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Azemin WA, Ishak NF, Saedin MAA, Shamsir MS, Razali SA. Molecular docking and simulation studies of Chloroquine, Rimantadine and CAP-1 as potential repurposed antivirals for decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100120. [PMID: 37854946 PMCID: PMC10579962 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a methodology of identifying new therapeutic use for existing drugs. It is a highly efficient, time and cost-saving strategy that offers an alternative approach to the traditional drug discovery process. Past in-silico studies involving molecular docking have been successful in identifying potential repurposed drugs for the various treatment of diseases including aquaculture diseases. The emerging shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV) or Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a viral pathogen that causes severe disease and high mortality (80 %) in farmed shrimps caused serious economic losses and presents a new threat to the shrimp farming industry. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are critically needed to control DIV1 infections. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of potential existing antiviral drugs, Chloroquine, Rimantadine, and CAP-1 with DIV1 major capsid protein (MCP) with the intention of exploring the potential of drug repurposing. The interaction of the DIV1 MCP and three antivirals were characterised and analysed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The results showed that CAP-1 is a more promising candidate against DIV1 with the lowest binding energy of -8.46 kcal/mol and is more stable compared to others. We speculate that CAP-1 binding may induce the conformational changes in the DIV1 MCP structure by phosphorylating multiple residues (His123, Tyr162, and Thr395) and ultimately block the viral assembly and maturation of DIV1 MCP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the structural characterisation of DIV1 MCP docked with repurposing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Atirah Azemin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau, Minden, Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farahin Ishak
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Nerus, Kuala, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Amirul Asyraf Saedin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Nerus, Kuala, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aisyah Razali
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Nerus, Kuala, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Interest Group (BIOSES), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Nerus, Kuala, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
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Qin P, Munang'andu HM, Xu C, Xie J. Megalocytivirus and Other Members of the Family Iridoviridae in Finfish: A Review of the Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control. Viruses 2023; 15:1359. [PMID: 37376659 DOI: 10.3390/v15061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has expanded to become the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. However, its expansion has come under threat due to an increase in diseases caused by pathogens such as iridoviruses commonly found in aquatic environments used for fish farming. Of the seven members belonging to the family Iridoviridae, the three genera causing diseases in fish comprise ranaviruses, lymphocystiviruses and megalocytiviruses. These three genera are serious impediments to the expansion of global aquaculture because of their tropism for a wide range of farmed-fish species in which they cause high mortality. As economic losses caused by these iridoviruses in aquaculture continue to rise, the urgent need for effective control strategies increases. As a consequence, these viruses have attracted a lot of research interest in recent years. The functional role of some of the genes that form the structure of iridoviruses has not been elucidated. There is a lack of information on the predisposing factors leading to iridovirus infections in fish, an absence of information on the risk factors leading to disease outbreaks, and a lack of data on the chemical and physical properties of iridoviruses needed for the implementation of biosecurity control measures. Thus, the synopsis put forth herein provides an update of knowledge gathered from studies carried out so far aimed at addressing the aforesaid informational gaps. In summary, this review provides an update on the etiology of different iridoviruses infecting finfish and epidemiological factors leading to the occurrence of disease outbreaks. In addition, the review provides an update on the cell lines developed for virus isolation and culture, the diagnostic tools used for virus detection and characterization, the current advances in vaccine development and the use of biosecurity in the control of iridoviruses in aquaculture. Overall, we envision that the information put forth in this review will contribute to developing effective control strategies against iridovirus infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Groff JM, Yanong RP, Pouder DB, Pedersen M, Pelton C, Garner MM, Phelps NBD, Armien AG, Hyatt MW, Hick PM, Becker JA, Stidworthy MF, Waltzek TB. Genetic characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus in Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni identified from eight separate cases between 2000 and 2017. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023. [PMID: 37057714 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph M Groff
- Retired, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Roy P Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah B Pouder
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | - Matt Pedersen
- Reef to Rainforest Media, LLC, Shelburne, Vermont, USA
- MiniWaters LLC, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Craig Pelton
- Sea Life Aquarium, Orlando, Florida, USA
- OdySea Aquarium, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Paul M Hick
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joy A Becker
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Sea Life Aquarium, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Hick PM, Hall E, Waltzek TB, Becker JA. Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281292. [PMID: 36735738 PMCID: PMC9897559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107-101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0-100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28-95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53-94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
| | - Joy A. Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
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Cheng MC, See MS, Wang PC, Kuo YT, Ho YS, Chen SC, Tsai MA. Lymphocystis Disease Virus Infection in Clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris and Amphiprion clarkii in Taiwan. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010153. [PMID: 36611762 PMCID: PMC9817495 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocystic disease affects over 150 species of marine and freshwater fish worldwide. In this study, the lymphocystis pathogen was found in 2 (Amphiprion ocellaris and Amphiprion clarkii) of the 9 species of clownfish. Detection of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) was based on histopathological study, electron microscope observation of virus particles and gene sequence analysis from the MCP region. Infected A. ocellaris hosts showed sparse, multifocal, white, stiff, papilloma-like nodules on the body, skin, gills and fins; while, on A. clarkia, nodules were found on the operculum skin. Histopathologic study showed lymphocystic cells with an irregular nucleus, enlarged cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies surrounded by the cell membrane. The viral particle presents virions 180-230 nm in diameter, hexagonal in shape with an inner dense nucleoid under transmission electron micrographs (TEM). From the ML polygenetic tree, the clownfish LCVD genotype was closely related to the LCDV strain from paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (KJ408271) (pairwise distance: 92.5%) from China, then followed by the strain from Spain (GU320726 and GU320736) (pairwise distance: 90.8-90.5%), Korea (AB299163, AB212999, AB213004, and AB299164) (pairwise distance: 91.5-80.5%) and lastly Canada (GU939626) (pairwise distance: 83%). This is the first report of lymphocystis disease in A. clarkii in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Cheng
- Eastern Marine Biology Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Taitung 961, Taiwan
| | - Ming She See
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shing Ho
- Eastern Marine Biology Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Taitung 961, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-C.C.); (M.-A.T.)
| | - Ming-An Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- International Program in Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-C.C.); (M.-A.T.)
