1
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Klčová B, Balarynová J, Trněný O, Krejčí P, Cechová MZ, Leonova T, Gorbach D, Frolova N, Kysil E, Orlova A, Ihling С, Frolov A, Bednář P, Smýkal P. Domestication has altered gene expression and secondary metabolites in pea seed coat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2269-2295. [PMID: 38578789 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The mature seed in legumes consists of an embryo and seed coat. In contrast to knowledge about the embryo, we know relatively little about the seed coat. We analyzed the gene expression during seed development using a panel of cultivated and wild pea genotypes. Gene co-expression analysis identified gene modules related to seed development, dormancy, and domestication. Oxidoreductase genes were found to be important components of developmental and domestication processes. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that domestication favored proteins involved in photosynthesis and protein metabolism at the expense of seed defense. Seed coats of wild peas were rich in cell wall-bound metabolites and the protective compounds predominated in their seed coats. Altogether, we have shown that domestication altered pea seed development and modified (mostly reduced) the transcripts along with the protein and metabolite composition of the seed coat, especially the content of the compounds involved in defense. We investigated dynamic profiles of selected identified phenolic and flavonoid metabolites across seed development. These compounds usually deteriorated the palatability and processing of the seeds. Our findings further provide resources to study secondary metabolism and strategies for improving the quality of legume seeds which comprise an important part of the human protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Klčová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 773 71, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Balarynová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 773 71, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Trněný
- Agricultural Research Ltd., Zemědělská 1, Troubsko, 664 41, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Krejčí
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Zajacová Cechová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Leonova
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Daria Gorbach
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Frolova
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaja 36, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Elana Kysil
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Anastasia Orlova
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaja 36, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Сhristian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaja 36, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Petr Bednář
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 773 71, Czech Republic
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2
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Sajeev N, Koornneef M, Bentsink L. A commitment for life: Decades of unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind seed dormancy and germination. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1358-1376. [PMID: 38215009 PMCID: PMC11062444 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Seeds are unique time capsules that can switch between 2 complex and highly interlinked stages: seed dormancy and germination. Dormancy contributes to the survival of plants because it allows to delay germination to optimal conditions. The switch between dormancy and germination occurs in response to developmental and environmental cues. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of studies that have helped to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying dormancy and germination over the last decades. Genetic and physiological studies provided a strong foundation for this field of research and revealed the critical role of the plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins in the regulation of dormancy and germination, and later natural variation studies together with quantitative genetics identified previously unknown genetic components that control these processes. Omics technologies like transcriptome, proteome, and translatomics analysis allowed us to mechanistically dissect these processes and identify new components in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sajeev
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Former Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Koeln 50829, Germany
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Fatelnig LMM, Chanyalew S, Tadesse M, Kebede W, Hussein N, Iza F, Tadele Z, Leubner-Metzger G, Steinbrecher T. Seed priming with gas plasma-activated water in Ethiopia's "orphan" crop tef (Eragrostis tef). PLANTA 2024; 259:75. [PMID: 38409565 PMCID: PMC10896766 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Seed priming with gas plasma-activated water results in an increased ageing resilience in Eragrostis tef grains compared to a conventional hydropriming protocol. Tef (Eragrostis tef) is a cereal grass and a major staple crop of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Despite its significant importance in terms of production, consumption, and cash crop value, tef has been understudied and its productivity is low. In this study, tef grains have undergone different priming treatments to enhance seed vigour and seedling performance. A conventional hydropriming and a novel additive priming technology with gas plasma-activated water (GPAW) have been used and tef grains were then subjected to germination performance assays and accelerated ageing. Tef priming increases the germination speed and vigour of the grains. Priming with GPAW retained the seed storage potential after ageing, therefore, presenting an innovative environmental-friendly seed technology with the prospect to address variable weather conditions and ultimately food insecurity. Seed technology opens new possibilities to increase productivity of tef crop farming to achieve a secure and resilient tef food system and economic growth in Ethiopia by sustainable intensification of agriculture beyond breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M M Fatelnig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Solomon Chanyalew
