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Methods to Visualize the Actin Cytoskeleton During Plant Cell Division. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34705230 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1744-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell division in plants consists of separating the mother cell in two daughter cells by the centrifugal growth of a new wall. This process involves the reorganization of the structural elements of the cell, namely the microtubules and actin cytoskeleton which allow the coordination, the orientation, and the progression of mitosis. In addition to its implication in those plant-specific structures, the actin cytoskeleton, in close association with the plasma membrane, exhibits specific patterning at the cortex of the dividing cells, and might act as a signaling component. This review proposes an overview of the techniques available to visualize the actin cytoskeleton in fixed tissues or living cells during division, including electron, fluorescent, and super-resolution microscopy techniques.
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Mylona Z, Panteris E, Kevrekidis T, Malea P. Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on leaf cell structure and viability, and leaf elongation in the seagrass Halophila stipulacea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137378. [PMID: 32114227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) is of increasing concern due to their extensive use in a variety of applications. This study aims to achieve a better understanding of TiO2 NP ecotoxicity by assessing for the first time their effects on seagrasses. Changes in leaf cell structure and viability, and leaf elongation in Halophila stipulacea exposed under laboratory conditions to environmentally relevant TiO2 NP concentrations (0.0015-1.5 mg L-1) for 8 days were assessed. Actin filament (AF) disturbance firstly occurred in differentiating cells at 0.0015 mg L-1 on the 8th day, while in meristematic cells at 0.15 mg L-1 on the 6th day, both deteriorating concentration- and time-dependently. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appeared aggregated firstly at 0.015 mg L-1 on the 8th day and earlier at the highest concentrations, while microtubules and cell ultrastructure appeared unaffected. Dead cells mainly occurred in older leaves; dead tooth, margin and intercostal epidermal cells exceeded 5% at 0.15-1.5 mg L-1. A significant leaf elongation inhibition occurred at 0.015-1.5 mg L-1 in older leaves and at 1.5 mg L-1 in young apical leaves. AF, ER and leaf elongation impairment in H. stipulacea, being susceptible response parameters, could be used as early warning markers. A risk quotient >1 was calculated, indicating that TiO2 NPs may pose a significant risk to the environment. The data presented underline the need for additional TiO2 NP-seagrasses toxicity information, and could be utilized for the protection of the coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Mylona
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kevrekidis
- Laboratory of Environmental Research and Education, Democritus University of Thrace, Nea Hili, GR-68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Malea
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Huang L, Chen L, Wang L, Yang Y, Rao Y, Ren D, Dai L, Gao Y, Zou W, Lu X, Zhang G, Zhu L, Hu J, Chen G, Shen L, Dong G, Gao Z, Guo L, Qian Q, Zeng D. A Nck-associated protein 1-like protein affects drought sensitivity by its involvement in leaf epidermal development and stomatal closure in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:884-897. [PMID: 30771248 PMCID: PMC6849750 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is a major environmental threat affecting crop yields worldwide. In this study, a drought stress-sensitive mutant drought sensitive 8 (ds8) was identified in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The DS8 gene was cloned using a map-based approach. Further analysis revealed that DS8 encoded a Nck-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like protein, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, which played a vital role in actin filament nucleation activity. The mutant exhibited changes in leaf cuticle development. Functional analysis revealed that the mutation of DS8 increased stomatal density and impaired stomatal closure activity. The distorted actin filaments in the mutant led to a defect in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure and increased ABA accumulation. All these resulted in excessive water loss in ds8 leaves. Notably, antisense transgenic lines also exhibited increased drought sensitivity, along with impaired stomatal closure and elevated ABA levels. These findings suggest that DS8 affects drought sensitivity by influencing actin filament activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yaolong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Liping Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Xueli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou310006China
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Adamakis IDS, Malea P, Panteris E. The effects of Bisphenol A on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa: Leaf elongation impairment and cytoskeleton disturbance. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:431-440. [PMID: 29655159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging pollutant of environmental concern, classified as "moderately toxic" and "toxic", causing adverse effects on aquatic biota. Although information about BPA toxicity on aquatic fauna is available, the data about BPA effects on aquatic flora remain scarce, missing for marine macrophytes. The effects of environmentally relevant BPA concentrations (ranging from 0.03 to 3 μg L-1) on juvenile leaf elongation and the cytoskeleton (microtubules, MTs and actin filaments, AFs) were studied in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa for 1-10 days. The suitability of cytoskeleton disturbance and leaf elongation impairment as "biomarkers" for BPA stress were tested. The highest BPA concentrations (0.3, 0.5, 1 and 3 μg L-1) affected significantly leaf elongation from the onset of the experiment, while defects of the cytoskeleton were observed even at lower concentrations. In particular, MTs were initially disrupted (i.e. "lowest observed effect concentrations", LOECs) at 0.1 μg L-1, while AFs were damaged even at 0.03 μg L-1. AFs appeared thus to be more sensitive to lower BPA concentrations, while there was a correlation between leaf elongation impairment and MT defects. Thus, AF damages, MT disruption and leaf elongation impairment in C. nodosa, in this particular order, appear to be sensitive "biomarkers" of BPA stress, at the above environmentally relevant BPA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paraskevi Malea