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Liu Z, Ma Y, Hao L. Characterization of three novel cell lines derived from the brain of spotted sea bass: Focusing on cell markers and susceptibility toward iridoviruses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:175-185. [PMID: 36028055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite tens of cell lines originating from fish brain tissue have been constructed, little is known about the definite cell types they belong to. Whether fish cell lines derived from the brain shares similar characteristics is not well-answered yet. Here, we constructed three cell lines designated as LMB-S, LMB-M, LMB-L using brain tissue of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Among them, LMB-L was identified as astroglia-like cells considering the high expression of GFAP, DCX, PTX, S100b, which are regarded as astrocyte-specific or astrocyte-associated cell markers. LMB-M exhibited smooth muscle-like features showing strong expression of LMOD1, SLAMP, M-cadherin, MGP, which are confirmed as muscle-restricted or myogenesis-involved cell markers. Although LMB-S was not definitely identified, it appeared an activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway. Besides the distinct expression profiles of cell markers, the three cell lines also presented differences in transfection efficiency and susceptibility to iridovirus infection. Relying on the established cell lines, a novel megalocytivirus, named LMIV (Lateolabrax maculatus iridovirus), was first isolated from diseased spotted sea bass. Genetic analysis of major capsid protein (MCP) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) manifested that LMIV was clearly distinguishable from other representative teleost iridoviruses. Further investigations revealed that LMIV could replicate most efficiently in LMB-L cells obtaining the highest viral load (2.16 × 1010 copy/mL). By contrast, LMB-S cells gave rise to the highest viral load up to 3.86 × 108 copy/mL, when the three cell lines were infected with MRV, a newly emerged ranavirus. Moreover, LMIV infection caused lots of cells to be detached from monolayers, generating adherent and non-adherent cells. An opposite expression profiling of type I IFN pathway-related genes (JAK1, STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, Mx1) was found between adherent and non-adherent cells. Combined with the analysis of MCP gene expression, it is speculated that inhibiting type I IFN pathway in non-adherent cells allowed the facilitation of virus duplication. Taken together, the present study broadens our understanding about the diversity of cell lines derived from fish brain tissue and screening cells more susceptible to virus is not only meaningful for the development of vaccine, but also provide clues for further clarification of cell-iridovirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS, China.
| | - Yanping Ma
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS, China
| | - Le Hao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of GDAAS, China
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Abdul NA, Seepoo AM, Gani T, Sugumar V, Selvam S, Allahbagash B, Abdul Kuthoos AN, Palsamy RK, Kishore M P, M Rajwade J, Azeez SSH. Development and characterization of five novel cell lines from snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801), and their application in gene expression and virological studies. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:121-139. [PMID: 34609743 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Five novel permanent cell lines have been established from gill, heart, kidney, eye and fin of snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii. They were designated as snubnose pompano gill (SPG), snubnose pompano heart (SPH), snubnose pompano kidney (SPK), snubnose pompano eye (SPE) and snubnose pompano fin (SPF), respectively. All these cell lines were characterized and cryopreserved successfully at different passage levels. Cell lines were passaged every alternate day; SPG, SPH, SPK, SPE and SPF cell lines attained passage levels of 68, 74, 82, 79 and 106, respectively, since the initiation of their development in 2019. The cell lines grew well in Leibovitz's 15 medium containing 15% foetal bovine serum at 28°C. Immunophenotyping of the cell lines revealed the presence of fibronectin and pancytokeratin. No mycoplasma contamination was found. The transfection study revealed the gene expression efficiency of these cell lines by expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The authentication on origin of cell lines from T. blochii was confirmed by amplification of species-specific mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. The results showed the susceptibility of these cell lines to fish nodavirus (FNV) and tilapia lake virus (TiLV) and resistance to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2). The FNV infection in the cell lines was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blot, ELISA and immunocytochemistry, while TiLV infection was confirmed by RT-PCR assay. These results revealed that these cell lines are suitable for virological and foreign gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafeez Ahmed Abdul
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
| | - Abdul Majeed Seepoo
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
| | - Taju Gani
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
| | - Vimal Sugumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
| | - Suryakodi Selvam
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
| | - Badhusha Allahbagash
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
| | | | - Ramesh Kumar Palsamy
- Mandapam Regional Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam, India
| | | | | | - Sait Sahul Hameed Azeez
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Affiliated Thiruvalluvar University), Melvisharam, India