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Mahilet Tadesse
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Kebede
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Nigusu Hussein
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Felipe Iza
- Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Zerihun Tadele
- Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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4
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Sedláková V, Zeljković SĆ, Štefelová N, Smýkal P, Hanáček P. Phenylpropanoid Content of Chickpea Seed Coats in Relation to Seed Dormancy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2687. [PMID: 37514301 PMCID: PMC10384132 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The physical dormancy of seeds is likely to be mediated by the chemical composition and the thickness of the seed coat. Here, we investigate the link between the content of phenylpropanoids (i.e., phenolics and flavonoids) present in the chickpea seed coat and dormancy. The relationship between selected phenolic and flavonoid metabolites of chickpea seed coats and dormancy level was assessed using wild and cultivated chickpea parental genotypes and a derived population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The selected phenolic and flavonoid metabolites were analyzed via the LC-MS/MS method. Significant differences in the concentration of certain phenolic acids were found among cultivated (Cicer arietinum, ICC4958) and wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum, PI489777) parental genotypes. These differences were observed in the contents of gallic, caffeic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, salicylic, and sinapic acids, as well as salicylic acid-2-O-β-d-glucoside and coniferaldehyde. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, kaempferol, isoorientin, orientin, and isovitexin. When comparing non-dormant and dormant RILs, significant differences were observed in gallic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, and sinapic acids, as well as the flavonoids quercitrin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, and morin. Phenolic acids were generally more highly concentrated in the wild parental genotype and dormant RILs. We compared the phenylpropanoid content of chickpea seed coats with related legumes, such as pea, lentil, and faba bean. This information could be useful in chickpea breeding programs to reduce dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sedláková
- Department of Plant Biology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Štefelová
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hanáček
- Department of Plant Biology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Baud S, Corso M, Debeaujon I, Dubreucq B, Job D, Marion-Poll A, Miquel M, North H, Rajjou L, Lepiniec L. Recent progress in molecular genetics and omics-driven research in seed biology. C R Biol 2023; 345:61-110. [PMID: 36847120 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that control seed development, metabolism, and physiology is a fundamental issue in biology. Michel Caboche had long been a catalyst for seed biology research in France up until his untimely passing away last year. To honour his memory, we have updated a review written under his coordination in 2010 entitled "Arabidopsis seed secrets unravelled after a decade of genetic and omics-driven research". This review encompassed different molecular aspects of seed development, reserve accumulation, dormancy and germination, that are studied in the lab created by M. Caboche. We have extended the scope of this review to highlight original experimental approaches implemented in the field over the past decade such as omics approaches aimed at investigating the control of gene expression, protein modifications, primary and specialized metabolites at the tissue or even cellular level, as well as seed biodiversity and the impact of the environment on seed quality.
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6
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Verma S, Attuluri VPS, Robert HS. Transcriptional control of Arabidopsis seed development. PLANTA 2022; 255:90. [PMID: 35318532 PMCID: PMC8940821 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The entire process of embryo development is under the tight control of various transcription factors. Together with other proteins, they act in a combinatorial manner and control distinct events during embryo development. Seed development is a complex process that proceeds through sequences of events regulated by the interplay of various genes, prominent among them being the transcription factors (TFs). The members of WOX, HD-ZIP III, ARF, and CUC families have a preferential role in embryonic patterning. While WOX TFs are required for initiating body axis, HD-ZIP III TFs and CUCs establish bilateral symmetry and SAM. And ARF5 performs a major role during embryonic root, ground tissue, and vasculature development. TFs such as LEC1, ABI3, FUS3, and LEC2 (LAFL) are considered the master regulators of seed maturation. Furthermore, several new TFs involved in seed storage reserves and dormancy have been identified in the last few years. Their association with those master regulators has been established in the model plant Arabidopsis. Also, using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay coupled with transcriptomics, genome-wide target genes of these master regulators have recently been proposed. Many seed-specific genes, including those encoding oleosins and albumins, have appeared as the direct target of LAFL. Also, several other TFs act downstream of LAFL TFs and perform their function during maturation. In this review, the function of different TFs in different phases of early embryogenesis and maturation is discussed in detail, including information about their genetic and molecular interactors and target genes. Such knowledge can further be leveraged to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms involved in seed development. In addition, the genomics approaches and their utilization to identify TFs aiming to study embryo development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Verma
