1
|
Thongsoi R, Maskaew S, Puechpon P, Noppradit B, Inaek N, Utarabhand P, Runsaeng P. Identification of an essential role against shrimp pathogens of prophenoloxidase activating enzyme 1 (PPAE1) from Fenneropenaeus merguiensis hemocytes. Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 151:105088. [PMID: 37923098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating enzymes, known as PPAEs, are pivotal in activating the proPO system within invertebrate immunity. A cDNA encoding a PPAE derived from the hemocytes of banana shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis have cloned and analyzed, referred to as FmPPAE1. The open reading frame of FmPPAE1 encompasses 1392 base pairs, encoding a 464-amino acid peptide featuring a presumed 19-amino acid signal peptide. The projected molecular mass and isoelectric point of this protein stand at 50.5 kDa and 7.82, respectively. Structure of FmPPAE1 consists of an N-terminal clip domain and a C-terminal serine proteinase domain, housing a catalytic triad (His272, Asp321, Ser414) and a substrate binding site (Asp408, Ser435, Gly437). Expression of the FmPPAE1 transcript is specific to hemocytes and is heightened upon encountering pathogens like Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Using RNA interference to silence the FmPPAE1 gene resulted in reduced hemolymph phenoloxidase (PO) activity and decreased survival rates in shrimp co-injected with pathogenic agents. These findings strongly indicate that FmPPAE1 plays a vital role in regulating the proPO system in shrimp. Furthermore, upon successful production of recombinant FmPPAE1 protein (rFmPPAE1), it became evident that this protein exhibited remarkable abilities in both agglutinating and binding to a wide range of bacterial strains. These interactions were primarily facilitated through the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or peptidoglycans (PGN) found in the cell wall. This agglutination process subsequently triggered melanization, a critical immune response. Furthermore, rFmPPAE1 exhibited the ability to actively impede the growth of pathogenic bacteria harmful to shrimp, including V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. These findings strongly suggest that FmPPAE1 not only plays a pivotal role in activating the proPO system but also possesses inherent antibacterial properties, actively contributing to the suppression of bacterial proliferation. In summary, these results underscore the substantial involvement of FmPPAE1 in activating the proPO system in F. merguiensis and emphasize its crucial role in the shrimp's immune defense against invading pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratiporn Thongsoi
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Siriluk Maskaew
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Panumas Puechpon
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Benjaporn Noppradit
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Napassawan Inaek
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Utarabhand
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Phanthipha Runsaeng
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu T, Sun B, Lu K, Zhang J, Zhang S, Lin Z, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Yao D. The MEF2 homolog of Penaeus vannamei is essential for maintaining the WSSV latent infection. Gene 2023; 883:147677. [PMID: 37524135 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a lethal shrimp pathogen that has a latent infection cycle. The latent virus can easily turn into an acute infection when the culture environment changes, leading to widespread shrimp mortality. However, the mechanism of WSSV latent infection is poorly understood. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the promoters of WSSV latency-related genes (i.e., wsv151, wsv366, wsv403, and wsv427) contained putative myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) binding sites. This suggested that the transcription factor MEF2 may be involved in WSSV latent infection. To further investigate this, a MEF2 homolog (PvMEF2) was cloned from Penaeus vannamei and its role in WSSV latent infection was explored. The results showed that knockdown of PvMEF2 led to an increase in the copy number of WSSV, indicating reactivation of WSSV from a latent infection. It was further demonstrated that suppression of PvMEF2 significantly decreased expression of the viral latency-related genes in WSSV-latent shrimp, while overexpression of PvMEF2 in Drosophila S2 cells activated the promoter activity of the viral latency-related gene. Additionally, we demonstrated that silencing of PvMEF2 was able to upregulate the expression of pro-apoptosis genes, thereby promoting cell apoptosis during latent infection. Collectively, the present data suggest that PvMEF2 could promote the expression of virus latency-related genes and enhance cell survival to maintain WSSV latent infection. This finding would contribute to a better understanding of the maintenance mechanism of WSSV latent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingchu Wu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Kaiyu Lu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jinghua Zhu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu WJ, Chang YS, Tseng KC, Yu MH. Activity of bovine lactoferrin in resistance to white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 142:104651. [PMID: 36736936 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a notorious pathogen that has plagued shrimp farming worldwide for decades. To date, there are no known treatments that are effective against this virus. Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein with many bioactivities, including antiviral properties. In this study, the activities and mechanisms of bovine LF (bLF) against WSSV were analyzed. Our results showed that bLF treatment significantly reduced shrimp mortalities caused by WSSV infection. bLF was found to have the ability to bind to surfaces of both host cells and WSSV virions. These bindings may have been a result of bLF interactions with the host cellular chitin binding protein and F1 ATP synthase β subunit protein and the WSSV structural proteins VP28, VP110, VP150 and VP160B. bLF demonstrated potential for development as an anti-WSSV agent in shrimp culture. Furthermore, these reactionary proteins may play a role in WSSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Chun Tseng
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hong PP, Li C, Niu GJ, Zhao XF, Wang JX. White spot syndrome virus directly activates mTORC1 signaling to facilitate its replication via polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-mediated infection in shrimp. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010808. [PMID: 36067252 PMCID: PMC9481175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway has antiviral functions or is beneficial for viral replication, however, the detail mechanisms by which mTORC1 enhances viral infection remain unclear. Here, we found that proliferation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was decreased after knockdown of mTor (mechanistic target of rapamycin) or injection inhibitor of mTORC1, rapamycin, in Marsupenaeus japonicus, which suggests that mTORC1 is utilized by WSSV for its replication in shrimp. Mechanistically, WSSV infects shrimp by binding to its receptor, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and induces the interaction of its intracellular domain with Calmodulin. Calmodulin then promotes the activation of protein kinase B (AKT) by interaction with the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT. Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6Ks), for viral protein translation. Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which will result in the separation of 4EBP1 from eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. Our data revealed a novel pathway for WSSV proliferation in shrimp and indicated that mTORC1 may represent a potential clinical target for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative pathogen of white spot disease (WSD) and represents the most destructive viral disease of shrimp. The virus has evolved various strategies to escape from host defenses or exploit host biological pathways for its reproduction. Studies on viral immune-escape mechanisms can provide new strategies for disease prevention and control in shrimp aquaculture. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism, which nucleates two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) with diverse functions at different levels of the signaling pathway. mTORC1 is reported to be exploited by viruses in their reproduction. However, the detail mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified a new mechanism of mTOR being hijacked by WSSV in shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). WSSV infects shrimp by its receptor, pIgR and induces the interaction of the intracellular domain of pIgR with Calmodulin. Calmodulin subsequently promotes the activation of AKT by interaction with the pleckstrin homology domain of the kinase. Activated AKT phosphorylates mTOR and results in the activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway to promote its downstream effectors, S6Ks, for viral protein synthesis. Moreover, mTORC1 also phosphorylates 4EBP1, which results in the separation of 4EBP1 from eIF4E for the translation of viral proteins in shrimp. Our study reveals a novel strategy for WSSV proliferation in shrimp and indicates that the components of mTORC1 may represent potential clinical targets for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu LK, Liu MJ, Li DL, Liu HP. Recent insights into anti-WSSV immunity in crayfish. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103947. [PMID: 33253753 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is currently the most severely viral pathogen for farmed crustaceans such as shrimp and crayfish, which has been causing huge economic losses for crustaceans farming worldwide every year. Unfortunately, study on the molecular mechanisms of WSSV has been restricted by the lack of crustacean cell lines for WSSV propagation as well as the incompletely annotated genomes for host species, resulting in limited elucidation for WSSV pathogenesis at present. In addition to the findings of anti-WSSV response in shrimp, some of novel cellular events involved in WSSV infection have been recently revealed in crayfish, including endocytosis and intracellular transport of WSSV, innate immune pathways in response to WSSV infection, and regulation of viral gene expression by host genes. Despite these advances, many fundamental gaps in WSSV pathogenesis are still remaining, for example, how WSSV genome enters into nucleus and how the progeny virions are fully assembled in the host cell nucleus. In this review, recent findings in WSSV infection mechanism and the antiviral immunity against WSSV in crayfish are summarized and discussed, which may provide us a better understanding of the WSSV pathogenesis as well as new ideas for the target design of antiviral drugs against WSSV in crustaceans farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ke Liu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Man-Jun Liu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang JY, Wang HC, Chen YC, Wang PS, Lin SJ, Chang YS, Liu KF, Lo CF. A shrimp glycosylase protein, PmENGase, interacts with WSSV envelope protein VP41B and is involved in WSSV pathogenesis. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 108:103667. [PMID: 32147468 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral glycoproteins are expressed by many viruses, and during infection they usually play very important roles, such as receptor attachment or membrane fusion. The mature virion of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is unusual in that it contains no glycosylated proteins, and there are currently no reports of any glycosylation mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this virus. In this study, we cloned a glycosylase, mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase, EC 3.2.1.96), from Penaeus monodon and found that it was significantly up-regulated in WSSV-infected shrimp. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that PmENGase interacted with both structural and non-structural proteins, and GST-pull down and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays confirmed its interaction with the envelope protein VP41B. In the WSSV challenge tests, the cumulative mortality and viral copy number were significantly decreased in the PmEngase-silenced shrimp, from which we conclude that shrimp glycosylase interacts with WSSV in a way that benefits the virus. Lastly, we speculate that the deglycosylation activity of PmENGase might account for the absence of glycosylated proteins in the WSSV virion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yan Huang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 110, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sue Wang
