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Ryoo E. Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:260-268. [PMID: 32972055 PMCID: PMC8181024 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the major causes of acute gastroenteritis in children in Korea have been identified by classifying the pathogens into viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. For viruses, the detection rate is 20%-30%, and norovirus is being increasingly detected to account for the majority of viral gastroenteritis cases. In addition, despite the dissemination of the rotavirus vaccine, many rotavirus infections persist, and its seasonal distribution is changing. The detection rate of bacterial pathogens is 3%- 20%, with Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. infections being the most common, while the incidences of Bacillus cereus and Campylobacter spp. infections are gradually increasing. Owing to intermittent outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by individual bacteria as well as the inflow of causative bacteria, such as E. coli, Vibrio spp., and Campylobacter spp., from overseas, continuous surveillance of and research into the characteristics and serotypes of each bacterium are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eell Ryoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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Costa STPD, Fumian TM, Lima ICGD, Siqueira JAM, Silva LDD, Hernández JDM, Lucena MSSD, Reymão TKA, Soares LDS, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB. High prevalence of norovirus in children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in Manaus, Amazon Region, northern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:391-395. [PMID: 28591398 PMCID: PMC5446227 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, especially in children under five years. Studies involving the detection and molecular characterisation of NoV have been performed in Brazil, demonstrating its importance as an etiological agent of AGE. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of human NoV and to genotype the strains isolated from 0-14-year-old patients of AGE in Manaus, Brazil, over a period of two years. METHODS A total of 426 faecal samples were collected between January 2010 and December 2011. All samples were tested for the presence of NoV antigens using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit. RNA was extracted from all faecal suspensions and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the NoV-polymerase partial region was performed as a trial test. Positive samples were then subjected to PCR with specific primers for partial capsid genes, which were then sequenced. FINDINGS NoV was detected in 150 (35.2%) faecal samples, for at least one of the two techniques used. NoV was detected in children from all age groups, with the highest positivity observed among the group of 1-2 years old. Clinically, fever was verified in 43% of the positive cases and 46.3% of the negative cases, and vomiting was observed in 75.8% and 70.8% cases in these groups, respectively. Monthly distribution showed that the highest positivity was observed in January 2010 (81.2%), followed by February and April 2010 and March 2011, when the positivity rate reached almost 50%. Phylogenetic analyses performed with 65 positive strains demonstrated that 58 (89.2%) cases of NoV belonged to genotype GII.4, five (7.7%) to GII.6, and one (1.5%) each to GII.7 and GII.3. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This research revealed a high circulation of NoV GII.4 in Manaus and contributed to the understanding of the importance of this virus in the aetiology of AGE cases, especially in a region with such few studies available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ian Carlos Gomes de Lima
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Virologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Virologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Virologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
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Abstract
Over the last 10 years there have been only a handful of publications dealing with the oral virome, which is in contrast to the oral microbiome, an area that has seen considerable interest. Here, we survey viral infections in general and then focus on those viruses that are found in and/or are transmitted via the oral cavity; norovirus, rabies, human papillomavirus, Epstein‐Barr virus, herpes simplex viruses, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. Increasingly, viral infections have been diagnosed using an oral sample (e.g. saliva mucosal transudate or an oral swab) instead of blood or urine. The results of two studies using a rapid and semi‐quantitative lateral flow assay format demonstrating the correlation of HIV anti‐IgG/sIgA detection with saliva and serum samples are presented. When immediate detection of infection is important, point‐of‐care devices that obtain a non‐invasive sample from the oral cavity can be used to provide a first line diagnosis to assist in determining appropriate counselling and therapeutic path for an increasing number of diseases.
