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Dhayalan M, Wang W, Riyaz SUM, Dinesh RA, Shanmugam J, Irudayaraj SS, Stalin A, Giri J, Mallik S, Hu R. Advances in functional lipid nanoparticles: from drug delivery platforms to clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:57. [PMID: 38298556 PMCID: PMC10825110 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Doxil's first clinical approval in 1995, lipid nanoparticles have garnered great interest and shown exceptional therapeutic efficacy. It is clear from the licensure of two RNA treatments and the mRNA-COVID-19 vaccination that lipid nanoparticles have immense potential for delivering nucleic acids. The review begins with a list of lipid nanoparticle types, such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. Then it moves on to the earliest lipid nanoparticle forms, outlining how lipid is used in a variety of industries and how it is used as a versatile nanocarrier platform. Lipid nanoparticles must then be functionally modified. Various approaches have been proposed for the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles, such as High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH), microemulsion methods, solvent-based emulsification techniques, solvent injection, phase reversal, and membrane contractors. High-pressure homogenization is the most commonly used method. All of the methods listed above follow four basic steps, as depicted in the flowchart below. Out of these four steps, the process of dispersing lipids in an aqueous medium to produce liposomes is the most unpredictable step. A short outline of the characterization of lipid nanoparticles follows discussions of applications for the trapping and transporting of various small molecules. It highlights the use of rapamycin-coated lipid nanoparticles in glioblastoma and how lipid nanoparticles function as a conjugator in the delivery of anticancer-targeting nucleic acids. High biocompatibility, ease of production, scalability, non-toxicity, and tailored distribution are just a meager of the enticing allowances of using lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles. Due to the present constraints in drug delivery, more research is required to utterly realize the potential of lipid nanoparticles for possible clinical and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Dhayalan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Saveetha University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077 India
- College of Public Health Sciences (CPHS), Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Wei Wang
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - S. U. Mohammed Riyaz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Saveetha University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077 India
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi, Tamil Nadu 635752 India
| | - Rakshi Anuja Dinesh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jayashree Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Antony Stalin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Jayant Giri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ruifeng Hu
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Nawaz M, Heydarkhan‐Hagvall S, Tangruksa B, González‐King Garibotti H, Jing Y, Maugeri M, Kohl F, Hultin L, Reyahi A, Camponeschi A, Kull B, Christoffersson J, Grimsholm O, Jennbacken K, Sundqvist M, Wiseman J, Bidar AW, Lindfors L, Synnergren J, Valadi H. Lipid Nanoparticles Deliver the Therapeutic VEGFA mRNA In Vitro and In Vivo and Transform Extracellular Vesicles for Their Functional Extensions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206187. [PMID: 36806740 PMCID: PMC10131815 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently used to transport functional mRNAs, such as COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. The delivery of angiogenic molecules, such as therapeutic VEGF-A mRNA, to ischemic tissues for producing new blood vessels is an emerging strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Here, the authors deliver VEGF-A mRNA via LNPs and study stoichiometric quantification of their uptake kinetics and how the transport of exogenous LNP-mRNAs between cells is functionally extended by cells' own vehicles called extracellular vesicles (EVs). The results show that cellular uptake of LNPs and their mRNA molecules occurs quickly, and that the translation of exogenously delivered mRNA begins immediately. Following the VEGF-A mRNA delivery to cells via LNPs, a fraction of internalized VEGF-A mRNA is secreted via EVs. The overexpressed VEGF-A mRNA is detected in EVs secreted from three different cell types. Additionally, RNA-Seq analysis reveals that as cells' response to LNP-VEGF-A mRNA treatment, several overexpressed proangiogenic transcripts are packaged into EVs. EVs are further deployed to deliver VEGF-A mRNA in vitro and in vivo. Upon equal amount of VEGF-A mRNA delivery via three EV types or LNPs in vitro, EVs from cardiac progenitor cells are the most efficient in promoting angiogenesis per amount of VEGF-A protein produced. Intravenous administration of luciferase mRNA shows that EVs could distribute translatable mRNA to different organs with the highest amounts of luciferase detected in the liver. Direct injections of VEGF-A mRNA (via EVs or LNPs) into mice heart result in locally produced VEGF-A protein without spillover to liver and circulation. In addition, EVs from cardiac progenitor cells cause minimal production of inflammatory cytokines in cardiac tissue compared with all other treatment types. Collectively, the data demonstrate that LNPs transform EVs as functional extensions to distribute therapeutic mRNA between cells, where EVs deliver this mRNA differently than LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
| | - Sepideh Heydarkhan‐Hagvall
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DEarly CardiovascularRenal and Metabolism (CVRM)Bioscience CardiovascularAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
- Systems Biology Research CenterSchool of BioscienceUniversity of SkövdeSkövdeSE‐54128Sweden
| | - Benyapa Tangruksa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
- Systems Biology Research CenterSchool of BioscienceUniversity of SkövdeSkövdeSE‐54128Sweden
| | - Hernán González‐King Garibotti
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DEarly CardiovascularRenal and Metabolism (CVRM)Bioscience CardiovascularAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Yujia Jing
