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Xie ML, Chen JL, Phukhamsakda C, Dima B, Fu YP, Ji RQ, Wang K, Wei TZ, Li Y. Cortinarius subsalor and C. tibeticisalor spp. nov., two new species from the section Delibuti from China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11982. [PMID: 34616595 PMCID: PMC8459733 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortinarius subsalor and C. tibeticisalor, belonging to the section Delibuti, are described from China as new to science. Cortinarius subsalor has been found to be associated with Lithocarpus trees in subtropical China and resembling C. salor, but it differs from the later by having slender basidiomata and the narrower basidiospores. Cortinarius tibeticisalor was collected from eastern Tibetan Plateau, associated with Abies. It differs from other species within sect. Delibuti by having olive tinge of mature or dried basidiomata and bigger basidiospores. The molecular data also support C. subsalor and C. tibeticisalor as new species. The phylogenetic analyses and biogeography of sect. Delibuti are discussed and a key to the species of this section currently known in the world is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Le Xie
- Life Science College, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jun-Liang Chen
- Science and Technology Research Center of Edible Fungi, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chayanard Phukhamsakda
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bálint Dima
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yong-Ping Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui-Qing Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tie-Zheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Life Science College, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Cao T, Hu YP, Yu JR, Wei TZ, Yuan HS. A phylogenetic overview of the Hydnaceae ( Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) with new taxa from China. Stud Mycol 2021; 99:100121. [PMID: 35035603 PMCID: PMC8717575 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Hydnaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) is a group of fungi found worldwide which exhibit stichic nuclear division. The group is highly diverse in morphology, ecology, and phylogeny, and includes some edible species which are popular all over the world. Traditionally, Hydnaceae together with Cantharellaceae, Clavulinaceae and Sistotremataceae are four families in the Cantharellales. The four families were combined and redefined as "Hydnaceae", however, a comprehensive phylogeny based on multiple-marker dataset for the entire Hydnaceae sensu stricto is still lacking and the delimitation is also unclear. We inferred Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies for the family Hydnaceae from the data of five DNA regions: the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the mitochondrial small subunit rDNA gene (mtSSU), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1). We also produced three more phylogenetic trees for Cantharellus based on 5.8S, nLSU, mtSSU, RPB2 and TEF1, Craterellus and Hydnum both based on the combined nLSU and ITS. This study has reproduced the status of Hydnaceae in the order Cantharellales, and phylogenetically confirmed seventeen genera in Hydnaceae. Twenty nine new taxa or synonyms are described, revealed, proposed, or reported, including eight new subgenera (Cantharellus subgenus Magnus, Craterellus subgenus Cariosi, subg. Craterellus, subg. Imperforati, subg. Lamelles, subg. Longibasidiosi, subg. Ovoidei, and Hydnum subgenus Brevispina); seventeen new species (Ca. laevihymeninus, Ca. magnus, Ca. subminor, Cr. badiogriseus, Cr. croceialbus, Cr. macrosporus, Cr. squamatus, H. brevispinum, H. flabellatum, H. flavidocanum, H. longibasidium, H. pallidocroceum, H. pallidomarginatum, H. sphaericum, H. tangerinum, H. tenuistipitum and H. ventricosum); two synonyms (Ca. anzutake and Ca. tuberculosporus as Ca. yunnanensis), and two newly recorded species (H. albomagnum and H. minum). The distinguishing characters of the new species and subgenera as well as their allied taxa are discussed in the notes which follow them. The delimitation and diversity in morphology, ecology, and phylogeny of Hydnaceae is discussed. Notes of seventeen genera which are phylogenetically accepted in Hydnaceae by this study and a key to the genera in Hydnaceae are provided.