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Santos VS, Gurgel RQ, Cavalcante SM, Kirby A, Café LP, Souto MJ, Dolabella SS, de Assis MR, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Cunliffe NA, Cuevas LE. Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in children in a highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in Northeast Brazil. J Clin Virol 2017; 88:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yasui N, Suwa M, Sakurai K, Suzuki Y, Tsumori J, Kobayashi K, Takabatake H, Lee ST, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Removal characteristics and fluctuation of norovirus in a pilot-plant by an ultrafiltration membrane for the reclamation of treated sewage. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2793-801. [PMID: 26979931 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1164760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
When ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes that are able to effectively reduce viruses are installed in a waste water reclamation system, the security of sanitation safety for water-borne diseases is essential. It is important to understand the behaviour of enteric viruses such as Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Norovirus (NV), the detection rate of which is relatively high in sewage. This study focused on the UF membrane process for the reclaimed water treatment process, and investigated the removal performance in NV type GI and GII in the UF membrane process by performing coagulation and sedimentation as the pre-treatment process in a pilot-plant by considering the concentration fluctuation of the influent. The removal ratio of GI and GII by the UF membrane process alone was 3.3 ± 0.7 Log in GI and 3.6 ± 1.0 Log in GII, and no clear difference in the removal ratio by NV species type was observed. The removal ratio of NV GII was increased by about 0.6 Log on average (4.2 ± 1.1 Log) compared with the UF membrane process only when the coagulation and sedimentation process were conducted as pre-treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the removal of NV GI by conducting the coagulation and sedimentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Yasui
- a National Research and Development Agency Public Works Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
- b CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) , Japan Science and Technology Agency , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mamoru Suwa
- a National Research and Development Agency Public Works Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kensuke Sakurai
- a National Research and Development Agency Public Works Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- a National Research and Development Agency Public Works Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
- c National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Jun Tsumori
- a National Research and Development Agency Public Works Research Institute , Tokyo , Japan
- d Hamamatsu City Waterworks Bureau , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- e Global Environment Research Laboratories , Toray Industries, Inc ., Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroo Takabatake
- e Global Environment Research Laboratories , Toray Industries, Inc ., Tokyo , Japan
| | - Sun Tae Lee
- f Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- f Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Koo HS, Lee MO, Ku PT, Hwang SJ, Park DJ, Baik HS. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus in asymptomatic food handlers in Busan, Korea, and emergence of genotype GII.17. J Microbiol 2016; 54:686-94. [PMID: 27687231 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections was studied in food handlers without any symptoms from January to December 2015 in Busan city, Korea. A total of 2,174 fecal specimens from asymptomatic food handlers were analyzed, and 2.3% (49/2,174) were norovirus-positive. Fourteen of 335 samples (4.2%) were positive in January; fifteen of 299 samples (5.0%) in February, and seven of 189 samples (3.7%) in December. However, norovirus was rarely detected in other months. From sequencing analysis, 11 genotypes (five GI and six GII genotypes) were detected. Among the 42 capid gene sequences identified, 14 were from the GI genogroup, while 28 were from the GII genogroup. The most commonly detected genotype was GII.17, comprising 15 (35.7%) of positive samples. From January 2012 to December 2015, 5,138 samples were collected from gastroenteritis patients and outbreaks in Busan. The most detected genotype in 2012, 2013, and 2014 was GII.4 (121, 24, and 12 cases, respectively), but in 2015, GII.17 (25 cases) was the most common. The GII.4 genotype was the major cause of acute gastroenteritis from 2012 to 2014, but the GII.17 genotype became the most prevalent cause in 2015. Continued epidemiological surveillance of GII.17 is needed, together with assessment of the risk of norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soo Koo
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ok Lee
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeong Tae Ku
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Hwang
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Park
- Busan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Health and Environment, Busan, 46616, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Baik
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Norovirus diversity in children with gastroenteritis in South Africa from 2009 to 2013: GII.4 variants and recombinant strains predominate. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:907-16. [PMID: 26374265 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2009 to 2013 the diversity of noroviruses (NoVs) in children (⩽5 years) hospitalized with gastroenteritis in South Africa was investigated. NoVs were genotyped based on nucleotide sequence analyses of partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid genes. Seventeen RdRp genotypes (GI.P2, GI.P3, GI.P6, GI.P7, GI.P not assigned (NA), GI.Pb, GI.Pf, GII.P2, GII.P4, GII.P7, GII.P13, GII.P16, GII.P21, GII.Pc, GII.Pe, GII.Pg, GII.PNA) and 20 capsid genotypes (GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7, GI.NA, GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.10, GII.12, GII.13, GII.14, GII.16, GII.17, GII.21) were identified. The combined RdRp/capsid genotype was determined for 275 GII strains. Fifteen confirmed recombinant NoV strains circulated during the study period. NoV GII.P4/GII.4 (47%) and GII.Pe/GII.4 (18%) predominated, followed by GII.PNA/GII.3 (10%) and GII.P21/GII.3 (7%). Other prevalent strains included GII.Pg/GII.12 (6%) and GII.Pg/GII.1 (3%). Two novel recombinants, GII.Pg/GII.2 and GII.Pg/GII.10 were identified. In 2013 the replacement of GII.4 New Orleans 2009 and GII.P21/GII.3, which predominated during the early part of the study, with GII.4 Sydney 2012 and GII.PNA/GII.3 was observed. This study presents the most comprehensive recent data on NoV diversity in Africa.
