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Angela S, Fadhilah G, Hsiao WWW, Lin HY, Ko J, Lu SCW, Lee CC, Chang YS, Lin CY, Chang HC, Chiang WH. Nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: Advanced approaches. SLAS Technol 2024; 29:100146. [PMID: 38844139 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2024.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory condition that affects persons between the ages of 20 and 40, causes synovium inflammation, cartilage loss, and joint discomfort as some of its symptoms. Diagnostic techniques for RA have traditionally been split into two main categories: imaging and serological tests. However, significant issues are associated with both of these methods. Imaging methods are costly and only helpful in people with obvious symptoms, while serological assays are time-consuming and require specialist knowledge. The drawbacks of these traditional techniques have led to the development of novel diagnostic approaches. The unique properties of nanomaterials make them well-suited as biosensors. Their compact dimensions are frequently cited for their outstanding performance, and their positive impact on the signal-to-noise ratio accounts for their capacity to detect biomarkers at low detection limits, with excellent repeatability and a robust dynamic range. In this review, we discuss the use of nanomaterials in RA theranostics. Scientists have recently synthesized, characterized, and modified nanomaterials and biomarkers commonly used to enhance RA diagnosis and therapy capabilities. We hope to provide scientists with the promising potential that nanomaterials hold for future theranostics and offer suggestions on further improving nanomaterials as biosensors, particularly for detecting autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanny Angela
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gianna Fadhilah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yi Lin
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Joshua Ko
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven Che-Wei Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- The Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development (SEED) Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Manufacturing Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Dong T, Zhu W, Yang Z, Matos Pires NM, Lin Q, Jing W, Zhao L, Wei X, Jiang Z. Advances in heart failure monitoring: Biosensors targeting molecular markers in peripheral bio-fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116090. [PMID: 38569250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially chronic heart failure, threaten many patients' lives worldwide. Because of its slow course and complex causes, its clinical screening, diagnosis, and prognosis are essential challenges. Clinical biomarkers and biosensor technologies can rapidly screen and diagnose. Multiple types of biomarkers are employed for screening purposes, precise diagnosis, and treatment follow-up. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the biomarkers associated with the six main heart failure etiology pathways. Plasma natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponins (cTnT, cTnl) are still analyzed as gold-standard markers for heart failure. Other complementary biomarkers include growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), circulating Galactose Lectin 3 (Gal-3), soluble interleukin (sST2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). For these biomarkers, the electrochemical biosensors have exhibited sufficient sensitivity, detection limit, and specificity. This review systematically summarizes the latest molecular biomarkers and sensors for heart failure, which will provide comprehensive and cutting-edge authoritative scientific information for biomedical and electronic-sensing researchers in the field of heart failure, as well as patients. In addition, our proposed future outlook may provide new research ideas for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, School of Mechanical Engincering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, China; X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Department of Microsystems- IMS, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway-USN, P.O. Box 235, Kongsberg, 3603, Norway
| | - Wangang Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, School of Mechanical Engincering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, China; X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, School of Mechanical Engincering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Nuno Miguel Matos Pires
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, Collaborative Innovation Center on Micro-Nano Transduction and Intelligent Eco-Internet of Things, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, School of Mechanical Engincering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Qijing Lin
- X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Weixuan Jing
- X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- X Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Faculty of Instrumentation Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Rahimizadeh K, Chen S, Veedu RN. Metallic nanostructure-based aptasensors for robust detection of proteins. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:747-776. [PMID: 38298588 PMCID: PMC10825927 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
There is a significant need for fast, cost-effective, and highly sensitive protein target detection, particularly in the fields of food, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. The integration of high-affinity aptamers with metal-based nanomaterials has played a crucial role in advancing the development of innovative aptasensors tailored for the precise detection of specific proteins. Aptamers offer several advantages over commonly used molecular recognition methods, such as antibodies. Recently, a variety of metal-based aptasensors have been established. These metallic nanomaterials encompass noble metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, metal-carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, graphene-conjugated metallic nanostructures, as well as their nanocomposites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and MXenes. In general, these materials provide enhanced sensitivity through signal amplification and transduction mechanisms. This review primarily focuses on the advancement of aptasensors based on metallic materials for the highly sensitive detection of protein targets, including enzymes and growth factors. Additionally, it sheds light on the challenges encountered in this field and outlines future prospects. We firmly believe that this review will offer a comprehensive overview and fresh insights into metallic nanomaterials-based aptasensors and their capabilities, paving the way for the development of innovative point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth WA 6150 Australia
