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Li Y, Zhou L, Xiao L, Wang H, Wang G. Wheel Running During Pregnancy Alleviates Anxiety-and Depression-Like Behaviors During the Postpartum Period in Mice: The Roles of NLRP3 Neuroinflammasome Activation, Prolactin, and the Prolactin Receptor in the Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2615-2635. [PMID: 38904910 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increase in the prevalence of postpartum depression among maternal disorder, its treatment outcomes remain suboptimal. Studies have shown that exercise can reduce postpartum depressive episodes in the mother, but the effects of exercise during pregnancy on maternal behavior and the potential mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. From the second day of pregnancy to the day of birth, dams exercised for 1 h a day by running on a controlled wheel. The maternal behaviors of the dams were assessed on postpartum day 2 to postpartum day 8. Chronic restraint stress was applied from postpartum day 2 to day 12. Blood was collected on postpartum days 3 and 8, then subjected to ELISA to determine the serum concentration of prolactin. The weight of each dam and the food intake were recorded. Anxiety- and depression-like behavioral tests were conducted, and hippocampal neuroinflammation and prolactin receptor levels were measured. The dams exhibited elevated levels of anxiety and depression, decreased serum prolactin levels, decreased prolactin receptor expression, and activation of NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in the hippocampus following the induction of postpartum chronic restraint stress, which were reversed with controlled wheel running during pregnancy. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that the preventive effects of exercise during pregnancy on postpartum anxiety-and depression-like behaviors were accompanied by increased serum prolactin levels, hippocampal prolactin receptor expression and hippocampal NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Kurbatfinski S, Woo J, Ntanda H, Giesbrecht G, Letourneau N. Perinatal Predictors and Mediators of Attachment Patterns in Preschool Children: Exploration of Children's Contributions in Interactions with Mothers. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1022. [PMID: 39201958 PMCID: PMC11352242 DOI: 10.3390/children11081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Insecure and disorganized attachment patterns in children are linked to poor health outcomes over the lifespan. Attachment patterns may be predicted by variables that influence the quality of children's interactions with their primary caregivers/parents (usually mothers) such as prenatal and postnatal exposures and the children's own behaviours in interactions. The purposes of this exploratory study were to examine: (1) prenatal predictors of children's attachment patterns, and (2) postnatal mediators and moderators of associations between prenatal predictors and children's attachment patterns, with adjustment for relevant covariates. Mother-child dyads (n = 214) from the longitudinal Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort were studied using valid and reliable measures. Hayes' mediation analysis was employed to determine direct and indirect effects. Mothers' prenatal cortisol levels directly predicted disorganized (versus organized) child attachment in unadjusted models. Children's passivity (in adjusted models) and compulsivity (in unadjusted and adjusted models) in parent-child interactions mediated the pathway between mothers' prenatal cortisol levels and children's disorganized attachment patterns. Serial mediation analyses revealed that mothers' cortisol levels predicted their children's cortisol levels, which predicted children's compulsivity, and, ultimately, disorganized attachment in both unadjusted and adjusted models. No predictors were correlated with children's insecure (versus secure) attachment. This exploratory research suggests that prenatal exposure to mothers' cortisol levels and children's behavioural contributions to parent-child interaction quality should be considered in the genesis of children's attachment patterns, especially disorganization. Interventions focused on parent-child interactions could also focus on addressing children's behavioral contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kurbatfinski
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.K.); (G.G.)
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Jennifer Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK S7N 0W8, Canada;
| | - Henry Ntanda
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Gerald Giesbrecht
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.K.); (G.G.)
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Owerko Centre, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Owerko Centre, Faculty of Nursing and Cumming School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Nielsen AM, Stika CS, Wisner KL. The pathophysiology of estrogen in perinatal depression: conceptual update. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024:10.1007/s00737-024-01494-6. [PMID: 39096394 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogen levels fall sharply after parturition and have long been considered an etiologic contributor to postpartum depression (PPD); however, no differences have been reported in plasma hormone concentrations in people who develop PPD. We examine the question: What is the current view of estrogen and the neurophysiologic processes it impacts in the development and treatment of PPD? METHODS A literature review of the role of estrogen on candidate hormonal and epigenetic systems in the peripartum period was performed, including landmark historical studies and recent publications on estrogen-related research. The authors reviewed these papers and participated in reaching consensus on a conceptual framework of estrogen activity within the complexity of pregnancy physiology to examine its potential role for driving novel interventions. RESULTS Estrogen fluctuations must be conceptualized in the context of multiple dramatic and interacting changes inherent in pregnancy and after birth, including progesterone, corticosteroids, inflammation, circadian biology and psychosocial challenges. Individuals who develop PPD have increased sensitivity to epigenetic alteration at estrogen-responsive genes, and these changes are highly predictive of PPD. An effective estrogen-based treatment for PPD has yet to be found, but interventions focused on associated inflammation and circadian rhythms are promising. CONCLUSIONS Our understanding of the biological basis of PPD, one of the most common morbidities of the perinatal period, is expanding beyond changes in gynecologic hormone concentrations to include their impact on other systems. This growing understanding of the many processes influencing PPD will allow for the development of novel prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Nielsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Catherine S Stika
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine L Wisner
- Children's National Hospital, Developing Brain Institute and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Sharma V, Wood KN. Weaning and depression: a closer look. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024; 27:477-480. [PMID: 38300295 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The association of weaning with depression has long been recognized. However, interest in the study of post-weaning depression has waned over the last few decades partly due to changes in the nosology of perinatal psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review the relevant literature and conclude that post-weaning depression is a rare but severe complication of breastfeeding cessation. Given that post-weaning depression is an understudied and often undiagnosed clinical condition, research is needed to address this important unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verinder Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Parkwood Institute Mental Health, St. Joseph's Health Care, 550 Wellington Road, London, ON, N6C 0A7, Canada.