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Sá ACC, Gómez MM, Lima IFN, Quetz JS, Havt A, Oriá RB, Lima AA, Leite JPG. Group a rotavirus and norovirus genotypes circulating in the northeastern Brazil in the post-monovalent vaccination era. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1480-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline C. Sá
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology; Oswaldo Cruz Institute- Fiocruz; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Mariela M. Gómez
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology; Oswaldo Cruz Institute- Fiocruz; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ila Fernanda N. Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Josiane S. Quetz
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Aldo A. Lima
- Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semi-Arid & Clinical Research Unit; Federal University of Ceara; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - José Paulo G. Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology; Oswaldo Cruz Institute- Fiocruz; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in Nepalese children with acute diarrhea between 2005 and 2011: Increase and predominance of minor genotype GII.13. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis and a common cause of foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Norovirus outbreaks are responsible for economic losses, most notably to the public health and food industry field. Norovirus has characteristics such as low infectious dose, prolonged shedding period, strong stability, great diversity, and frequent genome mutations. Besides these characteristics, they are known for rapid and extensive spread in closed settings such as hospitals, hotels, and schools. Norovirus is well known as a major agent of food-poisoning in diverse settings in South Korea. For these reasons, nationwide surveillance for norovirus is active in both clinical and environmental settings in South Korea. Recent studies have reported the emergence of variants and novel recombinants of norovirus. In this review, we summarized studies on the molecular epidemiology and nationwide surveillance of norovirus in South Korea. This review will provide information for vaccine development and prediction of new emerging variants of norovirus in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Geun Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-390, Korea
| | - Han-Gil Cho
- Division of Public Health Research, Gyeonggi Province Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon 440-290, Korea
| | - Soon-Young Paik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Cho HG, Lee SG, Kim JE, Yu KS, Lee DY, Park PH, Yoon MH, Jho EH, Kim J, Paik SY. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus GII.4 variants in children under 5 years with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in South Korea during 2006-2013. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:340-4. [PMID: 25223918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global emergence of norovirus (NoV) GII.4 variants has raised public concerns in the world including South Korea since 1996. OBJECTIVE We analyzed seasonality and genotypic pattern for sporadic cases by norovirus GII-4 variants. STUDY DESIGN To determine the epidemic status of GII.4 variants in South Korea during 2006-2013, 7301 fecal specimens were collected from children who were younger than 5 years and had sporadic acute gastroenteritis (AGE). RESULTS During the study period, NoVs were the most prevalent viral agent, detected in 877 (12.0%) of the 7301 fecal specimens from children with sporadic AGE. NoV GII strains predominantly accounted for 97.6% of all sporadic NoV infections. NoV GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype and comprised 67.6% of the NoV GII strains. However, seasonal prevalence of GII.4 strains varied depending on the spread of GII.4 variants. GII.4-2006b variant most predominantly circulated from 2006-2007 to 2009-2010 and persisted during other seasons. GII.4-2009 variant was first detected in January 2010 and predominant in 2011-2012. However, it was rapidly displaced by GII.4-2012 variant, which emerged in May 2012 and substantially circulated in 2012-2013. CONCLUSIONS The frequent emergence and rapid spread of GII.4 variants significantly affect the magnitude of sporadic NoV infections in children. Hence, to minimize the disease burden of NoV infections, GII.4 strains should be considered as a primary target for vaccine development against NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Gil Cho
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Geun Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Sin Yu
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Yong Lee
- Division of Enteric Disease, Center for Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Po-Hyun Park
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Yoon
- Division of Virology, Gyeonggi Provincial Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, The University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Young Paik
