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Molecular Tracking of the Origin of Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreaks in 2004 and 2018, Ecuador. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030181. [PMID: 36977220 PMCID: PMC10057135 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) is an arbovirus causing vesicular stomatitis (VS) in livestock. There are two serotypes recognized: New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV). The virus can be transmitted directly by contact or by vectors. In 2018, Ecuador experienced an outbreak of Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) in cattle, caused by VSNJV and VSVIV, with 399 cases reported distributed over 18 provinces. We determined the phylogenetic relationships among 67 strains. For the construction of phylogenetic trees, the viral phosphoprotein gene was sequenced, and trees were constructed based on the Maximum Likelihood method using 2004 outbreak strains from Ecuador (GenBank) and the 2018 sequences (this article). We built a haplotype network for VSNJV to trace the origin of the 2004 and 2018 epizootics through topology and mutation connections. These analyses suggest two different origins, one related to the 2004 outbreak and the other from a transmission source in 2018. Our analysis also suggests different transmission patterns; several small and independent outbreaks, most probably transmitted by vectors in the Amazon, and another outbreak caused by the movement of livestock in the Andean and Coastal regions. We recommend further research into vectors and vertebrate reservoirs in Ecuador to clarify the mechanisms of the reemergence of the virus.
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2
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Bertram MR, Rodgers C, Reed K, Velazquez-Salinas L, Pelzel-McCluskey A, Mayo C, Rodriguez L. Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus near-full-length genome sequences reveal low genetic diversity during the 2019 outbreak in Colorado, USA. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1110483. [PMID: 36865437 PMCID: PMC9971496 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Angela Pelzel-McCluskey
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Luis Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Luis Rodriguez ✉
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Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Isolated from a Bovine Brain Sample in Costa Rica. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0073722. [PMID: 36125285 PMCID: PMC9584207 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00737-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey) virus was obtained by high-throughput sequencing after the nucleic acid was extracted from the supernatant of Vero E6 cells inoculated with a sample of a bovine brain with nervous signs. The sample was negative for rabies by direct Immunofluorescence and bovine spongiform encephalopathy by histopathology.
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4
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Hole K, Nfon C, Rodriguez LL, Velazquez-Salinas L. A Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay With Enhanced Capacity to Detect Vesicular Stomatitis Viral Lineages of Central American Origin. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:783198. [PMID: 34988142 PMCID: PMC8720762 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.783198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) causes a disease in susceptible livestock that is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease. Rapid testing is therefore critical to identify VSV and rule out FMD. We previously developed and validated a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (mRRT-PCR) for detection of both VS New Jersey virus (VSNJV) and VS Indiana virus (VSIV). However, it was subsequently apparent that this assay failed to detect some VSNJV isolates in Mexico, especially in genetic group II, lineage 2.1. In order to enhance the sensitivity of the mRRT-PCR for VSNJV, parts of the assay were redesigned and revalidated using new and improved PCR chemistries. The redesign markedly improved the assay by increasing the VSNJV detection sensitivity of lineage 2.1 and thereby allowing detection of all VSNJV clades. The new assay showed an increased capability to detect VSNJV. Specifically, the new mRRT-PCR detected VSNJV in 100% (87/87) of samples from Mexico in 2006-2007 compared to 74% for the previous mRRT-PCR. Furthermore, the analytical sensitivity of the new mRRT-PCR was enhanced for VSNJV. Importantly, the modified assay had the same sensitivity and specificity for VSIV as the previously published assay. Our results highlight the challenges the large genetic variability of VSV pose for virus detection by mRRT-PCR and show the importance of frequent re-evaluation and validation of diagnostic assays for VSV to ensure high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hole
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
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5
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Palinski R, Pauszek SJ, Humphreys JM, Peters DP, McVey DS, Pelzel‐McCluskey AM, Derner JD, Burruss ND, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Palinski
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University 2005 Research Park Manhattan Kansas 66502 USA
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
| | - John M. Humphreys
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Debra P.C. Peters
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - D. Scott McVey
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68583 USA
| | - Angela M. Pelzel‐McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Justin D. Derner
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit 8408 Hildreth Road Cheyenne Wyoming 82009 USA
| | - N. Dylan Burruss
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
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6
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Holinka LG, Gladue DP, Rekant SI, Bishop EA, Stenfeldt C, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Borca MV, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Matrix Protein (M51R) of Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus Impairs Replication in Cultured Porcine Macrophages and Results in Significant Attenuation in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1123. [PMID: 32587580 PMCID: PMC7299242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the virulence of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) in pigs and its potential relationship with the virus’s ability to modulate innate responses. For this purpose, we developed a mutant of the highly virulent strain NJ0612NME6, containing a single amino acid substitution in the matrix protein (M51R). The M51R mutant of NJ0612NME6 was unable to suppress the transcription of genes associated with the innate immune response both in primary fetal porcine kidney cells and porcine primary macrophage cultures. Impaired viral growth was observed only in porcine macrophage cultures, indicating that the M51 residue is required for efficient replication of VSNJV in these cells. Furthermore, when inoculated in pigs by intradermal scarification of the snout, M51R infection was characterized by decreased clinical signs including reduced fever and development of less and smaller secondary vesicular lesions. Pigs infected with M51R had decreased levels of viral shedding and absence of RNAemia compared to the parental virus. The ability of the mutant virus to infect pigs by direct contact remained intact, indicating that the M51R mutation resulted in a partially attenuated phenotype capable of causing primary lesions and transmitting to sentinel pigs. Collectively, our results show a positive correlation between the ability of VSNJV to counteract the innate immune response in swine macrophage cultures and the level of virulence in pigs, a natural host of this virus. More studies are encouraged to evaluate the interaction of VSNJV with macrophages and other components of the immune response in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Steven I Rekant
