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Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Zhou ZQ, Lv X, Liu SB, Qu HC, Xie QP, Sun LF, Li G. The induction of ferroptosis by KLF11/NCOA4 axis: the inhibitory role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Hum Cell 2023; 36:2162-2178. [PMID: 37642832 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of cell death and has great potential application in the treatment of many cancers, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Herein, we identified the essential roles of Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11) in suppressing the progression of ccRCC. By analyzing mRNA expression data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we found that KLF11 was a significantly downregulated gene in ccRCC tissues. The results of subsequent functional assays verified that KLF11 played an antiproliferative role in ccRCC cells and xenograft tumors. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis indicated that ferroptosis was involved in ccRCC development, and correlation analysis revealed that KLF11 was positively related to ferroptosis drivers. We also found that KLF11 promoted ferroptosis in ccRCC by downregulating the protein expression of ferritin, system xc (-) cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), acting as the inhibitory factors of ferroptosis and increasing the intracellular levels of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a transcriptional regulator, KLF11 significantly increased the promoter activity of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a gene significantly downregulated in ccRCC and whose low expression is associated with poor survival. The characteristics of ccRCC cells caused by KLF11 overexpression were reversed after NCOA4 silencing. In summary, the present study suggests that KLF11 suppresses the progression of ccRCC by increasing NCOA4 transcription. Therefore, the KLF11/NCOA4 axis may serve as a novel therapeutic target for human ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Zhou
- Department of Urology,, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xi Lv
- Department of Urology,, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Liu
- Department of Urology,, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong-Chen Qu
- Department of Urology,, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing-Peng Xie
- Department of Urology,, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Long-Feng Sun
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Urology,, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Lin L, Pfender K, Ditsch N, Kuhn C, Rahmeh M, Peng L, Schmoeckel E, Mayr D, Trillsch F, Mahner S, Kessler M, Jeschke U, Hester A. KLF11 is an independent negative prognostic factor for breast cancer from a cohort study and induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in vitro. Breast Cancer 2023; 30:758-771. [PMID: 37199905 PMCID: PMC10404175 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-023-01470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapy concepts that target several members of krüppel like factor (KLF) family have been achieved in breast cancer (BC). However, the role of KLF11 in BC remains unclear. This study explored the prognostic significance of KLF11 in BC patients and investigated its functional roles in this malignancy. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of KLF11 in 298 patients' samples was performed to determine the prognostic role of the KLF11. Then the protein level was correlated to clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. Afterward, the function of KLF11 was explored in vitro with siRNA-mediated loss-of-function of cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. RESULTS From the cohort study, we found that the expression of KLF11 was positively associated with highly proliferative BC of BC. Furthermore, prognostic analysis demonstrated that KLF11 was an independent negative factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and distant-metastasis-free survival (DMFS) of BC. The KLF11-related prognostic model for DFS and DMFS showed high accuracy in predicting the 3-,5- and 10 -year survival probability of BC patients. Additionally, the knockdown of KLF11 inhibited cell viability and proliferation, as well as induced cell apoptosis in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, while only inhibited cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in SK-BR-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that targeting KLF11 is an interesting therapeutic concept and further research could lead to a new therapeutic improvement in BC, especially in highly aggressive molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Pfender
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martina Rahmeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81337, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81337, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Hester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Londero AP, Orsaria M, Viola L, Marzinotto S, Bertozzi S, Galvano E, Andreetta C, Mariuzzi L. Survivin, Sonic hedgehog, Krüppel-like factors, and p53 pathway in serous ovarian cancer: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 2022; 127:92-101. [PMID: 35777700 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Survivin was previously associated with tumor stage and grade in ovarian cancer and interfered with the tumor's drug sensitivity. In addition, Survivin expression was found to be regulated by the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family proteins, and p53 pathway. The main aim of this study was to assess the prognostic values of immunohistochemical expression of Survivin, Klf5, Klf11, Shh, p53, p21, and Mdm2 in a cohort of high grade ovarian serous cancers. Other aims were comparison between high- and low-grade ovarian serous cancer and between platinum-resistant and the other cases. The last aim was to assess the correlations among the immunohistochemical expression of the studied proteins. METHODS Retrospective cohort study to assess immunohistochemical expression of Survivin, Klf5, Klf11, Shh, p53, p21, and Mdm2 in a tissue microarray of primary tumor samples among 73 women affected by high-grade ovarian serous cancer and 9 by low-grade ovarian serous cancer. RESULTS Klf5 and Shh cytoplasmic staining were associated to short overall survival (HR 6.38, CI.95 2.25 - 18.01, p<0.05 and 2.25, CI.95 1.19-4.23, p<0.05 respectively). In addition, cytoplasmic Klf5 staining, high Klf11 and p53 nuclear staining were associated with platinum resistance (p<0.05). Cytoplasmic Shh score was significantly correlated to the immunohistochemical expression of Klf5, Klf11, Mdm2, and Survivin. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the possible role of Klf5 and Shh as prognostic markers, meanwhile confirming the role of the KLF family proteins and p53 in ovarian cancer drug resistance. Moreover, Shh appeared to play an important role in the intracellular network of ovarian neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrogio P Londero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Infant Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy; Ennergi Research (non-profit organization), 33050 Lestizza (UD).