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Seasonal and regional prevalence of norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, and rotavirus in shellfish harvested from South Korea. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Kim JE, Lee SG, Cho HG, Han SH, Kang LH, Lee YM, Park CJ, Paik SY. Genetic analysis of the capsid region of norovirus GII.4 variants isolated in South Korea. J Microbiol 2014; 52:427-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Tian G, Jin M, Li H, Li Q, Wang J, Duan ZJ. Clinical characteristics and genetic diversity of noroviruses in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Beijing, China in 2008-2009. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1235-42. [PMID: 24523136 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infections that cause acute gastroenteritis are commonly observed during colder months. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical features and molecular epidemiology of NoVs in adult outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Beijing, China from August 2008 to July 2009. Five hundred nineteen patients were enrolled, their stool specimens were collected, and 136 (26.2%) were positive for NoV. The elderly were found to be more susceptible to NoVs than other age groups. The greatest number of gastroenteritis cases associated with occurred in October. Six GI and eleven GII NoV genotypes were isolated; among these, the GII.4 genotype was most prevalent (70/140 and 50% were the 2006b variant). The elderly were more susceptible to the GII.4 genotype than to other genotypes. Greater numbers of neutrophils in the peripheral blood were observed in the NoV infected group than in uninfected control group. However, the levels of neutrophils and leukocytes in the non-GII.4 patients infected with NoV were higher than those of the GII.4-infected patients. The data highlight the role of NoV as a primary agent responsible for gastroenteritis in adults in Beijing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Tian
- Infectious Diseases Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Marques Mendanha de Oliveira D, Souza M, Souza Fiaccadori F, César Pereira Santos H, das Dôres de Paula Cardoso D. Monitoring of Calicivirus among day-care children: evidence of asymptomatic viral excretion and first report of GI.7 Norovirus and GI.3 Sapovirus in Brazil. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1569-75. [PMID: 24123103 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviruses (Norovirus and Sapovirus) are important causes of acute gastroenteritis, with Norovirus (NoV) considered the leading cause of epidemic non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis; however, molecular and epidemiological data of the circulating Calicivirus (CV) strains among day-care children are still considered scarce. The role of asymptomatic CV excretion on viral transmission also remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to monitor the occurrence of NoV and Sapovirus (SaV) in a day-care center and to describe the molecular epidemiology of the circulating strains. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the capsid region were carried out in CV positive samples obtained from children younger than 5 years, with or without diarrhea, between October 2009 and October 2011. A total of 539 fecal samples were screened for CV. Forty-three (8%) were positive for NoV and 25 (4.6%) for SaV. Surprisingly, positivity rates for CV were significant in asymptomatic children, and virus circulation was detected in every month of the study. Great genomic diversity of CV was observed, and the circulating NoV strains were: GII.6, GII.2, GII.1, GI.7, GII.4, and GI.1. The SaV genotypes GI.1 and GI.3 were also detected. Five CV outbreaks caused by distinct viral strains were documented. This study provides an insight on the genetic diversity of CV in a day-care in Central West Brazil, highlighting the probable role of asymptomatic viral excretion and the significance of semi-closed settings in the dissemination of these agents.
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Evaluation of the Bioline Standard Diagnostics SD immunochromatographic norovirus detection kit using fecal specimens from Australian gastroenteritis incidents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:147-52. [PMID: 23528929 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus is a major cause of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis and comprises two main genogroups (GI and GII) which, in turn, comprise a variety of genotypes. The current study examined the efficacy of the Bioline SD kit using fecal material from Australian gastroenteritis incidents. At best, the SD kit had a sensitivity of 62%. Freezing and thawing specimens before testing significantly improved sensitivity. The SD kit had a specificity of 98.6%. Genotype analysis (Open Reading Frame 2) indicated the SD kit could detect a range of genotypes and genotype variants including GI.1, GI.3, GI.4, GII.1, GII.3, GII.4 (unclassified), GII.4 (2006b), GII.4 (2009), GII.4 (2012) and GII.6 but the kit failed to detect GI.2 and GII.2 norovirus. The kit did not cross-react with a number of common fecal viruses including astrovirus, sapovirus, rotavirus or adenovirus. The kit was very easy to use and would be valuable in point-of-care testing.
