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Queiroz VF, Tatara JM, Botelho BB, Rodrigues RAL, Almeida GMDF, Abrahao JS. The consequences of viral infection on protists. Commun Biol 2024; 7:306. [PMID: 38462656 PMCID: PMC10925606 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protists encompass a vast widely distributed group of organisms, surpassing the diversity observed in metazoans. Their diverse ecological niches and life forms are intriguing characteristics that render them valuable subjects for in-depth cell biology studies. Throughout history, viruses have played a pivotal role in elucidating complex cellular processes, particularly in the context of cellular responses to viral infections. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the cellular alterations that are triggered in specific hosts following different viral infections and explore intricate biological interactions observed in experimental conditions using different host-pathogen groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fulgencio Queiroz
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Miranda Tatara
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bruna Barbosa Botelho
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Magno de Freitas Almeida
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jonatas Santos Abrahao
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Greigert V, Saraav I, Son J, Zhu Y, Dayao D, Antia A, Tzipori S, Witola WH, Stappenbeck TS, Ding S, Sibley LD. Cryptosporidium infection of human small intestinal epithelial cells induces type III interferon and impairs infectivity of Rotavirus. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2297897. [PMID: 38189373 PMCID: PMC10793699 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2297897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants from resource poor settings. The majority of infections are caused by the human-specific pathogen C. hominis and absence of in vitro growth platforms has limited our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and development of effective treatments. To address this problem, we developed a stem cell-derived culture system for C. hominis using human enterocytes differentiated under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Human ALI cultures supported robust growth and complete development of C. hominis in vitro including all life cycle stages. Cryptosporidium infection induced a strong interferon response from enterocytes, possibly driven, in part, by an endogenous dsRNA virus in the parasite. Prior infection with Cryptosporidium induced type III IFN secretion and consequently blunted infection with Rotavirus, including live attenuated vaccine strains. The development of hALI provides a platform for further studies on human-specific pathogens, including clinically important coinfections that may alter vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Greigert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iti Saraav
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Denise Dayao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Sun A, Zhao L, Sun Y, Chen Y, Li C, Dong W, Yang G. Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of a Mycovirus Closely Related to the Partitivirus RhsV717 That Confers Hypovirulence in Rhizoctonia solani. Viruses 2023; 15:2088. [PMID: 37896865 PMCID: PMC10611285 DOI: 10.3390/v15102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani virus717 (RhsV717) was isolated from the Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) AG-2 strain Rhs717. This study isolated a virus designated as Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus BS-5 (RsPV-BS5) from the R. solani AG-3 strain BS-5, the causal agent of tobacco target spot disease. The virus was identified as a strain of RhsV717. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that RsPV-BS5 had virus particles with a diameter of approximately 40 nm. Importantly, it can be horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis and vertically transmitted via sexual basidiospores. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that RsPV-BS5 infection significantly impedes mycelial growth and induces hypovirulence in tobacco leaves. Thus, RsPV-BS5 presents a promising avenue for biocontrolling tobacco target spot disease. Transcriptome analysis unveiled differential expression of four genes related to cell wall-degrading enzymes between two isogenic strains, 06-2-15V and 06-2-15. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism through which RsPV-BS5 reduces host pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Lianjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Yingrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Wenhan Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Genhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (A.S.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.L.)
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Greigert V, Saraav I, Son J, Dayao D, Antia A, Tzipori S, Witola WH, Stappenbeck TS, Ding S, Sibley LD. Cryptosporidium infection of human small intestinal epithelial cells induces type III interferon and impairs infectivity of Rotavirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555581. [PMID: 37693422 PMCID: PMC10491271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of severe diarrheal disease in infants from resource poor settings. The majority of infections are caused by the human-specific pathogen C. hominis and absence of in vitro growth platforms has limited our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and development of effective treatments. To address this problem, we developed a stem cell-derived culture system for C. hominis using human enterocytes differentiated under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Human ALI cultures supported robust growth and complete development of C. hominis in vitro including all life cycle stages. C. hominis infection induced a strong interferon response from enterocytes, likely driven by an endogenous dsRNA virus in the parasite. Prior infection with Cryptosporidium induced type III IFN secretion and consequently blunted infection with Rotavirus, including live attenuated vaccine strains. The development of hALI provides a platform for further studies on human-specific pathogens, including clinically important coinfections that may alter vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Greigert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Iti Saraav
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Denise Dayao
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Saul Tzipori
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Khan HA, Mukhtar M, Bhatti MF. Mycovirus-induced hypovirulence in notorious fungi Sclerotinia: a comprehensive review. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1459-1478. [PMID: 37523037 PMCID: PMC10485235 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Sclerotinia are notorious plant pathogens with a diverse host range that includes many important crops. A huge number of mycoviruses have been identified in this genus; some of these viruses are reported to have a hypovirulent effect on the fitness of their fungal hosts. These mycoviruses are important to researchers from a biocontrol perspective which was first implemented against fungal diseases in 1990. In this review, we have presented the data of all hypovirulent mycoviruses infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates. The data of hypovirulent mycoviruses ranges from 1992 to 2023. Currently, mycoviruses belonging to 17 different families, including (+) ssRNA, (-ssRNA), dsRNA, and ssDNA viruses, have been reported from this genus. Advances in studies had shown a changed expression of certain host genes (responsible for cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, repair pathways, ubiquitin proteolysis, gene silencing, methylation, pathogenesis-related, sclerotial development, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxalic acid biosynthesis) during the course of mycoviral infection, which were termed differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Together, research on fungal viruses and hypovirulence in Sclerotinia species can deepen our understanding of the cellular processes that affect how virulence manifests in these phytopathogenic fungi and increase the potential of mycoviruses as a distinct mode of biological control. Furthermore, the gathered data can also be used for in-silico analysis, which includes finding the signature sites [e.g., hypovirus papain-like protease (HPP) domain, "CCHH" motif, specific stem-loop structures, p29 motif as in CHV1, A-rich sequence, CA-rich sequences as in MoV1, GCU motif as in RnMBV1, Core motifs in hypovirus-associated RNA elements (HAREs) as in CHV1] that are possibly responsible for hypovirulence in mycoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Ahmed Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Punjab, 42200, Pakistan.