| | - Katelyn N Wood
- Parkwood Institute Mental Health, St. Joseph's Health Care, 550 Wellington Road, London, ON, N6C 0A7, Canada
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Huang R, Gong M, Tan X, Shen J, Wu Y, Cai X, Wang S, Min L, Gong L, Liang W. Effects of Chaihu Shugan San on Brain Functional Network Connectivity in the Hippocampus of a Perimenopausal Depression Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1655-1672. [PMID: 37751044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used Chaihu Shugan San (CSS), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, as a probe to investigate the involvement of brain functional network connectivity and hippocampus energy metabolism in perimenopausal depression. A network pharmacology approach was performed to discover the underlying mechanisms of CSS in improving perimenopausal depression, which were verified in perimenopausal depression rat models. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that complex mechanisms of energy metabolism, neurotransmitter metabolism, inflammation, and hormone metabolic processes were closely associated with the anti-depressive effects of CSS. Thus, the serum concentrations of estradiol (E2), glutamate (Glu), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were detected by ELISA. The brain functional network connectivity between the hippocampus and adjacent brain regions was evaluated using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A targeted metabolomic analysis of the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle was also performed to measure the changes in hippocampal energy metabolism using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CSS treatment significantly improved the behavioral performance, decreased the serum Glu levels, and increased the serum 5-HT levels of PMS + CUMS rats. The brain functional connectivity between the hippocampus and other brain regions was significantly changed by PMS + CUMS processes but improved by CSS treatment. Moreover, among the metabolites in the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle, the concentrations of citrate and the upregulation of isocitrate and downregulation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in PMS + CUMS rats could be significantly improved by CSS treatment. A brain functional network connectivity mechanism may be involved in perimenopausal depression, wherein the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle plays a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gong
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Tan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - You Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Suying Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Min
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenna Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, 350122, People's Republic of China.
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Qin N, Yi S, Dai C, Liu X, Duan Y, Zhou Y, Wan Z, Kang Y, Zhou X, Xie J, Cheng ASK. Associations of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features with depression and anxiety in young women with gynecologic cancer. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:674. [PMID: 37930490 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serum cortisol and inflammatory markers may play a role in depression and anxiety, but little is known about whether various features of serum cortisol and inflammatory markers have different associations with depression and anxiety. This study examines the associations of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features with depression and anxiety in young women with gynecologic cancer. METHODS Sixty-four young women with gynecologic cancer, aged 15-39 years, were recruited in a tertiary general hospital and a tertiary hospital specializing in oncology in China from May to December 2021. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to evaluate depression and anxiety. Blood samples were taken at 8 am, 4 pm, and 10 pm on the same day to examine the various features (average, variability, and diurnal patterns) of serum cortisol and inflammatory markers, namely C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS Young women with gynecologic cancer who reported depression/anxiety had significantly higher average levels of serum cortisol, IL-6 and TNF-α than those who did not. The dysregulations in the diurnal patterns of serum cortisol and IL-6 were associated with depression and anxiety. Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in the depression/anxiety group at 10 pm. Depression and anxiety were associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α at each time point. CONCLUSION This study revealed various associations of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features with depression and anxiety in young women with gynecologic cancer. Further research is needed to understand the role of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features in the progression of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuijing Yi
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chanyuan Dai
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinglong Duan
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyu Wan
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianfei Xie
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Andy S K Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Pinto TM, Nogueira-Silva C, Figueiredo B. Fetal heart rate variability and infant self-regulation: the impact of mother's prenatal depressive symptoms. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37726914 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2257730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foetal heart rate (FHR) variability is considered a marker of foetal neurobehavioral development associated with infant self-regulation and thus may be an early precursor of the adverse impact of mother's prenatal depressive symptoms on infant self-regulation. OBJECTIVE This study analysed the mediator role of FHR variability in the association between mother's prenatal depressive symptoms and infant self-regulation at three months. METHODS The sample comprised 86 first-born infants and their mothers. Mothers reported on depressive symptoms at the first trimester of pregnancy and on depressive symptoms and infant self-regulation at three months postpartum. FHR variability was recorded during routine cardiotocography at the third trimester of pregnancy. A mediation model was tested, adjusting for mother's postnatal depressive symptoms. RESULTS Higher levels of mother's prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with both lower FHR variability and lower infant self-regulation at three months. FHR variability was associated with infant self-regulation and mediated the association between mother's prenatal depressive symptoms and infant self-regulation at three months. CONCLUSION Findings suggested FHR variability as an early precursor of infant self-regulation that underlies the association between mother's prenatal depressive symptoms and infant self-regulation. Infants of mothers with higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms could be at risk of self-regulation problems, partially due to their lower FHR variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Miguel Pinto