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Park S, Jung J, Oh S, Jung H, Oh Y, Cho S, Cho S, Cho S, Park H, Jo N, Bae K, Choi S, Kim B, Kim J, Chae Y, Jung H, Cheon D, Kim H. Characterization of norovirus infections in Seoul, Korea. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 56:700-7. [PMID: 22823184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study has determined the detection rate of norovirus (NoV) with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in hospitalized children and describes the molecular epidemiology of NoV circulating in Seoul, Korea. Six hundred and eighty-three (9.8%) of samples were positive for NoV. Of these, the NoV GII genogroup was the most commonly found, with a prevalence of 96.2% (683 of 710). Only 27 samples were positive for the NoV GI genogroup. Ten kinds of GI genotype (GI/1, GI/2, GI/3, GI/4, GI/5, GI/6, GI/7, GI/9, GI/12, and GI/13) and eight kinds of GII genotype (GII/2, GII/3, GII/4, GII/8, GII/14, GII/15, GII/16, and GII/17) were identified in children with AGE during the years 2008-2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Park
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Microbiology Team, 202-3 Yangjae-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Korea.
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Hoa Tran TN, Trainor E, Nakagomi T, Cunliffe NA, Nakagomi O. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants. J Clin Virol 2012; 56:185-93. [PMID: 23218993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The development of sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques has revolutionized our understanding of norovirus epidemiology over the past two decades, but norovirus strain types associated with sporadic gastroenteritis remain poorly described. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of studies performed after 2000 to clarify the genotypic distribution of noroviruses in children (≤18 years of age) with sporadic acute gastroenteritis. Genogroup GII norovirus was the most prevalent, accounting for 96% of all sporadic infections. GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 70% of the capsid genotypes and 60% of the polymerase genotypes, followed by the capsid genotype GII.3 (16%) and the polymerase genotype GII.b (14%). The most common ORF1/ORF2 inter-genotype recombinants were GII.b, GII.12, and GII.4 polymerase genotypes combined with the capsid genotype GII.3, accounting for 19% of all genotyped strains. The distribution of GII.4 variants over the last decade was dominated by successive circulation of GII.4/2002, GII.4/2004, GII.4/2006b, and GII.4/2008 with GII.4/2006b continuing to date. Genotypes GII.4 and GII.3 have predominated in children during the past decade; this is most notable in the global emergence of GII.4 variant noroviruses. As the burden of rotavirus disease decreases following the introduction of childhood immunization programs, the relative importance of norovirus in the etiology of acute childhood gastroenteritis will likely increase. In order for a successful norovirus vaccine to be developed, it should provide immunity against strains with capsid genotypes GII.4 and GII.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Hoa Tran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Global Center of Excellence, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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19
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Reliability of non-culturable virus monitoring by PCR-based detection methods in environmental waters containing various concentrations of target RNA. J Microbiol 2012; 50:726-34. [PMID: 23124739 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the lack of practical cell culture system for human noroviruses (HuNoV), various detection methods based on conventional reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and the quantitative real-time PCR have been major tools for monitoring environmental water safety. In this study, we showed that the proportion of water sample concentrates used for one-step RT-PCR significantly influences false-negative findings of the non-culturable viruses. In total, 59 archived samples of previously analyzed water concentrates were reexamined for HuNoV RNA by the one-step RT-PCR and semi-nested PCR. Using new aliquots for RNA extraction for every trial, up to 20 PCR trials were performed for each archive to determine whether the crosscheck results supported the previous determinations. We reconfirmed that 27.6% (8/29) of the samples were HuNoV-positive samples: 6.7% (1/15) from groundwater, 33.3% (3/9) from river water, and 80% (4/5) from treated sewage effluent (TSE). These results corresponded to the ratio of previously negative HuNoV samples now identified as positive (8/30): 6.7% (1/15) from groundwater, 20% (1/5) from river water, and 60% (6/10) from TSE. To elucidate the cause of these results, 16 different concentrations of murine norovirus (MNV) RNA (from 2×10(2) to 8×10(3) copies, divided into 10 tubes for each concentration) were subjected to one-step RT-PCR. The detection frequency and reproducibility decreased sharply when the number of MNV RNA copies fell below threshold levels. These observations suggest that the proportion of water concentrate used for PCR-based detection should be considered carefully when deciding viral presence in certain types of environmental water, particularly in regard with legal controls.
