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Tengan FM, Ibrahim KY, Dantas BP, Manchiero C, Magri MC, Bernardo WM. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus among people living with HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:663. [PMID: 27829381 PMCID: PMC5103446 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the immunosuppression induced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accelerates the natural history of liver disease associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV), with 3- to 5-fold higher odds of coinfected individuals developing cirrhosis. However, estimates of the seroprevalence of hepatitis C among people living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLHA) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are widely variable. METHODS We performed a systematic review to estimate the seroprevalence of HCV among PLHA. We searched studies on HIV and HCV infections in LAC included in the PubMed, LILACS and Embase databases in December of 2014 with no time or language restrictions. The following combinations of search terms were used in the PubMed and Embase databases: (HIV OR Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus OR AIDS OR HTLV OR Human Immunodeficiency Virus OR Human T Cell) AND (HCV OR HEPATITIS C OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS OR HEPACIVIRUS) AND (name of an individual country or territory in LAC). The following search terms were used in the LILACS database: (HIV OR AIDS OR Virus da Imunodeficiencia Humana) AND (HCV OR Hepatite C OR Hepacivirus). An additional 11 studies were identified through manual searches. A total of 2,380 publications were located, including 617 duplicates; the remaining articles were reviewed to select studies for inclusion in this study. RESULTS A total of 37 studies were selected for systematic review, including 23 from Brazil, 5 from Argentina, 3 from Cuba, 1 from Puerto Rico, 1 from Chile, 1 from Colombia, 1 from Mexico, 1 from Peru and 1 from Venezuela. The estimated seroprevalence of HCV infection varied from 0.8 to 58.5 % (mean 17.37; median 10.91), with the highest in Argentina and Brazil and the lowest in Venezuela and Colombia. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of HCV infection among PLHA and of HIV infection among people living with HCV is highly recommended because it allows for better follow up, counseling and treatment of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed in both South and Central America to understand and address the risk factors associated with the acquisition of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mitiko Tengan
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo - USP), São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Karim Yakub Ibrahim
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo - USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Peixoto Dantas
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Manchiero
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratory of Viral Medical Research in Hepatology (Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por vírus - LIM-47), Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Characterization of hepatitis B virus infection in illicit drug users in the Marajó Archipelago, northern Brazil. Arch Virol 2016; 162:227-233. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Freitas SZ, Teles SA, Lorenzo PC, Puga MAM, Tanaka TSO, Thomaz DY, Martins RMB, Druzian AF, Lindenberg ASC, Torres MS, Pereira SA, Villar LM, Lampe E, Motta-Castro ARC. HIV and HCV coinfection: prevalence, associated factors and genotype characterization in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 56:517-24. [PMID: 25351547 PMCID: PMC4296873 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study on prevalence, associated factors and genotype
distribution of HCV infection was conducted among 848 HIV-infected patients
recruited at reference centers in the Midwest Region of Brazil. The prevalence
rate of HIV-HCV coinfection was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.2 to 8.6).
In multivariable analysis, increasing age, use of illicit drugs (injection
and non-injection), a history of blood transfusion before 1994, and the
absence of a steady partnership were significant independent associated factors
for HIV-HCV coinfection. The phylogenetic analysis based on the NS5B region
revealed the presence of two major circulating genotypes of HCV: genotypes 1
(58.3%) and 3 (41.7%). The prevalence of HIV-HCV
coinfection was lower than those reported in studies conducted with HIV-infected
patients in different regions of Brazil, due to the fact that illicit drug use
is not a frequent mode of HIV transmission in this region of Brazil. Serologic
screening of HIV-patients for HCV before initiating antiretroviral treatment, a
comprehensive identification of associated factors, and the implementation of
effective harm reduction programs are highly recommended to provide useful
information for treatment and to prevent HCV coinfection in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina Sawada Torres
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Brandão NAA, Pfrimer IAH, Martelli CMT, Turchi MD. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and associated factors in people living with HIV in Midwestern Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:426-30. [PMID: 25766773 PMCID: PMC9427459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and analyze sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with such co-infection. A cross-section study was performed in 495 individuals treated at a public center in the city of Goiânia. Participants were interviewed and blood collected for evaluation of serological and molecular markers for HBV and HCV. The rate of exposure to HBV was 33.5% (95% CI 29.4–37.9). Nineteen patients (3.8%) were diagnosed as HBV carriers, of whom 68.4% were HBV DNA positive. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 9.7% (95% CI 7.3–12.7). Genotype 1a was identified in 72.7% of the PCR samples positive for HCV. Co-infection by all three viruses was 4.4% (95% CI 2.9–6.8). Being, male, aged ≥40 years, history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), and having homosexual practices were independently associated with the presence of markers of HBV exposure. A history of injectable drugs use and STDs showed association with HCV seropositivity. Approximately 50% of participants were not aware of their HBV and HCV serostatus. The results obtained may contribute to assess the burden of viral hepatitis in people living with HIV and to guiding preventive measures for more vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marília Dalva Turchi