| | - Maria Orsaria
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy, DAME, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine (UD)
| | - Luigi Viola
- Department of Radiology & Radiotherapy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzinotto
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy, DAME, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine (UD)
| | - Serena Bertozzi
- Ennergi Research (non-profit organization), 33050 Lestizza (UD); Breast Unit, DAME, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine (UD)
| | - Elena Galvano
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC), Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Laura Mariuzzi
- Institute of Pathologic Anatomy, DAME, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine (UD)
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Viola L, Londero AP, Bertozzi S, Orsaria M, Marzinotto S, Antoniazzi F, Renda V, Cinel J, Fruscalzo A, Lellé RJ, Mariuzzi L. Prognostic Role of Krüppel-Like Factors 5, 9, and 11 in Endometrial Endometrioid Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2265-2272. [PMID: 32451988 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors with the ability to mediate cross-talk with signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation control, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation. They also appear to influence steroid hormone signaling through transcriptional networks involving steroid hormone receptors and members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Our study aims to evaluate the potential prognostic role of KLF5, KLF9, and KLF11 in endometrial cancer, and their correlation with hormonal receptor status and cellular proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective observational study on cases of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma collected in the period January 2000-December 2011 at the University of Udine. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples were all submitted to tissue microarray immunohistochemical study. A survival analysis was performed. RESULTS One hundred forty seven patients were included in the study with a mean age at surgery of 65.6 years (±10.2). 80.3% of endometrial malignancies were classified as stage FIGO I (118/147). Radiation therapy and chemotherapy were administered in 62.3% (91/146) and 6.2% (9/145) of patients respectively. Five-year overall survival and disease-free survival resulted 85.4% (95% CI, 79.8-91.4%) and 79.4% (95% CI, 73.0-86.4%) respectively. A high Ki-67, cytoplasmatic KLF5 (HR 4.72, CI.95 1.61-13.89, p < 0.05), and nuclear KLF11 (HR 3.04, CI.95 0.99-9.36, p = 0.053) scores correlated with a shorter overall survival. In addition, a high nuclear KLF11 (HR 2.59, CI.95 1.13-5.95, p < 0.05) score correlated with a shorter disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS In patients affected by endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, higher staining levels of KLF5 and KLF11 correlated with a poorer prognosis. However, further studies are required in order to better clarify the role of KLFs in the natural history of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Viola
- Radiology Department, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Ambrogio P Londero
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 15, 33100, Udine, Italy. .,Ennergi Research (Non-Profit Organization), Lestizza, 33050, Italy.