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- HEI-Lab, Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Nogueira-Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Backer S, Yancheva J, Garcia C, Khanna D. Thyroid Predictors of Postpartum Mood Disorders. Cureus 2023; 15:e45554. [PMID: 37868409 PMCID: PMC10586527 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum mood disorders (PMD) are currently among the leading causes of maternal postpartum morbidity and mortality. PMD include the conditions of postpartum blues (PB), postpartum depression (PPD), and postpartum psychosis. The pathogenesis of PMDs are ambiguous, and there are no reliable prenatal predictive markers despite current research efforts. Even though reliable indicators have not been found, leading ideas suggest an etiology of hormonal fluctuations. Although thyroid markers have long been linked to psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), how they correlate with PMDs is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the pathophysiological link between thyroid function, PMDs, and the usefulness of thyroid markers as indicators of their occurrence and severity. The methodology consisted of a narrative literature review. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to filter the results of literature searches in PubMed. Studies were included if they discussed any marker related to thyroid endocrinology in relation to the incidence or pathophysiology of any PMD. Both primary and secondary analyses were included. The permissive inclusion criteria were used due to the relative scarcity of research on the topic and the ambiguous pathophysiology of PMD. The results demonstrated the potential utility of thyroid autoimmunity as a predictor of late-onset PPD. Hypothyroidism, low euthyroid hormone levels, and the presence of thyroid autoantibodies were correlated with increased incidence of PPD and late postpartum depressive symptoms, past the timeline of PB. Most notably a rapid postpartum drop in cortisol level may precipitate thyroid autoimmunity in anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody positive women, which could eventually produce a hypothyroid phase associated with depressive symptoms. There was insufficient evidence to suggest a relationship with postpartum psychosis. In conclusion, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of PMDs remain ambiguous, but TPO-antibodies in the third trimester may be a predictor of late PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Backer
- Osteopathic Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa, USA
| | - Janeta Yancheva
- Foundational Sciences, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, USA
| | - Camelia Garcia
- Foundational Sciences, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Deepesh Khanna
- Foundational Sciences, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, USA
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Rezaee R, Khashayar M, Saeedinezhad S, Nasiri M, Zare S. Critical Criteria and Countermeasures for Mobile Health Developers to Ensure Mobile Health Privacy and Security: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e39055. [PMID: 36862494 PMCID: PMC10020905 DOI: 10.2196/39055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of the privacy and confidentiality of patients' information, mobile health (mHealth) apps can raise the risk of violating users' privacy and confidentiality. Research has shown that many apps provide an insecure infrastructure and that security is not a priority for developers. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive tool to be considered by developers for assessing the security and privacy of mHealth apps. METHODS A literature search was performed to identify papers on app development, and those papers reporting criteria for the security and privacy of mHealth were assessed. The criteria were extracted using content analysis and presented to experts. An expert panel was held for determining the categories and subcategories of the criteria according to meaning, repetition, and overlap; impact scores were also measured. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for validating the criteria. The validity and reliability of the instrument were calculated to present an assessment instrument. RESULTS The search strategy identified 8190 papers, of which 33 (0.4%) were deemed eligible. A total of 218 criteria were extracted based on the literature search; of these, 119 (54.6%) criteria were removed as duplicates and 10 (4.6%) were deemed irrelevant to the security or privacy of mHealth apps. The remaining 89 (40.8%) criteria were presented to the expert panel. After calculating impact scores, the content validity ratio (CVR), and the content validity index (CVI), 63 (70.8%) criteria were confirmed. The mean CVR and CVI of the instrument were 0.72 and 0.86, respectively. The criteria were grouped into 8 categories: authentication and authorization, access management, security, data storage, integrity, encryption and decryption, privacy, and privacy policy content. CONCLUSIONS The proposed comprehensive criteria can be used as a guide for app designers, developers, and even researchers. The criteria and the countermeasures presented in this study can be considered to improve the privacy and security of mHealth apps before releasing the apps into the market. Regulators are recommended to consider an established standard using such criteria for the accreditation process, since the available self-certification of developers is not reliable enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezaee
- Department of Health Information Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Khashayar
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Saeedinezhad
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Nasiri