- Advanced Drug DeliveryPharmaceutical SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Marco Maugeri
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
- Safety InnovationsClinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesR&D AstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Franziska Kohl
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DDiscovery SciencesTranslational GenomicsAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteSolnaStockholm17177Sweden
| | - Leif Hultin
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DClinical Pharmacology and Safety ScienceImaging and Data AnalyticsAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Azadeh Reyahi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
| | - Bengt Kull
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DEarly CardiovascularRenal and Metabolism (CVRM)Bioscience CardiovascularAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Jonas Christoffersson
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DEarly CardiovascularRenal and Metabolism (CVRM)Bioscience CardiovascularAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
- Systems Biology Research CenterSchool of BioscienceUniversity of SkövdeSkövdeSE‐54128Sweden
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Karin Jennbacken
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DEarly CardiovascularRenal and Metabolism (CVRM)Bioscience CardiovascularAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
| | - John Wiseman
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DDiscovery SciencesTranslational GenomicsAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Abdel Wahad Bidar
- BioPharmaceuticals R&DDiscovery SciencesTranslational GenomicsAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Lennart Lindfors
- Advanced Drug DeliveryPharmaceutical SciencesBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgMölndal43183Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research CenterSchool of BioscienceUniversity of SkövdeSkövdeSE‐54128Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41345Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg41346Sweden
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Castro CG, Meirelles MG, Azevedo R, Ramos JV, da Silveira TLR, Nornberg BF, Marins LF. Bacillus subtilis KM0 Impacts gut Microbiota Profile and Transcription of Genes Related to Transcellular Transport in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:136. [PMID: 36914801 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
It is known that probiotic microorganisms play important roles in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Also, probiotics can affect the paracellular and transcellular transport mechanisms performed by intestinal cells. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis KM0 on the profile of the gut microbiota and transcription of genes related to intestinal transport of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish was exposed by immersion to B. subtilis KM0 for 48 h, and the intestines were collected for metataxonomic analysis and transcription of genes related to transcellular and paracellular transports. Although exposure to B. subtilis changed the intestinal microbiota profile of zebrafish, the diversity indices were not altered. A decrease in the number of genera of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Flavobacterium, Plesiomonas, and Pseudomonas) and downregulation in transcription of transcellular transport genes (cubn and amn) were observed. B. subtilis KM0 strain had the expected probiotic effect, by interfering with the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria and decreasing the transcription of genes codifying for signals involved with a mechanism that can be used for invasion by pathogens. The present study demonstrated that, even with a short-term exposure, a bacterium with probiotic potential such as the KM0 strain of B. subtilis can modify the profile of the host's intestinal microbiota, with an impact on the regulation of intestinal genes related to mechanisms that can be used for invasion by pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela G Meirelles
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Raíza Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Jeferson V Ramos
- Laboratory of Parasitic Immunology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPel, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Tony L R da Silveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Nornberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Luis F Marins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Italia Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
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Internalization of Polymeric Bacterial Peptidoglycan Occurs through Either Actin or Dynamin Dependent Pathways. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030552. [PMID: 35336127 PMCID: PMC8951193 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN), a polymeric glycan macromolecule, is a major constituent of the bacterial cell wall and a conserved pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers immune responses through cytosolic sensors. Immune cells encounter both PGN polymers and hydrolyzed muropeptides during infections, and primary human innate immune cells respond better to polymeric PGN than the minimal bioactive subunit muramyl dipeptide (MDP). While MDP is internalized through macropinocytosis and/or clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the internalization of particulate polymeric PGN is unresolved. We show here that PGN macromolecules isolated from Bacillus anthracis display a broad range of sizes, making them amenable for multiple internalization pathways. Pharmacologic inhibition indicates that PGN primarily, but not exclusively, is internalized by actin-dependent endocytosis. An alternate clathrin-independent but dynamin dependent pathway supports 20–30% of PGN uptake. In primary monocytes, this alternate pathway does not require activities of RhoA, Cdc42 or Arf6 small GTPases. Selective inhibition of PGN uptake shows that phagolysosomal trafficking, processing and downstream immune responses are drastically affected by actin depolymerization, while dynamin inhibition has a smaller effect. Overall, we show that polymeric PGN internalization occurs through two endocytic pathways with distinct potentials to trigger immune responses.
