase completely rescued the cardiac phenotype. To gain insight into the mechanisms mediating this cardioprotective effect, we tested if gene deletion affected nitrate and glutathione metabolism, but found no differences between hearts of knockout and wild-type mice. The ratio of oxidized (NAD) to reduced (NADH) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in cardiac tissue, however, was significantly decreased in the hearts of renalase knockout mice, as was plasma NADH oxidase activity. In vitro studies confirmed that renalase metabolizes NADH and catecholamines. Thus, renalase plays an important role in cardiovascular pathology and its replacement may reduce cardiac complications in renalase-deficient states such as CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029, USA
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Farzaneh-Far R, Desir GV, Na B, Schiller NB, Whooley MA. A functional polymorphism in renalase (Glu37Asp) is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and ischemia: data from the heart and soul study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13496. [PMID: 20975995 PMCID: PMC2958117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renalase is a soluble enzyme that metabolizes circulating catecholamines. A common missense polymorphism in the flavin-adenine dinucleotide-binding domain of human renalase (Glu37Asp) has recently been described. The association of this polymorphism with cardiac structure, function, and ischemia has not previously been reported. METHODS We genotyped the rs2296545 single-nucleotide polymorphism (Glu37Asp) in 590 Caucasian individuals and performed resting and stress echocardiography. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of the Glu37Asp polymorphism (C allele) with cardiac hypertrophy (LV mass>100 g/m2), systolic dysfunction (LVEF<50%), diastolic dysfunction, poor treadmill exercise capacity (METS<5) and inducible ischemia. RESULTS Compared with the 406 participants who had GG or CG genotypes, the 184 participants with the CC genotype had increased odds of left ventricular hypertrophy (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 0.99-2.06), systolic dysfunction (OR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.01-2.94), diastolic dysfunction (OR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.05-2.93), poor exercise capacity (OR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.05-2.47), and inducible ischemia (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 0.99-2.24). The Glu37Asp (CC genotype) caused a 24-fold decrease in affinity for NADH and a 2.3-fold reduction in maximal renalase enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS A functional missense polymorphism in renalase (Glu37Asp) is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, poor exercise capacity, and inducible ischemia in persons with stable coronary artery disease. Further studies investigating the therapeutic implications of this polymorphism should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Farzaneh-Far
- Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Ghosh SS, Salloum FN, Abbate A, Krieg R, Sica DA, Gehr TW, Kukreja RC. Curcumin prevents cardiac remodeling secondary to chronic renal failure through deactivation of hypertrophic signaling in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H975-84. [PMID: 20601462 PMCID: PMC2957354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00154.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is frequent in patients with end-stage renal disease following chronic renal failure (CRF). We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of the Indian curry spice turmeric, in attenuation of LVH and sought to delineate the associated signaling pathways in blunting the hypertrophic response in nephrectomized rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent nephrectomy (Nx) by removal of 5/6 of the kidneys. Four groups were studied for 7 wk: 1) control (sham), 2) Nx, 3) Nx + curcumin (150 mg/kg bid), and 4) Nx + enalapril (15 mg/kg bid) as positive control. Subtotal nephrectomy caused renal dysfunction, as evidenced by a gradual increase in proteinuria and elevation in blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine. Nx rats showed a significant hypertrophic response and increased diameter of inferior vena cava at inspiration, which was inhibited by treatment with curcumin or enalapril. Moreover, the Nx rats demonstrated changes in the signaling molecules critically involved in the hypertrophic response. These include increased glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation, β-catenin expression, calcineurin, phosphorylated (p) nuclear factor of activated T cells, pERK, and p-cAMP-dependent kinase. Both curcumin and enalapril variably but effectively deactivated these pathways. Curcumin attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in nephrectomized rats through deactivation of multiple hypertrophic signaling pathways. Considering the safety of curcumin, these studies should facilitate future clinical trials in suppressing hypertrophy in patients with CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Pandini V, Ciriello F, Tedeschi G, Rossoni G, Zanetti G, Aliverti A. Synthesis of human renalase1 in Escherichia coli and its purification as a FAD-containing holoprotein. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:244-53. [PMID: 20302943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Renalase is a protein ubiquitous in vertebrates, which has been proposed to modulate blood pressure and heart rate, and whose downregulation might result in hypertension. Despite its potential relevance for human health, the biochemical characterization of renalase is still lacking, possibly due to difficulties in obtaining it in recombinant form. By expressing two different gene constructs, we found that the major isoform of human renalase, renalase1, is mainly produced in Escherichia coli in inclusion bodies. However, by optimizing the expression conditions, significant amounts of soluble products were obtained. Both soluble renalase forms have been purified to homogeneity exploiting their N-terminal His-tag. Linking of the protein of interest to the SUMO protein did not improve solubility, but yielded untagged renalase1 after proteolytic processing of the fusion product. The two recombinant renalase forms displayed the same molecular properties. They bind equimolar amounts of FAD and appear to be correctly folded by various criteria. The procedures for the production and isolation of recombinant renalase1 here reported are expected to boost the much awaited biochemical studies on this remarkable protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Wu-Wong JR, Noonan W, Nakane M, Brooks KA, Segreti JA, Polakowski JS, Cox B. Vitamin d receptor activation mitigates the impact of uremia on endothelial function in the 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Int J Endocrinol 2010; 2010:625852. [PMID: 20169119 PMCID: PMC2821638 DOI: 10.1155/2010/625852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction increases cardiovascular disease risk in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study investigates whether VDR activation affects endothelial function in CKD. The 5/6 nephrectomized (NX) rats with experimental chronic renal insufficiency were treated with or without paricalcitol, a VDR activator. Thoracic aortic rings were precontracted with phenylephrine and then treated with acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside. Uremia significantly affected aortic relaxation (-50.0 +/- 7.4% in NX rats versus -96.2 +/- 5.3% in SHAM at 30 muM acetylcholine). The endothelial-dependent relaxation was improved to -58.2 +/- 6.0%, -77.5 +/- 7.3%, and -90.5 +/- 4.0% in NX rats treated with paricalcitol at 0.021, 0.042, and 0.083 mug/kg for two weeks, respectively, while paricalcitol at 0.042 mug/kg did not affect blood pressure and heart rate. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppression alone did not improve endothelial function since cinacalcet suppressed PTH without affecting endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely abolished the effect of paricalcitol on improving endothelial function. These results demonstrate that VDR activation improves endothelial function in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ruth Wu-Wong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7230, USA