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Zare
- Health Information Management Research Center (HIMRC), Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Mlili NE, Ahabrach H, Cauli O. Hair Cortisol Concentration as a Biomarker of Symptoms of Depression in the Perinatal Period. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:71-83. [PMID: 35297354 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220316122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a sensitive period when women experience major hormonal and psychological changes. A high prevalence of the symptoms of depression and manifested major depression rates have been reported during this period, leading to negative outcomes both for mothers and the offspring. Despite its prevalence, the aetiology of depression is not yet fully understood. Nonetheless, alterations in cortisol levels have been proposed as a reliable biomarker to identify pregnant women at risk of perinatal depression. Hair cortisol has recently been extensively used in bio-psychological studies as a suitable non-invasive biomarker for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Various studies have published evidence regarding the relationship between cortisol fluctuations during the perinatal period, measured both in hair and in other substrates, and the onset of perinatal symptoms of depression. This current review provides an overview of cortisol level changes measured in women's hair during pregnancy or the postpartum period and its association with perinatal symptoms of depression. Further studies, including repetitive measurement of both hair cortisol and depression throughout the prenatal period, must be performed to clarify the relationship between cortisol levels and perinatal symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrin El Mlili
- Institut Supérieur des Professions Infirmières et Techniques de Santé (ISPITS), Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Hanan Ahabrach
- Institut Supérieur des Professions Infirmières et Techniques de Santé (ISPITS), Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Group (FROG), University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Zhuo R, Shi X, Wu Y. Association between Parent-Child Relationship and Second-Time Mother's Prenatal Depressive Symptoms: The Mediation Role of Parenting Burnout. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:491. [PMID: 36612814 PMCID: PMC9819863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this research was to study the association between the mother-firstborn relationship and second-time mothers' prenatal depressive symptoms before the birth of a second child and the mediation role of parenting burnout on this relationship. METHODS Empirical study was adopted in this research. Using a convenient sampling method, we recruited 110 second-time mothers who were in their third trimester of pregnancy. Child-parent relationship questionnaire, parenting burnout scale, and Beck Depression Instrument were used to measure the relationship between firstborn and second-time mothers, mothers' parenting burnout, and prenatal depressive symptoms, respectively. Regression analysis was conducted to test the relationship between variables, and the mediation effect was tested using PROCESS. RESULTS Regression results showed that the parent-child relationship is negatively associated with second-time mothers' prenatal depressive symptoms. The parent-child relationship is negatively associated with parenting burnout which is positively related to prenatal depressive symptoms. When considering the mediation variable of parenting burnout, the direct effect is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Parent-child relationship has a significant impact on second-time mothers' prenatal depressive symptoms, and this relationship is mediated by parenting burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Wu
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (Y.W.)
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Hamed SA, Elwasify M, Abdelhafez M, Fawzy M. Peripartum depression and its predictors: A longitudinal observational hospital-based study. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:1061-1075. [PMID: 36158302 PMCID: PMC9476840 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common problem in women in childbearing years due to burdens of motherhood and building a family. Few studies estimate the prevalence of antepartum depression compared to those in the postpartum period.
AIM To estimate the prevalence and the severities of peripartum depression and major depressive disorder and their predictors.
METHODS This is a longitudinal observation study. It included 200 women scoring ≥ 13 with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, indicating presence of symptoms of depression. They had a gestational age of ≥ 6 wk and did follow-ups until the 10th week to 12th weeks postpartum. Information of women's reactions to life circumstances and stressors during the current pregnancy were gathered from answers to questions of the designed unstructured clinical questionnaire. Severities of depression, anxiety, and parenting stress were determined by the Beck Depre-ssion Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults, and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, respectively. Psychiatric interviewing was done to confirm the diagnosis of major depression. Measuring the levels of triiodothronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was done in both antepartum and postpartum periods.
RESULTS Out of 968 (mean age = 27.35 ± 6.42 years), 20.66% (n = 200) of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression and 7.44% had major depression. Previous premenstrual dysphoria, post-abortive depression, and depression unrelated to pregnancy and were reported in 43%, 8%, and 4.5% of the patients, respectively. Psychosocial stressors were reported in 15.5% of the patients. Antepartum anxiety and parenting stress were reported in 90.5% and 65% of the patients, respectively. Postpartum T3, T4, and TSH levels did not significantly differ from reference values. Regression analysis showed that anxiety trait was a predictor for antepartum (standardized regression coefficients = 0.514, t = 8.507, P = 0.001) and postpartum (standardized regression coefficients = 0.573, t = 0.040, P = 0.041) depression. Antepartum depression (standardized regression coefficients = -0.086, t = -2.750, P = 0.007), and parenting stress (standardized regression coefficients = 0.080, t = 14.34, P = 0.0001) were also predictors for postpartum depression.