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20
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Lee GC, Jheong WH, Jung GS, Oh SA, Kim MJ, Rhee OJ, Park S, Lee CH. Detection and molecular characterization of human noroviruses in Korean groundwater between 2008 and 2010. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:115-123. [PMID: 23412838 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were performed for genotyping and molecular characterization of noroviruses isolated from Korean groundwater. Among 160 samples collected from 80 sites between 2008 and 2010, 14 samples (8.7 %) from 12 sites were positive for noroviruses (NoVs). The percentages of NoV-positive samples in 2008, 2009, and 2010 were 22.2, 3.2, and 0 %, respectively, representing a yearly decrease. GII-positive samples (n = 9, 5.6 %) outnumbered GI-positive samples (n = 5, 3.1 %). The genotypes of the GI NoVs were GI.2, GI.5, and GI.6, and the genotypes of the GII NoVs were all GII.4. One sample, HM623465, was very similar to CUK-3 and CBNU2 and two GII.4 sequences isolated from the stool of Korean gastroenteritis patients. A BLASTN search revealed several nucleotide sequences highly similar to those of NoVs isolated in this study. The original isolation sources for these similar NoVs were mostly stool (n = 731, 80.0 %) and groundwater (n = 135, 14.8 %), and all the countries from which they were isolated were almost in Asia (96.0 %); specifically, China (n = 192, 21.0 %), Japan (n = 383, 41.9 %), Korea (n = 296, 32.4 %), and other Asian countries (n = 6, 0.7 %). These results suggest that Korean groundwater might be contaminated with NoVs from the stool of infected patients and that these NoVs in turn cause new cases of gastroenteritis through a typical fecal-oral route with region-specific circulation. Therefore, it is important to properly treat sewage, which may include waterborne viruses and manage point sources in groundwater for national health and sanitation. In addition, continuous molecular surveillance remains important for understanding circulating NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Cheol Lee
- K-water, Water Analysis and Research Center, Daejeon, 306-711, Republic of Korea
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21
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Evaluation of the SD Bioline Norovirus rapid immunochromatography test using fecal specimens from Korean gastroenteritis patients. J Virol Methods 2012; 186:94-8. [PMID: 22960089 PMCID: PMC7119779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analytical and clinical performance of a new rapid immunochromatography test, the SD Bioline Norovirus test, was evaluated for the detection of human norovirus in fecal specimens. The analytical performance studies were performed for detection limit, reproducibility, cross-reactivity, and interference. For comparison, 92 norovirus-positive stool samples and 126 norovirus-negative samples for which the results were confirmed by 2 different real-time PCR kits were used. The rapid immunochromatography test detected the equivalent of 4.48×10(6) copies/mL of the norovirus genome in stool samples. On performing the repeatability/reproducibility test, samples above this concentration all provided positive results (100%) and 97.8% of the samples slightly below this concentration (2.45×10(6) copies/mL) provided negative results. No cross-reactivity or interference was detected. Positive percent agreement (sensitivity), negative percent agreement (specificity), and overall percent agreement of the rapid immunochromatography test compared with testing by real-time PCR were 90.2%, 100%, and 95.9%, respectively. In addition, the rapid immunochromatography test was completed within 20 min. The SD Bioline Norovirus test was, therefore, easier and more rapid to perform and showed excellent reproducibility, no cross-reactivity, no interference, and high agreement compared with real-time PCR. Thus, this test is useful for rapid screening to identity norovirus infection.