| | - Mamuna Mukhtar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Adjou KT, Chevillot A, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Louifi H, Arab R, Mammeri M, Thomas M, Polack B, Karadjian G, Dheilly NM. First identification of Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1) in various subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum from diarrheic calves, lambs and goat kids from France. Vet Res 2023; 54:66. [PMID: 37608341 PMCID: PMC10464362 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. remain a major cause of waterborne diarrhea and illness in developing countries and represent a significant burden to farmers worldwide. Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1), of the genus Cryspovirus, was first reported to be present in the cytoplasm of C. parvum in 1997. Full-length genome sequences have been obtained from C. parvum from Iowa (Iowa), Kansas (KSU) and China. We aimed at characterizing the genome of CSpV1 from France and used sequence analysis from Cryptosporidium isolates to explore whether CSpV1 genome diversity varies over time, with geographical sampling location, C. parvum genetic diversity, or ruminant host species. A total of 123 fecal samples of cattle, sheep and goats were collected from 17 different French departments (57 diseased animal fecal samples and 66 healthy animal fecal samples). Subtyping analysis of the C. parvum isolates revealed the presence of two zoonotic subtype families IIa and IId. Sequence analysis of CSpV1 revealed that all CSpV1 from France, regardless of the subtype of C. parvum (IIaA15G2R1, IIaA17G2R1 and IIdA18G1R1) are more closely related to CSpV1 from Turkey, and cluster on a distinct branch from CSpV1 collected from C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 from Asia and North America. We also found that samples collected on a given year or successive years in a given location are more likely to host the same subtype of C. parvum and the same CSpV1 strain. Yet, there is no distinct clustering of CSpV1 per French department or ruminants, probably due to trade, and transmission of C. parvum among host species. Our results point towards (i) a close association between CSpV1 movement and C. parvum movement, (ii) recent migrations of C. parvum among distantly located departments and (iii) incidental transmission of C. parvum between ruminants. All together, these results provide insightful information regarding CSpV1 evolution and suggest the virus might be used as an epidemiological tracer for C. parvum. Future studies need to investigate CSpV1's role in C. parvum virulence and on subtype ability to infect different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Tarik Adjou
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Aurélie Chevillot
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique virale et biosécurité, ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique virale et biosécurité, ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Ploufragan, France
| | - Houria Louifi
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Razika Arab
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mohamed Mammeri
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Myriam Thomas
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Anses, INRAE, UMR BIPAR, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- Anses Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, Anses, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Graham ML, Li M, Gong AY, Deng S, Jin K, Wang S, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium parvum hijacks a host's long noncoding RNA U90926 to evade intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205468. [PMID: 37346046 PMCID: PMC10280636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces in humans. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. The intestinal epithelial cells provide the first line of defense against Cryptosporidium infection and play a central role in activating and regulating the host's antiparasitic response. Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in host-pathogen interactions and play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of diseases but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We previously identified a panel of host lncRNAs that are upregulated in murine intestinal epithelial cells following Cryptosporidium infection, including U90926. We demonstrate here that U90926 is acting in a pro-parasitic manner in regulating intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Inhibition of U90926 resulted in a decreased infection burden of the parasite while overexpression of U90926 showed an increase in infection burden in cultured murine intestinal epithelial cells. Induction of U90926 suppressed transcription of epithelial defense genes involved in controlling Cryptosporidium infection through epigenetic mechanisms. Specifically, transcription of Aebp1, which encodes the Aebp1 protein, a potent modulator of inflammation and NF-κB signaling, was suppressed by U90926. Gain- or loss-of-function of Aebp1 in the host's epithelial cells caused reciprocal alterations in the infection burden of the parasite. Interestingly, Cryptosporidium carries the Cryptosporidium virus 1 (CSpV1), a double-stranded (ds) RNA virus coding two dsRNA fragments, CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA. Both CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA can be delivered into infected cells as previously reported. We found that cells transfected with in vitro transcribed CSpV1-dsCA or CSpV1-dsRdRp displayed an increased level of U90926, suggesting that CSpV1 is involved in the upregulation of U90926 during Cryptosporidium infection. Our study highlights a new strategy by Cryptosporidium to hijack a host lncRNA to suppress epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense and allow for a robust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kehua Jin
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Zhang F, Su X, Zhang S, Wang M, Wang T, Zheng X, Wu K, Zheng K, Zhang Z. Genomic characterization and seed transmission of a novel unclassified partitivirus infecting Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16719. [PMID: 37303532 PMCID: PMC10248264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified a novel virus in the family Partitiviridae infecting Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl, which is tentatively named polygonatum kingianum cryptic virus 1 (PKCV1). PKCV1 genome has two RNA segments: dsRNA1 (1926 bp) has an open reading frame (ORF) encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 581 amino acids (aa), and dsRNA2 (1721 bp) has an ORF encoding a capsid protein (CP) of 495 aa. The RdRp of PKCV1 shares 20.70-82.50% aa identity with known partitiviruses, and the CP of PKCV1 shares 10.70-70.80% aa identity with known partitiviruses. Moreover, PKCV1 phylogenetically clustered with unclassified members of the Partitiviridae family. Additionally, PKCV1 is common in P. kingianum planting regions and has a high infection rate in P. kingianum seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Su
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Shaozhi Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Maosen Wang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Kuo Wu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Kuanyu Zheng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, PR China
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Taggart NT, Crabtree AM, Creagh JW, Bizarria R, Li S, de la Higuera I, Barnes JE, Shipley MA, Boyer JM, Stedman KM, Ytreberg FM, Rowley PA. Novel viruses of the family Partitiviridae discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011418. [PMID: 37285383 PMCID: PMC10281585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 49 years since the last discovery of a new virus family in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A large-scale screen to determine the diversity of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses in S. cerevisiae has identified multiple novel viruses from the family Partitiviridae that have been previously shown to infect plants, fungi, protozoans, and insects. Most S. cerevisiae partitiviruses (ScPVs) are associated with strains of yeasts isolated from coffee and cacao beans. The presence of partitiviruses was confirmed by sequencing the viral dsRNAs and purifying and visualizing isometric, non-enveloped viral particles. ScPVs have a typical bipartite genome encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and a coat protein (CP). Phylogenetic analysis of ScPVs identified three species of ScPV, which are most closely related to viruses of the genus Cryspovirus from the mammalian pathogenic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum. Molecular modeling of the ScPV RdRP revealed a conserved tertiary structure and catalytic site organization when compared to the RdRPs of the Picornaviridae. The ScPV CP is the smallest so far identified in the Partitiviridae and has structural homology with the CP of other partitiviruses but likely lacks a protrusion domain that is a conspicuous feature of other partitivirus particles. ScPVs were stably maintained during laboratory growth and were successfully transferred to haploid progeny after sporulation, which provides future opportunities to study partitivirus-host interactions using the powerful genetic tools available for the model organism S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Taggart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Angela M Crabtree
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Jack W Creagh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Bizarria
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shunji Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Ignacio de la Higuera
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E Barnes
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Mason A Shipley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Josephine M Boyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M Stedman
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - F Marty Ytreberg
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Paul A Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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10
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Deng S, He W, Gong AY, Li M, Wang Y, Xia Z, Zhang XT, Huang Pacheco AS, Naqib A, Jenkins M, Swanson PC, Drescher KM, Strauss-Soukup JK, Belshan M, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium uses CSpV1 to activate host type I interferon and attenuate antiparasitic defenses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1456. [PMID: 36928642 PMCID: PMC10020566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infects gastrointestinal epithelium and is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. There are no vaccines and no fully effective therapy available for the infection. Type II and III interferon (IFN) responses are important determinants of susceptibility to infection but the role for type I IFN response remains obscure. Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus harbored by Cryptosporidium spp. Here we show that intestinal epithelial conditional Ifnar1-/- mice (deficient in type I IFN receptor) are resistant to C. parvum infection. CSpV1-dsRNAs are delivered into host cells and trigger type I IFN response in infected cells. Whereas C. parvum infection attenuates epithelial response to IFN-γ, loss of type I IFN signaling or inhibition of CSpV1-dsRNA delivery can restore IFN-γ-mediated protective response. Our findings demonstrate that type I IFN signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is detrimental to intestinal anti-C. parvum defense and Cryptosporidium uses CSpV1 to activate type I IFN signaling to evade epithelial antiparasitic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wei He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Zijie Xia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xin-Tiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrew S Huang Pacheco
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Patrick C Swanson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Juliane K Strauss-Soukup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Creighton University College of Arts and Sciences, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
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11
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Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa. mBio 2023; 14:e0264222. [PMID: 36633419 PMCID: PMC9973342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02642-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infections affect human and animal health significantly and contribute to a major burden on the global economy. Parasitic protozoan viruses (PPVs) affect the protozoan parasites' morphology, phenotypes, pathogenicity, and growth rates. This discovery provides an opportunity to develop a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy for parasitic protozoan diseases (PPDs). Currently, there is greater awareness regarding PPVs; however, knowledge of viruses and their associations with host diseases remains limited. Parasite-host interactions become more complex owing to PPVs; however, few studies have investigated underlying viral regulatory mechanisms in parasites. In this study, we reviewed relevant studies to identify studies that investigated PPV development and life cycles, the triangular association between viruses, parasites, and hosts, and the effects of viruses on protozoan pathogenicity. This study highlights that viruses can alter parasite biology, and viral infection of parasites may exacerbate the adverse effects of virus-containing parasites on hosts or reduce parasite virulence. PPVs should be considered in the prevention of parasitic epidemics and outbreaks, although their effects on the host and the complexity of the triangular association between PPVs, protozoans, and hosts remain unclear. IMPORTANCE PPVs-based regulation of parasitic protozoa can provide a theoretical basis and direction for PPD prevention and control, although PPVs and PPV regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we investigated the differences between PPVs and the unique properties of each virus regarding virus discovery, structures, and life cycles, focused on the Trichomonas vaginalis virus, Giardia lamblia virus, Leishmania RNA virus, and the Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. The triangular association between PPVs, parasitic protozoa, and hosts reveals the "double-edged sword" property of PPVs, which maintains a balance between parasitic protozoa and hosts in both positive and negative respects. These studies discuss the complexity of parasitic protozoa and their co-existence with hosts and suggest novel pathways for using PPVs as tools to gain a deeper understanding of protozoal infection and treatment.