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Herold R, Sünwoldt G, Stump-Guthier C, Weiss C, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Adam R, Schwerk C. Invasion of the choroid plexus epithelium by Neisseria meningitidis is differently mediated by Arp2/3 signaling and possibly by dynamin dependent on the presence of the capsule. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6354783. [PMID: 34410374 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitis (Nm) is a human-specific bacterial pathogen that can cause sepsis and meningitis. To cause meningitis Nm must enter the central nervous system (CNS) across one of the barriers between the blood and the brain. We have previously shown that a capsule-depleted Serogroup B strain of Nm displays enhanced invasion into human choroid plexus (CP) epithelial papilloma (HIBCPP) cells, which represent an in vitro model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Still, the processes involved during CNS invasion by Nm, especially the role of host cell actin cytoskeleton remodeling, are not investigated in detail. Here, we demonstrate that invasion into CP epithelial cells by encapsulated and capsule-depleted Nm is mediated by distinct host cell pathways. Whereas a Serogroup B wild-type strain enters HIBCPP cells by a possibly dynamin-independent, but actin related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3)-dependent mechanism, invasion by a capsule-depleted mutant is reduced by the dynamin inhibitor dynasore and Arp2/3-independent. Both wild-type and mutant bacteria require Src kinase activity for entry into HIBCPP cells. Our data show that Nm can employ different mechanisms for invasion into the CP epithelium dependent on the presence of a capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Herold
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gina Sünwoldt
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Adam
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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De Gaetano GV, Lentini G, Galbo R, Coppolino F, Famà A, Teti G, Beninati C. Invasion and trafficking of hypervirulent group B streptococci in polarized enterocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253242. [PMID: 34129624 PMCID: PMC8205152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus or GBS) is a commensal bacterium that can frequently behave as a pathogen, particularly in the neonatal period and in the elderly. The gut is a primary site of GBS colonization and a potential port of entry during neonatal infections caused by hypervirulent clonal complex 17 (CC17) strains. Here we studied the interactions between the prototypical CC17 BM110 strain and polarized enterocytes using the Caco-2 cell line. GBS could adhere to and invade these cells through their apical or basolateral surfaces. Basolateral invasion was considerably more efficient than apical invasion and predominated under conditions resulting in weakening of cell-to-cell junctions. Bacterial internalization occurred by a mechanism involving caveolae- and lipid raft-dependent endocytosis and actin re-organization, but not clathrin-dependent endocytosis. In the first steps of Caco-2 invasion, GBS colocalized with the early endocytic marker EEA-1, to later reside in acidic vacuoles. Taken together, these data suggest that CC17 GBS selectively adheres to the lateral surface of enterocytes from which it enters through caveolar lipid rafts using a classical, actin-dependent endocytic pathway. These data may be useful to develop alternative preventive strategies aimed at blocking GBS invasion of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Scylla Biotech Srl, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Dinner S, Kaltschmidt J, Stump-Guthier C, Hetjens S, Ishikawa H, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H, Schwerk C. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are required for effective infection of human choroid plexus epithelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:18-33. [PMID: 27671041 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium, can cause meningitis after invading the human central nervous system. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), located at the epithelium of the choroid plexus, is a possible entry site for L. monocytogenes into the brain, and in vitro L. monocytogenes invades human choroid plexus epithelial papilloma (HIBCPP) cells. Although host cell signal transduction subsequent to infection by L. monocytogenes has been investigated, the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) is not clarified yet. We show that infection with L. monocytogenes causes activation of the MAPKs Erk1/2 and p38 preferentially when bacteria are added to the physiologically more relevant basolateral side of HIBCPP cells. Deletion of the listerial virulence factors Internalin (InlA) and InlB reduces MAPK activation. Whereas inhibition of either Erk1/2 or p38 signaling significantly attenuates infection of HIBCPP cells with L. monocytogenes, simultaneous inhibition of both MAPK pathways shows an additive effect, and Erk1/2 and p38 are involved in regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression following infection. Blocking of endocytosis with the synthetic dynamin inhibitor dynasore strongly abrogates infection of HIBCPP cells with L. monocytogenes. Concurrent inhibition of MAPK signaling further reduces infection, suggesting MAPKs mediate infection with L. monocytogenes during inhibition of dynamin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dinner