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Venkata Pardha Saradhi Attuluri
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S. Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Di Marzo M, Viana VE, Banfi C, Cassina V, Corti R, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Babolin N, Guazzotti A, Kiegle E, Gregis V, de Folter S, Sampedro J, Mantegazza F, Colombo L, Ezquer I. Cell wall modifications by α-XYLOSIDASE1 are required for control of seed and fruit size in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1499-1515. [PMID: 34849721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall modifications are of pivotal importance during plant development. Among cell wall components, xyloglucans are the major hemicellulose polysaccharide in primary cell walls of dicots and non-graminaceous monocots. They can connect the cellulose microfibril surface to affect cell wall mechanical properties. Changes in xyloglucan structure are known to play an important role in regulating cell growth. Therefore, the degradation of xyloglucan is an important modification that alters the cell wall. The α-XYLOSIDASE1 (XYL1) gene encodes the only α-xylosidase acting on xyloglucans in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we showed that mutation of XYL1 strongly influences seed size, seed germination, and fruit elongation. We found that the expression of XYL1 is directly regulated in developing seeds and fruit by the MADS-box transcription factor SEEDSTICK. We demonstrated that XYL1 complements the stk smaller seed phenotype. Finally, by atomic force microscopy, we investigated the role of XYL1 activity in maintaining cell stiffness and growth, confirming the importance of cell wall modulation in shaping organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vívian Ebeling Viana
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cassina
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Corti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Nicola Babolin
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzotti
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Gregis
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Javier Sampedro
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n. Campus sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Shi R, Tao L, Tu X, Zhang C, Xiong Z, Rami Horowitz A, Asher JB, He J, Hu F. Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insight Into Phenolic and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in the Nutshell of Macadamia Ternifolia. Front Genet 2022; 12:809986. [PMID: 35265099 PMCID: PMC8899216 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.809986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macadamia ternifolia is a dynamic oil-producing nut crop in the world. However, the nutshell is frequently considered as a low-quality material. Further, its metabolic profile is still uncharacterized. In order to explore the industrial significance of the nutshell, this study performed metabolic and transcriptomic analyses at various developmental stages of the nutshell. The qualitative and quantitative metabolic data analysis identified 596 metabolic substances including several species of phenolic acids, flavonoids, lipids, organic acids, amino acids and derivatives, nucleotides and derivatives, alkaloids, lignans, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and others. However, phenolic acids and flavonoids were predominant, and their abundance levels were significantly altered across various developmental stages of the nutshell. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression patterns of phenolic acid and flavonoid pathway related genes were significantly changed during the nutshell growth. In particular, the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, and FLS had dynamic differences at the various developmental stages of the nutshell. Our integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identified the key metabolic substances and their abundance levels. We further discussed the regulatory mechanism of phenolic and flavonoid biosynthesis in the nutshell of M. ternifolia. Our results provide new insights into the biological profiles of the nutshell of M. ternifolia and help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of phenolic and flavonoid biosynthesis in the nutshell of M. ternifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Foresty Research Center of Kunming, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinghao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunsheng Zhang
- Office of Academic Affairs, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Chunsheng Zhang, ; Jun He, ; Faguang Hu,
| | - Zhi Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, International Ecological Foresty Research Center of Kunming, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Abraham Rami Horowitz
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Jiftah Ben Asher
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunsheng Zhang, ; Jun He, ; Faguang Hu,
| | - Faguang Hu
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
- *Correspondence: Chunsheng Zhang, ; Jun He, ; Faguang Hu,
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9
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Tsai AYL, McGee R, Dean GH, Haughn GW, Sawa S. Seed Mucilage: Biological Functions and Potential Applications in Biotechnology. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1847-1857. [PMID: 34195842 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the diaspore (seed dispersal unit) may include a seed coat and/or pericarp to protect the embryo and assist in dispersion. In many species, the seed coat and/or pericarp secrete a gelatinous mixture of cell wall polysaccharides known as mucilage. In several species, mucilage synthesis, secretion and modification have been studied extensively as model systems for the investigation of plant cell wall structure and function. Despite this, efforts toward understanding the role of mucilage have received less attention. Mucilage has been hypothesized to impact seed dispersal through interaction with soil, protecting the seed in the gut following ingestion by animals or affecting the ability of seeds to sink or float in water. Mucilage has been found to influence seed germination and seedling establishment, most often during abiotic stress, probably by maintaining seed hydration when water is scarce. Finally, mucilage has been documented to mediate interactions with various organisms. Advances in transgenic technology should enable the genetic modification of mucilage structure and function in crop plants. Cells synthesizing mucilage may also be a suitable platform for creating custom polysaccharides or proteins with industrial applications. Thus, in the near future, it is likely that research on seed mucilage will expand well beyond the current focus. Here we summarize our understanding of the biological functions of mucilage and provide an outlook on the future of mucilage research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Robert McGee