CONCLUSION Results showed that 20.66% of the patients had clinically significant symptoms of depression and 7.44% had major depression. Anxiety was a predictor for antepartum and postpartum depression. Antepartum depression and parenting stress were also predictors for postpartum depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa Ahmed Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elwasify
- Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11001, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelhafez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11001, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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Song Q, Huang W, Ye W, Yan H, Wang L, Yang Y, Cheng X, Zhang W, Zheng J, He P, He Y, Fang D, Han X. Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogen Through BDNF-Transient Receptor Potential Channels 6 Signaling Pathway in the Hippocampus in a Rat Model of Perimenopausal Depression. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:869274. [PMID: 35875795 PMCID: PMC9305198 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.869274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) has been proven to be effective in treating perimenopausal depression (PD); however, the downstream signaling pathways have not been fully elucidated. Transient receptor potential channels 6 (TRPC6) plays a vital role in promoting neuronal development and the formation of excitatory synapses. At present, we found that the serum levels of E2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) declined significantly in the women with PD compared to perimenopausal women, which was accompanied by a clear reduction in TRPC6 levels. To further reveal the effects of TRPC6 on neuronal survival and excitability, the PD-like rat model was established by the total removal of left ovary and 80% removal of right ovary followed by 21 days of the chronic unpredictable mild stress. Intragastric administration of E2 (2 mg/kg), intraperitoneal injection of BDNF/TrB signaling pathway inhibitor (K252a, 100 μg/kg) and TRPC6 agonist (OAG, 0.6 mg/kg), and intracerebroventricular infusion of anti-BDNF antibody for blocking BDNF (0.5 μg/24 μl/rat) daily for 21 days were conducted. The levels of BDNF and TRPC6 in rat serum were lower in PD rats compared to the control rats; the depression-like behavior was induced, the neuronal death rate in the hippocampus increased, and the thickness of postsynaptic density (PSD) and the number of asymmetric synapses decreased significantly in the PD group. E2 treatment greatly upregulated the serum levels of BDNF and TRPC6, the neuronal excitability indicated by an elevation in the PSD thickness and the numbers of asymmetric synapses, and these actions were reversed by K252a; co-administration of TRPC6 agonist and K252a improved neuronal degeneration and increased the neuronal excitability induced in the E2-treated PD rats. K252a or anti-BDNF antibody inhibited the increased neuronal BDNF and TRPC6 expression in E2-treated PD rats; co-treatment of TRPC6 agonist and anti-BDNF antibody reduced neuronal death and increased the BDNF and TRPC6 expression in the hippocampal CA1 neurons in the E2-treated PD rats. These results suggest that the neuroprotective role of E2 in PD is closely related to enhance the activity of BDNF/TRPC6 pathway and is helpful to provide new prevention and strategies.
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Are alterations in estradiol, cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines associated with depression during pregnancy and postpartum? An exploratory study. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100309. [PMID: 34589801 PMCID: PMC8474549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnant veterans are a subpopulation known to be at elevated risk of developing mental health symptoms, such as depression and suicidal ideation. Inflammation has been associated with depression, specifically during the perinatal period. Critical changes in estradiol, cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines are necessary for the progression of a healthy pregnancy, which are then rapidly altered in the postpartum period. We explored changes in estradiol, cortisol, and pro-inflammatory cytokines relative to depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts across pregnancy and postpartum in this pilot and feasibility study. Methods We measured estradiol, cortisol, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in 18 pregnant veterans and analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, dependent t-tests, and correlation analyses. We assessed depression severity with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and suicidality with the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Thirteen of the women repeated assessments in the early postpartum period at an average of 6.7 weeks after birth. Results As anticipated, estradiol (t(12) = 12.47, p < .001) and cortisol (t(12) = 9.43, p < .001) significantly decreased from pregnancy to postpartum. There were no differences in the means of gestational and postpartum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, or IFN-γ, but IL-8 was significantly increased from pregnancy to postpartum (t(12) = -4.60, p = .001). Estradiol during pregnancy was positively correlated with IL-6 levels both during pregnancy (r p = .656, p = .008) and postpartum (r = 0.648, p = .023). Elevated IL-1β was associated with suicidal thoughts during pregnancy (r = 0.529, p = .029). Although not statistically significant, depressive symptom severity trended towards a positive association with larger increases in IL-1β (r = 0.535, p = .09) and TNF-α (r = 0.501, p = .08) from pregnancy to postpartum. Conclusion This preliminary study suggests the feasibility of our approach for exploring a complex interplay between hormonal and pro-inflammatory changes from pregnancy to postpartum, and their relationship with depressive symptoms. Given our small sample and the relatively exploratory nature of our analyses, additional investigation focusing on hormonal and inflammatory changes and their potential associations with perinatal mental health is necessary to confirm and extend our preliminary findings and examine additional potential covariates.