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12
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Keeler EL, Merenstein C, Reddy S, Taylor LJ, Cobián-Güemes AG, Zankharia U, Collman RG, Bushman FD. Widespread, human-associated redondoviruses infect the commensal protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:58-68.e5. [PMID: 36459997 PMCID: PMC9969835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Redondoviruses are circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS) viruses of high prevalence in healthy humans. Redondovirus abundance is increased in oro-respiratory samples from individuals with periodontitis, acute illness, and severe COVID-19. We investigated potential host cells supporting redondovirus replication in oro-respiratory samples and uncovered the oral amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis as a likely host. Redondoviruses are closely related to viruses of Entamoeba and contain reduced GC nucleotide content, consistent with Entamoeba hosts. Redondovirus and E. gingivalis co-occur in metagenomic data from oral disease and healthy human cohorts. When grown in xenic cultures with feeder bacteria, E. gingivalis was robustly positive for redondovirus RNA and DNA. A DNA proximity-ligation assay (Hi-C) on xenic culture cells showed enriched cross-linking of redondovirus and Entamoeba DNA, supporting E. gingivalis as the redondovirus host. While bacteria are established hosts for bacteriophages within the human virome, this work shows that eukaryotic commensals also contribute an abundant human-associated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Keeler
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carter Merenstein
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shantan Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Louis J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana G Cobián-Güemes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Urvi Zankharia
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Xie FL, Zhou XY, Xiao R, Zhang CJ, Zhong J, Zhou Q, Liu F, Zhu HJ. Discovery and exploration of widespread infection of mycoviruses in Phomopsis vexans, the causal agent of phomopsis blight of eggplant in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:996862. [PMID: 36438156 PMCID: PMC9685175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.996862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phomopsis vexans, which causes Phomopsis blight of eggplant, has been reported worldwide. To study the biocontrol of this disease, 162 leaf and fruit samples of eggplant Phomopsis blight were collected from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Anhui Provinces from 2017 to 2019. Eighty-seven pathogenic fungus isolates were identified as P. vexans. The following studies were conducted: screening of sporulation medium, spore morphology analysis, mycovirus detection and identification of novel mycoviruses in these isolates. The results showed that eggplant tissue medium was the most suitable medium for rapid sporulation, and all isolates had mycoviruses consisting of mainly mixed infections. The genome of these mycoviruses varied from 1-15 kb. Five novel mycoviruses infecting P. vexans were obtained, including "Phomopsis vexans fusarivirus 1" (PvFV1), "Phomopsis vexans ourmia-like virus 1" (PvOLV1), "Phomopsis vexans endornavirus 2" (PvEV2), "Phomopsis vexans partitivirus 1" (PvPV1) and "Phomopsis vexans victorivirus L1" (PvVVL1). Thus, PvVVL1 displays a unique genome structure, and this is the first report of a victorivirus consisting of two segments and of a deltapartitivirus infecting the fungus host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ling Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Yu Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Jun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jian Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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14
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Molecular Detection of Southern Tomato Amalgavirus Prevalent in Tomatoes and Its Genomic Characterization with Global Evolutionary Dynamics. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112481. [PMID: 36366579 PMCID: PMC9693158 DOI: 10.3390/v14112481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern tomato amalgavirus (STV) is a cryptic pathogen that is abundant in tomato production fields and intensifies the resurgence of tomato yellow stunt disease (ToYSD), together with other phytoviruses. Here, we mapped the geographical and genomic diversity, phylogenetics, and evolutionary dynamics of STV. We found that STV prevailed across China and Pakistan, with a maximum average rate of infection of 43.19% in Beijing, China, and 40.08% in Punjab, Pakistan. Subsequently, we amplified, cloned, and annotated the complete genome sequences of STV isolates from Solanum lycopersicum L. in China (OP548653 and OP548652) and Pakistan (MT066231) using Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These STV isolates displayed close evolutionary relationships with others from Asia, America, and Europe. Whole-genome-based molecular diversity analysis showed that STV populations had 33 haplotypes with a gene diversity (Hd) of 0.977 and a nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.00404. The genetic variability of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) was higher than that of the putative coat protein (CP) p42. Further analysis revealed that STV isolates were likely to be recombinant but with a lower-to-moderate level of confidence. With a variable distribution pattern of positively and negatively selected sites, negative selection pressure predominantly acted on p42 and RdRp. These findings elaborated on the molecular variability and evolutionary trends among STV populations across major tomato-producing regions of the world.
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15
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Diverse RNA Viruses Associated with Diatom, Eustigmatophyte, Dinoflagellate, and Rhodophyte Microalgae Cultures. J Virol 2022; 96:e0078322. [PMID: 36190242 PMCID: PMC9599419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00783-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular microalgae are of immense ecological importance with growing commercial potential in industries such as renewable energy, food, and pharmacology. Viral infections can have a profound impact on the growth and evolution of their hosts. However, very little is known of the diversity within, and the effect of, unicellular microalgal RNA viruses. In addition, identifying RNA viruses in these organisms that could have originated more than a billion years ago constitutes a robust data set to dissect molecular events and address fundamental questions in virus evolution. We assessed the diversity of RNA viruses in eight microalgal cultures, including representatives from the diatom, eustigmatophyte, dinoflagellate, red algae, and euglenid groups. Using metatranscriptomic sequencing combined with bioinformatic approaches optimized to detect highly divergent RNA viruses, we identified 10 RNA virus sequences, with nine constituting new viral species. Most of the newly identified RNA viruses belonged to the double-stranded Totiviridae, Endornaviridae, and Partitiviridae, greatly expanding the reported host range for these families. Two new species belonging to the single-stranded RNA viral clade Marnaviridae, commonly associated with microalgal hosts, were also identified. This study highlights that a substantial diversity of RNA viruses likely exists undetected within the unicellular microalgae. It also highlights the necessity for RNA viral characterization and for investigation of the effects of viral infections on microalgal physiology, biology, and growth, considering their environmental and industrial roles. IMPORTANCE Our knowledge of the diversity of RNA viruses infecting microbial algae-the microalgae-is minimal. However, describing the RNA viruses infecting these organisms is of primary importance at both the ecological and economic scales because of the fundamental roles these organisms play in aquatic environments and their growing value across a range of industrial fields. Using metatranscriptomic sequencing, we aimed to reveal the RNA viruses present in cultures of eight microalgae species belonging to the diatom, dinoflagellate, eustigmatophyte, rhodophyte, and euglena major clades of algae. Accordingly, we identified 10 new divergent RNA virus species belonging to RNA virus families as diverse as the double-stranded Totiviridae, Endornaviridae, and Partitiviridae and the single-stranded Marnaviridae. By expanding the known diversity of RNA viruses infecting unicellular eukaryotes, this study contributes to a better understanding of the early evolution of the virosphere and will inform the use of microalgae in industrial applications.