- L'Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie (INRS-CAFSB), 531 des Prairies Blvd, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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10
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Lee Y, Dean GH, Gilchrist E, Tsai AY, Haughn GW. Asymmetric distribution of extracellular matrix proteins in seed coat epidermal cells of Arabidopsis is determined by polar secretion. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e360. [PMID: 34877448 PMCID: PMC8628086 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although asymmetric deposition of the plant extracellular matrix is critical for the normal functioning of many cell types, the molecular mechanisms establishing this asymmetry are not well understood. During differentiation, Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells deposit large amounts of pectin-rich mucilage asymmetrically to form an extracellular pocket between the plasma membrane and the outer tangential primary cell wall. At maturity, the mucilage expands on contact with water, ruptures the primary cell wall, and extrudes to encapsulate the seed. In addition to polysaccharides, mucilage contains secreted proteins including the β-galactosidase MUCILAGE MODIFIED 2 (MUM2). A functional chimeric protein where MUM2 was fused translationally with Citrine yellow fluorescent protein (Citrine) indicated that MUM2-Citrine fluorescence preferentially accumulates in the mucilage pocket concomitant with mucilage deposition and rapidly disappears when mucilage synthesis ceases. A secreted form of Citrine, secCitrine, showed a similar pattern of localization when expressed in developing seed coat epidermal cells. This result suggested that both the asymmetric localization and rapid decrease of fluorescence is not unique to MUM2-Citrine and may represent the default pathway for secreted proteins in this cell type. v-SNARE proteins were localized only in the membrane adjacent to the mucilage pocket, supporting the hypothesis that the cellular secretory apparatus is redirected and targets secretion to the outer periclinal apoplast during mucilage synthesis. In addition, mutation of ECHIDNA, a gene encoding a TGN-localized protein involved in vesicle targeting, causes misdirection of mucilage, MUM2 and v-SNARE proteins from the apoplast/plasma membrane to the vacuole/tonoplast. Western blot analyses suggested that the disappearance of MUM2-Citrine fluorescence at the end of mucilage synthesis is due to protein degradation and because several proteases have been identified in extruded seed mucilage. However, as mutation of these genes did not result in a substantial delay in MUM2-Citrine degradation and the timing of their expression and/or their intracellular localization were not consistent with a role in MUM2-Citrine disappearance, the mechanism underlying the abrupt decrease of MUM2-Citrine remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Chen Lee
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Present address:
Biodiversity Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Gillian H. Dean
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Erin Gilchrist
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Present address:
Molecular DiagnosticsAnandia LaboratoriesVancouverCanada
| | - Allen Yi‐Lun Tsai
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Present address:
International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - George W. Haughn
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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11
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Sterol Glucosyltransferases Tailor Polysaccharide Accumulation in Arabidopsis Seed Coat Epidermal Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102546. [PMID: 34685527 PMCID: PMC8533880 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjugation of sterols with a Glc moiety is catalyzed by sterol glucosyltransferases (SGTs). A portion of the resulting steryl glucosides (SG) are then esterified with a long-chain fatty acid to form acyl-SG (ASG). SG and ASG are prevalent components of plant cellular membranes and influence their organization and functional properties. Mutant analysis had previously inferred that two Arabidopsis SGTs, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1/TT15, could have specialized roles in the production of SG in seeds, despite an overlap in their enzymatic activity. Here, we establish new roles for both enzymes in the accumulation of polysaccharides in seed coat epidermal cells (SCEs). The rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) content of the inner layer of seed mucilage was higher in ugt80A2, whereas RG-I accumulation was lower in mutants of UGT80B1, with double mutant phenotypes indicating that UGT80A2 acts independently from UGT80B1. In contrast, an additive phenotype was observed in double mutants for increased galactoglucomannan (GGM) content. Double mutants also exhibited increased polymer density within the inner mucilage layer. In contrast, cell wall defects were only observed in mutants defective for UGT80B1, while more mucilage cellulose was only observed when UGT80A2 was mutated. The generation of a range of phenotypic effects, simultaneously within a single cell type, demonstrates that the adjustment of the SG and ASG composition of cellular membranes by UGT80A2 and UGT80B1 tailors polysaccharide accumulation in Arabidopsis seeds.