| | - Serena Bertozzi
- Ennergi Research (Non-Profit Organization), Lestizza, 33050, Italy.,Breast Unit, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Orsaria
- Institute of Pathology, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzinotto
- Institute of Pathology, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Fulvio Antoniazzi
- Institute of Pathology, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Valentina Renda
- Institute of Pathology, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Jacqueline Cinel
- Clinic of Surgery, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Arrigo Fruscalzo
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christophorus-Kliniken, 48653, Coesfeld, Germany.,Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude: A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph J Lellé
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude: A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Mariuzzi
- Institute of Pathology, DAME, Academic Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, 33100, Italy
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Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA Profiling in Early-Stage Bovine Embryos Treated with Glutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050402. [PMID: 32397280 PMCID: PMC7278749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We measured differential expression profiles of genes and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) using RNA sequencing in bovine embryos with or without glutathione (GSH) treatment. Bovine embryos fertilized in vitro were treated with GSH to blastocyst. Embryos at the 8-16-cell and morula stages were collected, with embryos without GSH treatment as the control. RNA was isolated, amplified, and sequenced. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were identified and bioinformatic analyses carried out. Transcript levels were confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. A total of 4100 DEGs were identified, of which 3952 were in GSH-treated morulae and 884 in untreated morulae. More gene ontology (GO) terms were associated with GSH treatment than with control conditions. KEGG analysis showed that glutathione metabolism, citrate cycle, and metabolic pathways involving glycine, serine, and threonine were observed only in GSH-treated embryos. Among 4273 DElncRNAs identified, 59 were potentially important in GSH-treated embryo development, including 14 involved in glutathione metabolism. The 59 DElncRNAs co-expressed with protein-coding mRNAs involved similar GO terms and pathways as the DEGs. This appears to be the first comprehensive profiling of DEGs and DElncRNAs in bovine embryos fertilized in vitro with or without GSH, and the first systematic screen of potential lncRNAs in bovine embryos.
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The Distinct Roles of Transcriptional Factor KLF11 in Normal Cell Growth Regulation and Cancer as a Mediator of TGF-β Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082928. [PMID: 32331236 PMCID: PMC7215894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KLF11 (Krüppel-like factor 11) belongs to the family of Sp1/Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors that play important roles in a variety of cell types and tissues. KLF11 was initially described as a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) inducible immediate early gene (TIEG). KLF11 promotes the effects of TGF-β on cell growth control by influencing the TGFβ–Smads signaling pathway and regulating the transcription of genes that induce either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. In carcinogenesis, KLF11 can show diverse effects. Its function as a tumor suppressor gene can be suppressed by phosphorylation of its binding domains via oncogenic pathways. However, KLF 11 can itself also show tumor-promoting effects and seems to have a crucial role in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process. Here, we review the current knowledge about the function of KLF11 in cell growth regulation. We focus on its transcriptional regulatory function and its influence on the TGF-β signaling pathway. We further discuss its possible role in mediating crosstalk between various signaling pathways in normal cell growth and in carcinogenesis.
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Li Y, Shi X, Li J, Zhang M, Yu B. Knockdown of KLF11 attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via JAK2/STAT3 signaling in H9c2. Apoptosis 2016; 22:510-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Duncan JW, Zhang X, Wang N, Johnson S, Harris S, Udemgba C, Ou XM, Youdim MB, Stockmeier CA, Wang JM. Binge ethanol exposure increases the Krüppel-like factor 11-monoamine oxidase (MAO) pathway in rats: Examining the use of MAO inhibitors to prevent ethanol-induced brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:329-340. [PMID: 26805422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking induces several neurotoxic consequences including oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Because of these effects, drugs which prevent ethanol-induced damage to the brain may be clinically beneficial. In this study, we investigated the ethanol-mediated KLF11-MAO cell death cascade in the frontal cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a modified Majchowicz 4-day binge ethanol model and control rats. Moreover, MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) were investigated for neuroprotective activity against binge ethanol. Binge ethanol-treated rats demonstrated a significant increase in KLF11, both MAO isoforms, protein oxidation and caspase-3, as well as a reduction in BDNF expression in the frontal cortex compared to control rats. MAOIs prevented these binge ethanol-induced changes, suggesting a neuroprotective benefit. Neither binge ethanol nor MAOI treatment significantly affected protein expression levels of the oxidative stress enzymes, SOD2 or catalase. Furthermore, ethanol-induced antinociception was enhanced following exposure to the 4-day ethanol binge. These results demonstrate that the KLF11-MAO pathway is activated by binge ethanol exposure and MAOIs are neuroprotective by preventing the binge ethanol-induced changes associated with this cell death cascade. This study supports KLF11-MAO as a mechanism of ethanol-induced neurotoxicity and cell death that could be targeted with MAOI drug therapy to alleviate alcohol-related brain injury. Further examination of MAOIs to reduce alcohol use disorder-related brain injury could provide pivotal insight to future pharmacotherapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Duncan