- Precision Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Kamal Rahimizadeh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth WA 6150 Australia
- Precision Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Suxiang Chen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth WA 6150 Australia
- Precision Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University Perth WA 6150 Australia
- Precision Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
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Irimeș MB, Tertiș M, Oprean R, Cristea C. Unrevealing the connection between real sample analysis and analytical method. The case of cytokines. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:23-65. [PMID: 37246889 DOI: 10.1002/med.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are compounds that belong to a special class of signaling biomolecules that are responsible for several functions in the human body, being involved in cell growth, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes. Thus, they represent valuable biomarkers for diagnosing and drug therapy monitoring certain medical conditions. Because cytokines are secreted in the human body, they can be detected in both conventional samples, such as blood or urine, but also in samples less used in medical practice such as sweat or saliva. As the importance of cytokines was identified, various analytical methods for their determination in biological fluids were reported. The gold standard in cytokine detection is considered the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and the most recent ones have been considered and compared in this study. It is known that the conventional methods are accompanied by a few disadvantages that new methods of analysis, especially electrochemical sensors, are trying to overcome. Electrochemical sensors proved to be suited for the elaboration of integrated, portable, and wearable sensing devices, which could also facilitate cytokines determination in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Bianca Irimeș
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tertiș
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Oprean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Gomez Cardoso A, Rahin Ahmed S, Keshavarz-Motamed Z, Srinivasan S, Reza Rajabzadeh A. Recent advancements of nanomodified electrodes - Towards point-of-care detection of cardiac biomarkers. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108440. [PMID: 37060706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of deaths from cardiovascular diseases has become a substantial concern in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Rapid and on-site monitoring of this disease is urgently important to control, prevent and make awareness of public health. Recently, a lot of focus has been placed on nanomaterials and modify these nanomaterials have been explored to detect cardiac biomarkers. By implementing biosensors that are modified with novel recognition elements and more stable nanomaterials, the use of electrochemistry for point-of-care devices is more realistic every day. This review focuses on the current state of nanomaterials conjugated biorecognition elements (enzyme integrated with nanomaterials, antibody conjugated nanomaterials and aptamer conjugated nanomaterials) for electrochemical cardiovascular disease detection. Specifically, a lot of attention has been given to the trends toward more stable biosensors that have increased the potential to be used as point-of-care devices for the detection of cardiac biomarkers due to their high stability and specificity. Moreover, the recent progress on biomolecule-free electrochemical nanosensors for cardiovascular disease detection has been considered. At last, the possibility and drawbacks of some of these techniques for point-of-care cardiac device development in the future have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gomez Cardoso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Syed Rahin Ahmed
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zahra Keshavarz-Motamed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada; W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Amin Reza Rajabzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada; W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
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Radu AF, Bungau SG. Nanomedical approaches in the realm of rheumatoid arthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101927. [PMID: 37031724 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune inflammatory disorder defined by the damage to the bone and cartilage in the synovium, which causes joint impairment and an increase in the mortality rate. It is associated with an incompletely elucidated pathophysiological mechanism. Even though disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have contributed to recent improvements in the standard of care for RA, only a small fraction of patients is able to attain and maintain clinical remission without the necessity for ongoing immunosuppressive drugs. The evolution of tolerance over time as well as patients' inability to respond to currently available therapy can alter the overall management of RA. A significant increase in the research of RA nano therapies due to the possible improvements they may provide over traditional systemic treatments has been observed. New approaches to getting beyond the drawbacks of existing treatments are presented by advancements in the research of nanotherapeutic techniques, particularly drug delivery nano systems. Via passive or active targeting of systemic delivery, therapeutic drugs can be precisely transported to and concentrated in the affected sites. As a result, nanoscale drug delivery systems improve the solubility and bioavailability of certain drugs and reduce dose escalation. In the present paper, we provide a thorough overview of the possible biomedical applications of various nanostructures in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of RA, derived from the shortcomings of conventional therapies. Moreover, the paper suggests the need for improvement on the basis of research directions and properly designed clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania.