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julian Kaltschmidt
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Svetlana Hetjens
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Biomathematics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry, Chyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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Jacquez P, Avila G, Boone K, Altiyev A, Puschhof J, Sauter R, Arigi E, Ruiz B, Peng X, Almeida I, Sherman M, Xiao C, Sun J. The Disulfide Bond Cys255-Cys279 in the Immunoglobulin-Like Domain of Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Is Required for Membrane Insertion of Anthrax Protective Antigen Pore. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130832. [PMID: 26107617 PMCID: PMC4479931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax toxin receptors act as molecular clamps or switches that control anthrax toxin entry, pH-dependent pore formation, and translocation of enzymatic moieties across the endosomal membranes. We previously reported that reduction of the disulfide bonds in the immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domain of the anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) inhibited the function of the protective antigen (PA) pore. In the present study, the disulfide linkage in the Ig domain was identified as Cys255-Cys279 and Cys230-Cys315. Specific disulfide bond deletion mutants were achieved by replacing Cys residues with Ala residues. Deletion of the disulfide bond C255-C279, but not C230-C315, inhibited the PA pore-induced release of the fluorescence dyes from the liposomes, suggesting that C255-C279 is essential for PA pore function. Furthermore, we found that deletion of C255-C279 did not affect PA prepore-to-pore conversion, but inhibited PA pore membrane insertion by trapping the PA membrane-inserting loops in proteinaceous hydrophobic pockets. Fluorescence spectra of Trp59, a residue adjacent to the PA-binding motif in von Willebrand factor A (VWA) domain of ANTXR2, showed that deletion of C255-C279 resulted in a significant conformational change on the receptor ectodomain. The disulfide deletion-induced conformational change on the VWA domain was further confirmed by single-particle 3D reconstruction of the negatively stained PA-receptor heptameric complexes. Together, the biochemical and structural data obtained in this study provides a mechanistic insight into the role of the receptor disulfide bond C255-C279 in anthrax toxin action. Manipulation of the redox states of the receptor, specifically targeting to C255-C279, may become a novel strategy to treat anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jacquez
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Kyle Boone
- Bioinformatics Program of University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Agamyrat Altiyev
- Bioinformatics Program of University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Jens Puschhof
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Roland Sauter
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Emma Arigi
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Blanca Ruiz
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Xiuli Peng
- China National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Igor Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
| | - Michael Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States of America
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CX); (JS)
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences & Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CX); (JS)
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Bürki S, Gaschen V, Stoffel MH, Stojiljkovic A, Frey J, Kuehni-Boghenbor K, Pilo P. Invasion and persistence of Mycoplasma bovis in embryonic calf turbinate cells. Vet Res 2015; 46:53. [PMID: 25976415 PMCID: PMC4432498 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a wall-less bacterium causing bovine mycoplasmosis, a disease showing a broad range of clinical manifestations in cattle. It leads to enormous economic losses to the beef and dairy industries. Antibiotic treatments are not efficacious and currently no efficient vaccine is available. Moreover, mechanisms of pathogenicity of this bacterium are not clear, as few virulence attributes are known. Microscopic observations of necropsy material suggest the possibility of an intracellular stage of M. bovis. We used a combination of a gentamicin protection assay, a variety of chemical treatments to block mycoplasmas entry in eukaryotic cells, and fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the intracellular life of M. bovis in calf turbinate cells. Our findings indicate that M. bovis invades and persists in primary embryonic calf turbinate cells. Moreover, M. bovis can multiply within these cells. The intracellular phase of M. bovis may represent a protective niche for this pathogen and contribute to its escape from the host’s immune defense as well as avoidance of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bürki