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Herath J, Ellepola G, Meegaskumbura M. Patterns of infection, origins, and transmission of ranaviruses among the ectothermic vertebrates of Asia. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15498-15519. [PMID: 34824771 PMCID: PMC8601927 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviral infections, a malady of ectothermic vertebrates, are becoming frequent, severe, and widespread, causing mortality among both wild and cultured species, raising odds of species extinctions and economic losses. This increase in infection is possibly due to the broad host range of ranaviruses and the transmission of these pathogens through regional and international trade in Asia, where outbreaks have been increasingly reported over the past decade. Here, we focus attention on the origins, means of transmission, and patterns of spread of this infection within the region. Infections have been recorded in both cultured and wild populations in at least nine countries/administrative regions, together with mass die-offs in some regions. Despite the imminent seriousness of the disease in Asia, surveillance efforts are still incipient. Some of the viral strains within Asia may transmit across host-taxon barriers, posing a significant risk to native species. Factors such as rising temperatures due to global climate change seem to exacerbate ranaviral activity, as most known outbreaks have been recorded during summer; however, data are still inadequate to verify this pattern for Asia. Import risk analysis, using protocols such as Pandora+, pre-border pathogen screening, and effective biosecurity measures, can be used to mitigate introduction of ranaviruses to uninfected areas and curb transmission within Asia. Comprehensive surveillance using molecular diagnostic tools for ranavirus species and variants will help in understanding the prevalence and disease burden in the region. This is an important step toward conserving native biodiversity and safeguarding the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayampathi Herath
- College of ForestryGuangxi Key Lab for Forest Ecology and ConservationGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Gajaba Ellepola
- College of ForestryGuangxi Key Lab for Forest Ecology and ConservationGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of PeradeniyaKandySri Lanka
| | - Madhava Meegaskumbura
- College of ForestryGuangxi Key Lab for Forest Ecology and ConservationGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
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Kerddee P, Dinh-Hung N, Dong HT, Hirono I, Soontara C, Areechon N, Srisapoome P, Kayansamruaj P. Molecular evidence for homologous strains of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) genotype I infecting inland freshwater cultured Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) in Thailand. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3061-3074. [PMID: 34462803 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is a fish-pathogenic virus belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus of the family Iridoviridae. In 2018, disease occurrences (40-50% cumulative mortality) associated with ISKNV infection were reported in grown-out Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) cultured in an inland freshwater system in Thailand. Clinical samples were collected from seven distinct farms located in the eastern and central regions of Thailand. The moribund fish showed various abnormal signs, including lethargy, pale gills, darkened body, and skin hemorrhage, while hypertrophied basophilic cells were observed microscopically in gill, liver, and kidney tissue. ISKNV infection was confirmed on six out of seven farms using virus-specific semi-nested PCR. The MCP and ATPase genes showed 100% sequence identity among the virus isolates, and the virus was found to belong to the ISKNV genotype I clade. Koch's postulates were later confirmed by challenge assay, and the mortality of the experimentally infected fish at 21 days post-challenge was 50-90%, depending on the challenge dose. The complete genome of two ISKNV isolates, namely KU1 and KU2, was recovered directly from the infected specimens using a shotgun metagenomics approach. The genome length of ISKNV KU1 and KU2 was 111,487 and 111,610 bp, respectively. In comparison to closely related ISKNV strains, KU1 and KU2 contained nine unique genes, including a caspase-recruitment-domain-containing protein that is potentially involved in inhibition of apoptosis. Collectively, this study indicated that inland cultured Asian sea bass are infected by homologous ISKNV strains. This indicates that ISKNV genotype I should be prioritized for future vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawit Kerddee
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- Fish Infectious Diseases Research Unit (FID RU), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan, Minato, 4-5-7, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Chayanit Soontara
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Figueiredo HCP, Tavares GC, Dorella FA, Rosa JCC, Marcelino SAC, Pierezan F, Pereira FL. First report of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus in Nile tilapia in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:3008-3015. [PMID: 34223695 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In June 2020, an atypical fatal outbreak in a Brazilian Nile tilapia farm was investigated. Twenty-three animals were collected and different tissues were used for bacterial isolation, histopathological and electron microscopic examination and viral detection using molecular methods. A large number of megalocytes were observed in the histopathological analysis of several tissues. Icosahedral virions, with a diameter of approximately 160 nm, were visualized inside the megalocytes through transmission electron microscopy of the spleen tissue. The virions were confirmed to be infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) through PCR and sequencing analyses of the fish samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the virus belongs to the Clade 1 of ISKNV. This viral pathogen is associated with high mortality in the early stages of cultured Nile tilapia in the United States, Thailand and Ghana; however, until now, there have been no reports from ISKNV affecting cultured fish in Brazil. Additionally, in 14 out of 23 sampled fish, Streptococcus agalactiae, Edwardsiella tarda or Aeromonas hydrophila infections were also detected. This is the first report of fatal ISKNV infections in the Brazilian Nile tilapia fish farms and represents a new challenge to the aquaculture sector in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Campos Tavares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Câmara Rosa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sóstenes Apolo Correia Marcelino