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Lee GC, Jung GS, Lee CH. Complete genomic sequence analysis of norovirus isolated from South Korea. Virus Genes 2012; 45:225-36. [PMID: 22752565 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the RNA genome of a recently isolated norovirus (NoV) from Korea, designated Hu/GII-4/CBNU2/2007/KR (CBNU2), were determined and characterized by phylogenetic comparison with several genetically diverse NoV sequences. The RNA genome of CBNU2 is 7,560 nucleotides in length, excluding the 3' poly (A) tract. It includes three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1, which encodes the nonstructural polyprotein (5-5,104); ORF2, which encodes VP1 (5,085-6,707); and ORF3, which encodes VP2 (6,707-7,513). ORF2-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that CBNU2 belonged to the GII.4 genotype, the most prevalent genotype, and formed a cluster with NoVs isolated from Asian regions, between 2006 and 2008. Comparative analysis with the consensus sequence of 207 completely sequenced NoV genomes showed 47 mismatched nucleotides: 26 in ORF1, 14 in ORF2, and 7 in ORF3, resulting in 8 amino acid changes: 3 in ORF1, 2 in ORF2, and 3 in ORF3. Phylogenetic analysis with full genome ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3 nucleotide sequences obtained from CBNU2 and each of the other representative NoV genomes suggested that CBNU2 had not undergone recombination with any of the other NoVs. A SimPlot analysis further supported this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Cheol Lee
- Water Analysis and Research Center, K-water, Daejeon 306-711, Republic of Korea
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23
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Lam TTY, Zhu H, Smith DK, Guan Y, Holmes EC, Pybus OG. The recombinant origin of emerging human norovirus GII.4/2008: intra-genotypic exchange of the capsid P2 domain. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:817-822. [PMID: 22238233 PMCID: PMC7346602 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GII.4 noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. A new variant of GII.4, the 2008 variant, has recently increased its prevalence on a global scale. A previous study of this variant in Japan suggested that it might be of recombinant origin, with a breakpoint at the ORF1-ORF2 junction. Here, examination of the evolutionary origin of the 2008 variant based on a larger sample of worldwide GII.4 norovirus sequences revealed a more complex pattern of recombination between the 2006a- and 2006b-like variants of genotype GII.4, involving the P2 antigenic domain. Double (termed '2008i') and triple (termed '2008ii') recombinant forms of 2008 variants were identified. This study highlights the possible importance of intra-genotypic recombination over antigenic regions in driving norovirus evolution, and is suggestive of a process analogous to the antigenic shift of influenza A virus by reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka
Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Huachen Zhu
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka
Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - David K. Smith
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka
Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yi Guan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka
Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of
Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD, USA
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Park K, Yeo S, Jeong H, Baek K, Kim D, Shin M, Song J, Lee S, Choi Y, Park J, Cho S, Cheon D. Updates on the genetic variations of norovirus in sporadic gastroenteritis in Chungnam Korea, 2009-2010. Virol J 2012; 9:29. [PMID: 22273062 PMCID: PMC3312829 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we explored the epidemic pattern and molecular characterization of noroviruses (NoVs) isolated in Chungnam, Korea in 2008, and the present study extended these observations to 2009 and 2010. In Korea, NoVs showed the seasonal prevalence from late fall to spring, and widely detected in preschool children and peoples over 60 years of age. Epidemiological pattern of NoV was similar in 2008 and in 2010, but pattern in 2009 was affected by pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus. NoV-positive samples were subjected to sequence determination of the capsid gene region, which resolved the isolated NoVs into five GI (2, 6, 7, 9 and 10) and eleven GII genotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 16 and 17). The most prevalent genotype was GII.4 and occupied 130 out of 211 NoV isolates (61.6%). Comparison of NoV GII.4 of prevalent genotype in these periods with reference strains of the same genotype was conducted to genetic analysis by a phylogenetic tree. The NoV GII.4 strains were segregated into seven distinct genetic groups, which are supported by high bootstrap values and previously reported clusters. All Korean NoV GII.4 strains belonged to either VI cluster or VII cluster. The divergence of nucleotide sequences within VI and VII intra-clusters was > 3.9% and > 3.5%, respectively. The "Chungnam(06-117)/2010" strain which was isolated in June 2010 was a variant that did not belong to cluster VI or VII and showed 5.8-8.2%, 6.2-8.1% nucleotide divergence with cluster VI and VII, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- KwiSung Park