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16
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Chen X, Yu Z, Sun Y, Yang M, Jiang N. Molecular characterization of a novel partitivirus isolated from Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:978075. [PMID: 36204602 PMCID: PMC9531756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.978075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a widely distributed plant pathogen that can damage many crops. Here, we identified a novel mycovirus tentatively named Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 433 (RsPV433) from an R. solani (AG-3) strain which caused tobacco target spot disease on flue-cured tobacco. RsPV433 was consisted of two dsRNA segments with lengths of 2450 and 2273 bp, which encoded an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a coat protein, respectively. BLASTP results of RsPV433 showed that the closest relative of RsPV433 was Sarcosphaera coronaria partitivirus (QLC36830.1), with an identity of 60.85% on the RdRp amino sequence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that RsPV433 belonged to the Betapartitivirus genus in the Partitiviridae family. The virus transmission experiment revealed that RsPV433 can be transmitted horizontally. We further tested the biological effect of RsPV433 on R. solani strains and found that the RsPV433-infected R. solani strain grew slower than the RsPV433-free strain on the PDA medium and RsPV433 seemed to have no obvious impact on the lesion inducing ability of R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhaoyao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Agronomic Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Jiang
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17
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Santos HLC, Rebello KM. An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860442. [PMID: 35548465 PMCID: PMC9084232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections caused by protozoans that infect the mucosal surfaces are widely neglected worldwide. Collectively, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis infect more than a billion people in the world, being a public health problem mainly in developing countries. However, the exact incidence and prevalence data depend on the population examined. These parasites ultimately cause pathologies that culminate in liver abscesses, malabsorption syndrome, vaginitis, and urethritis, respectively. Despite this, the antimicrobial agents currently used to treat these diseases are limited and often associated with adverse side effects and refractory cases due to the development of resistant parasites. The paucity of drug treatments, absence of vaccines and increasing problems of drug resistance are major concerns for their control and eradication. Herein, potential candidates are reviewed with the overall aim of determining the knowledge gaps and suggest future perspectives for research. This review focuses on this public health problem and focuses on the progress of drug repositioning as a potential strategy for the treatment of mucosal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lucia Carneiro Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Ong SC, Cheng WH, Ku FM, Tsai CY, Huang PJ, Lee CC, Yeh YM, Rada P, Hrdý I, Narayanasamy RK, Smutná T, Lin R, Luo HW, Chiu CH, Tachezy J, Tang P. Identification of Endosymbiotic Virus in Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Trichomonas vaginalis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030531. [PMID: 35328084 PMCID: PMC8951798 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that the endosymbiotic Trichomonasvirus (TVV) may play a role in the pathogenesis and drug susceptibility of Trichomonas vaginalis. Several reports have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from TVV-positive (TVV+) trichomonads can modulate the immune response in human vaginal epithelial cells and animal models. These results prompted us to examine whether EVs released from TVV+ isolates contained TVV. We isolated small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from six T. vaginalis isolates that were either TVV free (ATCC 50143), harbored a single (ATCC 30236, ATCC 30238, T1), two (ATCC PRA-98), or three TVV subspecies (ATCC 50148). The presence of TVV subspecies in the six isolates was observed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of cup-shaped sEVs with a size range from 30–150 nm. Trichomonas vaginalis tetraspanin (TvTSP1; TVAG_019180), the classical exosome marker, was identified in all the sEV preparations. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that all the sEVs isolated from TVV+ isolates contain viral capsid proteins derived from the same TVV subspecies in that isolate as demonstrated by RT-PCR. To provide more comprehensive information on the TVV subspecies population in other T. vaginalis isolates, we investigated the distribution of TVV subspecies in twenty-four isolates by mining the New-Generation Sequencing (NGS) RNAseq datasets. Our results should be beneficial for future studies investigating the role of TVV on the pathogenicity of T. vaginalis and the possible transmission of virus subspecies among different isolates via sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seow-Chin Ong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (F.-M.K.); (C.-Y.T.); (R.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Wei-Hung Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Man Ku
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (F.-M.K.); (C.-Y.T.); (R.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Chih-Yu Tsai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (F.-M.K.); (C.-Y.T.); (R.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-M.Y.)
| | - Chi-Ching Lee
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-M.Y.)
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Yeh
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (Y.-M.Y.)
| | - Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.R.); (I.H.); (R.K.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.R.); (I.H.); (R.K.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Ravi Kumar Narayanasamy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.R.); (I.H.); (R.K.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Tamara Smutná
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.R.); (I.H.); (R.K.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Rose Lin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (F.-M.K.); (C.-Y.T.); (R.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Hong-Wei Luo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (F.-M.K.); (C.-Y.T.); (R.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (P.R.); (I.H.); (R.K.N.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Petrus Tang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-C.O.); (F.-M.K.); (C.-Y.T.); (R.L.); (H.-W.L.)
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (P.T.)
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Characterization of a Novel Mycovirus from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020331. [PMID: 35215923 PMCID: PMC8879742 DOI: 10.3390/v14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea is, globally, one of the most economically important phytopathogenic fungi worldwide, causing the canker and dieback of fruit trees. An increasing number of viruses infecting B. dothidea have lately been reported, several of which could confer hypovirulence. In this study, isolated from strain ZM170285-1 of B. dothidea, a novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus, tentatively named Botryosphaeria dothidea partitivirus 2 (BdPV2), was identified well. The BdPV2 harbored three dsRNA segments (1–3) with lengths of 1751, 1568, and 1198 bp, which encoded an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a capsid protein (CP), and a hypothetical protein of unknown function, respectively. BLASTp searches revealed that the predicted protein sequences of dsRNA1 and dsRNA2 had the highest identities (74.95% and 61.01%) with the corresponding dsRNAs of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S (PsV-S), whereas dsRNA3 shared the highest identity (32.95%) with the dsRNA3 of Aspergillus ochraceous virus 1 (AoV1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BdPV2 belonged to the Gammapartitivirus genus and Partitiviridae family. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a gammapartitivirus in B. dothidea.
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20
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A novel alphapartitivirus from binucleate Rhizoctonia fumigata AG-Ba isolate C-314 Baishi. Arch Virol 2021; 167:255-259. [PMID: 34761285 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The full-length nucleotide sequence and genome organization of a novel mycovirus designated as "Rhizoctonia fumigata partitivirus 1" (RfPV1) from Rhizoctonia fumigata AG-Ba strain C-314 Baishi was determined. The genome of RfPV1 consists of two double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs): dsRNA1 (2003 bp) and dsRNA2 (1802 bp). Each of the two dsRNAs contains one open reading frame, coding for a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a coat protein, respectively. The 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of both dsRNAs were conserved, and the 3'-UTRs of the two dsRNAs had interrupted poly(A) tails, similar to other partitiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that RfPV1 is a new species in the genus Alphapartitivirus, family Partitiviridae.
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21
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Charon J, Murray S, Holmes EC. Revealing RNA virus diversity and evolution in unicellular algae transcriptomes. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab070. [PMID: 36819971 PMCID: PMC9927876 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably little is known about the diversity and evolution of RNA viruses in unicellular eukaryotes. We screened a total of 570 transcriptomes from the Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project that encompasses a wide diversity of microbial eukaryotes, including most major photosynthetic lineages (i.e. the microalgae). From this, we identified thirty new and divergent RNA virus species, occupying a range of phylogenetic positions within the overall diversity of RNA viruses. Approximately one-third of the newly described viruses comprised single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses from the order Lenarviricota associated with fungi, plants, and protists, while another third were related to the order Ghabrivirales, including members of the protist and fungi-associated Totiviridae. Other viral species showed sequence similarity to positive-sense RNA viruses from the algae-associated Marnaviridae, the double-stranded RNA (ds-RNA) Partitiviridae, as well as tentative evidence for one negative-sense RNA virus related to the Qinviridae. Importantly, we were able to identify divergent RNA viruses from distant host taxa, revealing the ancestry of these viral families and greatly extending our knowledge of the RNA viromes of microalgal cultures. Both the limited number of viruses detected per sample and the low sequence identity to known RNA viruses imply that additional microalgal viruses exist that could not be detected at the current sequencing depth or were too divergent to be identified using sequence similarity. Together, these results highlight the need for further investigation of algal-associated RNA viruses as well as the development of new tools to identify RNA viruses that exhibit very high levels of sequence divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Charon
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shauna Murray
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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22
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High-Throughput Sequencing Indicates Novel Varicosavirus, Emaravirus, and Deltapartitivirus Infections in Vitis coignetiae. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050827. [PMID: 34063722 PMCID: PMC8147796 DOI: 10.3390/v13050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitis coignetiae samples were collected from several locations in the northern area of Japan, and virome analysis using a high-throughput sequencing technique was performed. The data indicated that some of the collected samples were in mixed infections by various RNA viruses. Among these viruses, three were identified as newly recognized species with support of sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis. The viruses have been provisionally named the Vitis varicosavirus, Vitis emaravirus, and Vitis crypticvirus, and were assigned to the genus Varicosavirus, Emaravirus, and Deltapartitivirus, respectively.