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Luiz Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Kerddee P, Dong HT, Chokmangmeepisarn P, Rodkhum C, Srisapoome P, Areechon N, Del-Pozo J, Kayansamruaj P. Simultaneous detection of scale drop disease virus and Flavobacterium columnare from diseased freshwater-reared barramundi Lates calcarifer. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 140:119-128. [PMID: 32759470 DOI: 10.3354/dao03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater farming of barramundi Lates calcarifer in Thailand is a growing sector in aquaculture, but mortalities due to infectious diseases are still a major threat to this industry. In 2018, an episode of severe mortality in juvenile barramundi was noted in a freshwater earth pond site. Fish presented with severe gill necrosis, as well as severe cutaneous hemorrhages, scale loss, and discoloration at the base of dorsal fin (saddleback lesions). Histopathology revealed extensive necrosis of skeletal muscle and gill filaments, as well as basophilic inclusion bodies and megalocytosis in muscle, gill, liver, and kidney. Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) infection was subsequently confirmed by virus-specific semi-nested PCR. Further, DNA sequences of the viral major capsid protein (MCP) and ATPase genes had a respective homology of 99.85 and 99.92% with sequences of SDDV infecting barramundi in saltwater culture. Gill necrosis and saddleback lesions are not typical lesions associated with scale drop syndrome. Their presence was explained by Flavobacterium columnare isolation from the gill, followed by positive F. columnare-specific PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SDDV-associated mortality in freshwater-farmed barramundi. Furthermore, this mortality presented as a concurrent infection with SDDV and F. columnare, with typical lesions of both infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawit Kerddee
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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12
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Tsai JM, Huang SL, Yang CD. PCR Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Megalocytivirus Isolates in Farmed Giant Sea Perch Lates calcarifer in Southern Taiwan. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060681. [PMID: 32599850 PMCID: PMC7354458 DOI: 10.3390/v12060681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Megalocytivirus genus includes three genotypes, red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and has caused mass mortalities in various marine and freshwater fish species in East and Southeast Asia. Of the three genotypes, TRBIV-like megalocytivirus is not included in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-reportable virus list because of its geographic restriction and narrow host range. In 2017, 39 cases of suspected iridovirus infection were isolated from fingerlings of giant sea perch (Lates calcarifer) cultured in southern Taiwan during megalocytivirus epizootics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with different specific primer sets was undertaken to identify the causative agent. Our results revealed that 35 out of the 39 giant sea perch iridovirus (GSPIV) isolates were TRBIV-like megalocytiviruses. To further evaluate the genetic variation, the nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein (MCP) gene (1348 bp) from 12 of the 35 TRBIV-like megalocytivirus isolates were compared to those of other known. High nucleotide sequence identity showed that these 12 TRBIV-like GSPIV isolates are the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the MCP gene demonstrated that these 12 isolates belong to the clade II of TRBIV megalocytiviruses, and are distinct from RSIV and ISKNV. In conclusion, the GSPIV isolates belonging to TRBIV clade II megalocytiviruses have been introduced into Taiwan and caused a severe impact on the giant sea perch aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Song-Lang Huang
- Pingtung County Animal Disease Control Center, Pingtung 90001, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Da Yang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7703-202 (ext. 5334)
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13
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Go J, Whittington R. Experimental transmission of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) from freshwater ornamental fish to silver sweep Scorpis lineolata, an Australian marine fish. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:1-21. [PMID: 31777395 DOI: 10.3354/dao03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Australian native marine fish species, silver sweep Scorpis lineolata, is susceptible to the megalocytivirus Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (strain DGIV-10) obtained from a freshwater ornamental fish, dwarf gourami Trichogaster lalius. This was demonstrated by direct inoculation and through cohabitation. Transmission by cohabitation was also demonstrated from inoculated freshwater Murray cod Maccullochella peelii to euryhaline Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata and to marine silver sweep. The virus was also transmitted from infected marine silver sweep to euryhaline Australian bass and then to freshwater Murray cod. This study is the first to demonstrate the virulence of a megalocytivirus derived from ornamental fish in an Australian marine species and the first to show a feasible pathway for the exchange of megalocytiviruses between freshwater and marine finfish hosts. These results demonstrate that megalocytiviruses from freshwater ornamental fish have the potential to spread to diverse aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Go
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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14
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Distribution and Phylogeny of Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus (ENV) in Salmon Suggests Marine Origin. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040358. [PMID: 31003511 PMCID: PMC6520742 DOI: 10.3390/v11040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) affects over 20 species of marine and anadromous fishes in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. However, the distribution and strain variation of its viral causative agent, erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV), has not been well characterized within Pacific salmon. Here, metatranscriptomic sequencing of Chinook salmon revealed that ENV infecting salmon was closely related to ENV from Pacific herring, with inferred amino-acid sequences from Chinook salmon being 99% identical to those reported for herring. Sequence analysis also revealed 89 protein-encoding sequences attributed to ENV, greatly expanding the amount of genetic information available for this virus. High-throughput PCR of over 19,000 fish showed that ENV is widely distributed in the NE Pacific Ocean and was detected in 12 of 16 tested species, including in 27% of herring, 38% of anchovy, 17% of pollock, and 13% of sand lance. Despite frequent detection in marine fish, ENV prevalence was significantly lower in fish from freshwater (0.03%), as assessed with a generalized linear mixed effects model (p = 5.5 × 10−8). Thus, marine fish are likely a reservoir for the virus. High genetic similarity between ENV obtained from salmon and herring also suggests that transmission between these hosts is likely.