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Bishop
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Representative New Jersey Vesiculovirus Strain, NJ03CPB, from a Region of Endemicity in Southern Mexico. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/25/e00499-19. [PMID: 31221649 PMCID: PMC6588370 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00499-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the full-genome sequence of a New Jersey vesiculovirus strain, commonly referred to as vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV), obtained from an epithelial lesion of a naturally infected cow in Chiapas, Mexico. This genome is a representative from the zone of endemicity in Mexico, a region of high genetic diversity. We report the full-genome sequence of a New Jersey vesiculovirus strain, commonly referred to as vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV), obtained from an epithelial lesion of a naturally infected cow in Chiapas, Mexico. This genome is a representative from the zone of endemicity in Mexico, a region of high genetic diversity.
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8
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Barrera J, Clark BA, Borca MV, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Validation of a site-specific recombination cloning technique for the rapid development of a full-length cDNA clone of a virulent field strain of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 265:113-116. [PMID: 30639413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the use of a site-specific recombination cloning technique for rapid development of a full-length cDNA clone that can produce infectious vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV). The full-length genome of the epidemic VSNJV NJ0612NME6 strain was amplified in four overlapping cDNA fragments which were linked together and cloned into a vector plasmid by site-specific recombination. Furthermore, to derive infectious virus, three supporting plasmid vectors containing either the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P) or polymerase (L) genes were constructed using the same cloning methodology. Recovery of recombinant VSNJV was achieved after transfecting all four vectors on into BSR-T7/5 cells, a BHK-derived cell line stably expressing T7 RNA polymerase (PMID: 9847328). In vitro characterization of recombinant and parental viruses revealed similar growth kinetics and plaque morphologies. Furthermore, experimental infection of pigs with the recombinant virus resulted in severe vesicular stomatitis with clinical signs similar to those previously reported for the parental field strain. These results validate the use of site-directed specific recombination cloning as a useful alternative method for rapid construction of stable full-length cDNA clones from vesicular stomatitis field strains. The approach reported herein contributes to the improvement of previously published methodologies for the development of full-length cDNA clones of this relevant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA; National Autonomous University of Mexico, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Mexico; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Jose Barrera
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Benjamin A Clark
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | | | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA.
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9
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Viruses Representing the 2012 U.S. Epidemic Strain and Its Closest Relative Endemic Strain from Southern Mexico. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/7/e00049-18. [PMID: 29449388 PMCID: PMC5814489 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00049-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequences of two vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) field strains isolated from epithelial lesions from naturally infected animals in Mexico and the United States. The close phylogenetic relationship of these isolates makes them an ideal model for assessing potential genetic factors linked with the emergence of VSNJV in the United States.
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10
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Blasdell KR, Guzman H, Widen SG, Firth C, Wood TG, Holmes EC, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N, Walker PJ. Ledantevirus: a proposed new genus in the Rhabdoviridae has a strong ecological association with bats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:405-10. [PMID: 25487727 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Le Dantec serogroup of rhabdoviruses comprises Le Dantec virus from a human with encephalitis and Keuriliba virus from rodents, each isolated in Senegal. The Kern Canyon serogroup comprises a loosely connected set of rhabdoviruses many of which have been isolated from bats, including Kern Canyon virus from California, Nkolbisson virus from Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Cote d'Ivoire, Kolente virus from Guinea, Mount Elgon bat and Fikirini viruses from Kenya, and Oita virus from Japan. Fukuoka virus isolated from mosquitoes, midges, and cattle in Japan, Barur virus from a rodent in India and Nishimuro virus from pigs in Japan have also been linked genetically or serologically to this group. Here, we analyze the genome sequences and phylogenetic relationships of this set of viruses. We show that they form three subgroups within a monophyletic group, which we propose should constitute the new genus Ledantevirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hilda Guzman
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven G Widen
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cadhla Firth
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Wood
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert B Tesh
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Evolution of the vesicular stomatitis viruses: Divergence and codon usage bias. Virus Res 2014; 192:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Phylogeographic characteristics of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey viruses circulating in Mexico from 2005 to 2011 and their relationship to epidemics in the United States. Virology 2014; 449:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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