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania.
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Kaya SI, Cetinkaya A, Ozcelikay G, Samanci SN, Ozkan SA. Approaches and Challenges for Biosensors for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:282. [PMID: 36832048 PMCID: PMC9954479 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a cardiovascular disease defined by several symptoms that occur when the heart cannot supply the blood needed by the tissues. HF, which affects approximately 64 million people worldwide and whose incidence and prevalence are increasing, has an important place in terms of public health and healthcare costs. Therefore, developing and enhancing diagnostic and prognostic sensors is an urgent need. Using various biomarkers for this purpose is a significant breakthrough. It is possible to classify the biomarkers used in HF: associated with myocardial and vascular stretch (B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proBNP and troponin), related to neurohormonal pathways (aldosterone and plasma renin activity), and associated with myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy (soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 and galactin 3). There is an increasing demand for the design of fast, portable, and low-cost biosensing devices for the biomarkers related to HF. Biosensors play a significant role in early diagnosis as an alternative to time-consuming and expensive laboratory analysis. In this review, the most influential and novel biosensor applications for acute and chronic HF will be discussed in detail. These studies will be evaluated in terms of advantages, disadvantages, sensitivity, applicability, user-friendliness, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sariye Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Goksu Ozcelikay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Seyda Nur Samanci
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
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Alnaimi A, Al-Hamry A, Makableh Y, Adiraju A, Kanoun O. Gold Nanoparticles-MWCNT Based Aptasensor for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1130. [PMID: 36551097 PMCID: PMC9776393 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed male malignancies and can be detected by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker. To detect PSA, several studies have proposed using antibodies, which are not economical and require a long reaction time. In this study, we propose to use self-assembled thiolated single-strand DNA on electrodes functionalized by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to realize a low-cost label-free electrochemical biosensor. In this regard, the PSA aptamer was immobilized via electrostatic adsorption on the surface of a screen-printed MWCNT/AuNPs electrode. The immobilization process was enhanced due to the presence of Au nanoparticles on the surface of the electrode. Surface characterization of the electrode at different stages of modification was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle for surface tension properties. The results showed an increase in surface roughness due to the absorbance of the aptamer on the electrode surfaces. The developed sensor has an extended linear range of 1-100 ng/mL, and a very low limit of detection down to 1 pg/mL. In addition, the reaction has a binding time of only five minutes on the developed electrodes. Investigations of the biosensor selectivity against several substances revealed an efficient selectivity for PSA detection. With this approach, low-cost biosensors with high sensitivity can be realized which have a wide linearity range and a low limit of detection, which are necessary for the early detection of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Alnaimi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ammar Al-Hamry
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Yahia Makableh
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anurag Adiraju
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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Macovei DG, Irimes MB, Hosu O, Cristea C, Tertis M. Point-of-care electrochemical testing of biomarkers involved in inflammatory and inflammatory-associated medical conditions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1033-1063. [PMID: 36102973 PMCID: PMC9472196 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have shown that the diagnosis and monitoring of biomarkers involved in inflammatory-associated medical conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, viral infections, or daily physical activities offer real benefits in increasing the quality of medical care and patient life quality. In this context, the use of integrated and portable platforms as point-of-care testing devices for biomedical analysis to enable early disease diagnosis and monitoring, which can be successfully used even at the patient's bed, is an emergency nowadays. The development of low-cost, miniaturized, and portable, user-friendly devices that provide an answer in a timely manner, such as electrochemical sensors, is relevant for the elaboration of point-of-care testing devices. This review focuses on the recent progress in bioanalysis of both specific biomarkers and inflammatory-associated biomarkers present in several diseases like neoplasia, severe neurological disorders, viral infections, and usual physical activity and provides an overview of the state of the art over the most recent electrochemical (bio)sensors for the detection of inflammation-related biomarkers. Future perspectives of point-of-care testing to improve healthcare management are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Gabriela Macovei
