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Endo HM, Bandeca SCS, Olchanheski LR, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Pileggi M. Probiotics and the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infection through regulation of host cell calcium dynamics. Life Sci 2024; 350:122784. [PMID: 38848939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcium is a secondary messenger that interacts with several cellular proteins, regulates various physiological processes, and plays a role in diseases such as viral infections. Next-generation probiotics and live biotherapeutic products are linked to the regulation of intracellular calcium levels. Some viruses can manipulate calcium channels, pumps, and membrane receptors to alter calcium influx and promote virion production and release. In this study, we examined the use of bacteria for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases, such as coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccination programs have helped reduce disease severity; however, there is still a lack of well-recognized drug regimens for the clinical management of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the host cell calcium (Ca2+), manipulates proteins, and disrupts Ca2+ homeostasis. This article explores how viruses exploit, create, or exacerbate calcium imbalances, and the potential role of probiotics in mitigating viral infections by modulating calcium signaling. Pharmacological strategies have been developed to prevent viral replication and block the calcium channels that serve as viral receptors. Alternatively, probiotics may interact with cellular calcium influx, such as Lactobacillus spp. The interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila and cellular calcium homeostasis is evident. A scientific basis for using probiotics to manipulate calcium channel activity needs to be established for the treatment and prevention of viral diseases while maintaining calcium homeostasis. In this review article, we discuss how intracellular calcium signaling can affect viral replication and explore the potential therapeutic benefits of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Massami Endo
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Life Sciences and Health Institute, Structural and Molecular Biology, and Genetics Department, Ponta Grossa State University, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Life Sciences and Health Institute, Structural and Molecular Biology, and Genetics Department, Ponta Grossa State University, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Zelinda Schemczssen-Graeff
- Comparative Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pileggi
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Life Sciences and Health Institute, Structural and Molecular Biology, and Genetics Department, Ponta Grossa State University, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
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2
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Dalinkeviciene E, Gradauskiene B, Sakalauskaite S, Petruliene K, Vaiciuniene R, Skarupskiene I, Bastyte D, Sauseriene J, Valius L, Bumblyte IA, Ziginskiene E. Immune Response after Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Relation to Cellular Immunity, Vitamin D and Comorbidities in Hemodialysis Patients. Microorganisms 2024; 12:861. [PMID: 38792691 PMCID: PMC11123711 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the global threat of SARS-CoV-2, individuals undergoing maintenance dialysis represent a vulnerable population with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Therefore, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 is an essential component of healthcare strategy for these patients. Existing data indicate that they tend to exhibit a reduced immune response to vaccines compared to the general population. Our study aimed to assess both humoral and cellular immune responses following two doses of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, an ability to maintain adequate antibody titers over time, and potential relations with vitamin D, comorbidities and other factors in hemodialysis patients based on a single center experience. A total of 41/45 patients (91.1%) responded to the second dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. The titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG class antibodies and levels of T cells three to four weeks after vaccination were lower in dialysis patients than in healthy controls. Antibodies titer in dialysis patients had a positive correlation with B lymphocytes and was related to cardiovascular diseases. The level of CD4+ cells had a negative correlation with hemodialysis vintage, as did the vitamin D level with post-vaccination seroconversion and decline in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies titer during six months after vaccination. Hemodialysis patients had decreased amounts of CD4+ and CD8+ cells and lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than healthy controls. Therefore, chronic hemodialysis could lead to diminished cellular immunity and humoral immune response to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and reduced protection from COVID-19. Comorbidity in cardiovascular diseases was associated with a lower level of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer. Vitamin D may be important in maintaining stable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, while the duration of dialysis treatment could be one of the factors decreasing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer and determining lower CD4+ cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Dalinkeviciene
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.P.); (R.V.); (I.S.); (I.A.B.); (E.Z.)
| | - Brigita Gradauskiene
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Sandra Sakalauskaite
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Kristina Petruliene
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.P.); (R.V.); (I.S.); (I.A.B.); (E.Z.)
| | - Ruta Vaiciuniene
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.P.); (R.V.); (I.S.); (I.A.B.); (E.Z.)
| | - Inga Skarupskiene
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.P.); (R.V.); (I.S.); (I.A.B.); (E.Z.)
| | - Daina Bastyte
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Jolanta Sauseriene
- Department of Family Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Leonas Valius
- Department of Family Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Inga Arune Bumblyte
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.P.); (R.V.); (I.S.); (I.A.B.); (E.Z.)
| | - Edita Ziginskiene
- Department of Nephrology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.P.); (R.V.); (I.S.); (I.A.B.); (E.Z.)