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jen Lin
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, 515, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Liu
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong Y, Kong T, Ren X, Chen J, Lin S, Zhang Y, Li S. Exosome-mediated apoptosis pathway during WSSV infection in crustacean mud crab. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008366. [PMID: 32433716 PMCID: PMC7266354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are regulatory molecules that can be packaged into exosomes to modulate cellular response of recipients. While the role of exosomes during viral infection is beginning to be appreciated, the involvement of exosomal miRNAs in immunoregulation in invertebrates has not been addressed. Here, we observed that exosomes released from WSSV-injected mud crabs could suppress viral replication by inducing apoptosis of hemocytes. Besides, miR-137 and miR-7847 were found to be less packaged in mud crab exosomes during viral infection, with both miR-137 and miR-7847 shown to negatively regulate apoptosis by targeting the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Our data also revealed that AIF translocated to the nucleus to induce DNA fragmentation, and could competitively bind to HSP70 to disintegrate the HSP70-Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) complex, thereby activating the mitochondria apoptosis pathway by freeing Bax. The present finding therefore provides a novel mechanism that underlies the crosstalk between exosomal miRNAs and apoptosis pathway in innate immune response in invertebrates. As a form of intercellular vesicular transport, exosomes are widely involved in the regulation of a variety of pathological processes in mammals, yet, the role of exosomes during virus infection in crustaceans remains unknown. In the present study, we identified the miRNAs packaged by exosomes that were possibly involved in WSSV infection by mediating hemocytes apoptosis in crustacean mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The results revealed that exosomes released from WSSV-injected mud crabs could suppress viral replication by inducing hemocytes apoptosis. Moreover, it was found that miR-137 and miR-7847 were less packaged in exosomes after WSSV challenge, resulting in the activation of AIF, while AIF could translocate to nucleus to induce DNA fragmentation or disintegrate the HSP70-Bax complex and freeing Bax to mitochondria, which eventually caused apoptosis and suppressed viral infection of the recipient hemocytes. Our finding is the first to reveal the involvement of exosomal miRNAs in antiviral immune response in mud crabs, which shows a novel molecular mechanism of invertebrate resistance to pathogenic microbial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Tongtong Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanmeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun Y, Zhang X. Role of DCP1-DCP2 complex regulated by viral and host microRNAs in DNA virus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 92:21-30. [PMID: 31146005 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The DCP1-DCP2 complex can regulate the antiviral immunity of animals by the decapping of retrovirus RNAs and the suppression of RNAi during RNA virus infection. However, the influence of DCP1-DCP2 complex on DNA virus infection and the regulation of DCP1-DCP2 complex by microRNAs (miRNAs) remain unclear. In this study, the role of miRNA-regulated DCP1-DCP2 complex in DNA virus infection was characterized. Our results showed that the DCP1-DCP2 complex played a positive role in the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a DNA virus of shrimp. In the DCP1-DCP2 complex, the N-terminal regulatory domain of DCP2 was interacted with the EVH1 domain of DCP1. Furthermore, shrimp miRNA miR-87 inhibited WSSV infection by targeting the host DCP2 gene and viral miRNA WSSV-miR-N46 took a negative effect on WSSV replication by targeting the host DCP1 gene. Therefore, our study provided novel insights into the underlying mechanism of DCP1-DCP2 complex and its regulation by miRNAs in virus-host interactions. IMPORTANCE: During RNA virus infection, the DCP1-DCP2 complex can play important roles in the animal antiviral immunity by decapping retrovirus RNAs and suppressing RNAi. In the present study, the findings indicated that the silencing of DCP1 and DCP2 inhibited the infection of WSSV, a DNA virus of shrimp, suggesting that the DCP1-DCP2 complex facilitated DNA virus infection. Due to the suppressive role of the DCP1-DCP2 complex in shrimp RNAi against WSSV infection, the DCP1-DCP2 complex could promote WSSV infection in shrimp. The results showed that WSSV-miR-N46 and shrimp miR-87 could respectively suppress the expressions of DCP1 and DCP2 to affect virus infection. Therefore, our study contributed novel aspects of the DCP1-DCP2 complex and its regulation by miRNAs in virus-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yudiati E, Isnansetyo A, Murwantoko, Triyanto, Handayani CR. Alginate from Sargassum siliquosum Simultaneously Stimulates Innate Immunity, Upregulates Immune Genes, and Enhances Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Against White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2019; 21:503-514. [PMID: 31111339 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although alginate is known as an immunostimulant in shrimp, the comprehensive and simultaneous study on its activity to resolve the relationship of the hematological parameters, upregulation of immune-related gene expression, and resistance to pathogen has not been found in shrimp. We performed experiments to evaluate the effect and mechanism of alginate from S. siliquosum on Pacific white shrimp immune system. Hematological parameters were examined after oral administration of Na alginate in the shrimp. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was injected to the shrimp at 14 days, and its copy number was examined quantitatively (qRT-PCR). Immune-related gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Alginate increased some hematological immune parameters of shrimp. Before WSSV infection, expression levels of Toll and lectin genes were upregulated. The lectin gene were upregulated post infection, and the Toll gene in all the treatments were downregulated, except the shrimps fed with alginate at 6.0 g kg-1 at 48 h post infection (hpi). The shrimps fed with alginate at 6.0 g kg-1 were the most resistant and gave the least WSSV copy number at 48 hpi. Resistance of shrimps fed the alginate-supplemented diets against WSSV was significantly higher compared to that of the control treatment with 56% and 10% of survival rates, respectively. Oral administration of alginate did not affect the growth and total protein plasma. At 120 h post challenge, alginate treatment at 6.0 g kg-1 exhibited the highest survival rate. It is concluded that oral administration of alginate enhanced the innate immunity by upregulating immune-related gene expression. Consequently, the enhancement of the shrimp innate immunity improves the resistance against WSSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ervia Yudiati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Tembalang Campus, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Alim Isnansetyo
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Murwantoko
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Triyanto
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Christina Retna Handayani
- Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center, Jl. Cik Lanang, Pemandian Kartini, Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tseng YT, Kumar R, Wang HC. LvRas and LvRap are both important for WSSV replication in Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:150-160. [PMID: 30794934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The white Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a pathogen that causes huge economic losses in the shrimp-farming industry globally. At the WSSV genome replication stage (12 hpi) in WSSV-infected shrimp hemocytes, activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway triggers metabolic changes that resemble the Warburg effect. In shrimp, the upstream regulators of this pathway are still unknown, and in the present study, we isolate, characterize and investigate two candidate factors, i.e. the shrimp Ras GTPase isoforms LvRas and LvRap, both of which are upregulated after WSSV infection. dsRNA silencing experiments show that virus replication is significantly reduced when expression of either of these genes is suppressed. Pretreatment with the Ras inhibitor Salirasib further suggests that LvRas, which is a homolog to a commonly overexpressed human oncoprotein, may be involved in regulating the WSSV-induced Warburg effect. We also show that while both the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Raf-MEK-ERK pathways are activated by WSSV infection, LvRas appears to be involved only in the regulation of the mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Tseng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niu GJ, Wang S, Xu JD, Yang MC, Sun JJ, He ZH, Zhao XF, Wang JX. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-like protein from Marsupenaeus japonicus is a receptor for white spot syndrome virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007558. [PMID: 30726286 PMCID: PMC6380602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral entry into the host cell is the first step towards successful infection. Viral entry starts with virion attachment, and binding to receptors. Receptor binding viruses either directly release their genome into the cell, or enter cells through endocytosis. For DNA viruses and a few RNA viruses, the endocytosed viruses will transport from cytoplasm into the nucleus followed by gene expression. Receptors on the cell membrane play a crucial role in viral infection. Although several attachment factors, or candidate receptors, for the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were identified in shrimp, the authentic entry receptors for WSSV infection and the intracellular signaling triggering by interaction of WSSV with receptors remain unclear. In the present study, a receptor for WSSV infection in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, was identified. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) with a transmembrane region, and is similar to the vertebrate polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR); therefore, it was designated as a pIgR-like protein (MjpIgR for short). MjpIgR was detected in all tissues tested, and its expression was significantly induced by WSSV infection at the mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of MjpIgR, and blocking MjpIgR with its antibody inhibited WSSV infection in shrimp and overexpression of MjpIgR facilitated the invasion of WSSV. Further analyses indicated that MjpIgR could independently render non-permissive cells susceptible to WSSV infection. The extracellular domain of MjpIgR interacts with envelope protein VP24 of WSSV and the intracellular domain interacts with calmodulin (MjCaM). MjpIgR was oligomerized and internalized following WSSV infection and the internalization was associated with endocytosis of WSSV. The viral internalization facilitating ability of MjpIgR could be blocked using chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin dependent endocytosis. Knockdown of Mjclathrin and its adaptor protein AP-2 also inhibited WSSV internalization. All the results indicated that MjpIgR-mediated WSSV endocytosis was clathrin dependent. The results suggested that MjpIgR is a WSSV receptor, and that WSSV enters shrimp cells via the pIgR-CaM-Clathrin endocytosis pathway. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is one of the most virulent pathogens in shrimp farming. Several viral candidate receptors, or attachment factors were reported in previous studies, however, most of them are not authentic transmembrane proteins. In particular, the protein receptor(s) required the intracellular signaling triggering by interaction of WSSV with receptors remain unclear. In the present study, a polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) like protein, a bona fide transmembrane receptor, was identified in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjpIgR for short). Knockdown of MjpIgR by RNA interference, and blocking it by its antibody prevented WSSV infection in shrimp and overexpression of MjpIgR facilitated the invasion of WSSV. Further study found that MjpIgR could independently render non-permissive cells susceptible to WSSV infection. The extracellular cellular domain of MjpIgR interacts with envelope protein VP24 of WSSV and the intracellular domain interacts with calmodulin (MjCaM). MjpIgR was oligomerized and internalized following WSSV infection and the internalization was associated with endocytosis of WSSV. The viral internalization facilitating ability of MjpIgR could be blocked using chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin dependent endocytosis, indicating that MjpIgR-mediated WSSV endocytosis was clathrin dependent. The results suggested that MjpIgR is a WSSV receptor, and that WSSV enters shrimp cells via the pIgR-CaM-Clathrin endocytosis pathway. This study provides a new target for WSSV control in shrimp aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji-Dong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ming-Chong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong-Hua He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Chen Y, Shen X, Zuo J, Guo H. The Improvement and Application of Lentivirus-Mediated Gene Transfer and Expression System in Penaeid Shrimp Cells. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2019; 21:9-18. [PMID: 30542951 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study first reported the improvement and application of lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression system in shrimp cells. After modified by the inclusion of two envelope proteins (VP19 and VP28) of shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) into the envelope of the packaged lentivirus, and insertion of a truncated promoter of immediate-early gene 1 (Pie1-504) of shrimp WSSV virus into the lentiviral reporter plasmid, the second-generation lentiviral expression system (pLVX-PEF1α-IRES-mCherry, psPAX2, and PMD2.G) was found to behave better in the mitosis-arrested shrimp cells than the similarly modified retrovirus expression system did. Results from the insect sf9 cells indicated that the inclusion of VP19 and VP28 into the envelope of packaged lentiviruses could significantly improve the tropism or infectivity of the modified lentiviruses to insect cells in a cumulative way. Notably, the VP28 contributed about 86% of the total increase of the tropism. In the shrimp primary lymphoid cells infected by modified lentivirus IV with both VP19 and VP28 included, the infection efficiency was up to 11% (non-confocal) and 19% (confocal) and no background fluorescent signal was observed. However, background fluorescent signal was observed in the shrimp primary Oka organ cells although only under a confocal microscope. In the lentivirus IV-infected Oka organ cells, the actual infection efficiencies were calculated up to 8% (non-confocal) and 19% (confocal), significantly higher than those of commercial intact lentivirus I of 0 (non-confocal) and 3% (confocal). The insertion of WSSV promoter (Pie1-504) had interrupted the effective expression of reporter plasmid encoding lentiviral construct of pLVX-PEF1α-Pie1-504-IRES-mCherry in the HEK293T cells, but markedly increased its efficiencies up to 14% (non-confocal) and 26% (confocal) in the Oka organ cells. This improved lentivirus expression system will provide us a useful tool for efficient gene transfer and expression in shrimp cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yueru Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianwei Zuo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huarong Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun L, Wu Y. Envelope protein VP24 from White spot syndrome virus: expression, purification and crystallization. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:586-90. [PMID: 27487921 PMCID: PMC4973298 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16009055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major shrimp pathogen known to infect penaeid shrimp and other crustaceans. VP24 is one of the major envelope proteins of WSSV. In order to facilitate purification, crystallization and structure determination, the predicted N-terminal transmembrane region of approximately 26 amino acids was truncated from VP24 and several mutants were prepared to increase the proportion of selenomethionine (SeMet) residues for subsequent structural determination using the SAD method. Truncated VP24, its mutants and the corresponding SeMet-labelled proteins were purified, and the native and SeMet proteins were crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals of VP24 were obtained using a reservoir consisting of 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 2.75 M ammonium acetate with a drop volume ratio of two parts protein solution to one part reservoir solution. Notably, ATP was added as a critical additive to the drop with a final concentration of 10 mM. Crystals of SeMet-labelled VP24 mutant diffracted to 3.0 Å resolution and those of the native diffracted to 2.4 Å resolution; the crystals belonged to space group I213, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 140 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phairoh P, Suthibatpong T, Rattanarojpong T, Jongruja N, Senapin S, Choowongkomon K, Khunrae P. ICP35 Is a TREX-Like Protein Identified in White Spot Syndrome Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158301. [PMID: 27348862 PMCID: PMC4922627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ICP35 is a non-structural protein from White spot syndrome virus believed to be important in viral replication. Since ICP35 was found to localize in the host nucleus, it has been speculated that the function of ICP35 might be involved in the interaction of DNA. In this study, we overexpressed, purified and characterized ICP35. The thioredoxin-fused ICP35 (thio-ICP35) was strongly expressed in E. coli and be able to form itself into dimers. Investigation of the interaction between ICP35 and DNA revealed that ICP35 can perform DNase activity. Structural model of ICP35 was successfully built on TREX1, suggesting that ICP35 might adopt the folding similar to that of TREX1 protein. Several residues important for dimerization in TREX1 are also conserved in ICP35. Residue Asn126 and Asp132, which are seen to be in close proximity to metal ions in the ICP35 model, were shown through site-directed mutagenesis to be critical for DNase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panapat Phairoh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Thana Suthibatpong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Triwit Rattanarojpong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Nujarin Jongruja
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Khunrae
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xie S, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li F, Xiang J. Envelope Proteins of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Interact with Litopenaeus vannamei Peritrophin-Like Protein (LvPT). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144922. [PMID: 26692362 PMCID: PMC4686314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen in shrimp cultures. The interactions between viral proteins and their receptors on the surface of cells in a frontier target tissue are crucial for triggering an infection. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) library was constructed using cDNA obtained from the stomach and gut of Litopenaeus vannamei, to ascertain the role of envelope proteins in WSSV infection. For this purpose, VP37 was used as the bait in the Y2H library screening. Forty positive clones were detected after screening. The positive clones were analyzed and discriminated, and two clones belonging to the peritrophin family were subsequently confirmed as genuine positive clones. Sequence analysis revealed that both clones could be considered as the same gene, LV-peritrophin (LvPT). Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between LvPT and VP37. Further studies in the Y2H system revealed that LvPT could also interact with other WSSV envelope proteins such as VP32, VP38A, VP39B, and VP41A. The distribution of LvPT in tissues revealed that LvPT was mainly expressed in the stomach than in other tissues. In addition, LvPT was found to be a secretory protein, and its chitin-binding ability was also confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hsieh YC, Chen YM, Li CY, Chang YH, Liang SY, Lin SY, Lin CY, Chang SH, Wang YJ, Khoo KH, Aoki T, Wang HC. To complete its replication cycle, a shrimp virus changes the population of long chain fatty acids during infection via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR-HIF1α pathway. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 53:85-95. [PMID: 26112000 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the causative agent of white spot disease (WSD), is a serious and aggressive shrimp viral pathogen with a worldwide distribution. At the genome replication stage (12 hpi), WSSV induces a metabolic rerouting known as the invertebrate Warburg effect, which boosts the availability of energy and biosynthetic building blocks in the host cell. Here we show that unlike the lipogenesis that is seen in cancer cells that are undergoing the Warburg effect, at 12 hpi, all of the long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were significantly decreased in the stomach cells of WSSV-infected shrimp. By means of this non-selective WSSV-induced lipolysis, the LCFAs were apparently diverted into β-oxidation and used to replenish the TCA cycle. Conversely, at 24 hpi, when the Warburg effect had ceased, most of the LCFAs were significantly up-regulated and the composition was also significantly altered. In crayfish these changes were in a direction that appeared to favor the formation of WSSV virion particles. We also found that, at 24 hpi, but not at 12 hpi, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR-HIF1α pathway induced the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA into LCFAs. WSSV virion formation was impaired in the presence of the FAS inhibitor C75, although viral gene and viral DNA levels were unaffected. WSSV therefore appears to use the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway to induce lipid biosynthesis at 24 hpi in order to support viral morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chieh Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Yuen Liang