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12
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Nakabayashi K, Leubner-Metzger G. Seed dormancy and weed emergence: from simulating environmental change to understanding trait plasticity, adaptive evolution, and population fitness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4181-4185. [PMID: 34048571 PMCID: PMC8163051 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Fernández Farnocchia RB, Benech-Arnold RL, Mantese A, Batlla D. 2021. Optimization of timing of next-generation emergence in Amaranthus hybridus is determined via modulation of seed dormancy by the maternal environment. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 4283–4297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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13
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Corso M, Perreau F, Mouille G, Lepiniec L. Specialized phenolic compounds in seeds: structures, functions, and regulations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110471. [PMID: 32540001 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a huge diversity of specialized metabolites (SM) throughout their life cycle that play important physiological and ecological functions. SM can protect plants and seeds against diseases, predators, and abiotic stresses, or support their interactions with beneficial or symbiotic organisms. They also have strong impacts on human nutrition and health. Despite this importance, the biosynthesis and biological functions of most of the SM remain elusive and their diversity and/or quantity have been reduced in most crops during domestication. Seeds present a large number of SM that are important for their physiological, agronomic, nutritional or industrial qualities and hence, provide interesting models for both studying biosynthesis and producing large amounts of specialized metabolites. For instance, phenolics are abundant and widely distributed in seeds. More specifically, flavonoid pathway has been instrumental for understanding environmental or developmental regulations of specialized metabolic pathways, at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, we summarize current knowledge on seed phenolics as model, and discuss how recent progresses in omics approaches could help to further characterize their diversity, regulations, and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
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14
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Renzi JP, Duchoslav M, Brus J, Hradilová I, Pechanec V, Václavek T, Machalová J, Hron K, Verdier J, Smýkal P. Physical Dormancy Release in Medicago truncatula Seeds Is Related to Environmental Variations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E503. [PMID: 32295289 PMCID: PMC7238229 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed dormancy and timing of its release is an important developmental transition determining the survival of individuals, populations, and species in variable environments. Medicago truncatula was used as a model to study physical seed dormancy at the ecological and genetics level. The effect of alternating temperatures, as one of the causes releasing physical seed dormancy, was tested in 178 M. truncatula accessions over three years. Several coefficients of dormancy release were related to environmental variables. Dormancy varied greatly (4-100%) across accessions as well as year of experiment. We observed overall higher physical dormancy release under more alternating temperatures (35/15 °C) in comparison with less alternating ones (25/15 °C). Accessions from more arid climates released dormancy under higher experimental temperature alternations more than accessions originating from less arid environments. The plasticity of physical dormancy can probably distribute the germination through the year and act as a bet-hedging strategy in arid environments. On the other hand, a slight increase in physical dormancy was observed in accessions from environments with higher among-season temperature variation. Genome-wide association analysis identified 136 candidate genes related to secondary metabolite synthesis, hormone regulation, and modification of the cell wall. The activity of these genes might mediate seed coat permeability and, ultimately, imbibition and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Renzi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hilario Ascasubi 8142, Argentina;
| | - Martin Duchoslav
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Jan Brus
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Iveta Hradilová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (I.H.)
| | - Vilém Pechanec
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Tadeáš Václavek
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (J.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Jitka Machalová
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (J.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Karel Hron
- Department of Mathematical Analysis and Applications of Mathematics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.V.); (J.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Jerome Verdier
- UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49070 Beaucouzé, France;
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.D.); (I.H.)