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria-Bianca Irimes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Hosu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tertis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Komarova N, Panova O, Titov A, Kuznetsov A. Aptamers Targeting Cardiac Biomarkers as an Analytical Tool for the Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051085. [PMID: 35625822 PMCID: PMC9138532 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of cardiac biomarkers is used for diagnostics, prognostics, and the risk assessment of cardiovascular diseases. The analysis of cardiac biomarkers is routinely performed with high-sensitivity immunological assays. Aptamers offer an attractive alternative to antibodies for analytical applications but, to date, are not widely practically implemented in diagnostics and medicinal research. This review summarizes the information on the most common cardiac biomarkers and the current state of aptamer research regarding these biomarkers. Aptamers as an analytical tool are well established for troponin I, troponin T, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein. For the rest of the considered cardiac biomarkers, the isolation of novel aptamers or more detailed characterization of the known aptamers are required. More attention should be addressed to the development of dual-aptamer sandwich detection assays and to the studies of aptamer sensing in alternative biological fluids. The universalization of aptamer-based biomarker detection platforms and the integration of aptamer-based sensing to clinical studies are demanded for the practical implementation of aptamers to routine diagnostics. Nevertheless, the wide usage of aptamers for the diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases is promising for the future, with respect to both point-of-care and laboratory testing.
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Kim J, Noh S, Park JA, Park SC, Park SJ, Lee JH, Ahn JH, Lee T. Recent Advances in Aptasensor for Cytokine Detection: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8491. [PMID: 34960590 PMCID: PMC8705356 DOI: 10.3390/s21248491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are proteins secreted by immune cells. They promote cell signal transduction and are involved in cell replication, death, and recovery. Cytokines are immune modulators, but their excessive secretion causes uncontrolled inflammation that attacks normal cells. Considering the properties of cytokines, monitoring the secretion of cytokines in vivo is of great value for medical and biological research. In this review, we offer a report on recent studies for cytokine detection, especially studies on aptasensors using aptamers. Aptamers are single strand nucleic acids that form a stable three-dimensional structure and have been receiving attention due to various characteristics such as simple production methods, low molecular weight, and ease of modification while performing a physiological role similar to antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmyeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.K.); (S.N.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Seungwoo Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.K.); (S.N.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Jeong Ah Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.K.); (S.N.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Sang-Chan Park
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hyuk Ahn
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (J.K.); (S.N.); (J.A.P.)
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12
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Azzouz A, Hejji L, Sonne C, Kim KH, Kumar V. Nanomaterial-based aptasensors as an efficient substitute for cardiovascular disease diagnosis: Future of smart biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113617. [PMID: 34555756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As a major cause of deaths in developed countries, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been a big burden for human health systems. Its early and rapid detection is crucial to efficiently apply appropriate on time therapy and to ultimately reduce the associated mortality rate. Aptamers, known as single-stranded DNA/RNA or oligonucleotides containing receptors and/or catalytic properties, have been widely employed in biodetection platforms due to their beneficial properties. Like antibodies, aptamers have served as artificial target receptors in affinity biosensors. Currently, advanced biosensors with improved sensitivity and specificity are fabricated by the synergistic combination of aptamers and diverse nanomaterials. Herein, we review the current development and applications of nanomaterial-based aptasensors for the recognition of CVD biomarkers with special emphasis on electrochemical and optical technologies. The performance of aptasensors has been assessed further in terms of key quality assurance metrics along with discussions on recent technologies developed for the amplification of signals with enhanced portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Lamia Hejji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India.