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3
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Ellsworth CR, Wang C, Katz AR, Chen Z, Islamuddin M, Yang H, Scheuermann SE, Goff KA, Maness NJ, Blair RV, Kolls JK, Qin X. Natural Killer Cells Do Not Attenuate a Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2-Induced Disease in Rag2-/- Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:611. [PMID: 38675952 PMCID: PMC11054502 DOI: 10.3390/v16040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the roles of T, B, and Natural Killer (NK) cells in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19, utilizing mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2-MA30 (MA30). To evaluate this MA30 mouse model, we characterized MA30-infected C57BL/6 mice (B6) and compared them with SARS-CoV-2-WA1 (an original SARS-CoV-2 strain) infected K18-human ACE2 (K18-hACE2) mice. We found that the infected B6 mice developed severe peribronchial inflammation and rapid severe pulmonary edema, but less lung interstitial inflammation than the infected K18-hACE2 mice. These pathological findings recapitulate some pathological changes seen in severe COVID-19 patients. Using this MA30-infected mouse model, we further demonstrate that T and/or B cells are essential in mounting an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. This was evident as Rag2-/- showed heightened vulnerability to infection and inhibited viral clearance. Conversely, the depletion of NK cells did not significantly alter the disease course in Rag2-/- mice, underscoring the minimal role of NK cells in the acute phase of MA30-induced disease. Together, our results indicate that T and/or B cells, but not NK cells, mitigate MA30-induced disease in mice and the infected mouse model can be used for dissecting the pathogenesis and immunology of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calder R Ellsworth
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexis R Katz
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.R.K.); (H.Y.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Zheng Chen
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Haoran Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.R.K.); (H.Y.); (J.K.K.)
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sarah E Scheuermann
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
| | - Kelly A Goff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.R.K.); (H.Y.); (J.K.K.)
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Health Sciences Campus, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (C.R.E.); (C.W.); (Z.C.); (M.I.); (S.E.S.); (K.A.G.); (N.J.M.); (R.V.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Tsukalov I, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Rajas O, Avalos E, Iturricastillo G, Esparcia L, Buzón MJ, Genescà M, Scagnetti C, Popova O, Martin-Cófreces N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Marcos-Jimenez A, Martínez-Fleta P, Delgado-Arévalo C, de Los Santos I, Muñoz-Calleja C, Calzada MJ, González Álvaro I, Palacios-Calvo J, Alfranca A, Ancochea J, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martin-Gayo E. NFκB and NLRP3/NLRC4 inflammasomes regulate differentiation, activation and functional properties of monocytes in response to distinct SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2100. [PMID: 38453949 PMCID: PMC10920883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased recruitment of transitional and non-classical monocytes in the lung during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with COVID-19 severity. However, whether specific innate sensors mediate the activation or differentiation of monocytes in response to different SARS-CoV-2 proteins remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1 but not nucleoprotein induce differentiation of monocytes into transitional or non-classical subsets from both peripheral blood and COVID-19 bronchoalveolar lavage samples in a NFκB-dependent manner, but this process does not require inflammasome activation. However, NLRP3 and NLRC4 differentially regulated CD86 expression in monocytes in response to Spike 1 and Nucleoprotein, respectively. Moreover, monocytes exposed to Spike 1 induce significantly higher proportions of Th1 and Th17 CD4 + T cells. In contrast, monocytes exposed to Nucleoprotein reduce the degranulation of CD8 + T cells from severe COVID-19 patients. Our study provides insights in the differential impact of innate sensors in regulating monocytes in response to different SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which might be useful to better understand COVID-19 immunopathology and identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Tsukalov
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Rajas
- Pneumology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Avalos
- Pneumology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Esparcia
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camila Scagnetti
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Popova
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martin-Cófreces
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jimenez
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Calzada
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González Álvaro
- Rheumatology Department from Hospital Universitario La Princesa. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Palacios-Calvo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Pneumology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-Princesa IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Kong X, Wang J, Fan G, Huang H, Sun Y, Chen H, Ma L, Li Y, Jiang L. COVID-19 infection characteristics, risk factors and its potential impacts on Takayasu arteritis: a web-based survey in a large cohort. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1284168. [PMID: 38259433 PMCID: PMC10800358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the characteristics of COVID-19 and its impact on patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TAK). Methods A web-based survey was administered to a TAK cohort and their co-residents in China during January 2023. Infection symptoms, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), potential impacts of COVID-19 on patients' disease condition, treatment and immune-related parameters were analyzed. In addition, risk factors for COVID-19 and disease relapse after infection were explored. Results The infection rate was significantly lower in patients with TAK than in co-residents (79.13% vs 90.67%, p=0.025). TAK patients were more prone to gastrointestinal symptoms (17.78% vs 5.88%, p=0.024), sleep problems (25.15% vs 10.29%, p=0.011), and symptoms involving more than 2 organs (58.90% vs 35.29%, p=0.001) after infection. Although only 2.45% of TAK patients were hospitalized and none progressed to life-threatening conditions, they were more likely to suffer from PASC (26.38% vs 13.24%, p=0.029), especially active patients. Active disease after the pandemic was significantly lower in infected patients than uninfected patients (21/163, 12.88% vs. 11/43, 25.58%, p=0.041). The presence of multiple system symptoms was a risk factor for active TAK after infection [OR: 3.62 (95% CI 1.06-12.31), p=0.040]. Moreover, csDMARDs treatment was a risk factor for COVID-19 infection [OR: 3.68 (95% CI 1.56-8.66), p=0.002]. Conclusion Although TAK patients with COVID-19 have more acute and post-acute symptoms, there is no adverse outcome and the risk of disease relapse does not increase. Patients treated with csDMARDs may be at higher risk of infection and deserve more clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Kong