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Aydin OA, Yemisen M, Karaosmanoglu HK, Sargin F, Gunduz A, Ceylan B, Mete B, Ozgunes N, Sevgi DY, Ozaras R, Tabak F. Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among HIV-Positive Patients: Data From a Large-Scale Cohort Study in Istanbul, Turkey. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e18128. [PMID: 25337142 PMCID: PMC4199144 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.18128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rate of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) varies in different countries. This may be attributable to common transmission routes as well as social, economic, and cultural factors. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection among HIV-positive patients in Istanbul, Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS Since January 2006 to November 2013, 949 HIV-positive patients that were enrolled in this study by ACTHIV-IST (Action Against HIV in Istanbul) Study Group, which consists of five centers to follow up HIV-positive patients in Istanbul. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected retrospectively from medical records and were transferred to an HIV database system. RESULTS Among 949 patients, 84% were men and the mean age was 37.92 ± 11.54 years (range, 17-79). The most frequent route of transmission was heterosexual intercourse (48.8%), followed by men having sex with men (30.5%). Only nine patients (0.9%) had history of injection drug use (IDU). The prevalence of HIV/HCV coinfection was 0.9% (9:949). The IDU rate was 44.4% (4:9) in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection (three of them were not Turkish citizens), whereas this rate was only 0.6% (5:881) in patients with only HIV infection (P < 0.01). Genotypes 1b, 2a/2c, and 3 were determined in five, one, and two patients, respectively. Genotype could not be determined in one patient. History of residence in a foreign country (P < 0.01) and imprisonment (P < 0.01) were also considered as risk factors in terms of HIV/HCV coinfection. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of HIV/HCV coinfection is considerably low in Turkey. The extremely rare prevalence of IDU might have a role in this low prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Altuntas Aydin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding Author: Ozlem Altuntas Aydin, Department of Infectious Diseasaes and Clinical Microbiology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Aksaray-Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: +90-2125294400, Fax: +90-5057962570, E-mail:
| | - Mucahit Yemisen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayat Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sargin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gunduz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Ceylan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgul Mete
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nail Ozgunes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yildiz Sevgi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resat Ozaras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehmi Tabak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Sawada L, Pinto LC, Locks D, Bahia SL, Castro JAA, Hermes RB, Brasil-Costa I, Amaral CEM, Lemos JAR. Epidemiological aspects of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the Brazilian state of Pará, eastern Amazon. Virol J 2014; 11:38. [PMID: 24564954 PMCID: PMC4077103 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, sharing of drug paraphernalia is the main form of HCV transmission worldwide. In South America, consistent findings indicate that shared sniffing equipment is an important factor in the spread of HCV among non-injecting drug users. Epidemiological data on the status of HCV infection in illicit drug users in the Amazon region are scarce, although reports of clinical cases of hepatitis or pathologies associated with HCV infection in other population groups are numerous. Thereby, this study investigated the prevalence, genotype frequency, and epidemiological factors associated with HCV infection in non-injecting drug users in the state of Pará, eastern Amazon. RESULTS During 2008-2011, 300 non-injecting drug users attending drug-treatment centers participated in this study. Most non-injecting drug users were male (63.7%). The mean age was 32.5 years. The non-injecting drugs most consumed were: cannabis (15.6%), cocaine paste (21.3%), and oxi cocaine (25.7%). Tobacco (60.9%) and alcohol (79.4%) were also commonly consumed. One hundred six (35.1%; CI 95%: 29.8 - 41.1) non-injecting drug users presented anti-HCV antibodies by EIA. The HCV-RNA prevalence was 28.0% (95% CI: 20.6 - 35.8). Genotypes 1 (76.9%) and 3 (23.1%) of HCV have been identified. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that HCV infection was independently associated with the following factors: "age (≥ 35 years)", "tattoos", "use of a needle or syringe sterilized at home", "shared use of drug paraphernalia", "uses drugs for more than 5 years", and "use of drugs everyday". CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a high prevalence of HCV infection in non-injecting drug users, and most infections are occasioned by genotype 1. Likely, HCV transmission is associated with the tattoos, the use of needle or syringe sterilized at home by people over the age of 35 years, and sharing, time and frequency of use of non-injecting drugs. These findings should serve as an incentive for the establishment of a program of Hepatitis C prevention and control by the local public-health authorities in order to develop effective policies and strategies for contain the spread of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, 68600-000 Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leila Sawada
- Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Laine C Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daiane Locks
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Santana L Bahia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jairo A A Castro
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renata B Hermes
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Igor Brasil-Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos E M Amaral
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R Lemos
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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HBV infection in HIV-infected subjects in the state of Piauí, Northeast Brazil. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1193-7. [PMID: 24264385 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence, genotype frequency, and risk factors for HBV infection in 768 HIV-infected subjects living in Piauí were determined. Forty-six (6.0 %) HIV-positive subjects were reactive for HBsAg and positive for HBV-DNA. Genotypes A (71.8 %), F (23.9 %) and D (4.3 %) were identified. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between HIV-HBV coinfection and male gender, older age groups, unprotected sex, reporting more than ten sexual partners throughout life, STD, and tattooing. This study shows the importance of monitoring sites and professionals who perform tattooing and practice safe sex to prevent the spread of HIV and HBV infections.
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