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23
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Mahillon M, Decroës A, Caulier S, Tiendrebeogo A, Legrève A, Bragard C. Genomic and biological characterization of a novel partitivirus infecting Fusarium equiseti. Virus Res 2021; 297:198386. [PMID: 33716183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a new mycovirus infecting a strain from the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex. Based on phylogenetic and genomic analyses, this virus belongs to the recently proposed genus "Zetapartitivirus" in the family Partitiviridae. The name "Fusarium equiseti partitivirus 1″ (FePV1) is therefore suggested for this novel viral species. Similar to other partitiviruses, FePV1 genome is composed by two dsRNA segments that exhibit each one large ORF encoding for an RdRp and a CP, respectively. A smaller dsRNA was also detected in infected mycelium and could be a satellite RNA of FePV1. In addition to characterized zetapartitiviruses, other FePV1-related sequences were retrieved from online databases and their significance is discussed. Following conidial isolation, an FePV1-free isogenic line of the fungal host was obtained. In comparison with the original infected strain, this line showed higher growth, biomass production and pathogenicity on tomato, advocating that FePV1 induces hypovirulence on its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mahillon
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alain Decroës
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Simon Caulier
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Assiata Tiendrebeogo
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Natural System, Agrosystem and Environmental Engineering, Phytopathology, Nazi Boni University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Anne Legrève
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology-Phytopathology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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24
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Omarova KG, Aleshina NI, Ponezhevа ZB, Gorelov AV, Maleev VV, Akimkin VG. [Risks of oncologic pathology in parasitosis at the present time]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:82-85. [PMID: 33720610 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of published literature data on the relationship of parasitic diseases and oncogenesis is carried out. Current knowledge about the association of parasitic infections and cancer formation has revealed several carcinogenic mechanisms, but the severity of the relationship between parasites and cancer formation (except for schistosome, opisthorchis and clonorchis) should be confirmed in future experimental and population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - V V Maleev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
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25
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Berber E, Şimşek E, Çanakoğlu N, Sürsal N, Gençay Göksu A. Newly identified Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 from newborn calf diarrhoea in Turkey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2571-2580. [PMID: 33207084 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a common enteric parasite that primarily affects those immunocompromised susceptible individuals and newborns. Detailed investigations have revealed that Cryptosporidium (C.) oocysts contain dsRNA segments which are recently classified under the Partitiviridae family. The relationship between parasite and virus whether or not affect the clinical outcomes of newborn calf diarrhoea is not apparent. The aim of this study was the identification and characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 (CSpV1) from newborn calves. We also aimed to understand that parasite-virus symbiont relationship role in the severity of disease cases. Parasitic screening was performed with the help of morphological examinations, immunoassay and molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. To further identification of C. parvum oocysts, confocal laser, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis were used for the morphological investigations. Software-based in silico comparison and identity analyses were conducted from the CSpV1 genome for the genomic sequence characterizations. Cryptosporidium prevalence was 56.2% in newborn calf diarrhoeal cases. Virus dsRNA segments isolated from purified and clarified oocysts. Sequence results showed that we have successfully isolated CSpV1 from C. parvum oocysts. Virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was found to be highly variable and showed a species-specific relationship with their carriers. We also identified that CSpV1 frequency was around 8.8% from diarrhoea-showing newborn calves. Cryptosporidium was strongly associated with diarrhoea at early ages of newborns, but the parasite and CSpV1 relationship is not associated with the severity of newborn calf diarrhoea. The current study provides the first report and molecular characterization of CSpV1 in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Berber
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emrah Şimşek
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Çanakoğlu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Muğla Sitki Kocman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Sürsal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gençay Göksu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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26
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Zhang CJ, Zhou XY, Zhong J, Guo J, Yang XP, Zhu HJ. Complete nucleotide sequence of a novel partitivirus infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus Phomopsis vexans. Arch Virol 2020; 166:291-294. [PMID: 33057930 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the molecular characterization of a novel partitivirus from Phomopsis vexans strain PvHZ002, a plant-pathogenic fungus infecting eggplant. The virus was designated "Phomopsis vexans partitivirus 1" (PvPV1). PvPV1 contains two dsRNA segments, dsRNA1 and dsRNA2, which are 1,662 bp and 1,628 bp long, respectively. Each segment contains a single open reading frame, putatively encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (dsRNA 1) and capsid protein (dsRNA 2). A homology search and phylogenetic analysis showed that PvPV1 clustered with viruses of the genus Deltapartitivirus of the family Partitiviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jun Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda road 1, Furong district, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xin Yu Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda road 1, Furong district, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda road 1, Furong district, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda road 1, Furong district, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiao Ping Yang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Longping Hi-Tech Park, Furong district, Changsha, 410127, China.
| | - Hong Jian Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda road 1, Furong district, Changsha, 410128, China.
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27
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Barrow P, Dujardin JC, Fasel N, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder K, Lomonossoff G, Fiori PL, Atterbury R, Rossi M, Lalle M. Viruses of protozoan parasites and viral therapy: Is the time now right? Virol J 2020; 17:142. [PMID: 32993724 PMCID: PMC7522927 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by protozoan parasites burden the world with huge costs in terms of human and animal health. Most parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are neglected, particularly those associated with poverty and tropical countries, but the paucity of drug treatments and vaccines combined with increasing problems of drug resistance are becoming major concerns for their control and eradication. In this climate, the discovery/repurposing of new drugs and increasing effort in vaccine development should be supplemented with an exploration of new alternative/synergic treatment strategies. Viruses, either native or engineered, have been employed successfully as highly effective and selective therapeutic approaches to treat cancer (oncolytic viruses) and antibiotic-resistant bacterial diseases (phage therapy). Increasing evidence is accumulating that many protozoan, but also helminth, parasites harbour a range of different classes of viruses that are mostly absent from humans. Although some of these viruses appear to have no effect on their parasite hosts, others either have a clear direct negative impact on the parasite or may, in fact, contribute to the virulence of parasites for humans. This review will focus mainly on the viruses identified in protozoan parasites that are of medical importance. Inspired and informed by the experience gained from the application of oncolytic virus- and phage-therapy, rationally-driven strategies to employ these viruses successfully against parasitic diseases will be presented and discussed in the light of the current knowledge of the virus biology and the complex interplay between the viruses, the parasite hosts and the human host. We also highlight knowledge gaps that should be addressed to advance the potential of virotherapy against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Jean Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat, 155, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Virologie, Robert Von Ostertag-Haus - Zentrum Fuer Infektionsmedizin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert Von Ostertag-Haus - Zentrum Fuer Infektionsmedizin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - George Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomedice, Universita Degli Studi Di Sassari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Robert Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lalle