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Niping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Shakevia Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Sharonda Harris
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Chinelo Udemgba
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Moussa B Youdim
- Technion-Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf Center of Excellence, For Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jun Ming Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Harris S, Johnson S, Duncan JW, Udemgba C, Meyer JH, Albert PR, Lomberk G, Urrutia R, Ou XM, Stockmeier CA, Wang JM. Evidence revealing deregulation of the KLF11-MAO A pathway in association with chronic stress and depressive disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1373-82. [PMID: 25502632 PMCID: PMC4397395 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical pathways underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic stress are not well understood. However, it has been reported that monoamine oxidase A (MAO A, a major neurotransmitter-degrading enzyme) is significantly increased in the brains of human subjects affected with MDD and rats exposed to chronic social defeat (CSD) stress, which is used to model depression. In the current study, we compared the protein levels of a MAO A-transcriptional activator, Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11 , also recognized as transforming growth factor-beta-inducible early gene 2) between the brains of 18 human subjects with MDD and 18 control subjects. We found that, indeed, the expression of KLF11 is increased by 36% (p<0.02) in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of human subjects with MDD compared with controls. We also observed a positive correlation between KLF11 levels and those of its target gene, MAO A, both in association with MDD. KLF11 protein expression was also increased by 44% (p<0.02) in the frontal cortex of KLF11 wild-type mice (Klf11(+/+)) vs Klf11(-/-) when both exposed to CSD stress. In contrast, locomotor activities, central box duration and sucrose preference were significantly reduced in the stressed Klf11(+/+) mice, suggesting that Klf11(+/+) mice are more severely affected by the stress model compared with Klf11(-/-) mice. These results serve to assign an important role of KLF11 in upregulating MAO A in MDD and chronic social stress, suggesting that inhibition of the pathways regulated by this transcription factor may aid in the therapeutics of neuropsychiatric illnesses. Thus, the new knowledge derived from the current study extends our understanding of transcriptional mechanisms that are operational in the pathophysiology of common human diseases and thus bears significant biomedical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonda Harris
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Jeremy W Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jackson, MS, USA,Program in Neuroscience, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Chinelo Udemgba
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, GI Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics Laboratory, GI Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jackson, MS, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jun Ming Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Jackson, MS, USA,Program in Neuroscience, Jackson, MS, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA, Tel: +1-601-984-4644, Fax: +1-601-984-5899, E-mail:
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Duncan J, Wang N, Zhang X, Johnson S, Harris S, Zheng B, Zhang Q, Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Sittman D, Ou XM, Stockmeier CA, Wang JM. Chronic Social Stress and Ethanol Increase Expression of KLF11, a Cell Death Mediator, in Rat Brain. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:18-31. [PMID: 25739536 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder and alcoholism are significant health burdens that can affect executive functioning, cognitive ability, job responsibilities, and personal relationships. Studies in animal models related to depression or alcoholism reveal that the expression of Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11, also called TIEG2) is elevated in frontal cortex, which suggests that KLF11 may play a role in stress- or ethanol-induced psychiatric conditions. KLF11 is a transcriptional activator of monoamine oxidase A and B, but also serves other functions in cell cycle regulation and apoptotic cell death. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify intensity of nuclear KLF11, combined with an unbiased stereological approach to assess nuclei in fronto-limbic, limbic, and other brain regions of rats exposed chronically to social defeat or ethanol. KLF11 immunoreactivity was increased significantly in the medial prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex, and hippocampus of both stressed rats and rats fed ethanol. However, expression of KLF11 protein was not significantly affected in the thalamus, hypothalamus, or amygdala in either treatment group compared to respective control rats. Triple-label immunofluorescence revealed that KLF11 protein was localized in nuclei of neurons and astrocytes. KLF11 was also co-localized with the immunoreactivity of cleaved caspase-3. In addition, Western blot analysis revealed a significant reduction in anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-xL, but an increase of caspase-3 expression in the frontal cortex of ethanol-treated rats compared to ethanol-preferring controls. Thus, KLF11 protein is up-regulated following chronic exposure to stress or ethanol in a region-specific manner and may contribute to pro-apoptotic signaling in ethanol-treated rats. Further investigation into the KLF11 signaling cascade as a mechanism for neurotoxicity and cell death in depression and alcoholism may provide novel pharmacological targets to lessen brain damage and maximize neuroprotection in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Duncan