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Key Words
- Cantharellales
- Cantharellus anzutake W. Ogawa, N. Endo, M. Fukuda and A. Yamada and Ca. tuberculosporus M. Zang as Ca. yunnanensis W.F. Chiu
- Cantharellus laevihymeninus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Ca. magnus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Ca. subminor T. Cao & H.S. Yuan
- Craterellus badiogriseus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Cr. croceialbus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Cr. macrosporus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, Cr. squamatus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan
- Hydnaceae
- Hydnum albomagnum Banker
- Hydnum brevispinum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. flabellatum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. flavidocanum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. longibasidium T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. pallidocroceum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. pallidomarginatum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. sphaericum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. tangerinum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. tenuistipitum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, H. ventricosum T. Cao & H.S. Yuan
- Hydnum minum Yanaga & N. Maek
- In genus Cantharellus: Cantharellus subgenus Magnus T. Cao & H.S. Yuan
- Multiple-marker phylogeny
- Taxonomy
- in genus Craterellus: Craterellus subgenus Cariosi T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, subg. Craterellus, subg. Imperforati T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, subg. Lamelles T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, subg. Longibasidiosi T. Cao & H.S. Yuan, subg. Ovoidei T. Cao & H.S. Yuan
- in genus Hydnum: Hydnum subgenus Brevispina T. Cao & H.S. Yuan
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Hu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE/State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecological Environment of Wuyi Mountains, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Jia-Rui Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Tie-Zheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Hai-Sheng Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Nadeau MB, P. Khasa D. Edaphic Selection Pressures as Drivers of Contrasting White Spruce Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure and Diversity in the Canadian Boreal Forest of Abitibi-Témiscamingue Region. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166420. [PMID: 27835688 PMCID: PMC5106017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about edaphic selection pressures as drivers of contrasting white spruce ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity in the Canadian boreal forest. We hypothesized that community composition differs among the four sites sampled-nursery, mining site, forest edge, and natural forest. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community structure and diversity was studied at the four locations with soil fertility gradient through morpho-molecular and phylogenetic analyses in relationships with rhizospheric soil chemical properties. 41 different species were identified. Mining site had a significantly different species composition than the surrounding environments. Soil pH and percentage of roots colonized by ECM fungi increased while soil P, N, Fe, C, K, Mg, Al, Ca, and Na contents declined across the soil fertility gradient: nursery → natural forest → forest edge → mining site. Contrary to the preference of acid soils by ECM fungi, a few ecologically adapted to high pH, poor soil chemical fertility, and low organic matter content colonize white spruce roots on the non-acidogenic mining site, allowing natural regeneration of white spruce seedlings. Other ECM fungi are adapted to high fertigation level of commercial nursery. This study clearly shows the contrasting difference in white spruce ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity driven by edaphic selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B. Nadeau
- Centre for Forest Research, Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, and Canadian Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
| | - Damase P. Khasa
- Centre for Forest Research, Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, and Canadian Research Chair in Forest and Environmental Genomics, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
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Rosenstock NP, Berner C, Smits MM, Krám P, Wallander H. The role of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium availability in soil fungal exploration of mineral nutrient sources in Norway spruce forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:542-553. [PMID: 26996085 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated fungal growth and community composition in buried meshbags, amended with apatite, biotite or hornblende, in Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests of varying nutrient status. Norway spruce needles and soil collected from forests overlying serpentinite had low levels of potassium and phosphorus, those from granite had low levels of magnesium, whereas those from amphibolite had comparably high levels of these nutrients. We assayed the fungal colonization of meshbags by measuring ergosterol content and fungal community with 454 sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. In addition, we measured fine root density. Fungal biomass was increased by apatite amendment across all plots and particularly on the K- and P-deficient serpentinite plots, whereas hornblende and biotite had no effect on fungal biomass on any plots. Fungal community (total fungal and ectomycorrhizal) composition was affected strongly by sampling location and soil depth, whereas mineral amendments had no effect on community composition. Fine root biomass was significantly correlated with fungal biomass. Ectomycorrhizal communities may respond to increased host-tree phosphorus demand by increased colonization of phosphorus-containing minerals, but this does not appear to translate to a shift in ectomycorrhizal community composition. This growth response to nutrient demand does not appear to exist for potassium or magnesium limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Rosenstock
- Center for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Berner
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems - EEMiS, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mark M Smits
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Building D, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, 3590, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Håkan Wallander
- MEMEG, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
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Lim S, Berbee ML. Phylogenetic structure of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of western hemlock changes with forest age and stand type. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:473-486. [PMID: 23475506 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
On Vancouver Island, British Columbia, fertilization with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) following clearcutting increases growth of western hemlock. To explore whether fertilization also resulted in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities that were more or less similar to neighboring unlogged stands, we sampled roots from western hemlock from three replicate plots from each of five different, well-characterized, forest stand types that differed in site type, and in logging and fertilization history. We harvested four samples of 100 ectomycorrhizal root tips from each plot, a total of 60 samples per stand type. From each sample, we analyzed fungal ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and 28S DNA, sequencing 15-29 clones per sample and 60-116 clones per plot. We detected 147 fungal operational taxonomic units among a total of 1435 sequences. Craterellus tubaeformis was frequently present and resulted in a pattern of phylogenetic overdispersion in the fungal communities. Fungal species composition was strongly correlated with foliar nitrogen concentration. However, other site quality factors were also important because the fertilized regenerating hemlock and mature hemlock-amabilis fir forests had similar foliar nitrogen content but little overlap in fungal species. Compared with unfertilized regenerating forests, fungal communities in N + P-fertilized regenerating forests had significantly more species overlap with old growth forests. However, the fungal communities of all regenerating forest were similar to one another and all differed significantly from older forests. By correlating fungal clades with habitats, this research improves understanding of how forest management can contribute to maintaining diverse ectomycorrhizal fungal communities across a landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeaRa Lim