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Dong Y, Tao B, Xue X, Feng C, Ren Y, Ma H, Zhang J, Si Y, Zhang S, Liu S, Li H, Zhou J, Li G, Wang Z, Xie J, Zhu Z. Molecular mechanism of Epicedium treatment for depression based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:222. [PMID: 34479552 PMCID: PMC8417989 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03389-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing attention has been paid to the effect of Epimedium on the nervous system, particularly anti-depression function. In the present study, we applied network pharmacology to introduce a testable hypothesis on the multi-target mechanisms of Epicedium against depression. METHODS By reconstructing the network of protein-protein interaction and drug-component-target, we predicted the key protein targets of Epicedium for the treatment of depression. Then, through molecular docking, the interaction of the main active components of Epicedium and predicted candidate targets were verified. RESULTS Nineteen active compounds were selected from Epicedium. There were 200 targets associated with Epicedium and 537 targets related to depression. The key targets of Epicedium for treating depression were IL6, VEGFA, AKT1, and EGF. According to gene ontology functional enrichment analysis, 22 items of biological process (BP), 13 items of cell composition (CC) and 9 items of molecular function (MF) were obtained. A total of 56 signaling pathways (P < 0.05) were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, mainly involving depression-related pathways such as dopaminergic synapse, TNF signaling pathway, and prolactin signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that the most important activity components, including luteoklin, quercetin and kaempferol, were well combined with the key targets. CONCLUSIONS Luteoklin, quercetin, kaempferol and other active compounds in Epicedium can regulate multiple signaling pathways and targets such as IL6, AKT1, and EGF, therefore playing therapeutic roles in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No.154, Tianjin, 300052, Heping District, China
| | - Xing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Caixia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yating Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hengyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yufang Si
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Si Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College,Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Juanping Xie
- Qinba Chinese Medicine Resources R&D Center, School of Medicine, Ankang University, Ankang, 710069, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Institute of Maternal and Infant health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, China.
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Lei R, Sun Y, Liao J, Yuan Y, Sun L, Liu Y, Yang X, Ma W, Yu Z. Sex hormone levels in females of different ages suffering from depression. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:215. [PMID: 34022874 PMCID: PMC8141202 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background There are only a few studies on sex hormones in females of different ages suffering from depression, and their conclusions are not uniform until now. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the severity of depression in females and factors such as sex hormones and differences in sex hormone levels in females of different ages, exploring variations after treatment. Methods A total of 169 females with depression were selected and divided into the first-episode (91 cases) and recurrent (78 cases) groups. Then, on the basis of their age, the first-episode patients were divided into the young (48 cases, age < 45 years), perimenopausal (20 cases, 45–55 years), and elderly groups (23 cases, age > 55 years); the patients with recurrent depression were classified into the young (37 cases, age < 45 years), perimenopausal (19 cases, 45–55 years), and elderly groups (22 cases, age > 55 years). The patients were assessed in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases of mental and behavioral disorders. The serum progesterone, prolactin, estradiol, and testosterone levels in the patients were measured, and differences in sex hormone levels of the groups were analyzed. Results The estradiol level was negatively correlated with age and the prolactin level was positively correlated with occupation. The severity of depression in females was found to be negatively correlated with age. The serum progesterone and estradiol levels in the young group were significantly higher than those in the elderly group, regardless of the first episode or recurrence. Estradiol levels in the perimenopausal and elderly groups with first-episode depression were significantly higher than those in the same group with recurrent depression. However, there was no significant difference in the serum progesterone, prolactin, estradiol, and testosterone levels in the recurrent group before and after treatment. Conclusions Sex hormone levels, especially estradiol, varied among females of different ages suffering from depression. Recurrent depression also has a certain effect on sex hormone levels in females. Not only should the age and relapse be considered when studying the sex hormone levels of females with depression, but also attention should be paid to whether the patients have used antidepressants before their sexual hormonal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lei
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kailuan Mental Health Centre Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiawen Liao
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yugeng Liu
- Department of Mood Disorders, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wenyou Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kailuan Mental Health Center Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Zhenjian Yu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kailuan Mental Health Center Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
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Biopsychosocial correlates of psychological distress in Latina mothers. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:617-626. [PMID: 33445084 PMCID: PMC7889736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have explored the relationship between psychological, psychosocial and biological factors among Latinas. An integrated understanding of how these factors associate with psychological distress is necessary for the development of culturally relevant screening tools and interventions. The study aim was to examine the relationships among (a) psychological distress symptoms, (b) psychosocial factors (discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, economic hardship), and (c) biological (DNA methylation of stress-related genes) factors among Latinas during pregnancy and postpartum period. METHODS A sample of 150 pregnant Latinas completed the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms II (IDAS-II), psychosocial questionnaires (discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, economic hardship) before (24-32 weeks) and after gestation (4-6 weeks postpartum). Blood samples were collected between 24-32 weeks gestation. Correlations were determined between psychosocial and biological measures and psychological distress measures. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to assess the relationships between IDAS and stressors. RESULTS Several correlations among psychosocial measures,DNA methylation factors and IDAS-II variables were identified. Among the psychosocial measures, everyday discrimination was the most strongly and consistently associated with IDAS-II. DNA methylation of NR3C1 affects the associations between psychological and psychosocial distress. LIMITATIONS We only assessed DNA methylation during pregnancy and focused on four HPA-related genes. Longitudinal assessment of DNA methylation and genome-wide analysis can provide a better picture of the role of methylation in psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS This work may assist clinicians and policy makers in effectively recognizing and preventing maternal mental health disparities based on discrimination and other psychosocial stressors in at-risk groups.