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15
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Hano C, Drouet S, Lainé E. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seed Coat: Description of an Effective Procedure Using the transparent testa 2 Gene as a Selectable Marker. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2172:233-242. [PMID: 32557373 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been successfully applied for functional analysis of genes in many plant species. Many protocols have been established but mainly for gene expression study in vegetative tissue. Here, we present the critical steps of an optimized procedure of VIGS in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed coat using the transparent testa 2 gene as a selectable marker. The present protocol may serve as an effective tool for functional characterization of genes involved in seed coat formation and/or biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC INRA USC1328), Université d'Orléans-Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, Chartres, France.
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC INRA USC1328), Université d'Orléans-Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, Chartres, France
| | - Eric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC INRA USC1328), Université d'Orléans-Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, Chartres, France
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16
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Dean GH, Sola K, Unda F, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. Analysis of Monosaccharides from Arabidopsis Seed Mucilageand Whole Seeds Using HPAEC-PAD. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3464. [PMID: 33654956 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells deposit a significant quantity of mucilage, composed of the cell wall components pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, into the apoplast during development. When mature seeds are hydrated, mucilage extrudes to form a gelatinous capsule around the seed. Determining the monosaccharide composition of both extruded mucilage and whole seeds is an essential technique for characterizing seed coat developmental processes and mutants with altered mucilage composition. This protocol covers growth of plants to produce seeds suitable for analysis, extraction of extruded mucilage using water and sodium carbonate (used for mutants with impaired mucilage release), and extraction of alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) from whole seeds. The prepared polysaccharides are then hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid, which hydrolyses all polysaccharides including cellulose. Sensitive and reproducible quantification of the resulting monosaccharides is achieved using high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kresimir Sola
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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17
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McGee R, Dean GH, Mansfield SD, Haughn GW. Assessing the utility of seed coat-specific promoters to engineer cell wall polysaccharide composition of mucilage. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:373-387. [PMID: 31422517 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide composition of seed mucilage was successfully modified using three seed coat-specific promoters driving expression of genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes. Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat epidermal cells synthesize and secrete large quantities of mucilage, a specialized secondary cell wall composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The composition and structure of mucilage confers its unique properties of expansion, extrusion, and adherence. We are developing seed mucilage as a model to study the biochemical and biological consequences of manipulating cell wall polysaccharides in vivo using cell wall-modifying enzymes. To specifically engineer mucilage composition and avoid altering other cell types, seed coat-specific promoters are required. In this study, we investigated the ability of seed coat-specific promoters from three genes, TESTA-ABUNDANT2 (TBA2), PEROXIDASE36 (PER36), and MUCILAGE-MODIFIED4 (MUM4), to express the cell wall modifying β-galactosidase (BGAL)-encoding gene MUCILAGE-MODIFIED2 (MUM2) and complement the mum2 mutant. The strength of the three promoters relative to one another was found to vary by two to 250 fold, and correlated with their ability to rescue the mum2 mutant phenotype. The strongest of the three promoters, TBA2p, was then used to examine the ability of three MUM2 homologs to complement the mum2 extrusion and cell wall composition phenotypes. The degree of complementation was variable and correlated with the amino acid sequence similarity between the homologous gene products and MUM2. These data demonstrate that all three seed coat-specific promoters can drive expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes in a spatial and temporal pattern sufficiently to modify polysaccharide composition in seed mucilage without obvious negative consequences to the rest of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McGee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gillian H Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - George W Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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18