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Yagame T, Orihara T, Selosse MA, Yamato M, Iwase K. Mixotrophy of Platanthera minor, an orchid associated with ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:178-187. [PMID: 21995447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
• We investigated the fungal symbionts and carbon nutrition of a Japanese forest photosynthetic orchid, Platanthera minor, whose ecology suggests a mixotrophic syndrome, that is, a mycorrhizal association with ectomycorrhiza (ECM)-forming fungi and partial exploitation of fungal carbon. • We performed molecular identification of symbionts by PCR amplifications of the fungal ribosomal DNA on hyphal coils extracted from P. minor roots. We tested for a (13)C and (15)N enrichment characteristic of mixotrophic plants. We also tested the ectomycorrhizal abilities of orchid symbionts using a new protocol of direct inoculation of hyphal coils onto roots of Pinus densiflora seedlings. • In phylogenetic analyses, most isolated fungi were close to ECM-forming Ceratobasidiaceae clades previously detected from a few fully heterotrophic orchids or environmental ectomycorrhiza surveys. The direct inoculation of fungal coils of these fungi resulted in ectomycorrhiza formation on P. densiflora seedlings. Stable isotope analyses indicated mixotrophic nutrition of P. minor, with fungal carbon contributing from 50% to 65%. • This is the first evidence of photosynthetic orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal Ceratobasidiaceae taxa, confirming the evolution of mixotrophy in the Orchideae orchid tribe, and of ectomycorrhizal abilities in the Ceratobasidiaceae. Our new ectomycorrhiza formation technique may enhance the study of unculturable orchid mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yagame
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takamichi Orihara
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Centre d' Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Masahide Yamato
- Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Iwase
- Department of Natural and Environmental Science Teikyo University of Science 2525 Yatsusawa, Uenohara 409-0193, Japan
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Rosling A, Cox F, Cruz-Martinez K, Ihrmark K, Grelet GA, Lindahl BD, Menkis A, James TY. Archaeorhizomycetes: unearthing an ancient class of ubiquitous soil fungi. Science 2011; 333:876-9. [PMID: 21836015 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Estimates suggest that only one-tenth of the true fungal diversity has been described. Among numerous fungal lineages known only from environmental DNA sequences, Soil Clone Group 1 is the most ubiquitous. These globally distributed fungi may dominate below-ground fungal communities, but their placement in the fungal tree of life has been uncertain. Here, we report cultures of this group and describe the class, Archaeorhizomycetes, phylogenetically placed within subphylum Taphrinomycotina in the Ascomycota. Archaeorhizomycetes comprises hundreds of cryptically reproducing filamentous species that do not form recognizable mycorrhizal structures and have saprotrophic potential, yet are omnipresent in roots and rhizosphere soil and show ecosystem and host root habitat specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Uppsala BioCentre, SLU, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Conservation of ectomycorrhizal fungi: exploring the linkages between functional and taxonomic responses to anthropogenic N deposition. FUNGAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tsui CKM, Wang B, Khadempour L, Alamouti SM, Bohlmann J, Murray BW, Hamelin RC. Rapid identification and detection of pine pathogenic fungi associated with mountain pine beetles by padlock probes. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 83:26-33. [PMID: 20650291 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen million hectares of pine forests in western Canada have been attacked by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB), leading to devastating economic losses. Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum, are two fungi intimately associated with the beetles, and are crucial components of the epidemic. To detect and discriminate these two closely related pathogens, we utilized a method based on ligase-mediated nucleotide discrimination with padlock probe technology, and signal amplification by hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA). Two padlock probes were designed to target species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at the inter-generic spacer 2 region and large subunit of the rRNA respectively, which allows discrimination between the two species. Thirty-four strains of G. clavigera and twenty-five strains of L. longiclavatum representing a broad geographic origin were tested with this assay. The HRCA results were largely in agreement with the conventional identification based on morphology or DNA-based methods. Both probes can also efficiently distinguish the two MPB-associated fungi from other fungi in the MPB, as well as other related fungi in the order Ophiostomatales. We also tested this diagnostic method for the direct detection of these fungi from the DNA of MPB. A nested PCR approach was used to enrich amplicons for signal detection. The results confirmed the presence of these two fungi in MPB. Thus, the padlock probe assay coupled with HRCA is a rapid, sensitive and reproducible method for the identification and detection of these ophiostomatoid fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement K M Tsui
- Department of Forest Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Dickie IA, Bolstridge N, Cooper JA, Peltzer DA. Co-invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:475-484. [PMID: 20456067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
*The absence of co-evolved mutualists of plants invading a novel habitat is the logical corollary of the more widely recognized 'enemy escape'. To avoid or overcome the loss of mutualists, plants may co-invade with nonnative mutualists, form novel associations with native mutualists or form associations with native cosmopolitan mutualists, which are native but not novel to the invading plant. *We tested these hypotheses by contrasting the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with invasive Pinus contorta in New Zealand with co-occurring endemic Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides. *Fungal communities on Pinus were species poor (14 ectomycorrhizal species) and dominated by nonnative (93%) and cosmopolitan fungi (7%). Nothofagus had a species-rich (98 species) fungal community dominated by native Cortinarius and two cosmopolitan fungi. *These results support co-invasion by mutualists rather than novel associations as an important mechanism by which plants avoid or overcome the loss of mutualists, consistent with invasional meltdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Dickie
- Landcare Research, Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
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Tedersoo L, Pärtel K, Jairus T, Gates G, Põldmaa K, Tamm H. Ascomycetes associated with ectomycorrhizas: molecular diversity and ecology with particular reference to theHelotiales. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:3166-78. [PMID: 19671076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
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