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Academia Sinica Common Mass Spectrometry Facilities at Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jan Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ananphongmanee V, Srisala J, Sritunyalucksana K, Boonchird C. Yeast Surface Display of Two Proteins Previously Shown to Be Protective Against White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Shrimp. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128764. [PMID: 26083446 PMCID: PMC4471349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface display using the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris has been extensively developed for application in bioindustrial processes. Due to the rigid structure of their cell walls, a number of proteins have been successfully displayed on their cell surfaces. It was previously reported that the viral binding protein Rab7 from the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (PmRab7) and its binding partner envelope protein VP28 of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) could independently protect shrimp against WSSV infection. Thus, we aimed to display these two proteins independently on the cell surfaces of 2 yeast clones with the ultimate goal of using a mixture of the two clones as an orally deliverable, antiviral agent to protect shrimp against WSSV infection. PmRab7 and VP28 were modified by N-terminal tagging to the C-terminal half of S. cerevisiae α-agglutinin. DNA fragments, harboring fused-gene expression cassettes under control of an alcohol oxidase I (AOX1) promoter were constructed and used to transform the yeast cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies specific to both proteins demonstrated that mutated PmRab7 (mPmRab7) and partial VP28 (pVP28) were localized on the cell surfaces of the respective clones, and fluorescence intensity for each was significantly higher than that of control cells by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using cells displaying mPmRab7 or pVP28 revealed that the binding of specific antibodies for each was dose-dependent, and could be saturated. In addition, the binding of mPmRab7-expressing cells with free VP28, and vice versa was dose dependent. Binding between the two surface-expressed proteins was confirmed by an assay showing agglutination between cells expressing complementary mPmRab7 and pVP28. In summary, our genetically engineered P. pastoris can display biologically active mPmRab7 and pVP28 and is now ready for evaluation of efficacy in protecting shrimp against WSSV by oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiraporn Srisala
- Shrimp-Virus Interaction Laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Shrimp-Virus Interaction Laboratory (ASVI), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuenchit Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu WJ, Lo CF, Kou GH, Leu JH, Lai YJ, Chang LK, Chang YS. The promoter of the white spot syndrome virus immediate-early gene WSSV108 is activated by the cellular KLF transcription factor. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 49:7-18. [PMID: 25445906 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of deletion and mutation assays of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) immediate-early gene WSSV108 promoter showed that a Krüppel-like factor (KLF) binding site located from -504 to -495 (relative to the transcription start site) is important for the overall level of WSSV108 promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays further showed that overexpressed recombinant Penaeus monodon KLF (rPmKLF) formed a specific protein-DNA complex with the (32)P-labeled KLF binding site of the WSSV108 promoter, and that higher levels of Litopenaeus vannamei KLF (LvKLF) were expressed in WSSV-infected shrimp. A transactivation assay indicated that the WSSV108 promoter was strongly activated by rPmKLF in a dose-dependent manner. Lastly, we found that specific silencing of LvKLF expression in vivo by dsRNA injection dramatically reduced both WSSV108 expression and WSSV replication. We conclude that shrimp KLF is important for WSSV genome replication and gene expression, and that it binds to the WSSV108 promoter to enhance the expression of this immediate-early gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Jing Liu
- Department of Earth and Life Science, College of Science, University of Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Hsiung Kou
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science, College of Science and Engineering, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 892, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Z, Chen W, Xu L, Li F, Yang F. Identification of the interaction domains of white spot syndrome virus envelope proteins VP28 and VP24. Virus Res 2015; 200:24-9. [PMID: 25637460 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
VP28 and VP24 are two major envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The direct interaction between VP28 and VP24 has been described in previous studies. In this study, we confirmed this interaction and mapped the interaction domains of VP28 and VP24 by constructing a series of deletion mutants. By co-immunoprecipitation, two VP28-binding domains of VP24 were located at amino acid residues 46-61 and 148-160, while VP24-binding domain of VP28 was located at amino acid residues 31-45. These binding domains were further corroborated by peptide blocking assay, in which synthetic peptides spanning the binding domains were able to inhibit VP28-VP24 interaction, whereas same-size control peptides from non-binging regions did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China; School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Weiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Limei Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration & Fujian, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Su MA, Huang YT, Chen IT, Lee DY, Hsieh YC, Li CY, Ng TH, Liang SY, Lin SY, Huang SW, Chiang YA, Yu HT, Khoo KH, Chang GD, Lo CF, Wang HC. An invertebrate Warburg effect: a shrimp virus achieves successful replication by altering the host metabolome via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004196. [PMID: 24945378 PMCID: PMC4055789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used a systems biology approach to investigate changes in the proteome and metabolome of shrimp hemocytes infected by the invertebrate virus WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) at the viral genome replication stage (12 hpi) and the late stage (24 hpi). At 12 hpi, but not at 24 hpi, there was significant up-regulation of the markers of several metabolic pathways associated with the vertebrate Warburg effect (or aerobic glycolysis), including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide biosynthesis, glutaminolysis and amino acid biosynthesis. We show that the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway was of central importance in triggering this WSSV-induced Warburg effect. Although dsRNA silencing of the mTORC1 activator Rheb had only a relatively minor impact on WSSV replication, in vivo chemical inhibition of Akt, mTORC1 and mTORC2 suppressed the WSSV-induced Warburg effect and reduced both WSSV gene expression and viral genome replication. When the Warburg effect was suppressed by pretreatment with the mTOR inhibitor Torin 1, even the subsequent up-regulation of the TCA cycle was insufficient to satisfy the virus's requirements for energy and macromolecular precursors. The WSSV-induced Warburg effect therefore appears to be essential for successful viral replication. The Warburg effect (or aerobic glycolysis) is a metabolic shift that was first found in cancer cells, but has also recently been discovered in vertebrate cells infected by viruses. The Warburg effect facilitates the production of more energy and building blocks to meet the enormous biosynthetic requirements of cancerous and virus-infected cells. To date, all of our knowledge of the Warburg effect comes from vertebrate cell systems and our previous paper was the first to suggest that the Warburg effect may also occur in invertebrates. Here, we use a state-of-the-art systems biology approach to show the global metabolomic and proteomic changes that are triggered in shrimp hemocytes by a shrimp virus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). We characterize several critical metabolic properties of the invertebrate Warburg effect and show that they are similar to the vertebrate Warburg effect. WSSV triggers aerobic glycolysis via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, and during the WSSV genome replication stages, we show that the Warburg effect is essential for the virus, because even when the TCA cycle is boosted in mTOR-inactivated shrimp, this fails to provide enough energy and materials for successful viral replication. Our study provides new insights into the rerouting of the host metabolome that is triggered by an invertebrate virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-An Su
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Tzu Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Tung Chen
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chieh Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tze Hann Ng
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Yuen Liang
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Academia Sinica Common Mass Spectrometry Facilities at Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Huang
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Tsen Yu
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Geen-Dong Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lertwimol T, Sangsuriya P, Phiwsaiya K, Senapin S, Phongdara A, Boonchird C, Flegel TW. Two new anti-apoptotic proteins of white spot syndrome virus that bind to an effector caspase (PmCasp) of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:1-6. [PMID: 24607895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus proteins WSSV134 and WSSV322 have been shown to bind with the p20 domain (residues 55-214) of Penaeus monodon caspase (PmCasp) protein through yeast two-hybrid screening. Binding was confirmed for the p20 domain and the full-length caspase by co-immunoprecipitation. WSSV134 is also known as the WSSV structural protein VP36A, but no function or conserved domains have been ascribed to WSSV322. Discovery of the caspase binding activity of these two proteins led to an investigation of their possible anti-apoptotic roles. Full-length PmCasp was confirmed to be an effector caspase by inducing apoptosis in transfected Sf-9 cells as assessed by DAPI staining. Using the same cell model, comparison of cells co-transfected with PmCasp and either WSSV134 or WSSV322 revealed that both of the binding proteins had anti-apoptotic activity. However, using the same Sf-9 protocol with anti-apoptosis protein-1 (AAP-1; also called WSSV449) previously shown to bind and inactivate a different effector caspase from P. monodon (Pm caspase) did not block apoptosis induced by PmCasp. The results revealed diversity in effector caspases and their viral protein inhibitors in P. monodon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareerat Lertwimol
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Amornrat Phongdara
- Center for Genomic and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Chuenchit Boonchird