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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12
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Liu WJ, Lo CF, Kou GH, Leu JH, Lai YJ, Chang LK, Chang YS. The promoter of the white spot syndrome virus immediate-early gene WSSV108 is activated by the cellular KLF transcription factor. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:7-18. [PMID: 25445906 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of deletion and mutation assays of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) immediate-early gene WSSV108 promoter showed that a Krüppel-like factor (KLF) binding site located from -504 to -495 (relative to the transcription start site) is important for the overall level of WSSV108 promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays further showed that overexpressed recombinant Penaeus monodon KLF (rPmKLF) formed a specific protein-DNA complex with the (32)P-labeled KLF binding site of the WSSV108 promoter, and that higher levels of Litopenaeus vannamei KLF (LvKLF) were expressed in WSSV-infected shrimp. A transactivation assay indicated that the WSSV108 promoter was strongly activated by rPmKLF in a dose-dependent manner. Lastly, we found that specific silencing of LvKLF expression in vivo by dsRNA injection dramatically reduced both WSSV108 expression and WSSV replication. We conclude that shrimp KLF is important for WSSV genome replication and gene expression, and that it binds to the WSSV108 promoter to enhance the expression of this immediate-early gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, College of Science, University of Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Hsiung Kou
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science, College of Science and Engineering, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 892, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan.
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Udemgba C, Johnson S, Stockmeier CA, Luo J, Albert PR, Wang J, May WL, Rajkowska G, Harris S, Sittman DB, Ou XM. The expression of KLF11 (TIEG2), a monoamine oxidase B transcriptional activator in the prefrontal cortex of human alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:144-51. [PMID: 23915421 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biochemical pathways underlying alcohol abuse and dependence are not well understood, although brain cell loss and neurotoxicity have been reported in subjects with alcohol dependence. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO B; an enzyme that catabolizes neurotransmitters such as dopamine) is consistently increased in this psychiatric illness. MAO B has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence and alcohol-induced brain neurotoxicity. Recently, the cell growth inhibitor protein, Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11), has been reported to be an MAO transcriptional activator. KLF11 is also known as TIEG2 (transforming growth factor-beta-inducible early gene 2) and mediates apoptotic cell death. This study investigates the protein expression of KLF11 and its relationship with MAO B using human postmortem prefrontal cortex from subjects with alcohol dependence. METHODS Twelve subjects with alcohol dependence and the respective psychiatrically normal control subjects were investigated. Expression of KLF11 and MAO B proteins in the prefrontal cortex was measured by Western blot analysis. Correlation studies involving KLF11 and MAO B protein expression were performed. Localization of KLF11 in the human prefrontal cortex was also determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Levels of KLF11 protein were significantly increased by 44% (p < 0.03) in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of subjects with alcohol dependence as compared to age- and gender-matched, psychiatrically normal control subjects. Furthermore, KLF11 levels were significantly and positively correlated with both the increased MAO B protein levels and blood alcohol content in alcohol-dependent subjects. In addition, KLF11 protein expression was visualized in both neuronal and glial cells. CONCLUSIONS This novel study shows the important role of KLF11, an MAO transcriptional activator, in human alcohol dependence. It further supports that the KLF11-MAO B cell death cascade may contribute to chronic alcohol-induced brain damage. This argues a case for KLF11-MAO B inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy that may impact this highly prevalent illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinelo Udemgba