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Wu Q, Zhang Z, Peng H, Wu Y, Yu F. The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7996. [PMID: 31687284 PMCID: PMC6825750 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Styrax tonkinensis is a great potential biofuel as the species contains seeds with a particularly high oil content. Understanding the nutrient distribution in different parts of the fruit is imperative for the development and enhancement of S. tonkinensis as a biodiesel feedstock. Methods From 30 to 140 days after flowering (DAF), the development of S. tonkinensis fruit was tracked. The morphology change, nutrient content, and activity of associated enzymes in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel were analyzed. Results Between 30 and 70 DAF, the main locus of dry matter deposition shifted from the seed coat to the kernel. The water content within the pericarp remained high throughout development, but at the end (130 DAF later) decreased rapidly. The water content within both the seed coat and the kernel consistently declined over the course of the fruit development (30–110 DAF). Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat. The calcium deposition center was transferred first from pericarp to the seed coat and then to the kernel before it was returned to the pericarp. The sucrose to hexose ratio in the seed coat increased between 30 and 80 DAF, correlating with the accumulation of total soluble sugar, starch, and protein. In the pericarp, the sucrose to hexose ratio peaked at 40 and 100 DAF, correlating with the reserve deposition in the following 20–30 days. After 30 DAF, the chlorophyll concentration of both the pericarp and the seed coat dropped. The maternal unit (the pericarp and the seed coat) in fruit showed a significant positive linear relationship between chlorophyll b/a and the concentration of total soluble sugar. The potassium content had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.673, p = 0.0164), oil (ρ = 0.915, p = 0.000203), and protein content (ρ = 0.814, p = 0.00128), respectively. The concentration of magnesium had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.705, p = 0.0104), oil (ρ = 0.913, p = 0.000228), and protein content (ρ = 0.896, p = 0.0000786), respectively. Calcium content had a significant correlation with soluble sugar content (ρ = 0.585, p = 0.0457). Conclusions During the fruit development of S. tonkinensis, the maternal unit, that is, the pericarp and seed coat, may act a nutrient buffer storage area between the mother tree and the kernel. The stage of 70–80 DAF is an important time in the nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel. Our results described the metabolic dynamics of the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel and the contribution that a seed with high oil content offers to biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikui Wu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Nanjing Forestry University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Chinese Academy of Forestry, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding & Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Peng
- Nanjing Forestry University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Gaochun District Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyuan Yu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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19
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El-Keblawy A, Elgabra M, Mosa KA, Fakhry A, Soliman S. Roles of Hardened Husks and Membranes Surrounding Brachypodium hybridum Grains on Germination and Seedling Growth. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090322. [PMID: 31484325 PMCID: PMC6784022 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have assessed the function and significance of the presence of dead, hardened husks on germination and seedling growth in several grass species and reached to inconsistent results. Here, we assess the roles of husks (dead lemma and palea) and an inner membrane surrounding the grains on germination behaviour and seedling growth of Brachypodium hybridum, one of three species of the genetic model B. distachyon complex, in an arid mountain of Arabia. The interactive effects between temperature and the incubation light were assessed on germination of husked and dehusked-demembraned grains. Germination and seedling growth were assessed for different combinations of grain treatments (soaked and non-soaked husked, dehusked-membraned and dehusked-demembraned). Dehusked-demembraned grains were also germinated in different dormancy regulating compounds (DRCs) and light qualities (light, dark and different red: far red [R: FR] ratios). The results indicated an insignificant difference between husked and dehusked-membraned grains on final germination and the germination rate index (GRI), with the former producing significantly bigger seedlings. Removal of the inner-membrane resulted in a significant reduction in all traits. Soaking grains in water resulted in significant enhancements in germination and seedling growth of only husked grains. Husked-membraned and demembraned grains germinated more significantly and faster at lower rather than higher temperatures. None of different concentrations of several DRCs succeeded in enhancing final germination of dehusked-demembraned grains. Red-rich light significantly enhanced germination of dehusked-membraned grains in comparison to other light qualities. It could be concluded that the role of husks is to mainly enhance seedling growth, while the major role of the membrane is to increase final germination. The ability of red-rich light in enhancing the germination of dehusked-membraned but not dehusked-demembraned grains suggest a role for the inner membrane in regulating dormancy through differential filtering of light properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Keblawy
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO Box 27272, UAE.
| | - Masarra Elgabra
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO Box 27272, UAE.
| | - Kareem A Mosa
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO Box 27272, UAE.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt.
| | - Amal Fakhry
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt.
| | - Sameh Soliman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah PO Box 27272, UAE.
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