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00186, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Charon J, Grigg MJ, Eden JS, Piera KA, Rana H, William T, Rose K, Davenport MP, Anstey NM, Holmes EC. Novel RNA viruses associated with Plasmodium vivax in human malaria and Leucocytozoon parasites in avian disease. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008216. [PMID: 31887217 PMCID: PMC6953888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes of the genus Plasmodium cause malaria, a parasitic disease responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in humans. Yet, the nature and abundance of any viruses carried by these divergent eukaryotic parasites is unknown. We investigated the Plasmodium virome by performing a meta-transcriptomic analysis of blood samples taken from patients suffering from malaria and infected with P. vivax, P. falciparum or P. knowlesi. This resulted in the identification of a narnavirus-like sequence, encoding an RNA polymerase and restricted to P. vivax samples, as well as an associated viral segment of unknown function. These data, confirmed by PCR, are indicative of a novel RNA virus that we term Matryoshka RNA virus 1 (MaRNAV-1) to reflect its analogy to a "Russian doll": a virus, infecting a parasite, infecting an animal. Additional screening revealed that MaRNAV-1 was abundant in geographically diverse P. vivax derived from humans and mosquitoes, strongly supporting its association with this parasite, and not in any of the other Plasmodium samples analyzed here nor Anopheles mosquitoes in the absence of Plasmodium. Notably, related bi-segmented narnavirus-like sequences (MaRNAV-2) were retrieved from Australian birds infected with a Leucocytozoon—a genus of eukaryotic parasites that group with Plasmodium in the Apicomplexa subclass hematozoa. Together, these data support the establishment of two new phylogenetically divergent and genomically distinct viral species associated with protists, including the first virus likely infecting Plasmodium parasites. As well as broadening our understanding of the diversity and evolutionary history of the eukaryotic virosphere, the restriction to P. vivax may be of importance in understanding P. vivax-specific biology in humans and mosquitoes, and how viral co-infection might alter host responses at each stage of the P. vivax life-cycle. While parasites are a major cause of human disease, they can themselves be infected by viruses. We asked whether three of the major malaria-causing parasites in humans—Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. knowlesi—were also infected by viruses. To this end we performed total RNA-Sequencing (“meta-transcriptomics”) on human blood samples infected with these Plasmodium species. This resulted in the discovery of an abundant bi-segmented virus—Matryoshka RNA virus 1 (MaRNAV-1)—in all P. vivax samples tested (but no other Plasmodium species) that contains a replicase segment related to those of narnaviruses, arguably the simplest type of RNA viruses discovered to date. By screening for MaRNAV-1 in a larger set of Plasmodium species we revealed a strong specificity between this virus and P. vivax, as well as the presence of a related virus—MaRNAV-2—in avian Leucocytozoon hematozoa parasites. This is the first discovery of a Plasmodium-associated virus and will assist in revealing the deep evolutionary history of RNA viruses and our understanding of Plasmodium biology and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Charon
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Grigg
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Infectious Disease Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah – Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim A. Piera
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Hafsa Rana
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Disease Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah – Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Centre – Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Gleneagles Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas M. Anstey
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Infectious Disease Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah – Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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29
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Dheilly NM, Ewald PW, Brindley PJ, Fichorova RN, Thomas F. Parasite-microbe-host interactions and cancer risk. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007912. [PMID: 31415672 PMCID: PMC6695093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Raina N. Fichorova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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30
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Safari M, Ferrari MJ, Roossinck MJ. Manipulation of Aphid Behavior by a Persistent Plant Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:e01781-18. [PMID: 30760572 PMCID: PMC6475794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01781-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are frequently infected with cytoplasmic RNA viruses that persist for many generations through nearly 100% vertical transmission without producing any symptoms. Movement between plant cells and horizontal transmission have not been observed with these viruses; instead, they are distributed to all host cells through host cell division. Jalapeño peppers (Capsicum annuum) are all infected with Pepper cryptic virus 1 (PCV-1; family Partitiviridae). We compared the effect of odor cues from PCV-1-infected (J+) and virus-free (J-) jalapeño peppers on the aphid Myzus persicae, a common vector of acute plant viruses. Pairwise preference experiments showed a stark contrast to insect-plant interactions in acute virus infections-that is, the virus-infected plants deterred aphids. The acute plant virus Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) manipulates its host's volatile emissions to attract aphid vectors and facilitate its transmission. We inoculated J+ and J- plants with CMV. Volatiles of J+ and J- CMV-infected plants were more attractive to aphids than those of J+ and J- mock-inoculated plants. However, in pairwise preference experiments with J+ CMV- and J- CMV-infected plants, aphids preferred the J- CMV volatile blend. Aphid reproduction on J+ and J- plants was measured as an indicator of the effect of PCV-1 on host quality for aphids. Aphid reproduction on J+ plants was more than 2-fold lower than that on J- plants.IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates that a persistent plant virus can manipulate aphid behavior. This manipulation is in stark contrast to previously described effects of acute viruses on their hosts that facilitate their transmission. This study demonstrates a positive relationship between Pepper cryptic virus 1 and jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants wherein the virus protects the plants from the vector of acute viruses and reduces aphid herbivory. This work reveals an important implication of persistent plant viruses for pest and pathogen management in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Safari
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J Ferrari
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marilyn J Roossinck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Tai L, Li J, Yin J, Zhang N, Yang J, Li H, Yang Z, Gong P, Zhang X. A novel detection method of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in cattle based on Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:104-111. [PMID: 30544221 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic parasite that causes significant economic loss in the animal husbandry industry, especially the cattle industry. As there is no specific vaccine or drug against Cryptosporidium, a rapid and accurate method for the detection of C. parvum is of great significance. In this study, colloidal gold strips were developed based on Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1) for the detection of C. parvum infection in cattle fecal samples. The colloidal gold solution was prepared by reducing trisodium citrate and the CSpV1 #5 monoclonal antibody was labeled with colloidal gold. A polyclonal antibody against the CSpV1 capsid protein and an anti-mouse IgG antibody were coated on the colloidal gold strips for use in the test and control lines, respectively. Our results showed that the detection sensitivity in fecal samples was up to a 1:64 dilution. There was no cross-reaction with Cryptosporidium andersoni or Giardia in the fecal samples. The different preservation conditions (room temperature, 4°C, and 37°C) and preservation time (7, 30, 60, and 90 days) were analyzed. The data showed that the strips could be preserved for 90 days at 4°C and for 60 days at room temperature or 37°C. The colloidal gold strips were used to detect the samples of 120 clinical fecal in Changchun, China. The results indicated that the rate of a positive test was 5% (6/120). This study provides a rapid and accurate method for detecting C. parvum infection in cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Tai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jigang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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32
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de Souza MS, O'Brien C, Santin M, Jenkins M. A highly sensitive method for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from source and finished water using RT-PCR directed to Cryspovirus RNA. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 156:77-80. [PMID: 30508558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts is important because the protozoan can cause clinical infection in humans at extremely low numbers. In the present study, 1.5 × 102, 1.0 × 103, or 1.0 × 104C. parvum oocysts were spiked into 10 l of source or finished water in triplicate followed by recovery using Envirochek HV sampling capsules. One subsample of the recovered oocysts was analyzed by commercial immunofluorescence assay (IFA), while a second subsample was subjected to DNA-RNA extraction, followed by RT-PCR using primers directed to the gene encoding Cryspovirus capsid. IFA analysis of Envirochek filter eluates of finished water detected oocysts at all 3 C. parvum oocyst doses, but only at the 1.0 × 103 and 1.0 × 104 doses in source water. Cryspovirus RT-PCR appeared to offer greater sensitivity than IFA because C. parvum oocysts were detected using this molecular technique in both source and finished water concentrates at all 3 spiking levels. A linear relationship was observed between log oocysts spiking dose and the relative intensity of the Cryspovirus RT-PCR signal for finished water, but not for source water. These data indicate that Cryspovirus RT-PCR is a sensitive method for detecting C. parvum oocysts in source and finished water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sato de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba 16050-680, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celia O'Brien
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville 20705, MD
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville 20705, MD
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville 20705, MD.