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15
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Go J, Whittington R. Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata susceptibility to experimental megalocytivirus infection and utility as a model disease vector. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:157-174. [PMID: 31019128 DOI: 10.3354/dao03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses, particularly red seabream iridovirus, infect a broad range of fish including both freshwater and marine species. Although a limited number of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) strains have been reported in association with mortality events in marine aquaculture species, the potential host range for ISKNV strains, particularly of those that have been detected in ornamental fish, has not been well characterised. There have also been few reports on the susceptibility of euryhaline fish species that could potentially transmit megalocytiviruses between freshwater and marine environments. We found that the euryhaline Australian native percichthyid fish, Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata, is susceptible experimentally to ISKNV (strain DGIV-10), obtained from a freshwater ornamental fish, dwarf gourami Trichogaster lalius. Australian bass developed clinical disease following direct inoculation and also following cohabitation with infected fish, and were able to transmit DGIV-10 to naïve Murray cod Maccullochella peelii. This study demonstrated the potential for a euryhaline species to become infected with, and transmit, the megalocytivirus ISKNV between fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Go
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
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16
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Pouder DB, Yanong RP, Waltzek TB. Phylogenomic characterization of red seabream iridovirus from Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus maricultured in the Caribbean Sea. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1209-1212. [PMID: 30741339 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Between 2010 and 2016, six mortality events were observed in Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) maricultured in the Dominican Republic. Histopathological examination and conventional PCR confirmed a megalocytivirus (MCV) infection in each case. Subsequently, next-generation sequencing and phylogenomic analyses confirmed that MCV DNA was present in the infected pompano tissue samples from 2010, 2014, and 2016, and each was determined to be red seabream iridovirus (RSIV). Annotation of the RSIV genome sequences identified 121 open reading frames, and BLASTN analysis revealed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (> 99%) to a RSIV clade 1 MCV isolated from a moribund red seabream (Pagrus major) maricultured in Japan. These cases represent the first fully sequenced RSIV genomes detected outside of Asia and are the earliest reports of MCV infections in Florida pompano. This recent geographical expansion of RSIV warrants further attention to determine its potential economic and ecological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg. 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg. 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Deborah B Pouder
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, 33570, USA
| | - Roy P Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, FL, 33570, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg. 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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17
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Senapin S, Dong HT, Meemetta W, Gangnonngiw W, Sangsuriya P, Vanichviriyakit R, Sonthi M, Nuangsaeng B. Mortality from scale drop disease in farmed Lates calcarifer in Southeast Asia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:119-127. [PMID: 30397913 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, a new disease called scale drop disease (SDD) caused by a novel Megalocytivirus (SDDV) has emerged in farmed Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. We received samples from an Eastern Thai province that also showed gross signs of SDD (loss of scales). Clinical samples of 0.2-1.1 kg L. calcarifer collected between 2016 and 2018 were examined for evidence of SDDV infection. Histopathology was similar to that in the first report of SDDV from Singapore including necrosis, inflammation and nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis in the multiple organs. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were also observed in the muscle tissue. In a density-gradient fraction from muscle extracts, TEM revealed enveloped, hexagonal megalocytiviral-like particles (~100-180 nm). By PCR using primers derived from the Singaporean SDDV genome sequence, four different genes were amplified and sequenced from the Thai isolate revealing 98.7%-99.9% identity between the two isolates. Since viral inclusions were rarely observed, clinical signs and histopathology could not be used to easily distinguish between SDD caused by bacteria or SDDV. We therefore recommend that PCR screening be used to monitor broodstock, fry and grow-out fish to estimate the current impact of SDDV in Southeast Asia and to prevent its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saengchan Senapin
- Faculty of Science, Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science, Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharachai Meemetta
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Warachin Gangnonngiw
- Faculty of Science, Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pakakul Sangsuriya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Faculty of Science, Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Molruedee Sonthi
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Burapha University Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi, Thailand
| | - Bunlung Nuangsaeng
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Burapha University Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi, Thailand
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18
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Huang SM, Kuo ST, Kuo HC, Chang SK. Assessment of fish iridoviruses using a novel cell line GS-1, derived from the spleen of orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton) and susceptible to ranavirus and megalocytivirus. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1766-1774. [PMID: 30224575 PMCID: PMC6261816 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cell line (GS-1) was developed from the spleen tissue of the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides applied for viral infection studies of fish ranavirus and
megalocytivirus. The cells proficiently multiplied in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at temperatures between 20°C and 32°C. Morphologically, the cell line
comprised fibroblast-like cells, and this was confirmed by immunostaining with vimentin, fibronectin, and desmin antibodies. The optimal temperature for grouper iridovirus (GIV) and
infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) proliferation in GS-1 cells was 25°C, and the highest titer of GIV was 108.4 TCID50/ml, and the
highest titer of ISKNV was 105.2 TCID50/ml. Electron micrographs showed that the mean diameter of GIV virions was 180−220 nm, which was larger than
ISKNV virions (160−200 nm). Negatively stained GIV particles possessed an envelope structure that was assembled by the three-layered structure with an inner electron-dense core surrounded by
a lighter coat (mean diameter, 27 ± 3 nm). The highest GIV-induced mortality of groupers occurred at 25°C, whereas the highest ISKNV-induced mortality occurred at 30°C. In summary, GS-1 cell
line is a valuable tool for isolating and investigating fish ranavirus and megalocytivirus in the same host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Min Huang