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Yin KJ, Fan Y, Hamblin M, Zhang J, Zhu T, Li S, Hawse JR, Subramaniam M, Song CZ, Urrutia R, Lin JD, Chen YE. KLF11 mediates PPARγ cerebrovascular protection in ischaemic stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:1274-87. [PMID: 23408111 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is emerging as a major regulator in neurological diseases. However, the role of (PPARγ) and its co-regulators in cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction after stroke is unclear. Here, we have demonstrated that (PPARγ) activation by pioglitazone significantly inhibited both oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cerebral vascular endothelial cell death and middle cerebral artery occlusion-triggered cerebrovascular damage. Consistent with this finding, selective (PPARγ) genetic deletion in vascular endothelial cells resulted in increased cerebrovascular permeability and brain infarction in mice after focal ischaemia. Moreover, we screened for (PPARγ) co-regulators using a genome-wide and high-throughput co-activation system and revealed KLF11 as a novel (PPARγ) co-regulator, which interacted with (PPARγ) and regulated its function in mouse cerebral vascular endothelial cell cultures. Interestingly, KLF11 was also found as a direct transcriptional target of (PPARγ). Furthermore, KLF11 genetic deficiency effectively abolished pioglitazone cytoprotection in mouse cerebral vascular endothelial cell cultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation, as well as pioglitazone-mediated cerebrovascular protection in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that KLF11 enhanced (PPARγ) transcriptional suppression of the pro-apoptotic microRNA-15a (miR-15a) gene, resulting in endothelial protection in cerebral vascular endothelial cell cultures and cerebral microvasculature after ischaemic stimuli. Taken together, our data demonstrate that recruitment of KLF11 as a novel (PPARγ) co-regulator plays a critical role in the cerebrovascular protection after ischaemic insults. It is anticipated that elucidating the coordinated actions of KLF11 and (PPARγ) will provide new insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying (PPARγ) function in the cerebral vasculature and help to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Cardiovascular Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Centre, NCRC Bld 26, Rm 361S, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Klf10 and Klf11 as mediators of TGF-beta superfamily signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:65-72. [PMID: 21574058 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Klf10 and Klf11 belong to the family of Sp1/Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors that play important roles in a variety of cell types and tissues. Although Klf10 and Klf11 were initially introduced as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-inducible genes, several studies have described their upregulation by a plethora of growth factors, cytokines and hormones. Here, we review the current knowledge of the inductive cues for Klf10 and Klf11 and focus on their transcriptional regulation by members of the TGF-beta superfamily. We further summarize their involvement in the regulation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway and discuss their possible role as molecules mediating crosstalk between various signaling pathways. Finally, we provide an overview of the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative functions of Klf10 and Klf11.
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Alemu EA, Sjøttem E, Outzen H, Larsen KB, Holm T, Bjørkøy G, Johansen T. Transforming growth factor-β-inducible early response gene 1 is a novel substrate for atypical protein kinase Cs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:1953-68. [PMID: 20953893 PMCID: PMC3092057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases consists of ten different isoforms grouped into three subfamilies, denoted classical, novel and atypical PKCs (aPKCs). The aPKCs, PKCι/λ and PKCζ serve important roles during development and in processes subverted in cancer such as cell and tissue polarity, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In an effort to identify novel interaction partners for aPKCs, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen with the regulatory domain of PKCι/λ as bait and identified the Krüppel-like factors family protein TIEG1 as a putative interaction partner for PKCι/λ. We confirmed the interaction of both aPKCs with TIEG1 in vitro and in cells, and found that both aPKCs phosphorylate the DNA-binding domain of TIEG1 on two critical residues. Interestingly, the aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of TIEG1 affected its DNA-binding activity, subnuclear localization and transactivation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalkachew A. Alemu
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Heidi Outzen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Kenneth B. Larsen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Turid Holm
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- University College of Sør-Trøndelag, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, 9037 Tromsö, Norway
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Jiang L, Chen Y, Chan CY, Lu G, Wang H, Li JC, Kung HF. Dynamic transcriptional changes of TIEG1 and TIEG2 during mouse tissue development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:858-64. [PMID: 20201061 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta-inducible early-response gene (TIEG) is a family of primary response genes induced by TGF-beta, which are well recognized in regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis. However, their expression profile has never been investigated during embryogenesis in different organs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the transcriptional level of both TIEG1 and TIEG2 during development in various mice organs, including the brain cortex, cerebellum and stem, brain striatum, muscle, heart, liver, kidney, and lung. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to profile the change of transcriptional level of the two TIEG members in the mice tissues at six developmental stages. Taken together, the expression of TIEG1 and TIEG2 was specific in different organs yet varied with different developmental time points. Their dynamic changes were moderately consistent in most organs including the brain cortex, striatum, liver, kidney, and lung. However, their mRNA expression in both the heart and muscle was significantly different at all developmental stages, which might propose a compensation of functions in the TIEG family. Nevertheless, our data indicate that both the TIEG genes are essential in regulating the normal organ development and functioning in murine model, as their expressions were ubiquitous and tissue specific at various developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ethanol increases TIEG2-MAO B cell death cascade in the prefrontal cortex of ethanol-preferring rats. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:511-8. [PMID: 20204567 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain cell loss has been reported in subjects with alcoholism. However, the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) reportedly play a role in cellular dysfunction with regards to ethanol exposure. We have recently reported that GAPDH protein expression was increased in the brains of rats fed with ethanol. Furthermore, GAPDH interacts with the transcriptional activator, transforming growth factor-beta-inducible early gene 2 (TIEG2), to augment TIEG2-mediated MAO B activation, resulting in neuronal cell damage due to ethanol exposure. The current study investigates whether the TIEG2-MAO B cascade is also active in the brains of rats fed with ethanol. Ten ethanol-preferring rats were fed with a liquid diet containing ethanol, with increasing amounts of ethanol up to a final concentration of 6.4% representing a final diet containing 36% of calories for 28 days. Ten control rats were fed the liquid diet without ethanol. The expression of TIEG2 protein, MAO B mRNA levels, MAO B catalytic activity, and the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl 2 and apoptotic protein caspase 3 were determined in the prefrontal cortex of the rats. Ethanol significantly increased protein levels of TIEG2, active caspase 3, MAO B mRNA and enzyme activity, but significantly decreased Bcl 2 protein expression compared to control rats. In summary, ethanol increases the TIEG2-MAO B brain cell death cascade in rat brains, suggesting that the TIEG2-MAO B pathway is a novel pathway for brain cell damage resulting from ethanol exposure, and may contribute to chronic alcohol-induced brain damage.
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Mehta TS, Monzur F, Zhao J. Determination of nuclear localization signal sequences for Krüppel-like factor 8. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 647:171-86. [PMID: 20694667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-738-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor proteins function in the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Many transcription factors are critical regulators of tumor progression. Conversely, many oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins are transcription factors or other types of nuclear proteins. Because of their critical physiological and pathological roles, these tumor regulators are tightly regulated not only in the protein expression but also in their subcellular localization. This chapter is focused on experimental strategies and method details for the identification and characterization of nuclear localization signal sequences for nuclear proteins using the Krüppel-like transcription factor 8 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina S Mehta
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Spender LC, O'Brien DI, Simpson D, Dutt D, Gregory CD, Allday MJ, Clark LJ, Inman GJ. TGF-beta induces apoptosis in human B cells by transcriptional regulation of BIK and BCL-XL. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:593-602. [PMID: 19136942 PMCID: PMC2857326 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β potently induces apoptosis in Burkitt’s Lymphoma (BL) cell lines and in explanted primary human B lymphocytes. The physiological relevance and mechanism of TGF-β-mediated apoptosis induction in these cells remains to be determined. Here we demonstrate the requirement for TGF-β-mediated regulation of BIK and BCL-XL to activate an intrinsic apoptotic pathway in centroblastic BL cells. TGF-β directly induced transcription of BIK and a consensus Smad binding element identified in the BIK promoter recruits TGF-β-activated Smad transcription factor complexes in vivo. TGF-β also transcriptionally repressed expression of the apoptosis inhibitor BCL-XL. Inhibition of BCL-XL sensitised BL cells to TGF-β-induced apoptosis while overexpression of BCL-XL or suppression of BIK by shRNA, diminished TGF-β-induced apoptosis. BIK and BCL-XL were also identified as TGF-β target genes in purified normal human centroblast B cells and immunohistochemical analyses of tonsil tissue revealed widespread TGF-β receptor-regulated Smad activation and a focal pattern of BIK expression. Furthermore, using a selective inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor we provide evidence that autocrine TGF-β signaling through ALK5 contributes to the default apoptotic program in normal human centroblasts undergoing spontaneous apoptosis. Our data suggests that TGF-β may act as a physiological mediator of human germinal centre homeostasis via regulation of BIK and BCL-XL.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Spender
- Growth Factor Signalling Laboratory, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.
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Gohla G, Krieglstein K, Spittau B. Tieg3/Klf11 induces apoptosis in OLI-neu cells and enhances the TGF-β signaling pathway by transcriptional repression of Smad7. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:850-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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