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Timothy W Flegel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sangsuriya P, Huang JY, Chu YF, Phiwsaiya K, Leekitcharoenphon P, Meemetta W, Senapin S, Huang WP, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW, Lo CF. Construction and application of a protein interaction map for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:269-82. [PMID: 24217020 PMCID: PMC3879619 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is currently the most serious global threat for cultured shrimp production. Although its large, double-stranded DNA genome has been completely characterized, most putative protein functions remain obscure. To provide more informative knowledge about this virus, a proteomic-scale network of WSSV-WSSV protein interactions was carried out using a comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analysis. An array of yeast transformants containing each WSSV open reading frame fused with GAL4 DNA binding domain and GAL4 activation domain was constructed yielding 187 bait and 182 prey constructs, respectively. On screening of ∼28,000 pairwise combinations, 710 interactions were obtained from 143 baits. An independent coimmunoprecipitation assay (co-IP) was performed to validate the selected protein interaction pairs identified from the yeast two-hybrid approach. The program Cytoscape was employed to create a WSSV protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The topology of the WSSV PPI network was based on the Barabási-Albert model and consisted of a scale-free network that resembled other established viral protein interaction networks. Using the RNA interference approach, knocking down either of two candidate hub proteins gave shrimp more protection against WSSV than knocking down a nonhub gene. The WSSV protein interaction map established in this study provides novel guidance for further studies on shrimp viral pathogenesis, host-viral protein interaction and potential targets for therapeutic and preventative antiviral strategies in shrimp aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- §Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiun-Yan Huang
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fei Chu
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- ‖National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharachai Meemetta
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- ‖National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wei-Pang Huang
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- **Shrimp Genetic Improvement Center, Surat Thani 84100, Thailand
- ‡‡Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Timothy W. Flegel
- From the ‡Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- ‖National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- ¶Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- ¶¶Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ye T, Zong R, Zhang X. The role of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) VP466 protein in shrimp antiviral phagocytosis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:350-358. [PMID: 22626562 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Widespread evidence indicates that the structural proteins of virus play very important roles in virus-host interactions. However, the effect of viral proteins on host immunity has not been addressed. Our previous studies revealed that the host shrimp Rab6 (termed as PjRab previously), tropomyosin, β-actin and the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) envelope protein VP466 formed a complex. In this study, the VP466 protein was shown to be able to bind host Rab6 protein and increase its GTPase activity in vivo and vitro. Thus, VP466 could function as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of Rab6. In the VP466-Rab-actin pathway, the increase of the Rab6 activity induced rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in the formation of actin stress fibers which promoted the phagocytosis against virus. Therefore our findings revealed that a viral protein could be employed by host to initiate the host immunity, representing a novel molecular mechanism in the virus-host interaction. Our study would help to better understand the molecular events in immune response against virus infection in invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang HT, Leu JH, Huang PY, Chen LL. A putative cell surface receptor for white spot syndrome virus is a member of a transporter superfamily. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33216. [PMID: 22427993 PMCID: PMC3302809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a large enveloped DNA virus, can cause the most serious viral disease in shrimp and has a wide host range among crustaceans. In this study, we identified a surface protein, named glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), which could also interact with WSSV envelope protein, VP53A. Sequence analysis revealed that Glut1 is a member of a large superfamily of transporters and that it is most closely related to evolutionary branches of this superfamily, branches that function to transport this sugar. Tissue tropism analysis showed that Glut1 was constitutive and highly expressed in almost all organs. Glut1's localization in shrimp cells was further verified and so was its interaction with Penaeus monodon chitin-binding protein (PmCBP), which was itself identified to interact with an envelope protein complex formed by 11 WSSV envelope proteins. In vitro and in vivo neutralization experiments using synthetic peptide contained WSSV binding domain (WBD) showed that the WBD peptide could inhibit WSSV infection in primary cultured hemocytes and delay the mortality in shrimps challenged with WSSV. These findings have important implications for our understanding of WSSV entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Ting Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Yu Huang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Jhongjheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Panrat T, Sinthujaroen P, Nupan B, Wanna W, Tammi MT, Phongdara A. Characterization of a novel binding protein for Fortilin/TCTP--component of a defense mechanism against viral infection in Penaeus monodon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33291. [PMID: 22428011 PMCID: PMC3299765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fortilin (also known as TCTP) in Penaeus monodon (PmFortilin) and Fortilin Binding Protein 1 (FBP1) have recently been shown to interact and to offer protection against the widespread White Spot Syndrome Virus infection. However, the mechanism is yet unknown. We investigated this interaction in detail by a number of in silico and in vitro analyses, including prediction of a binding site between PmFortilin/FBP1 and docking simulations. The basis of the modeling analyses was well-conserved PmFortilin orthologs, containing a Ca2+-binding domain at residues 76–110 representing a section of the helical domain, the translationally controlled tumor protein signature 1 and 2 (TCTP_1, TCTP_2) at residues 45–55 and 123–145, respectively. We found the pairs Cys59 and Cys76 formed a disulfide bond in the C-terminus of FBP1, which is a common structural feature in many exported proteins and the “x–G–K–K” pattern of the amidation site at the end of the C-terminus. This coincided with our previous work, where we found the “x–P–P–x” patterns of an antiviral peptide also to be located in the C-terminus of FBP1. The combined bioinformatics and in vitro results indicate that FBP1 is a transmembrane protein and FBP1 interact with N-terminal region of PmFortilin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanate Panrat
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Patuma Sinthujaroen
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Nupan
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Warapond Wanna
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Martti Tapani Tammi
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (MTT); (AP)
| | - Amornrat Phongdara
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- * E-mail: (MTT); (AP)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ponprateep S, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. A Kazal type serine proteinase SPIPm2 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is capable of neutralization and protection of hemocytes from the white spot syndrome virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 31:1179-1185. [PMID: 22032902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A Kazal type serine proteinase SPIPm2 is abundantly expressed in the hemocytes and shown to be involved in innate immune response against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Penaeus monodon. The SPIPm2 is expressed and stored in the granules in the cytoplasm of semigranular and granular but not the hyaline hemocytes. Upon WSSV challenge and progression of infection, the SPIPm2 was secreted readily from the semigranular and granular hemocytes. The more they secreted the SPIPm2, the less they were distinguishable from the hyaline cells. The WSSV-infected cells were either semigranular or granular hemocytes or both and depleted of SPIPm2. The rSPIPm2 was able to temporarily and dose-dependently neutralize the WSSV and protect the hemocytes from viral infection judging from the substantially less expression of WSSV late gene VP28. The antiviral activity was very likely due to the binding of SPIPm2 to the components of viral particle and hemocyte cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirikwan Ponprateep
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sangsuriya P, Senapin S, Huang WP, Lo CF, Flegel TW. Co-interactive DNA-binding between a novel, immunophilin-like shrimp protein and VP15 nucleocapsid protein of white spot syndrome virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25420. [PMID: 21980453 PMCID: PMC3183051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most serious pathogens of penaeid shrimp. Although its genome has been completely characterized, the functions of most of its putative proteins are not yet known. It has been suggested that the major nucleocapsid protein VP15 is involved in packaging of the WSSV genome during virion formation. However, little is known in its relationship with shrimp host cells. Using the yeast two-hybrid approach to screen a shrimp lymphoid organ (LO) cDNA library for proteins that might interact with VP15, a protein named PmFKBP46 was identified. It had high sequence similarity to a 46 kDa-immunophilin called FKBP46 from the lepidopteran Spodoptera frugiperda (the fall armyworm). The full length PmFKBP46 consisted of a 1,257-nucleotide open reading frame with a deduced amino acid sequence of 418 residues containing a putative FKBP-PPIase domain in the C-terminal region. Results from a GST pull-down assay and histological co-localization revealed that VP15 physically interacted with PmFKBP46 and that both proteins shared the same subcellular location in the nucleus. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that PmFKBP46 possessed DNA-binding activity and functionally co-interacted with VP15 in DNA binding. The overall results suggested that host PmFKBP46 might be involved in genome packaging by viral VP15 during virion assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wei-Pang Huang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Timothy W. Flegel
- Centex Shrimp, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lu H, Ruan L, Xu X. An immediate-early protein of white spot syndrome virus modulates the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase of shrimp. Virology 2011; 419:84-9. [PMID: 21908012 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