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei 25158, Taiwan, ROC.,Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ting Kuo
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei 25158, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Kuang Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Francis-Floyd R, Yanong RP, Frasca S, Groff JM, Popov VL, Fraser WA, Yan A, Mohan S, Waltzek TB. Phylogenomic characterization of two novel members of the genus Megalocytivirus from archived ornamental fish samples. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:11-24. [PMID: 30154268 DOI: 10.3354/dao03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus is the most recently described member of the family Iridoviridae; as such, little is known about the genetic diversity of this genus of globally emerging viral fish pathogens. We sequenced the genomes of 2 megalocytiviruses (MCVs) isolated from epizootics involving South American cichlids (oscar Astronotus ocellatus and keyhole cichlid Cleithracara maronii) and three spot gourami Trichopodus trichopterus sourced through the ornamental fish trade during the early 1990s. Phylogenomic analyses revealed the South American cichlid iridovirus (SACIV) and three spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) possess 116 open reading frames each, and form a novel clade within the turbot reddish body iridovirus genotype (TRBIV Clade 2). Both genomes displayed a unique truncated paralog of the major capsid protein gene located immediately upstream of the full-length parent gene. Histopathological examination of archived oscar tissue sections that were PCR-positive for SACIV revealed numerous cytomegalic cells characterized by basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions within various organs, particularly the anterior kidney, spleen, intestinal lamina propria and submucosa. TSGIV-infected grunt fin (GF) cells grown in vitro displayed cytopathic effects (e.g. cytomegaly, rounding, and refractility) as early as 96 h post-infection. Ultrastructural examination of infected GF cells revealed unenveloped viral particles possessing hexagonal nucleocapsids (120 to 144 nm in diameter) and electron-dense cores within the cytoplasm, consistent with the ultrastructural morphology of a MCV. Sequencing of SACIV and TSGIV provides the first complete TRBIV Clade 2 genome sequences and expands the known host and geographic range of the TRBIV genotype to include freshwater ornamental fishes traded in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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20
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Yeh SW, Cheng YH, Nan FN, Wen CM. Characterization and virus susceptibility of a continuous cell line derived from the brain of Aequidens rivulatus (Günther). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:635-641. [PMID: 29399816 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures derived from the brain tissues of Aequidens rivulatus (Günther) have been characterized previously. In this study, a continuous cell line ARB8 was further established, and its growth characteristics, transcription and susceptibility to fish viruses-including chum salmon reovirus (CSV), marbled eel infectious pancreative necrosis virus (MEIPNV), grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV), giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV), red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), koi herpesvirus (KHV), herpesvirus anguilla (HVA) and marbled eel polyoma-like virus (MEPyV)-were examined. ARB8 cells that showed epithelioid morphology and were passaged >80 times grew well at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 30°C in L-15 medium containing 5%-15% foetal bovine serum. The cells constitutively transcribed connexion 43, glutamine synthetase, nestin and nkx6-2, which are markers for neural progenitor cells. The cells were highly susceptible to CSV, MEIPNV, GSIV and RSIV and showed the typical cytopathic effect (CPE). However, the cells were resistant to GNNV, KHV, HVA and MEPyV because no significant CPE was noted after infection. Optimal temperatures for virus production ranged from 25°C to 30°C. The results revealed that the neural progenitor cell line ARB8 can potentially serve as a useful tool for investigating fish viruses and isolating new viruses in ornamental cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y H Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - F N Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - C M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Mishra A, Nam GH, Gim JA, Lee HE, Jo A, Yoon D, Oh S, Kim S, Kim A, Kim DH, Kim YC, Jeong HD, Cha HJ, Choi YH, Kim HS. Comparative evaluation of MCP gene in worldwide strains of Megalocytivirus (Iridoviridae family) for early diagnostic marker. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:105-116. [PMID: 28914452 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Iridoviridae family have been considered as aetiological agents of iridovirus diseases, causing fish mortalities and economic losses all over the world. Virus identification based on candidate gene sequencing is faster, more accurate and more reliable than other traditional phenotype methodologies. Iridoviridae viruses are covered by a protein shell (capsid) encoded by the important candidate gene, major capsid protein (MCP). In this study, we investigated the potential of the MCP gene for use in the diagnosis and identification of infections caused Megalocytivirus of the Iridoviridae family. We selected data of 66 Iridoviridae family isolates (53 strains of Megalocytivirus, eight strains of iridoviruses and five strains of Ranavirus) infecting various species of fish distributed all over the world. A total of 53 strains of Megalocytivirus were used for designing the complete primer sets for identifying the most hypervariable region of the MCP gene. Further, our in silico analysis of 102 sequences of related and unrelated viruses reconfirms that primer sets could identify strains more specifically and offers a useful and fast alternative for routine clinical laboratory testing. Our findings suggest that phenotype observation along with diagnosis using universal primer sets can help detect infection or carriers at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishra
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - G-H Nam
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - J-A Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H-E Lee
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - A Jo
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - D Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - S Oh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - A Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y C Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H D Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H-J Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y H Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - H-S Kim
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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22
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Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of megalocytivirus RSIV-Ku: A natural recombination infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. Arch Virol 2017; 163:1037-1042. [PMID: 29282546 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses are classified into three genotypes, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), red seabream virus (RSIV), and turbo reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), based on the major capsid protein and ATPase genes. However, only a few complete genome sequences have been obtained. This paper reports the complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of an RSIV-Ku strain megalocytivirus. The genome sequence comprises 111,154 bp, has 132 putative open reading frames, and is homologous mostly to ISKNV, except for the sequence in the region 58981-66830, which is more closely related to that of the RSIV genotype. The results imply that RSIV-Ku is actually a natural recombinant virus.