- *J. Ruth Wu-Wong:
| | - William Noonan
- Abbott Laboratories, Renal Care, Abbott Park, IL 60048, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Cox
- Abbott Laboratories, Renal Care, Abbott Park, IL 60048, USA
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Zhang Y, Popovic ZB, Bibevski S, Fakhry I, Sica DA, Van Wagoner DR, Mazgalev TN. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation improves autonomic control and attenuates systemic inflammation and heart failure progression in a canine high-rate pacing model. Circ Heart Fail 2009; 2:692-9. [PMID: 19919995 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.873968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic dysfunction, characterized by sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, contributes to the progression of heart failure (HF). Although the therapeutic benefits of sympathetic inhibition with beta-blockers in HF are clear, the role of increased vagal tone in this setting has been less studied. We have investigated the impact of enhancing vagal tone (achieved through chronic cervical vagus nerve stimulation, [VNS]) on HF development in a canine high-rate ventricular pacing model. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen dogs were randomized into control (n=7) and VNS (n=8) groups. All dogs underwent 8 weeks of high-rate ventricular pacing (at 220 bpm for the first 4 weeks to develop HF and another 4 weeks at 180 bpm to maintain HF). Concomitant VNS, at an intensity reducing sinus rate approximately 20 bpm, was delivered together with the ventricular pacing in the VNS group. At 4 and 8 weeks of ventricular pacing, both left ventricular end-diastolic and -systolic volumes were lower and left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in the VNS group than in the control group. Heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity improved in the VNS dogs. Rises in plasma norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and C-reactive protein levels, ordinarily expected in this model, were markedly attenuated with VNS treatment. CONCLUSIONS Chronic VNS improves cardiac autonomic control and significantly attenuates HF development in the canine high-rate ventricular pacing model. The therapeutic benefit of VNS is associated with pronounced anti-inflammatory effects. VNS is a novel and potentially useful therapy for treating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, USA.
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Wang F, Wang NS, Xing T, Cao Y, Xiang HY. The cloning and expression of renalase and the preparation of its monoclonal antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12204-009-0376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The renalase pathway is a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulating cardiac function and blood pressure. In this pathway, renalase, a novel secreted amine oxidase that is inactive at baseline, is rapidly turned on ( ~ 10 fold increase) by either a modest increase in blood pressure or by brief surges in plasma catecholamines. The active enzyme degrades circulating catecholamines, causing a significant fall in blood pressure. Plasma catecholamines not only activate renalase enzymatic activity but also lead to a 3-4 fold stimulation of renalase secretion. The renalase knockout mouse (KO) is hypertensive and exquisitely sensitive to cardiac ischemia. Abnormalities in the renalase pathway are present in animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the renalase gene were found to be associated with essential hypertension in man. Blood renalase levels are inversely correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and are markedly reduced in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). We hypothesize that renalase is secreted into blood by the kidney (although also expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and small intestine) and plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and cardiovascular function, and that abnormalities in the renalase pathway contribute to the heightened cardiovascular risks observed in patients with CKD.
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Ghosh SS, Massey HD, Krieg R, Fazelbhoy ZA, Ghosh S, Sica DA, Fakhry I, Gehr TWB. Curcumin ameliorates renal failure in 5/6 nephrectomized rats: role of inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1146-57. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90732.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α and NF-κB play important roles in the development of inflammation in chronic renal failure (CRF). In hepatic cells, curcumin is shown to antagonize TNF-α-elicited NF-κB activation. In this study, we hypothesized that if inflammation plays a key role in renal failure then curcumin should be effective in improving CRF. The effectiveness of curcumin was compared with enalapril, a compound known to ameliorate human and experimental CRF. Investigation was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats where CRF was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). The Nx animals were divided into untreated (Nx), curcumin-treated (curcumin), and enalapril-treated (enalapril) groups. Sham-operated animals served as a control. Renal dysfunction in the Nx group, as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, proteinuria, segmental sclerosis, and tubular dilatation, was significantly reduced by curcumin and enalapril treatment. However, only enalapril significantly improved blood pressure. Compared with the control, the Nx animals had significantly higher plasma and kidney TNF-α, which was associated with NF-κB activation and macrophage infiltration in the kidney. These changes were effectively antagonized by curcumin and enalapril treatment. The decline in the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) seen in Nx animals was also counteracted by curcumin and enalapril. Studies in mesangial cells were carried out to further establish that the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin in vivo was mediated essentially by antagonizing TNF-α. Curcumin dose dependently antagonized the TNF-α-mediated decrease in PPARγ and blocked transactivation of NF-κB and repression of PPARγ, indicating that the anti-inflamatory property of curcumin may be responsible for alleviating CRF in Nx animals.
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