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Schweizer-Schubert S, Gordon JL, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Meltzer-Brody S, Schmalenberger KM, Slopien R, Zietlow AL, Ehlert U, Ditzen B. Steroid Hormone Sensitivity in Reproductive Mood Disorders: On the Role of the GABA A Receptor Complex and Stress During Hormonal Transitions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:479646. [PMID: 33585496 PMCID: PMC7873927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.479646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Women worldwide are two to three times more likely to suffer from depression in their lifetime than are men. Female risk for depressive symptoms is particularly high during the reproductive years between menarche and menopause. The term “Reproductive Mood Disorders” refers to depressive disorders triggered by hormonal fluctuations during reproductive transitions including the perimenarchal phase, the pre-menstrual phase, pregnancy, the peripartum period and the perimenopausal transition. Here we focus on reproductive mood disorders manifesting in adult life. We propose a research agenda that draws together several reproductive mood disorders and investigates which genetic, endocrinological, neural, and psychosocial factors can explain depressive symptoms during phases of hormonal transitions in women. Based on current research it is assumed that some women experience an increased sensitivity to not only fluctuations in reproductive steroids (estrogen and progesterone), but also stress-related steroids. We integrate both dynamics into the concept of “steroid hormone sensitivity,” expanding on the concept of “reproductive hormone sensitivity.” We suggest that a differential response of the stress steroid system including corticosteroids, neurosteroids, like allopregnanolone and the GABA-A Receptor complex, as well as a differential (epi)genetic risk in serotonergic and GABAergic signaling, are moderators or mediators between changes in the reproductive steroid system and the physiological, affective, and cognitive outcomes manifesting in reproductive mood disorders. We point to the lack of research on the role of psychosocial factors in increasing a woman's stress level and at some point also the sensitivity of her stress steroid system within the etiology of Reproductive Mood Disorders. Drawing together the evidence on various reproductive mood disorders we seek to present a basis for the development of more effective pharmacological, social, and psychological treatment interventions and prevention strategies for women susceptible to these disorders. This could pave the way for new research as well as medical and psychological teaching and practice- such as a new type of Practice for Gynecological Psychoneuroendocrinology- with the aim of working on and ultimately offering more integrative forms of support not yet available to women suffering from depression during hormonal transitions. In medical history women have been left alone with this integrative challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schweizer-Schubert
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Practice for Psychoendocrinology and Psychotherapy, Heilbronn, Germany
| | | | - Tory A Eisenlohr-Moul
- Women's Mental Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Katja M Schmalenberger
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Slopien
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna-Lena Zietlow
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Müller M, Matthies LM, Goetz M, Abele H, Brucker SY, Bauer A, Graf J, Zipfel S, Hasemann L, Wallwiener M, Wallwiener S. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an electronic mindfulness-based intervention (eMBI) on maternal mental health during pregnancy: the mindmom study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2020; 21:933. [PMID: 33203471 PMCID: PMC7672841 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mental disorders are common during the peripartum period and may have far-reaching consequences for both mother and child. Unfortunately, most antenatal care systems do not provide any structured screening for maternal mental health. As a consequence, mental illnesses are often overlooked and not treated adequately. If correctly diagnosed, cognitive behavioral therapy is currently the treatment of choice for mental illnesses. In addition, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) seem to represent a promising treatment option for anxiety and depression during the peripartum period. Considering the internet’s increasing omnipresence, MBIs can also be offered electronically via a (tablet) computer or smartphone (electronically based MBI = eMBI). Objective The current study aims to examine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an eMBI (the mindmom application) developed by an interdisciplinary team of gynecologists, psychologists, and midwives, teaching pregnant women how to deal with stress, pregnancy-related anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The study sample consists of pregnant women in their third trimester who screened positive for emotional distress. The mindmom study is a bicentric prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT), which is currently conducted at the University women’s hospitals of Heidelberg and Tübingen, Germany. Methods Within the scope of the routine prenatal care, pregnant women attending routine pregnancy care in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, are invited to participate in a screening for mental distress based on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Women with an EPDS screening result > 9 will be referred to one of the mindmom coordinating study centers and are offered counseling either face-to-face or via videotelephony. After an initial psychological counseling, women are invited to participate in an eMBI in their last pregnancy trimester. The study will enroll N = 280 study participants (N = 140 per group), who are randomized 1:1 