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Kayansamruaj P, Rangsichol A, Dong HT, Rodkhum C, Maita M, Katagiri T, Pirarat N. Outbreaks of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection in barcoo grunter, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1341-1350. [PMID: 28111768 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, an outbreak of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection occurred in barcoo grunter, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite), farms in Thailand. Affected fish exhibited extensive haemorrhage and ulceration on skin and muscle. Microscopically, the widespread haemorrhagic ulceration and necrosis were noted in gill, spleen and kidney with the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. When healthy barcoo grunter were experimentally challenged via intraperitoneal and oral modes with homogenized tissue of naturally infected fish, gross and microscopic lesions occurred with a cumulative mortality of 70-90%. Both naturally and experimentally infected fish yielded positive results to the ranavirus-specific PCR. The full-length nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein gene of ranaviral isolates were similar to largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and identical to largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus (LBUSV), previously reported in farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides L.), which also produced lethal ulcerative skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a LMBV-like infection associated with skin lesions in barcoo grunter, adding to the known examples of ranavirus infection associated with skin ulceration in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kayansamruaj
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Rangsichol
- Department of Fish Disease Diagnosis, Aquatic Animal Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H T Dong
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Maita
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Katagiri
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Pirarat
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Pathology- Special Task Force for Activating Research, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Kwon S, Park J, Choi WJ, Koo KS, Lee JG, Park D. First case of ranavirus-associated mass mortality in a natural population of the Huanren frog (Rana huanrenensis) tadpoles in South Korea. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1376706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sera Kwon
- Department of Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jaejin Park
- Department of Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Choi
- Department of Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kyo-Soung Koo
- Department of Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Gu Lee
- Gyeonggido Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Daesik Park
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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25
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Dong HT, Jitrakorn S, Kayansamruaj P, Pirarat N, Rodkhum C, Rattanarojpong T, Senapin S, Saksmerprome V. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis disease (ISKND) outbreaks in farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in Vietnam. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:65-73. [PMID: 28663128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of a disease with clinical signs resembling megalocytivirus infection seriously affected large-scale barramundi farms in Vietnam in 2012-2014 with estimated losses reaching $435,810 per year. An oil-based, inactivated vaccine against red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) was applied in one farm for disease prevention without analysis of the causative agent, and the farmer reported inadequate protection. Here we describe histological and molecular analysis of the diseased fish. PCR targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) of megalocytiviruses yielded an amplicon with high sequence identity to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) genotype II previously reported from other marine fish but not barramundi. Detection of the virus was confirmed by positive in situ hybridization results with fish tissue lesions of the kidney, liver, pancreas, and brain of the PCR-positive samples. Based on the complete sequence of the MCP gene, the isolate showed 95.2% nucleotide sequence identity and 98.7% amino acid sequence identity (6 residue differences) with the MCP of RSIV. Prediction of antigenic determinants for MCP antigens indicated that the 6 residue differences would result in a significant difference in antigenicity of the two proteins. This was confirmed by automated homology modeling in which structure superimpositioning revealed several unique epitopes in the barramundi isolate. This probably accounted for the low efficiency of the RSIV vaccine when tested by the farmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Dong
- Aquaculture Vaccine Platform, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand; Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - S Jitrakorn
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - P Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Pirarat
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Pathology- Special Task Force for Activating Research, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - T Rattanarojpong
- Aquaculture Vaccine Platform, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - S Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - V Saksmerprome
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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26
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Leung WTM, Thomas-Walters L, Garner TWJ, Balloux F, Durrant C, Price SJ. A quantitative-PCR based method to estimate ranavirus viral load following normalisation by reference to an ultraconserved vertebrate target. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:147-155. [PMID: 28844932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are important pathogens of amphibians, reptiles and fish. To meet the need for an analytical method for generating normalised and comparable infection data for these diverse host species, two standard-curve based quantitative-PCR (qPCR) assays were developed enabling viral load estimation across these host groups. A viral qPCR targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) gene was developed which was specific to amphibian-associated ranaviruses with high analytical sensitivity (lower limit of detection: 4.23 plasmid standard copies per reaction) and high reproducibility across a wide dynamic range (coefficient of variation below 3.82% from 3 to 3×108 standard copies per reaction). The comparative sensitivity of the viral qPCR was 100% (n=78) based on agreement with an established end-point PCR. Comparative specificity with the end-point PCR was also 100% (n=94) using samples from sites with no history of ranavirus infection. To normalise viral quantities, a host qPCR was developed which targeted a single-copy, ultra-conserved non-coding element (UCNE) of vertebrates. Viral and host qPCRs were applied to track ranavirus growth in culture. The two assays offer a robust approach to viral load estimation and the host qPCR can be paired with assays targeting other pathogens to study infection burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T M Leung
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Thomas-Walters
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Durrant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; NatureMetrics Ltd., Ashford, Surrey, TW15 1UU, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Price
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; UCL Genetics Institute, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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27
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Bigarré L, Lesne M, Lautraite A, Chesneau V, Leroux A, Jamin M, Boitard PM, Toffan A, Prearo M, Labrut S, Daniel P. Molecular identification of iridoviruses infecting various sturgeon species in Europe. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:105-118. [PMID: 27193445 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Iridoviridae are known to cause disease in sturgeons in North America. Here, histological and molecular methods were used to screen for this family of virus in sturgeons from various European farms with low-to-high morbidity. Some histological samples revealed basophilic cells in the gill and labial epithelia, strongly suggesting the accumulation of iridovirus particles. Newly developed generic PCR tests targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of sturgeon iridoviruses identified in North America, namely the white sturgeon iridovirus and the Namao virus (NV), produced positive signals in most samples from four sturgeon species: Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), Siberian (A. baerii), Adriatic (A. naccarii) and beluga (Huso huso). The sequences of the PCR products were generally highly similar one another, with nucleotide identities greater than 98%. They were also related to (74-88%), although distinct from, American sturgeon iridoviruses. These European viruses were thus considered variants of a single new virus, provisionally named Acipenser iridovirus-European (AcIV-E). Moreover, three samples infected with AcIV-E showed genetic heterogeneity, with the co-existence of two sequences differing by five nucleotides. One of our European samples carried a virus distinct from AcIV-E, but closely related to NV identified in Canada (95%). This study demonstrates the presence of two distinct sturgeon iridoviruses in Europe: a new genotype AcIV-E and an NV-related virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bigarré