WSSV interacts with integrin during infection of shrimps and modulate the focal adhesion kinase which is known as a regulator of several downstream signaling pathways. Viral protein kinases are thought to be important for virus infection by regulating the host signaling pathways. WSV083 is an immediate-early gene of white spot syndrome virus that contains a Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. So, does WSSV modulate FAK phosphorylation via the WSV083 molecule? In this study, co-transfection of WSV083 and MjFAK genes proceeded in insect cells revealed that the MjFAK phosphorylation and cell adhesion activity could be inhibited by the expression of WSV083. Kinase domain mutants of WSV083 lost its ability of inhibiting FAK phosphorylation. Moreover, silencing of FAK gene through RNAi accelerated the shrimp death rate upon WSSV challenge. These results demonstrate for the first time that modulation of FAK phosphorylation by WSV083 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of WSSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xing Y, Shi Z. Nucleocapsid protein VP15 of White spot syndrome virus colocalizes with the nucleolar proteins nucleolin and fibrillarin. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:759-64. [PMID: 21861764 DOI: 10.1139/w11-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The core nucleocapsid protein VP15 of White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was shown to interact with DNA and predicted to be involved in the packaging of the WSSV genome. In the present study, we explored the colocalization of VP15 with several nuclear proteins in insect cells. The results showed that the VP15 completely colocalized with nucleolin and fibrillarin, suggesting that VP15 is a nucleolar localization protein and plays an important role in the life cycle of WSSV in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zuo H, Chen C, Gao Y, Lin J, Jin C, Wang W. Regulation of shrimp PjCaspase promoter activity by WSSV VP38 and VP41B. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:1188-1191. [PMID: 21362480 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Caspase family play essential roles in apoptosis. In kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus the caspase gene (PjCaspase) was previously found dramatically up-regulated in viral-challenged and -resistant shrimp, suggesting that PjCaspase plays an important role in protecting host from viral infection. In order to further delineate the transcriptional regulation of PjCaspase in response to viral infection, the promoter activity was confirmed by fusing the 5'-flanking promoter region of the PjCaspase gene to the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene and transformed to Trichoplusia ni High Five™ cell line. With streptavidin-bead pulldown assay, two envelope proteins VP38 and VP41B of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were found to bind to PjCaspase promoter in vitro. Luciferase reporter assay by cotransfection of PjCaspace promoter with VP38 or VP41B revealed that the proteins act as repressor and activator of PjCaspase transcription respectively. Our study suggested a potential role for the two WSSV proteins on shrimp PjCaspase regulation in response to WSSV challenge. To our knowledge this is the first report on WSSV envelope proteins found to be involved in gene regulation. These results provide insights into the molecular regulation of PjCaspase gene expression, which will be helpful for shrimp viral disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huali Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Youtong W, Deachamag P, Phongdara A, Chotigeat W. WSSV: VP26 binding protein and its biological activity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:77-83. [PMID: 20883795 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major causes of disease in the shrimp culture industry causing enormous economic losses. In this study, we displayed peptides from a cDNA library obtained from the hemolymph of shrimp infected with WSSV, on the surface of phage and screened for the peptides that interacted with the WSSV. One WSSV binding protein (WBP) gene was found to consist of 171 bp that had no matches in the NCBI database. This WBP was shown to bind to the VP26 protein of the WSSV by Western blotting. In addition, WBP reduced the binding of WSSV to shrimp haemocytes from 2.0 × 10(7)copies in the control to 6.0 × 10(2) after treatment with 80 μg of WBP. The survival rate of shrimp after WSSV were mixed with WBP at 80 μg, was 89% and the binding of WBP remained unchanged for at least 24h. Therefore, the results indicate that the WBP can bind to VP26 and inhibit the invasion of WSSV into host cells. This finding may introduce another future way to try to fight this disease in shrimp culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weerayut Youtong
- Dept of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chang YS, Liu WJ, Lee CC, Chou TL, Lee YT, Wu TS, Huang JY, Huang WT, Lee TL, Kou GH, Wang AHJ, Lo CF. A 3D model of the membrane protein complex formed by the white spot syndrome virus structural proteins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10718. [PMID: 20502662 PMCID: PMC2873410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of white spot disease have had a large negative economic impact on cultured shrimp worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of the causative virus, WSSV (whit spot syndrome virus), is not yet well understood. WSSV is a large enveloped virus. The WSSV virion has three structural layers surrounding its core DNA: an outer envelope, a tegument and a nucleocapsid. In this study, we investigated the protein-protein interactions of the major WSSV structural proteins, including several envelope and tegument proteins that are known to be involved in the infection process. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present report, we used coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid assays to elucidate and/or confirm all the interactions that occur among the WSSV structural (envelope and tegument) proteins VP51A, VP19, VP24, VP26 and VP28. We found that VP51A interacted directly not only with VP26 but also with VP19 and VP24. VP51A, VP19 and VP24 were also shown to have an affinity for self-interaction. Chemical cross-linking assays showed that these three self-interacting proteins could occur as dimers. CONCLUSIONS From our present results in conjunction with other previously established interactions we construct a 3D model in which VP24 acts as a core protein that directly associates with VP26, VP28, VP38A, VP51A and WSV010 to form a membrane-associated protein complex. VP19 and VP37 are attached to this complex via association with VP51A and VP28, respectively. Through the VP26-VP51C interaction this envelope complex is anchored to the nucleocapsid, which is made of layers of rings formed by VP664. A 3D model of the nucleocapsid and the surrounding outer membrane is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Shiang Chang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSC); (AHJW); (CFL)
| | - Wang-Jing Liu
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lu Chou
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Shian Wu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Huang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tung Huang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Lin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Hsiung Kou
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSC); (AHJW); (CFL)
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YSC); (AHJW); (CFL)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Song KK, Li DF, Zhang MC, Yang HJ, Ruan LW, Xu X. Cloning and characterization of three novel WSSV recognizing lectins from shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2010; 28:596-603. [PMID: 20045060 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) acting as pattern recognition receptors play essential roles in shrimp innate immune responses. Using WSSV envelope proteins (VP26, VP28, and VP281) to screen a phage display library of Marsupenaeus japonicus, three lectins (termed as MjLecA, MjLecB, and MjLecC) were found to interact with WSSV. Sequence analysis revealed that these MjLecs shared low similarities with each other. Phylogenetic analysis indicated MjLecA and MjLecB are likely to belong to the same lectin sub-family, while MjLecC belongs to another sub-family. These MjLecs showed broad, unique carbohydrate binding spectra. Also, the three MjLecs could interact with several envelope proteins of WSSV and could recognize a wide range of microorganisms. Moreover, binding of MjLecA or MjLecB to WSSV reduced the viral infection rate in vitro. These results suggest that various kinds of CTLs with structural and functional diversities may constitute a recognizing network against invading pathogens such as bacteria and virus, and play essential roles in the defence system of shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Kang Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 184# DaXue Road, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang XW, Xu WT, Zhang XW, Zhao XF, Yu XQ, Wang JX. A C-type lectin is involved in the innate immune response of Chinese white shrimp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 27:556-562. [PMID: 19647083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins may function as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and play important roles in immune responses. In this work, a cDNA for a new C-type lectin, FcLec3, was obtained from Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis using expressed sequence tag analysis and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. FcLec3 contains an N-terminal signal peptide and a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). RT-PCR analysis showed that FcLec3 was mainly expressed in hepatopancreas and that the expression of FcLec3 was obviously up-regulated by Vibrio anguillarum or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. Recombinant FcLec3 could agglutinate Gram-negative and -positive bacteria with the presence of calcium. A following agglutination inhibitory test indicated that FcLec3 could recognize muramic acid and peptidoglycan. Besides, pull-down assay showed that the recombinant protein could interact with VP28, one major envelope protein of WSSV. These results suggested that FcLec3 might function in the recognition of bacterial and viral pathogens in shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most virulent pathogens affecting penaeid shrimp, causing high mortality in infected populations. Interactions between virus structural proteins are likely to be important for virus assembly. Many steps of the WSSV assembly and maturation pathway remain unclear. In the present study, the interaction between VP37 and envelope or nucleocapsid proteins was characterized. VP37 was expressed in Escherichia coli and confirmed by Western blotting. Pure WSSV virions were subjected to Triton X-100 treatment to separate the envelope and nucleocapsid fractions. Overlay assays showed that VP37 interacted with VP28 and VP26. The interaction of VP37 with VP28 and VP26 was confirmed further by His pull-down and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrographic assays. The binding assay of VP37 with VP28 by ELISA confirmed that the 2 proteins had direct interaction in vivo. This discovery will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virion morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kang ST, Leu JH, Wang HC, Chen LL, Kou GH, Lo CF. Polycistronic mRNAs and internal ribosome entry site elements (IRES) are widely used by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) structural protein genes. Virology 2009; 387:353-63. [PMID: 19285701 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) Taiwan isolate has many structural and non-structural genes that are arranged in clusters. Screening with Northern blots showed that at least four of these clusters produce polycistronic mRNA, and one of these (vp31/vp39b/vp11) was studied in detail. The vp31/vp39b/vp11 cluster produces two transcripts, including a large 3.4-kb polycistronic transcript of all three genes. No monocistronic vp39b mRNA was detected. TNT and in vitro translation assays showed that vp39b translation was independent of vp31 translation, and that ribosomal reinitiation was not a possible mechanism for vp39b. An unusually located IRES (internal ribosome entry site) element was identified in the vp31/vp39b coding region, and this region was able to promote the expression of a downstream firefly luciferase reporter. We show that vp31/vp39b/vp11 is representative of many other WSSV structural/non-structural gene clusters, and argue that these are also likely to produce polycistronic mRNAs and that use an IRES mechanism to regulate their translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ting Kang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ha YM, Kim YI, Kim KH, Kim SK. Neutralization of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for Penaeus chinensis by antiserum raised against recombinant VP19. J Environ Biol 2008; 29:513-517. [PMID: 19195390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to neutralize the WSSV one of the most virulent pathogen causing large economic