- Chungcheongnam-Do Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Daejeon, Korea
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Lee MJ, Kim WH, Cho HG, Lee SS. Epidemiological Study of Ground-waterborne Norovirus GI.3-associated Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Gyeonggi Province of South Korea in May 2011. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2012.42.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jin Lee
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment 95, Pajangcheon st, Jangan-gu, Suwon-city, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Biology, Kyonggi University Graduate School 94-6, Iui-dong Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-city, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Woon-Ho Kim
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment 95, Pajangcheon st, Jangan-gu, Suwon-city, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Han-Gil Cho
- Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health & Environment 95, Pajangcheon st, Jangan-gu, Suwon-city, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Seob Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyonggi University Graduate School 94-6, Iui-dong Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-city, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Park KS, Baek KA, Kim DU, Kwon KS, Bing SH, Park JS, Nam HS, Lee SH, Choi YJ. Evaluation of a new immunochromatographic assay kit for the rapid detection of norovirus in fecal specimens. Ann Lab Med 2011; 32:79-81. [PMID: 22259783 PMCID: PMC3255496 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2012.32.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of norovirus is essential for the prevention and control of norovirus outbreaks. This study compared the effectiveness of a new immunochromatographic assay kit (SD BIOLINE Norovirus; Standard Diagnostics, Korea) and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for detecting norovirus in fecal specimens. Compared with real-time RT-PCR, the new assay had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 76.5% (52/68), 99.7% (342/343), 98.1% (52/53), and 95.5% (342/358), respectively. The sensitivity of the assay was 81.8% (18/22) for GII.3 and 75.7% (28/37) for GII.4. None of the 38 enteric virus-positive specimens (3 for astrovirus, 5 for enteric adenovirus, and 30 for rotavirus) tested positive in the cross-reactivity test performed by using this assay. The new immunochromatographic assay may be a useful screening tool for the rapid detection of norovirus in sporadic and outbreak cases; however, negative results may require confirmatory assays of greater sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Sung Park
- Chungcheongnam-Do Health and Environment Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in the world. Gastroenteritis caused by bacterial and parasitic pathogens is commonly linked to food sources, but the link between NoV and contaminated foods has been more difficult to establish. Even when epidemiological information indicates that an outbreak originated with food, the presence of NoV in the suspect product may not be confirmed. If food is found to contain a common strain of NoV that circulates widely in the community, it is not possible to use strain typing to link the contamination to patient cases. Although food is certainly implicated in NoV spread, there are additional person-to-person and fomite transmission routes that have been shown to be important. NoV has an extremely low infectious dose, is stable in the environment, and resists disinfection. Cell culture methods are not available, so viability cannot be determined. Finally, many NoV outbreaks originate with when an infected food handler contaminates ready-to-eat food, which can be interpreted as foodborne or person-to-person transmission. This review will discuss both the physical characteristics of NoVs and the available epidemiological information with particular reference to the role of foods in NoV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Mattison
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, PL2204E, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Emergence of norovirus GII-4/2008 variant and recombinant strains in Seoul, Korea. Arch Virol 2010; 156:323-9. [PMID: 21053029 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the emergence of a new NoV GII-4 variant strain every 2 or 3 years has been reported. One hundred seventeen NoV GII strains were detected by RT-PCR in children with AGE between August 2008 and February 2010. In phylogenetic analyses, GII-4 and GII-3 were the most frequently detected strains. The detection rate of the 2008 variant was similar to that of the 2006b variant in the winter seasons of 2009 and 2010. This study shows a changing pattern of a predominant GII-4/2006b variant to the 2008 variant, as well as a novel NoV recombinant strain, GII-6/GII-14, in Korea.
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