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Stavropoulou K, Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Arseni EM, Eleftheriou EP. Disruption of actin filaments in Zea mays by bisphenol A depends on their crosstalk with microtubules. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:653-665. [PMID: 29287273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread environmental pollutant, reportedly harmful to living organisms. In plant cells, BPA was shown to disrupt microtubule (MT) arrays and perturb mitosis, but its effects on filamentous actin (F-actin) have not been explored. Here we studied the effects of BPA on actin filaments (AFs) in meristematic root tip and leaf cells of Zea mays, by fluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy. Considering the typical dynamic interaction between MTs and AFs, the effects on these two essential components of the plant cytoskeleton were correlated. It was found that BPA disorganized rapidly AFs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The fine filaments were first to be affected, followed by the subcortical bundles, resulting in rod- and ring-like conformations. The observed differences in sensitivity between protodermal and cortex cells were attributed to the deeper location of the latter. Depolymerization or stabilization of MTs by relevant drugs (oryzalin, taxol) revealed that AF susceptibility to BPA depends on MT integrity. Developing leaves required harder and longer treatment to be affected by BPA. Ontogenesis of stomatal complexes was highly disturbed, arrangement of AFs and MT arrays was disordered and accuracy of cell division sequence was deranged or completely arrested. The effect of BPA confirmed that subsidiary cell mother cell polarization is not mediated by F-actin patch neither of preprophase band organization. On the overall, it is concluded that AFs in plant cells constitute a subcellular target of BPA and their disruption depends on their crosstalk with MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Stavropoulou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ermioni-Makedonia Arseni
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. The nitrate reductase inhibitor, tungsten, disrupts actin microfilaments in Zea mays L. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:567-574. [PMID: 24091895 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten is a widely used inhibitor of nitrate reductase, applied to diminish the nitric oxide levels in plants. It was recently shown that tungsten also has heavy metal attributes. Since information about the toxic effects of tungsten on actin is limited, and considering that actin microfilaments are involved in the entry of tungsten inside plant cells, the effects of tungsten on them were studied in Zea mays seedlings. Treatments with sodium tungstate for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h were performed on intact seedlings and seedlings with truncated roots. Afterwards, actin microfilaments in meristematic root and leaf tissues were stained with fluorescent phalloidin, and the specimens were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. While the actin microfilament network was well organized in untreated seedlings, in tungstate-treated ones it was disrupted in a time-dependent manner. In protodermal root cells, the effects of tungsten were stronger as cortical microfilaments were almost completely depolymerized and the intracellular ones appeared highly bundled. Fluorescence intensity measurements confirmed the above results. In the meristematic leaf tissue of intact seedlings, no depolymerization of actin microfilaments was noticed. However, when root tips were severed prior to tungstate application, both cortical and endoplasmic actin networks of leaf cells were disrupted and bundled after 24 h of treatment. The differential response of root and leaf tissues to tungsten toxicity may be due to differential penetration and absorption, while the effects on actin microfilaments could not be attributed to the nitric oxide depletion by tungsten.
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Xu C, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhao C, Yuan S, Zhang F. Organization of actin cytoskeleton during meiosis I in a wheat thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:415-422. [PMID: 22350736 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BS366 is a thermo-sensitive male sterile line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for two-line hybrid breeding, which exhibits aberrant meiotic cytokinesis under low temperature. Through transcriptome analysis, a possible regulatory role for plant actin cytoskeleton was suggested. However, the organization of actin cytoskeleton in meiosis has been poorly understood so far. Here, fixed microsporocytes during meiosis were labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-phalloidin and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Quantities of fluorescent micrographs were captured using a confocal microscope, including the transient state from metaphase to telophase. We observed that actin filaments were abundant in typical kariokinetic spindle, central spindle (parallel microtubules or actin fibers between two separated chromosomes in anaphase), and phragmoplast. Interestingly, we identified the Chinese lantern-shaped actin phragmoplast in wheat meiosis for the first time. Under low temperature, phragmoplast actin filaments were chaotic and normal cell plate failed to form. These data provide new insights into the organization of actin filaments during male meiosis of plant and support a role of actin cytoskeleton in bringing about thermo-sensitive male sterility in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Xu
- Beijing Engineering and Technique Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Nick P. Moonlighting organelles-signals and cellular architecture. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1-2. [PMID: 23315047 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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