damage in shrimp culture industry using the antiserum produced against recombinant WSSV envelope protein VP19 (rVP19) as a tool to evaluate WSSV infection mechanism. A fragment of VP19 was expressed in Sf21 insect cell using baculovirus expression system as fusion protein with 6 His-tag. Then, polyclonal antiserum against rVP19 was raised in white rabbit. A constant amount of WSSV (at 10(4) diluted stock) was incubated with various antiserum concentrations and injected into shrimp, Penaeus chinensis, for the neutralization challenge. At 9 days post injection, the shrimp in the positive control injected with WSSVshowed 100% mortality The shrimps injected with WSSV preincubated with preimmune serum showed 83.3% mortality at 15 days post injection. The shrimps injected with the WSSV preincubated with 1 microl, 5 microl or 10 microl r VP19 antiserum and shrimp mortalities showed 66.6%, 40.0% and 26.6% at 15 days post injection, respectively The high concentration of antiserum group showed lower mortality than those of the low concentration of antiserum group. This indicates that the WSSV can be neutralized by the rVP19 antiserum in a dose-dependent manner. The neutralization challenge result suggested that VP19 might play an important role in WSSV infection to shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Ha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ha YM, Soo-Jung G, Thi-Hoai N, Ra CH, Kim KH, Nam YK, Kim SK. Vaccination of shrimp (Penaeus chinensis) against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 18:964-967. [PMID: 18633299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two structural protein genes, VP19 and VP466, of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were cloned and expressed in Sf21 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system for the development of injection and oral feeding vaccines against WSSV for shrimps. The cumulative mortalities of the shrimps vaccinated by the injection of rVP19 and rVP466 at 15 days after the challenge with WSSV were 50.2% and 51.8%, respectively. For the vaccination by oral feeding of rVP19 and rVP466, the cumulative mortalities were 49.2% and 89.2%, respectively. These results show that protection against WSSV can be generated in the shrimp, using the viral structural protein as a protein vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Ha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering,Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu J, Lin Q, Lim TK, Liu T, Hew CL. White spot syndrome virus proteins and differentially expressed host proteins identified in shrimp epithelium by shotgun proteomics and cleavable isotope-coded affinity tag. J Virol 2007; 81:11681-9. [PMID: 17715220 PMCID: PMC2168766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01006-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrimp subcuticular epithelial cells are the initial and major targets of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Proteomic studies of WSSV-infected subcuticular epithelium of Penaeus monodon were performed through two approaches, namely, subcellular fractionation coupled with shotgun proteomics to identify viral and host proteins and a quantitative time course proteomic analysis using cleavable isotope-coded affinity tags (cICATs) to identify differentially expressed cellular proteins. Peptides were analyzed by offline coupling of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. We identified 27, 20, and 4 WSSV proteins from cytosolic, nuclear, and membrane fractions, respectively. Twenty-eight unique WSSV proteins with high confidence (total ion confidence interval percentage [CI%], >95%) were observed, 11 of which are reported here for the first time, and 3 of these novel proteins were shown to be viral nonstructural proteins by Western blotting analysis. A first shrimp protein data set containing 1,999 peptides (ion score, > or =20) and 429 proteins (total ion score CI%, >95%) was constructed via shotgun proteomics. We also identified 10 down-regulated proteins and 2 up-regulated proteins from the shrimp epithelial lysate via cICAT analysis. This is the first comprehensive study of WSSV-infected epithelia by proteomics. The 11 novel viral proteins represent the latest addition to our knowledge of the WSSV proteome. Three proteomic data sets consisting of WSSV proteins, epithelial cellular proteins, and differentially expressed cellular proteins generated in the course of WSSV infection provide a new resource for further study of WSSV-shrimp interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li Z, Lin Q, Chen J, Wu JL, Lim TK, Loh SS, Tang X, Hew CL. Shotgun identification of the structural proteome of shrimp white spot syndrome virus and iTRAQ differentiation of envelope and nucleocapsid subproteomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1609-20. [PMID: 17545682 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600327-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen that causes severe mortality and economic losses to shrimp cultivation worldwide. The genome of WSSV contains a 305-kb double-stranded circular DNA, which encodes 181 predicted ORFs. Previous gel-based proteomics studies on WSSV have identified 38 structural proteins. In this study, we applied shotgun proteomics using off-line coupling of an LC system with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS as a complementary and comprehensive approach to investigate the WSSV proteome. This approach led to the identification of 45 viral proteins; 13 of them are reported for the first time. Seven viral proteins were found to have acetylated N termini. RT-PCR confirmed the mRNA expression of these 13 newly identified viral proteins. Furthermore iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification), a quantitative proteomics strategy, was used to distinguish envelope proteins and nucleocapsid proteins of WSSV. Based on iTRAQ ratios, we successfully identified 23 envelope proteins and six nucleocapsid proteins. Our results validated 15 structural proteins with previously known localization in the virion. Furthermore the localization of an additional 12 envelope proteins and two nucleocapsid proteins was determined. We demonstrated that iTRAQ is an effective approach for high throughput viral protein localization determination. Altogether WSSV is assembled by at least 58 structural proteins, including 13 proteins newly identified by shotgun proteomics and one identified by iTRAQ. The localization of 42 structural proteins was determined; 33 are envelope proteins, and nine are nucleocapsid proteins. A comprehensive identification of WSSV structural proteins and their localization should facilitate the studies of its assembly and mechanism of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tang X, Wu J, Sivaraman J, Hew CL. Crystal structures of major envelope proteins VP26 and VP28 from white spot syndrome virus shed light on their evolutionary relationship. J Virol 2007; 81:6709-17. [PMID: 17409146 PMCID: PMC1900133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02505-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a virulent pathogen known to infect various crustaceans. It has bacilliform morphology with a tail-like appendage at one end. The envelope consists of four major proteins. Envelope structural proteins play a crucial role in viral infection and are believed to be the first molecules to interact with the host. Here, we report the localization and crystal structure of major envelope proteins VP26 and VP28 from WSSV at resolutions of 2.2 and 2.0 A, respectively. These two proteins alone account for approximately 60% of the envelope, and their structures represent the first two structural envelope proteins of WSSV. Structural comparisons among VP26, VP28, and other viral proteins reveal an evolutionary relationship between WSSV envelope proteins and structural proteins from other viruses. Both proteins adopt beta-barrel architecture with a protruding N-terminal region. We have investigated the localization of VP26 and VP28 using immunoelectron microscopy. This study suggests that VP26 and VP28 are located on the outer surface of the virus and are observed as a surface protrusion in the WSSV envelope, and this is the first convincing observation for VP26. Based on our studies combined with the literature, we speculate that the predicted N-terminal transmembrane region of VP26 and VP28 may anchor on the viral envelope membrane, making the core beta-barrel protrude outside the envelope, possibly to interact with the host receptor or to fuse with the host cell membrane for effective transfer of the viral infection. Furthermore, it is tempting to extend this host interaction mode to other structural viral proteins of similar structures. Our finding has the potential to extend further toward drug and vaccine development against WSSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen LL, Lu LC, Wu WJ, Lo CF, Huang WP. White spot syndrome virus envelope protein VP53A interacts with Penaeus monodon chitin-binding protein (PmCBP). Dis Aquat Organ 2007; 74:171-8. [PMID: 17465302 DOI: 10.3354/dao074171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of a severe disease of cultivated shrimp. Using purified WSSV virions, VP53A encoded by open reading frame wssv067 was identified as a structural protein by SDS-PAGE and proteomics. Immunoelectron microscopy with a gold-labeled secondary antibody revealed that VP53A was distributed on the viral envelope. In order to further explore the link between WSSV067 and host proteins, we performed a yeast 2-hybrid screening of a Penaeus monodon cDNA library, using WSSV067C as bait. One of the molecules that specifically interacted with WSSV067C was the P. monodon chitin-binding protein (PmCBP). An in vitro binding assay showed that c-myc-WSSV067C was capable of co-precipitating HA-PmCBP-C. Furthermore, PmCBP was expressed in almost all organs but appeared to be up-regulated at the late stage of WSSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang HC, Wang HC, Leu JH, Kou GH, Wang AHJ, Lo CF. Protein expression profiling of the shrimp cellular response to white spot syndrome virus infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2007; 31:672-86. [PMID: 17188354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the pathogenesis of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and to determine which cell pathways might be affected after WSSV infection, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to produce protein expression profiles from samples taken at 48 h post-infection (hpi) from the stomachs of Litopenaeus vannamei (also called Penaeus vannamei) that were either specific pathogen free or else infected with WSSV. Seventy-five protein spots that consistently showed either a marked change (>50%) in accumulated levels or else were highly expressed throughout the course of WSSV infection were selected for further study. After in-gel trypsin digestion followed by LC-nanoESI-MS/MS, bioinformatics databases were searched for matches. A total of 53 proteins were identified, with functions that included energy production, calcium homeostasis, nucleic acid synthesis, signaling/communication, oxygen carrier/transportation, and SUMO-related modification. 