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Véronique Gaschen
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Stojiljkovic
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Paola Pilo
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Chuang CK, Yang TH, Chen TH, Yang CF, Chen WJ. Heat shock cognate protein 70 isoform D is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in C6/36 cells. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:793-803. [PMID: 25502019 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), one of encephalitic flaviviruses, is naturally transmitted by mosquitoes. During infection, JEV generally enters host cells via receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis that requires the 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70). Heat-shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is one member of the Hsp70 family and is constitutively expressed; thus, it may be expressed under physiological conditions. In C6/36 cells, Hsc70 is upregulated in response to JEV infection. Since Hsc70 shows no relationship with viruses attaching to the cell surface, it probably does not serve as the receptor according to our results in the present study. In contrast, Hsc70 is evidently associated with virus penetration into the cell and resultant acidification of intracellular vesicles. It suggests that Hsc70 is highly involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, particularly at the late stage of viral entry into host cells. Furthermore, we found that Hsc70 is composed of at least three isoforms, including B, C and D; of these, isoform D helps JEV to penetrate C6/36 cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This study provides relevant evidence that sheds light on the regulatory mechanisms of JEV infection in host cells, especially on the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Kai Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Han Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Huang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Fu Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
| | - Wei-June Chen
- Department of Public Health and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33332, Taiwan
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11
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Jacquez P, Lei N, Weigt D, Xiao C, Sun J. Expression and purification of the functional ectodomain of human anthrax toxin receptor 2 in Escherichia coli Origami B cells with assistance of bacterial Trigger Factor. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 95:149-55. [PMID: 24380801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ectodomain of anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) is composed of a von Willebrand factor A (VWA) domain that binds to anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA) and a newly defined immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domain, in which the disulfide bonds are required for PA pore formation and for the folding of ANTXR2. While the VWA domain has been well characterized, the structure and function of the whole ectodomain (VWA-Ig) are poorly defined, which is mainly due to the limited production of the soluble recombinant protein of the ectodomain. In the present study, the ANTXR2 ectodomain was fused to the C-terminus of bacterial Trigger Factor (TF), a chaperone that mediates the ribosome-associated, co-translational folding of newly synthesized polypeptides in Escherichia coli. Under the control of a cold shock promoter, the fusion protein was overly expressed as a dominant soluble protein at a low temperature in the oxidative cytoplasm of Origami B cells, where formation of the disulfide bonds is favored. Through a series of chromatography, the ANTXR2 ectodomain was purified into homogeneity. The purified ectodomain is functional in binding to PA and mediating PA pore formation on the liposomal membranes, and the yield is applicable for future biochemical and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jacquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States
| | - Ningjing Lei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States
| | - David Weigt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, United States.