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihua Fan
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanshan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Lindi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Najimi N, Kadi C, Elmtili N, Seghrouchni F, Bakri Y. Unravelling humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2: Insights from infection and vaccination. Hum Antibodies 2024; 32:85-106. [PMID: 38758995 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Following infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, humoral components of the adaptive immune system play a key role in protecting the host. Specifically, B cells generate high-affinity antibodies against various antigens of the virus. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of immunity initiation through both natural infection and vaccination, shedding light on the activation of B cell subsets in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The innate immune system serves as the initial line of primary and nonspecific defence against viruses. However, within several days following infection or a vaccine dose, a virus-specific immune response is initiated, primarily by B cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies contribute to the resolution of the disease. Subsequently, these B cells transition into memory B cells, which play a crucial role in providing long-term immunity against the virus. CD4+ T helper cells initiate a cascade, leading to B cell somatic hypermutation, germinal center memory B cells, and the production of neutralizing antibodies. B-cell dysfunction can worsen disease severity and reduce vaccine efficacy. Notably, individuals with B cell immunodeficiency show lower IL-6 production. Furthermore, this review delves into several aspects of immune responses, such as hybrid immunity, which has shown promise in boosting broad-spectrum protection. Cross-reactive immunity is under scrutiny as well, as pre-existing antibodies can offer protection against the disease. We also decipher breakthrough infection mechanisms, especially with the novel variants of the virus. Finally, we discuss some potential therapeutic solutions regarding B cells including convalescent plasma therapy, B-1 cells, B regulatory cell (Breg) modulation, and the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in combating the infection. Ongoing research is crucial to grasp population immunity trends and assess the potential need for booster doses in maintaining effective immune responses against potential viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouhaila Najimi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology and Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chaimae Kadi
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences of Tétouan, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Elmtili
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences of Tétouan, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Fouad Seghrouchni
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
- Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology and Center of Genomic of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Roozbehani M, Razizadeh MH, Keyvani H, Nejati F, Soleymani S, Mousavizadeh L. Expression Pattern of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase and Serum Level of 25-Hydroxycholesterol and Relevant Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Varying Disease Severity of COVID-19. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:610-616. [PMID: 37831916 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) showed antiviral effects against various viruses in vitro. CH25H expression is regulated in mice by pro-inflammatory cytokine interferons (IFNs) in mice but data on its possible correlation with IFNs in humans are still unclear. We examined gene expression of CH25H, IFN-α, and IFN-β and serum levels of 25HC in Iranian patients with mild and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Fifty intensive care unit (ICU) patients and outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 and 25 healthy controls were studied. Gene expression of CH25H and relevant inflammatory cytokines was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of CH25H and serum levels of 25HC were significantly higher in ICU patients with SARS-CoV-2. Notably, IFN-α levels increased in healthy controls. However, compared to healthy controls, IFN-β was considerably higher in outpatients. Finally, statistical analysis shows that no correlation was found between CH25H and IFN-α expression; nevertheless, a lower correlation was found with IFN-β. The data revealed that CH25H and 25HC levels increase after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In other words, decreased levels of those factors in severe patients compared with mild patients may indicate the importance of their function in controlling the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Roozbehani
- Vaccine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejati
- Vaccine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Soleymani
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mousavizadeh
- Vaccine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Pereira PDC, Diniz DG, da Costa ER, Magalhães NGDM, da Silva ADJF, Leite JGS, Almeida NIP, Cunha KDN, de Melo MAD, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz JAP, Brites D, Anthony DC, Diniz CWP, Guerreiro-Diniz C. Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239572. [PMID: 37711609 PMCID: PMC10497949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major approaches are adopted by the host to deal with the pathogen: resistance or tolerance. The nature of the responses often differs between species and between individuals of the same species. Resistance includes innate and adaptive immune responses to control virus replication. Disease tolerance relies on the immune response allowing the coexistence of infections in the host with minimal or no clinical signs, while maintaining sufficient viral replication for transmission. Here, we compared the virome of bats, rodents and migratory birds and the molecular mechanisms underlying symptomatic and asymptomatic disease progression. We also explore the influence of the host physiology and environmental influences on RNA virus expression and how it impacts on the whole brain transcriptome of seemingly healthy semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius). Three time points throughout the year were selected to understand the importance of longitudinal surveys in the characterization of the virome. We finally revisited evidence that upstream and downstream regulation of the inflammatory response is, respectively, associated with resistance and tolerance to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Ramos da Costa
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Jesus Falcão da Silva
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gizele Sousa Leite
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Natan Ibraim Pires Almeida
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Kelle de Nazaré Cunha
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mauro André Damasceno de Melo
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Picanço Diniz
- Seção de Hepatologia, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro-Diniz
- Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Bragança, Pará, Brazil
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