2-DE results were shown to be consistent with relative EST database data from a previously developed EST database of two Penaeus monodon cDNA libraries. For seven selected genes, 2-DE and EST data were also compared with transcriptional time-course RT-PCR data. This study is the first global analysis of differentially expressed proteins in WSSV-infected shrimp, and in addition to increasing our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this virus-associated shrimp disease, the results presented here should be useful both for identifying potential biomarkers and for developing antiviral measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wei KQ. [Influence of white spot syndrome virus envelope protein Vp28 expressed in silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae on immune response in Procambarus clarkii]. Fen Zi Xi Bao Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2006; 39:527-36. [PMID: 17348205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae infected with recombinant baculovirus HyNPV-Vp28 were made vaccine,which was mixed with feed at a ratio of 2% (w/w). Procambarus clarkii were orally administered. The results of immune analysis showed that the phagocytic percent and phagocytic index of hemocytes increased significantly when compared the rVp28 treatment with control treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with control groups,the antibiotic activity, bacteriolytic activity and activities of phenoloxidase, superoxide peroxidation in serum in the rVp28 group were greatly increased (P < 0.05). The activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in serum and hepatopancrease tissues in rVp28 treatment were significantly higher than control treatments (P < 0.05). Vaccination with rVp28 showed that the cumulative survival,compared with control treatments, was significantly higher (P < 0.05). An oral challenge on the 35th day post-vaccination was followed,PRP values were then 64.29% and 58.33%, respectively. The epidermal cells of stomach, midgut, hepatopancreas, gill and epithelial tissue of moribund crayfishes were histologically characterized by hypertrophied nuclei and highly stained cells, but there was normal structure in the survivors-vaccinated after WSSV challenge. WSSV DNA was detected by PCR and Dot-blot with DIG-labeled DNA probe. The positive results were observed in stomach, hepatopancreas and gut of the moribund crayfishes and survivors in control groups, while negative reaction was observed in the tissues of survivors in rVp28 group. Vp28 expressed in silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae played a role in improving the immune function of crayfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Qiang Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) virions were purified from the tissues of infected Procambarus clarkii (crayfish) isolates. Pure WSSV preparations were subjected to Triton X-100 treatment to separate into the envelope and nucleocapsid fractions, which were subsequently separated by 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major envelope and nucleocapsid proteins were identified by either matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry or defined antibody. A total of 30 structural proteins of WSSV were identified in this study; 22 of these were detected in the envelope fraction, 7 in the nucleocapsid fraction, and 1 in both the envelope and the nucleocapsid fractions. With the aid of specific antibodies, the localizations of eight proteins were further studied. The analysis of posttranslational modifications revealed that none of the WSSV structural proteins was glycosylated and that VP28 and VP19 were threonine phosphorylated. In addition, far-Western and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that VP28 interacted with both VP26 and VP24. In summary, the data obtained in this study should provide an important reference for future molecular studies of WSSV morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xixian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, 178 Daxue Rd., Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Marks H, Ren XY, Sandbrink H, van Hulten MCW, Vlak JM. In silico identification of putative promoter motifs of White Spot Syndrome Virus. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:309. [PMID: 16784526 PMCID: PMC1550435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background White Spot Syndrome Virus, a member of the virus family Nimaviridae, is a large dsDNA virus infecting shrimp and other crustacean species. Although limited information is available on the mode of transcription, previous data suggest that WSSV gene expression occurs in a coordinated and cascaded fashion. To search in silico for conserved promoter motifs (i) the abundance of all 4 through 8 nucleotide motifs in the upstream sequences of WSSV genes relative to the complete genome was determined, and (ii) a MEME search was performed in the upstream sequences of either early or late WSSV genes, as assigned by microarray analysis. Both methods were validated by alignments of empirically determined 5' ends of various WSSV mRNAs. Results The collective information shows that the upstream region of early WSSV genes, containing a TATA box and an initiator, is similar to Drosophila RNA polymerase II core promoter sequences, suggesting utilization of the cellular transcription machinery for generating early transcripts. The alignment of the 5' ends of known well-established late genes, including all major structural protein genes, identified a degenerate motif (ATNAC) which could be involved in WSSV late transcription. For these genes, only one contained a functional TATA box. However, almost half of the WSSV late genes, as previously assigned by microarray analysis, did contain a TATA box in their upstream region. Conclusion The data may suggest the presence of two separate classes of late WSSV genes, one exploiting the cellular RNA polymerase II system for mRNA synthesis and the other generating messengers by a new virus-induced transcription mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Marks
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NCMLS/Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Molecular Biology, Geert Grooteplein 26/28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin-Ying Ren
- Plant Research International, Postbus 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Sandbrink
- Plant Research International, Postbus 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle CW van Hulten
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia 4067, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tsai JM, Wang HC, Leu JH, Wang AHJ, Zhuang Y, Walker PJ, Kou GH, Lo CF. Identification of the nucleocapsid, tegument, and envelope proteins of the shrimp white spot syndrome virus virion. J Virol 2006; 80:3021-9. [PMID: 16501111 PMCID: PMC1395449 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.3021-3029.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein components of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) virion have been well established by proteomic methods, and at least 39 structural proteins are currently known. However, several details of the virus structure and assembly remain controversial, including the role of one of the major structural proteins, VP26. In this study, Triton X-100 was used in combination with various concentrations of NaCl to separate intact WSSV virions into distinct fractions such that each fraction contained envelope and tegument proteins, tegument and nucleocapsid proteins, or nucleocapsid proteins only. From the protein profiles and Western blotting results, VP26, VP36A, VP39A, and VP95 were all identified as tegument proteins distinct from the envelope proteins (VP19, VP28, VP31, VP36B, VP38A, VP51B, VP53A) and nucleocapsid proteins (VP664, VP51C, VP60B, VP15). We also found that VP15 dissociated from the nucleocapsid at high salt concentrations, even though DNA was still present. These results were confirmed by CsCl isopycnic centrifugation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, by a trypsin sensitivity assay, and by an immunogold assay. Finally, we propose an assembly process for the WSSV virion.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrifugation, Isopycnic
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/metabolism
- Octoxynol
- Penaeidae/virology
- Sodium Chloride
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Viral Structural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Structural Proteins/classification
- Viral Structural Proteins/metabolism
- Virion/metabolism
- Virion/ultrastructure
- White spot syndrome virus 1/metabolism
- White spot syndrome virus 1/ultrastructure
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Tsai
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which results in devastating losses to the shrimp farming industry around the world. However, the mechanism of virus entry and spread into the shrimp cells is unknown. A binding assay in vitro demonstrated VP28-EGFP (envelope protein VP28 fused with enhanced green fluorescence protein) binding to shrimp cells. This provides direct evidence that VP28-EGFP can bind to shrimp cells at pH 6.0 within 0.5 h. However, the protein was observed to enter the cytoplasm 3 h post-adsorption. Meanwhile, the plaque inhibition test showed that the polyclonal antibody against VP28 (a major envelope protein of WSSV) could neutralize the WSSV and block an infection with the virus. The result of competition ELISA further confirmed that the envelope protein VP28 could compete with WSSV to bind to shrimp cells. Overall, VP28 of the WSSV can bind to shrimp cells as an attachment protein, and can help the virus enter the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yi
- Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China, 430072
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liang Y, Huang J, Song XL, Zhang PJ, Xu HS. Four viral proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) that attach to shrimp cell membranes. Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 66:81-5. [PMID: 16175970 DOI: 10.3354/dao066081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major shrimp pathogen that has a widespread negative affect on shrimp production in Asia and the Americas. It is known that WSSV infects shrimp cells through viral attachment proteins (VAP) that bind with shrimp cell receptors. However, the identity of both WSSV VAP and shrimp cell receptors remains unclear. We used digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled shrimp hemocyte and gill cell membranes to bind to WSSV proteins immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes, and 4 putative WSSV VAP (37 kDa, 39 kDa and 2 above 97 kDa) were identified. Mass spectrometric analysis identified the 37 kDa putative VAP as the product of WSSV gene VP281.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus, type species of the genus Whispovirus in the family Nimaviridae, is a large, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that infects crustaceans. The genome of the completely sequenced isolate WSSV-TH encodes 184 putative open reading frames (ORFs), the functions of which are largely unknown. To study the transcription of these ORFs, a DNA microarray was constructed, containing probes corresponding to nearly all putative WSSV-TH ORFs. Transcripts of 79 % of these ORFs could be detected in the gills of WSSV-infected shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Clustering of the transcription profiles of the individual genes during infection showed two major classes of genes: the first class reached maximal expression at 20 h post-infection (p.i.) (putative early) and the other class at 2 days p.i. (putative late). Nearly all major and minor structural virion-protein genes clustered in the latter group. These data provide evidence that, similar to other large, dsDNA viruses, the WSSV genes at large are expressed in a coordinated and cascaded fashion. Furthermore, the transcriptomes of the WSSV isolates WSSV-TH and TH-96-II, which have differential virulence, were compared at 2 days p.i. The TH-96-II genome encodes 10 ORFs that are not present in WSSV-TH, of which at least seven were expressed in P. monodon as well as in crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus), suggesting a functional but not essential role for these genes during infection. Expression levels of most other ORFs shared by both isolates were similar. Evaluation of transcription profiles by using a genome-wide approach provides a better understanding of WSSV transcription regulation and a new tool to study WSSV gene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Marks
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Vorst
- Plant Research International, Postbus 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariëlle C W van Hulten
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|