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12
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Jeong SY, Martchenko M, Cohen SN. Calpain-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement exploited for anthrax toxin endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4007-15. [PMID: 24085852 PMCID: PMC3801034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316852110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective antigen component of Bacillus anthracis toxins can interact with at least three distinct proteins on the host cell surface, capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), tumor endothelial marker 8, and β1-integrin, and, with the assistance of other host proteins, enters targeted cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Using an antisense-based phenotypic screen, we discovered the role of calpains in this process. We show that functions of a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease, calpain-2, and of the calpain substrate talin-1 are exploited for association of anthrax toxin and its principal receptor, CMG2, with higher-order actin filaments and consequently for toxin entry into host cells. Down-regulated expression of calpain-2 or talin-1, or pharmacological interference with calpain action, did not affect toxin binding but reduced endocytosis and increased the survival of cells exposed to anthrax lethal toxin. Adventitious expression of wild-type talin-1 promoted toxin endocytosis and lethality, whereas expression of a talin-1 mutant (L432G) that is insensitive to calpain cleavage did not. Disruption of talin-1, which links integrin-containing focal adhesion complexes to the actin cytoskeleton, facilitated association of toxin bound to its principal cell-surface receptor, CMG2, with higher-order actin filaments undergoing dynamic disassembly and reassembly during endocytosis. Our results reveal a mechanism by which a bacterial toxin uses constitutively occurring calpain-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement for internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stanley N. Cohen
- Departments of Genetics and
- Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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13
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Etxeberria E, Gonzalez P, Pozueta-Romero J. Architectural remodeling of the tonoplast during fluid-phase endocytosis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24793. [PMID: 23656870 PMCID: PMC3908939 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During fluid phase endocytosis (FPE) in plant storage cells, the vacuole receives a considerable amount of membrane and fluid contents. If allowed to accumulate over a period of time, the enlarging tonoplast and increase in fluids would invariably disrupt the structural equilibrium of the mature cells. Therefore, a membrane retrieval process must exist that will guarantee membrane homeostasis in light of tonoplast expansion by membrane addition during FPE. We examined the morphological changes to the vacuolar structure during endocytosis in red beet hypocotyl tissue using scanning laser confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The heavily pigmented storage vacuole allowed us to visualize all architectural transformations during treatment. When red beet tissue was incubated in 200 mM sucrose, a portion of the sucrose accumulated entered the cell by means of FPE. The accumulation process was accompanied by the development of vacuole-derived vesicles which transiently counterbalanced the addition of surplus endocytic membrane during rapid rates of endocytosis. Topographic fluorescent confocal micrographs showed an ensuing reduction in the size of the vacuole-derived vesicles and further suggest their reincorporation into the vacuole to maintain vacuolar unity and solute concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Etxeberria
- Department of Horticultural Sciences; University of Florida; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; Citrus Research and Education Center; Lake Alfred, FL USA
- Correspondence to: Ed Etxeberria,
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Horticultural Sciences; University of Florida; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; Citrus Research and Education Center; Lake Alfred, FL USA
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia; Universidad Publica de Navarra/Consejo de Investigaciones Cientificas/Gobierno de Navarra; Nafarroa, Spain
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14
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Harper CB, Popoff MR, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ, Meunier FA. Targeting membrane trafficking in infection prophylaxis: dynamin inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Lin AE, Guttman JA. Lack of Tir ubiquitylation contributes to enteropathogenic E. coli remaining extracellular during nonphagocytic cell infections. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1230-8. [PMID: 22648930 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an extracellular pathogen that alters many host subcellular components during its infectious processes. We have previously shown that EPEC hijacks a large assortment of host cell endocytic components and uses these proteins to form protruding structures called "pedestals" rather than triggering internalization of the bacteria. Other invasive pathogens that also recruit similar endocytic components have been shown to enter their host cells on the ubiquitylation of their host cell receptors. Therefore, we hypothesize that EPEC remains extracellular by maintaining its receptor, translocated intimin receptor (Tir), in an unubiquitylated state. Using immunoprecipitation-Western blots, we demonstrate no association of ubiquitin with Tir. To further elucidate the effect Tir ubiquitylation would have on EPEC during their infections, we engineered Tir-ubiquitin fusion constructs, expressed them in host epithelial cells, and infected them with Δtir EPEC. We found these cells induced a significant increase in EPEC invasion as compared with cells that expressed the Tir construct that lacked ubiquitin conjugation. Our results indicate that the lack of EPEC receptor ubiquitylation is a contributing factor that these microbes use to prevent their internalization into epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Shrum Science Centre, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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16
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Abstract
The outcome of exposure to infectious microbes or their toxins is influenced by both microbial and host genes. Some host genes encode defense mechanisms, whereas others assist pathogen functions. Genomic analyses have associated host gene mutations with altered infectious disease susceptibility, but evidence for causality is limited. Here we demonstrate that human genetic variation affecting capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), which encodes a host membrane protein exploited by anthrax toxin as a principal receptor, dramatically alters toxin sensitivity. Lymphoblastoid cells derived from a HapMap Project cohort of 234 persons of African, European, or Asian ancestry differed in sensitivity mediated by the protective antigen (PA) moiety of anthrax toxin by more than four orders of magnitude, with 99% of the cohort showing a 250-fold range of sensitivity. We find that relative sensitivity is an inherited trait that correlates strongly with CMG2 mRNA abundance in cells of each ethnic/geographical group and in the combined population pool (P = 4 × 10(-11)). The extent of CMG2 expression in transfected murine macrophages and human lymphoblastoid cells affected anthrax toxin binding, internalization, and sensitivity. A CMG2 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurring frequently in African and European populations independently altered toxin uptake, but was not statistically associated with altered sensitivity in HapMap cell populations. Our results reveal extensive human diversity in cell lethality dependent on PA-mediated toxin binding and uptake, and identify individual differences in CMG2 expression level as a determinant of this diversity. Testing of genomically characterized human cell populations may offer a broadly useful strategy for elucidating effects of genetic variation on infectious disease susceptibility.