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33
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Vainio EJ, Chiba S, Ghabrial SA, Maiss E, Roossinck M, Sabanadzovic S, Suzuki N, Xie J, Nibert M, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Partitiviridae. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:17-18. [PMID: 29214972 PMCID: PMC5882087 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Partitiviridae is a family of small, isometric, non-enveloped viruses with bisegmented double-stranded (ds) RNA genomes of 3–4.8 kbp. The two genome segments are individually encapsidated. The family has five genera, with characteristic hosts for members of each genus: either plants or fungi for genera Alphapartitivirus and Betapartitivirus, fungi for genus Gammapartitivirus, plants for genus Deltapartitivirus and protozoa for genus Cryspovirus. Partitiviruses are transmitted intracellularly via seeds (plants), oocysts (protozoa) or hyphal anastomosis, cell division and sporogenesis (fungi); there are no known natural vectors. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Partitiviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/partitiviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva J Vainio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-0861, Japan
| | - Said A Ghabrial
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Edgar Maiss
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Marilyn Roossinck
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jiatao Xie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Max Nibert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Vong M, Ludington JG, Ward HD, Nibert ML. Complete cryspovirus genome sequences from Cryptosporidium parvum isolate Iowa. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2875-2879. [PMID: 28477174 PMCID: PMC5671912 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisegmented dsRNA viruses that infect most or all isolates of apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum are currently assigned to a single species, Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1, in genus Cryspovirus, family Partitiviridae. An analysis of existing sequence data suggested that the complete sequences of both cryspovirus genome segments, dsRNA1 and dsRNA2, had yet to be determined. We therefore set out to accomplish this for the virus strain that infects C. parvum isolate Iowa. The results suggest that several previous cryspovirus sequences are indeed truncated at one or both segment termini and also identify sequences at or near the termini that are conserved in both segments. Complete sequences of other cryspovirus strains, including ones from other Cryptosporidium species, are needed for refining their classification into one or more virus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Vong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jacob G Ludington
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Honorine D Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02116, USA.
| | - Max L Nibert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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35
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Viruses of parasites as actors in the parasite-host relationship: A "ménage à trois". Acta Trop 2017; 166:126-132. [PMID: 27876650 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex parasite-host relationship involves multiple mechanisms. Moreover, parasites infected by viruses modify this relationship adding more complexity to the system that now comprises three partners. Viruses infecting parasites were described several decades ago. However, until recently little was known about the viruses involved and their impact on the resulting disease caused to the hosts. To clarify this situation, we have concentrated on parasitic diseases caused to humans and on how virus-infected parasites could alter the symptoms inflicted on the human host. It is clear that the effect caused to the human host depends on the virus and on the parasite it has infected. Consequently, the review is divided as follows: Viruses with a possible effect on the virulence of the parasite. This section reviews pertinent articles showing that infection of parasites by viruses might increase the detrimental effect of the tandem virus-parasite on the human host (hypervirulence) or decrease virulence of the parasite (hypovirulence). Parasites as vectors affecting the transmission of viruses. In some cases, the virus-infected parasite might facilitate the transfer of the virus to the human host. Parasites harboring viruses with unidentified effects on their host. In spite of recently renewed interest in parasites in connection with their viruses, there still remains a number of cases in which the effect of the virus of a given parasite on the human host remains ambiguous. The triangular relationship between the virus, the parasite and the host, and the modulation of the pathogenicity and virulence of the parasites by viruses should be taken into account in the rationale of fighting against parasites.
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36
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Antiviral screening identifies adenosine analogs targeting the endogenous dsRNA Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) pathogenicity factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E811-E819. [PMID: 28096399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus Leishmaniavirus (LRV1) has been implicated as a pathogenicity factor for leishmaniasis in rodent models and human disease, and associated with drug-treatment failures in Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania guyanensis infections. Thus, methods targeting LRV1 could have therapeutic benefit. Here we screened a panel of antivirals for parasite and LRV1 inhibition, focusing on nucleoside analogs to capitalize on the highly active salvage pathways of Leishmania, which are purine auxotrophs. Applying a capsid flow cytometry assay, we identified two 2'-C-methyladenosine analogs showing selective inhibition of LRV1. Treatment resulted in loss of LRV1 with first-order kinetics, as expected for random virus segregation, and elimination within six cell doublings, consistent with a measured LRV1 copy number of about 15. Viral loss was specific to antiviral nucleoside treatment and not induced by growth inhibitors, in contrast to fungal dsRNA viruses. Comparisons of drug-treated LRV1+ and LRV1- lines recapitulated LRV1-dependent pathology and parasite replication in mouse infections, and cytokine secretion in macrophage infections. Agents targeting Totiviridae have not been described previously, nor are there many examples of inhibitors acting against dsRNA viruses more generally. The compounds identified here provide a key proof-of-principle in support of further studies identifying efficacious antivirals for use in in vivo studies of LRV1-mediated virulence.
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37
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Murakoshi F, Ichikawa-Seki M, Aita J, Yaita S, Kinami A, Fujimoto K, Nishikawa Y, Murakami S, Horimoto T, Kato K. Molecular epidemiological analyses of Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1), a symbiotic virus of Cryptosporidium parvum, in Japan. Virus Res 2015; 211:69-72. [PMID: 26439535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We show that Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1), a member of the family Partitiviridae, genus Cryspovirus that can infect Cryptosporidium parvum, is a new candidate for high-resolution tool for tracing C. parvum. CSpV1 was detected in all C. parvum-positive samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis of dsRNA1 sequence from CSpV1 can distinguish infected areas of C. parvum on the national level. Sequences detected in samples from Iwate prefecture and other islands (Tanegashima, and Okinawa) belonged to a single clade. This system can differentiate the samples from Hokkaido and south part of Japan as well as from other countries. Samples from Iwate, Tanegashima, and Okinawa belonged to a single subclade, respectively. Therefore, the CSpV1 dsRNA sequences reflect the regional distribution of their host and have potential as a high-resolution tool to trace C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Murakoshi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Madoka Ichikawa-Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Junya Aita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Seiko Yaita
- Kumage Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 6410-8 Noma, Nakatane-cho, Kumage, Kagoshima 891-3604, Japan
| | | | - Katsuhisa Fujimoto
- Veterinary Clinical Center, Ishikari Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 7-4-1 Seiryu, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0081, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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38
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Changes in the levels of Cryspovirus during in vitro development of Cryptosporidium parvum. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2063-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Xiao X, Cheng J, Tang J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Baker TS, Ghabrial SA, Xie J. A novel partitivirus that confers hypovirulence on plant pathogenic fungi. J Virol 2014; 88:10120-33. [PMID: 24965462 PMCID: PMC4136314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01036-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Members of the family Partitiviridae have bisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes and are not generally known to cause obvious symptoms in their natural hosts. An unusual partitivirus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum partitivirus 1 (SsPV1/WF-1), conferred hypovirulence on its natural plant-pathogenic fungal host, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain WF-1. Cellular organelles, including mitochondria, were severely damaged. Hypovirulence and associated traits of strain WF-1 and SsPV1/WF-1 were readily cotransmitted horizontally via hyphal contact to different vegetative compatibility groups of S. sclerotiorum and interspecifically to Sclerotinia nivalis and Sclerotinia minor. S. sclerotiorum strain 1980 transfected with purified SsPV1/WF-1 virions also exhibited hypovirulence and associated traits similar to those of strain WF-1. Moreover, introduction of purified SsPV1/WF-1 virions into strain KY-1 of Botrytis cinerea also resulted in reductions in virulence and mycelial growth and, unexpectedly, enhanced conidial production. However, virus infection suppressed hyphal growth of most germinating conidia of B. cinerea and was eventually lethal to infected hyphae, since very few new colonies could develop following germ tube formation. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that SsPV1/WF-1 causes hypovirulence in Sclerotinia spp. and B. cinerea. Cryo-EM (cryo-electron microscopy) reconstruction of the SsPV1 particle shows that it has a distinct structure with similarity to the closely related partitiviruses Fusarium poae virus 1 and Penicillium stoloniferum virus F. These findings provide new insights into partitivirus biological activities and clues about molecular interactions between partitiviruses and their hosts. IMPORTANCE Members of the Partitiviridae are believed to occur commonly in their phytopathogenic fungal and plant hosts. However, most partitiviruses examined so far appear to be associated with latent infections. Here we report a partitivirus, SsPV1/WF-1, that was isolated from a hypovirulent strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and describe its biological and molecular features. We have demonstrated that SsPV1 confers hypovirulence. Furthermore, SsPV1 can infect and cause hypovirulence in Botrytis cinerea. Our study also suggests that SsPV1 has a vigorous ability to proliferate and spread via hyphal contact. SsPV1 can overcome vegetative incompatibility barriers and can be transmitted horizontally among different vegetative compatibility groups of S. sclerotiorum, even interspecifically. Cryo-EM reconstruction of SsPV1 shows that it has a distinct structure with similarity to closely related partitiviruses. Our studies exploit a novel system, SsPV1 and its hosts, which can provide the means to explore the mechanisms by which partitiviruses interact with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yanping Fu
- Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Timothy S Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Said A Ghabrial
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jiatao Xie
- Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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40
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Nibert ML, Ghabrial SA, Maiss E, Lesker T, Vainio EJ, Jiang D, Suzuki N. Taxonomic reorganization of family Partitiviridae and other recent progress in partitivirus research. Virus Res 2014; 188:128-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Peyambari M, Habibi MK, Fotouhifar KB, Dizadji A, Roossinck MJ. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Putative Partitivirus Infecting Cytospora sacchari, a Plant Pathogenic Fungus. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 30:151-8. [PMID: 25288997 PMCID: PMC4174853 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2014.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), approximately 1.85, 1.65 and 1.27 kb in size, were detected in an isolate of Cytospora sacchari from Iran. Partial nucleotide sequence revealed a 1,284 bp segment containing one ORF that potentially encodes a 405 aa protein. This protein contains conserved motifs related to RNA dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) that showed similarity to RdRps of partitiviruses. The results indicate that these dsRNAs represent a novel Partitivirus that we tentatively designate Cytospora sacchari partitivirus (CsPV). Treatment of the fungal strain by cyclohexamide and also hyphal tip culture had no effect on removing the putative virus. Phylogenetic analysis of putative RdRp of CsPV and other partitiviruses places CsPV as a member of the genus Partitivirus in the family Partitiviridae, and clustering with Aspergillus ochraceous virus 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Peyambari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mina Koohi Habibi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Khalil-Berdi Fotouhifar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Akbar Dizadji
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Marilyn J. Roossinck
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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42
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Cook S, Chung BYW, Bass D, Moureau G, Tang S, McAlister E, Culverwell CL, Glücksman E, Wang H, Brown TDK, Gould EA, Harbach RE, de Lamballerie X, Firth AE. Novel virus discovery and genome reconstruction from field RNA samples reveals highly divergent viruses in dipteran hosts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80720. [PMID: 24260463 PMCID: PMC3832450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether small RNA (sRNA) sequenced from field-collected mosquitoes and chironomids (Diptera) can be used as a proxy signature of viral prevalence within a range of species and viral groups, using sRNAs sequenced from wild-caught specimens, to inform total RNA deep sequencing of samples of particular interest. Using this strategy, we sequenced from adult Anopheles maculipennis s.l. mosquitoes the apparently nearly complete genome of one previously undescribed virus related to chronic bee paralysis virus, and, from a pool of Ochlerotatus caspius and Oc. detritus mosquitoes, a nearly complete entomobirnavirus genome. We also reconstructed long sequences (1503-6557 nt) related to at least nine other viruses. Crucially, several of the sequences detected were reconstructed from host organisms highly divergent from those in which related viruses have been previously isolated or discovered. It is clear that viral transmission and maintenance cycles in nature are likely to be significantly more complex and taxonomically diverse than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Cook
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SC); (AEF)
| | - Betty Y.-W. Chung
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Bass
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Moureau
- UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (Aix-Marseille Univ. IRD French Institute of Research for Development EHESP French School of Public Health), Marseille, France
| | - Shuoya Tang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erica McAlister
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edvard Glücksman
- Department of General Botany, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - T. David K. Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest A. Gould
- UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (Aix-Marseille Univ. IRD French Institute of Research for Development EHESP French School of Public Health), Marseille, France
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph E. Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (Aix-Marseille Univ. IRD French Institute of Research for Development EHESP French School of Public Health), Marseille, France
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SC); (AEF)
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Abstract
Partitiviruses constitute one of the nine currently recognized families of viruses with encapsidated, double-stranded (ds)RNA genomes. The partitivirus genome is bisegmented, and each genome segment is packaged inside a separate viral capsid. Different partitiviruses infect plants, fungi, or protozoa. Recent studies have shed light on the three-dimensional structures of the virions of three representative fungal partitiviruses. These structures include a number of distinctive features, allowing informative comparisons with the structures of dsRNA viruses from other families. The results and comparisons suggest several new conclusions about the functions, assembly, and evolution of these viruses.
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Fibers come and go: differences in cell-entry components among related dsRNA viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Hyman P, Abedon ST. Smaller fleas: viruses of microorganisms. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:734023. [PMID: 24278736 PMCID: PMC3820453 DOI: 10.6064/2012/734023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Life forms can be roughly differentiated into those that are microscopic versus those that are not as well as those that are multicellular and those that, instead, are unicellular. Cellular organisms seem generally able to host viruses, and this propensity carries over to those that are both microscopic and less than truly multicellular. These viruses of microorganisms, or VoMs, in fact exist as the world's most abundant somewhat autonomous genetic entities and include the viruses of domain Bacteria (bacteriophages), the viruses of domain Archaea (archaeal viruses), the viruses of protists, the viruses of microscopic fungi such as yeasts (mycoviruses), and even the viruses of other viruses (satellite viruses). In this paper we provide an introduction to the concept of viruses of microorganisms, a.k.a., viruses of microbes. We provide broad discussion particularly of VoM diversity. VoM diversity currently spans, in total, at least three-dozen virus families. This is roughly ten families per category-bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protist-with some virus families infecting more than one of these microorganism major taxa. Such estimations, however, will vary with further discovery and taxon assignment and also are dependent upon what forms of life one includes among microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hyman
- Department of Biology, Ashland University, 401 College Avenue, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | - Stephen T. Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 1680 University Dr., Mansfield, OH 44906, USA
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Vainio EJ, Hakanpää J, Dai YC, Hansen E, Korhonen K, Hantula J. Species of Heterobasidion host a diverse pool of partitiviruses with global distribution and interspecies transmission. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:1234-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ziegler A, Matoušek J, Steger G, Schubert J. Complete sequence of a cryptic virus from hemp (Cannabis sativa). Arch Virol 2011; 157:383-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Properties and detection of two cryptoviruses from pepper (Capsicum annuum). Virus Genes 2011; 43:307-12. [PMID: 21695493 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) contains a range of endogenous dsRNA molecules resembling the genomes of cryptoviruses. In this work, we have completed the molecular characterization of Pepper cryptic virus 1 (PCV-1) from cv "Jalapeño M" and generated complete genomic sequences of another cryptovirus from cv "Hungarian Wax" designated Pepper cryptic virus 2 (PCV-2). The two viruses share limited identical amino acid content in both genomic segments and appear phylogenetically closer to cryptoviruses reported from other crops (i.e. Raphanus sativus cryptic virus 3, Black raspberry cryptic virus) than to each other. Two sets of virus-specific primers were successfully used in RT-PCR tests for the simultaneous and discriminative detection of these two viruses in pepper leaves and seeds. Both viruses were detected in several pepper cultivars tested, either as single or mixed infections.
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Elbeaino T, Kubaa RA, Digiaro M, Minafra A, Martelli GP. The complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of Fig cryptic virus, a novel bipartite dsRNA virus infecting fig, widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Virus Genes 2011; 42:415-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Abstract
The vast majority of well-characterized eukaryotic viruses are those that cause acute or chronic infections in humans and domestic plants and animals. However, asymptomatic persistent viruses have been described in animals, and are thought to be sources for emerging acute viruses. Although not previously described in these terms, there are also many viruses of plants that maintain a persistent lifestyle. They have been largely ignored because they do not generally cause disease. The persistent viruses in plants belong to the family Partitiviridae or the genus Endornavirus. These groups also have members that infect fungi. Phylogenetic analysis of the partitivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes suggests that these viruses have been transmitted between plants and fungi. Additional families of viruses traditionally thought to be fungal viruses are also found frequently in plants, and may represent a similar scenario of persistent lifestyles, and some acute or chronic viruses of crop plants may maintain a persistent lifestyle in wild plants. Persistent, chronic and acute lifestyles of plant viruses are contrasted from both a functional and evolutionary perspective, and the potential role of these lifestyles in host evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73402, USA.
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