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Université Bretagne-Loire, Plouzané, France
| | - M Lesne
- Laboratoire des Pyrénées et des Landes, Mont-de-Marsan, France
| | | | - V Chesneau
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire Aquacole Aquitain, Mont-de-Marsan, France
| | - A Leroux
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, rue des fusillés, Ploufragan, France
| | - M Jamin
- Fili@vet, Aquaculture veterinarians, Saint-Martin-des-Champs, France
| | - P M Boitard
- Fili@vet, Aquaculture veterinarians, Saint-Martin-des-Champs, France
| | - A Toffan
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M Prearo
- IZS PLV, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - S Labrut
- ONIRIS, AMaROC, LUNAM University, Nantes, France
| | - P Daniel
- Laboratoire des Pyrénées et des Landes, Mont-de-Marsan, France
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28
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Go J, Waltzek TB, Subramaniam K, Yun SC, Groff JM, Anderson IG, Chong R, Shirley I, Schuh JCL, Handlinger JH, Tweedie A, Whittington RJ. Detection of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV) from archival ornamental fish samples. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 122:105-123. [PMID: 28000602 DOI: 10.3354/dao03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although infections caused by megalocytiviruses have been reported from a wide range of finfish species for several decades, molecular characterisation of the viruses involved has been undertaken only on more recent cases. Sequence analysis of the major capsid protein and adenosine triphosphatase genes is reported here from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material from 2 archival ornamental fish cases from 1986 and 1988 in conjunction with data for a range of genes from fresh frozen tissues from 5 cases obtained from 1991 through to 2010. Turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV) genotype megalocytiviruses, previously not documented in ornamental fish, were detected in samples from 1986, 1988 and 1991. In contrast, megalocytiviruses from 1996 onwards, including those characterised from 2002, 2006 and 2010 in this study, were almost indistinguishable from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Three of the species infected with TRBIV-like megalocytiviruses from 1986 to 1991, viz. dwarf gourami Trichogaster lalius (formerly Colisa lalia), freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare and oscar Astronotus ocellatus, were infected with ISKNV genotype megalocytiviruses from 2002 to 2010. The detection of a TRBIV genotype isolate in ornamental fish from 1986 represents the index case, confirmed by molecular sequence data, for the genus Megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Go
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2570, Australia
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29
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Li Q, Wang Y, Zhang M, Li R, Ye S, Li H. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant ORF 049L of rock bream iridovirus. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Peng C, Ma H, Su Y, Wen W, Feng J, Guo Z, Qiu L. Susceptibility of farmed juvenile giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus to a newly isolated grouper iridovirus (genus Ranavirus). Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Guo CY, Huang YH, Wei SN, Ouyang ZL, Yan Y, Huang XH, Qin QW. Establishment of a new cell line from the heart of giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), and its application in toxicology and virus susceptibility. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:175-186. [PMID: 24372271 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new marine fish cell line, derived from the heart of giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), was established and characterized. The cell line was designated as ELGH and subcultured with more than 60 passages. The ELGH cells were mainly composed of fibroblast-like cells and multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28 °C. Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number was 48. The fluorescent signals were detected in ELGH when transfected with green fluorescent protein reporter plasmids. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50 ) of the extracellular products (ECPs) from Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio alginolyticus E333 on ELGH cells was 60.02 and 12.49 μg mL(-1), respectively. Moreover, the ELGH cells showed susceptibility to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), but not to soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV), red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which was demonstrated by the presence of a severe cytopathic effect (CPE) and increased viral titres. In addition, electron microscopy observation showed that abundant virus particles were present in the infected cells. Taken together, our data above provided the potential utility of ELGH cells for transgenic and genetic manipulation, as well as cytotoxicity testing and virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Wu YC, Kai YH, Chi SC. Persistently betanodavirus-infected barramundi (Lates calcarifer) exhibit resistances to red sea bream iridovirus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:666-674. [PMID: 23831937 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) are two important pathogens that have caused acute, highly contagious, and widespread diseases among wild and cultured fish, especially at larval and juvenile stages. We discovered that the pathogenicity of NNV to the 80 days post-hatch (dph) barramundi is lower than that to the 14 dph barramundi. Following NNV challenge, no mortality occurred in the 80 dph barramundi, but NNV RNA2 and barramundi Mx (BMx) gene expression was detected in the brain and liver. The 80 dph barramundi pre-challenged with NNV became more resistant to the following RSIV challenge (mortality: 62%) compared to the NNV-free barramundi challenged with RSIV (mortality: 100%). A similar phenomenon was revealed in the cell culture system that RSIV proliferated less progeny in the barramundi brain (BB) cell line which exhibit persistent NNV infection than in NNV-free cured BB (cBB) cell line. The potential factors involved in the resistance of the persistently NNV-infected barramundi and BB cells to the secondary RSIV infection were examined in this study. We prove that barramundi anti-NNV polyclonal antibodies do not cross-neutralize RSIV, and NNV infection does not interfere with RSIV replication. However, the interferon (IFN) response and BMx gene expression in cBB cells suppresses the RSIV proliferation. Our study suggests that the NNV-induced IFN response and BMx expression are responsible for the resistance of barramundi to RSIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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33
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Wen CM, Ku CC, Wang CS. Viral susceptibility, transfection and growth of SPB--a fish neural progenitor cell line from the brain of snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:657-667. [PMID: 23305502 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the susceptibilities of the SPB cell line to fish viruses including giant seaperch iridovirus (GSIV-K1), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV-Ku), grouper nervous necrosis virus (GNNV-K1), chum salmon reovirus (CSV) and eel herpesvirus (HVA). GSIV-K1, RSIV-Ku and CSV replicated well in SPB cells, with a significant cytopathic effect and virus production. However, the cells were HVA and GNNV refractory. To examine the ability of SPB cells to stably express foreign protein, expression vectors encoding GNNV B1 and B2 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and GSIV ORF35L fused to DsRed were constructed and introduced by transfection into SPB cells. Stable transfectants displayed different morphologies compared with SPB and with each other. EGFP-B1 was predominantly localized in the nuclei, EFPF-B2 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus, and granular 35L-DsRed was localized with secreted vesicles. The expression of EFPF-B2 in SPB cells produced blebs on the surface, but the cells showing stable expression of EGFP, EGFP-B1 or 35L-DsRed showed normal morphologies. Results show the SPB cells and the transfected cells grow well at temperatures between 20 and 35 °C and with serum-dependent growth. SPB cells are suitable for studies on foreign protein expression and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Nan-Tzu District, Taiwan.
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