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17
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Law HT, Lin AEJ, Kim Y, Quach B, Nano FE, Guttman JA. Francisella tularensis uses cholesterol and clathrin-based endocytic mechanisms to invade hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2011; 1:192. [PMID: 22355707 PMCID: PMC3240981 DOI: 10.1038/srep00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis are highly infectious microbes that cause the disease tularemia. Although much of the bacterial burden is carried in non-phagocytic cells, the strategies these pathogens use to invade these cells remains elusive. To examine these mechanisms we developed two in vitro Francisella-based infection models that recapitulate the non-phagocytic cell infections seen in livers of infected mice. Using these models we found that Francisella novicida exploit clathrin and cholesterol dependent mechanisms to gain entry into hepatocytes. We also found that the clathrin accessory proteins AP-2 and Eps15 co-localized with invading Francisella novicida as well as the Francisella Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) during hepatocyte infections. Interestingly, caveolin, a protein involved in the invasion of Francisella in phagocytic cells, was not required for non-phagocytic cell infections. These results demonstrate a novel endocytic mechanism adopted by Francisella and highlight the divergence in strategies these pathogens utilize between non-phagocytic and phagocytic cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Law
- Simon Fraser University Department of Biological Sciences Shrum Science Centre Room B8276 Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6
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18
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Yamasaki T, Suzuki A, Shimizu T, Watarai M, Hasebe R, Horiuchi M. Characterization of intracellular localization of PrP(Sc) in prion-infected cells using a mAb that recognizes the region consisting of aa 119-127 of mouse PrP. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:668-680. [PMID: 22090211 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) is a key aspect of the propagation of prions. Elucidation of the intracellular localization of PrP(Sc) in prion-infected cells facilitates the understanding of the cellular mechanism of prion propagation. However, technical improvement in PrP(Sc)-specific detection is required for precise analysis. Here, we show that the mAb 132, which recognizes the region adjacent to the most amyloidogenic region of PrP, is useful for PrP(Sc)-specific detection by immunofluorescence assay in cells pre-treated with guanidine thiocyanate. Extensive analysis of the intracellular localization of PrP(Sc) in prion-infected cells using mAb 132 revealed the presence of PrP(Sc) throughout endocytic compartments. In particular, some of the granular PrP(Sc) signals that were clustered at peri-nuclear regions appeared to be localized in an endocytic recycling compartment through which exogenously loaded transferrin, shiga and cholera toxin B subunits were transported. The granular PrP(Sc) signals at peri-nuclear regions were dispersed to the peripheral regions including the plasma membrane during incubation at 20 °C, at which temperature transport from the plasma membrane to peri-nuclear regions was impaired. Conversely, dispersed PrP(Sc) signals appeared to return to peri-nuclear regions within 30 min during subsequent incubation at 37 °C, following which PrP(Sc) at peri-nuclear regions appeared to redisperse again to peripheral regions over the next 30 min incubation. These results suggest that PrP(Sc) is dynamically transported along with the membrane trafficking machinery of cells and that at least some PrP(Sc) circulates between peri-nuclear and peripheral regions including the plasma membrane via an endocytic recycling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masahisa Watarai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Rie Hasebe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Lin AE, Benmerah A, Guttman JA. Eps15 and Epsin1 Are Crucial for Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Pedestal Formation Despite the Absence of Adaptor Protein 2. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:695-703. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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