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13
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Xie X, Tan L, Liu S, Wen X, Li T, Yang M. High-sensitive photometric microplate assay for tumor necrosis factor-alpha based on Fe@BC nanozyme. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113167. [PMID: 34666008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical immunoassay for the detection of protein biomarker tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is reported based on core-shell Fe@BC structure nanozyme as label. The nanozyme is composed of Fe nanoparticles as core and carbon layer as shell with element B doped into the carbon shell. The nanozyme displays good peroxidase-like activity that can oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to oxTMB in the presence of H2O2, generating blue colored compound. The detection of TNF-α was following the ELISA protocol by replacing traditional enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with nanozyme Fe@BC. The assay can be finished by about 2 h and has wide linear range for TNF-α from 5 pg/mL to 1 ng/mL with limit of detection of 2 pg/mL. The assay was applied for the detection of TNF-α in human serum samples with detection results comparable to commercial ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Xie
- Department of Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Transplant Medical Research Center, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Transplant Medical Research Center, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation Center, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Transplant Medical Research Center, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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14
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Pérez DJ, Patiño EB, Orozco J. Electrochemical Nanobiosensors as Point‐of‐Care Testing Solution to Cytokines Measurement Limitations. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Pérez
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering University of Antioquia Complejo Ruta N Calle 67, N° 52–20 050010 Medellín Colombia
- Grupo de Bioquímica Estructural de Macromoléculas Chemistry Institute University of Antioquia Lab 1–314 Calle 67, N° 53–108 050010 Medellín Colombia
| | - Edwin B. Patiño
- Grupo de Bioquímica Estructural de Macromoléculas Chemistry Institute University of Antioquia Lab 1–314 Calle 67, N° 53–108 050010 Medellín Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering University of Antioquia Complejo Ruta N Calle 67, N° 52–20 050010 Medellín Colombia
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15
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Shatunova EA, Korolev MA, Omelchenko VO, Kurochkina YD, Davydova AS, Venyaminova AG, Vorobyeva MA. Aptamers for Proteins Associated with Rheumatic Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110527. [PMID: 33266394 PMCID: PMC7700471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers capable of affine and specific binding to their molecular targets have now established themselves as a very promising alternative to monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Although the main focus in aptamers’ research and development for biomedicine is made on cardiovascular, infectious, and malignant diseases, the use of aptamers as therapeutic or diagnostic tools in the context of rheumatic diseases is no less important. In this review, we consider the main features of aptamers that make them valuable molecular tools for rheumatologists, and summarize the studies on the selection and application of aptamers for protein biomarkers associated with rheumatic diseases. We discuss the progress in the development of aptamer-based diagnostic assays and targeted therapeutics for rheumatic disorders, future prospects in the field, and issues that have yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta A. Shatunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (A.S.D.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Maksim A. Korolev
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Affiliated Branch of Federal Research Center of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.A.K.); (V.O.O.); (Y.D.K.)
| | - Vitaly O. Omelchenko
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Affiliated Branch of Federal Research Center of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.A.K.); (V.O.O.); (Y.D.K.)
| | - Yuliya D. Kurochkina
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Affiliated Branch of Federal Research Center of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.A.K.); (V.O.O.); (Y.D.K.)
| | - Anna S. Davydova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (A.S.D.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Alya G. Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (A.S.D.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Mariya A. Vorobyeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.A.S.); (A.S.D.); (A.G.V.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Abstract
Aptasensors form a class of biosensors that function on the basis of a biological recognition. An aptasensor is advantageous because it incorporates a unique biologic recognition element, i.e., an aptamer, coupled to a transducer to convert a biological interaction to readable signals that can be easily processed and reported. In such biosensors, the specificity of aptamers is comparable to and sometimes even better than that of antibodies. Using the SELEX technique, aptamers with high specificity and affinity to various targets can be isolated from large pools of different oligonucleotides. Nowadays, new modifications of the SELEX technique and, as a result, easy generation and synthesis of aptamers have led to the wide application of these materials as biological receptors in biosensors. In this regard, aptamers promise a bright future. In the present research a brief account is initially provided of the recent developments in aptasensors for various targets. Then, immobilization methods, design strategies, current limitations and future directions are discussed for aptasensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Dehloran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehloran, Iran
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17
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Ghorbani F, Abbaszadeh H, Mehdizadeh A, Ebrahimi-Warkiani M, Rashidi MR, Yousefi M. Biosensors and nanobiosensors for rapid detection of autoimmune diseases: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:838. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hosseini Ghalehno M, Mirzaei M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Electrochemical Determination of Levodopa on Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Salmon Sperm DNA and Reduced Graphene Oxide–Fe3O4 Nanocomposite. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Hosseini Ghalehno M, Mirzaei M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Electrochemical aptasensor for activated protein C using a gold nanoparticle - Chitosan/graphene paste modified carbon paste electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107322. [PMID: 31295701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a selective and simple electrochemical aptasensor was developed for the detection of activated protein C by employing methylene blue (MB) as a redox indicator. An activated protein C aptamer (APC-apt) was covalently immobilized on the surface of a carbon paste electrode modified with gold nanoparticle - chitosan /graphene paste (AuNPs-Chi/Gr). The AuNPs-Chi/Gr paste increased electrochemical peak current and immobilized the aptamer on the electrode surface. The process of aptasensor construction and successful immobilization of the aptamer on the electrode surface was confirmed by electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to determine the methylene blue peak current. By replacing APC instead of MB at the electrode surface, the cathodic current of the MB decreases, and this decrease corresponds to the APC concentration. Under optimum conditions, the APC concentration was detected in the range from of 0.1 ng·mL-1 to 40 μg·mL-1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.073 ng·mL-1. This method was then applied to the determination of APC in human serum samples. The results revealed that this strategy can be used to measure other proteins in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hosseini Ghalehno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Young Research Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
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Ghalehno MH, Mirzaei M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Double strand DNA-based determination of menadione using a Fe3O4 nanoparticle decorated reduced graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:165-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Farzin L, Shamsipur M, Samandari L, Sheibani S. Recent advances in designing nanomaterial based biointerfaces for electrochemical biosensing cardiovascular biomarkers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:344-376. [PMID: 30205301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is critically important for successful treatment and recovery of patients. At present, detection of CVD at early stages of its progression becomes a major issue for world health. The nanoscale electrochemical biosensors exhibit diverse outstanding properties, rendering them extremely suitable for the determination of CVD biomarkers at very low concentrations in biological fluids. The unique advantages offered by electrochemical biosensors in terms of sensitivity and stability imparted by nanostructuring the electrode surface together with high affinity and selectivity of bioreceptors have led to the development of new electrochemical biosensing strategies that have introduced as interesting alternatives to conventional methodologies for clinical diagnostics of CVD. This review provides an updated overview of selected examples during the period 2005-2018 involving electrochemical biosensing approaches and signal amplification strategies based on nanomaterials, which have been applied for determination of CVD biomarkers. The studied CVD biomarkers include AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, apolipoproteins, cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, fibrinogen (Fib), glucose, insulin, interleukins, lipoproteins, myoglobin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and troponins (Tns) on electrochemical transduction format. Identification of new specific CVD biomarkers, multiplex bioassay for the simultaneous determination of biomarkers, emergence of microfluidic biosensors, real-time analysis of biomarkers and point of care validation with high sensitivity and selectivity are the major challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farzin
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Leila Samandari
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, 67149-67346, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahab Sheibani
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, 11365-3486, Tehran, Iran
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