into the intervention (IG) or control group (treatment as usual = TAU). All participants are requested to complete a total of 7 digital assessments (5 visits pre- and 2 follow-up visits postpartum), involving self-report questionnaires, sociodemographic and medical data, physiological measures, and morning cortisol profiles. The primary outcome will be depressive and anxiety symptoms, measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, and the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include mindfulness, satisfaction with birth, quality of life, fetal attachment, bonding, mode of delivery, and cost-effectiveness. Discussion This is the first German RCT to examine the (cost-)effectiveness of an eMBI on maternal mental health during pregnancy. If successful, the mindmom app represents a low-threshold and cost-effective help for psychologically distressed women during pregnancy, thereby reducing the negative impact on perinatal health outcome. Trial registration Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien, German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00017210. Registered on 13 January 2020. Retrospectively registered. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-020-04873-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitho Müller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maren Goetz
- Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Zentrum für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harald Abele
- Universitäts-Frauenklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Armin Bauer
- Institute for Women's Health Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Graf
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, Germany
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Molecular Mechanisms of Glial Cells Related Signaling Pathways Involved in the Neuroinflammatory Response of Depression. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3497920. [PMID: 33100903 PMCID: PMC7569467 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3497920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, is one of the pathological features in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, which emphasizes that glial cells driving neuroinflammation is not only an important pathological change in depression but also a potential therapeutic target. In this review, we summarized a recent update about several signaling pathways in which glial cells may play their roles in depression through neuroinflammatory reactions. We focused on the basic knowledge of these signaling pathways by elaborating each of them. This review may provide an updated image about the recent advances on these signaling pathways that are essential parts of neuroinflammation involved in depression.
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Goetz M, Schiele C, Müller M, Matthies LM, Deutsch TM, Spano C, Graf J, Zipfel S, Bauer A, Brucker SY, Wallwiener M, Wallwiener S. Effects of a Brief Electronic Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Relieving Prenatal Depression and Anxiety in Hospitalized High-Risk Pregnant Women: Exploratory Pilot Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17593. [PMID: 32780023 PMCID: PMC7448174 DOI: 10.2196/17593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripartum depression and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and are correlated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Antenatal care in Germany does not yet include structured screening and effective low-threshold treatment options for women facing peripartum depression and anxiety disorders. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are increasingly becoming a focus of interest for the management of such patients. Studies have shown a decrease in pregnancy-related stress and anxiety in expectant mothers following mindfulness programs. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the clinical effectiveness of a 1-week electronic course of mindfulness on prenatal depression and anxiety in hospitalized, high-risk pregnant women. We hypothesized that participating in a 1-week electronic MBI (eMBI) could alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety during the hospital stay. Methods A prospective pilot study with an explorative study design was conducted from January to May 2019 in a sample of 68 women hospitalized due to high-risk pregnancies. After enrolling into the study, the participants were given access to an eMBI app on how to deal with stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression. Psychometric parameters were assessed via electronic questionnaires comprising the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), and abridged version of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ-R). Results We observed a high prevalence of peripartum depression and anxiety among hospitalized high-risk pregnant women: 39% (26/67) of the study participants in the first assessment and 41% (16/39) of the participants in the second assessment achieved EPDS scores above the cutoff value for minor/major depression. The number of participants with anxiety levels above the cutoff value (66% [45/68] of the participants in the first assessment and 67% [26/39] of the participants in the second assessment) was significantly more than that of the participants with anxiety levels below the cutoff value, as measured with the STAI-S. After completing the 1-week electronic course on mindfulness, the participants showed a significant reduction in the mean state anxiety levels (P<.03). Regarding pregnancy-related anxiety, participants who completed more than 50% of the 1-week course showed lower scores in PRAQ-R in the second assessment (P<.05). No significant changes in the EPDS scores were found after completing the intervention. Conclusions Peripartum anxiety and depression represent a relevant health issue in hospitalized pregnant patients. Short-term eMBIs could have the potential to reduce anxiety levels and pregnancy-related anxiety. However, we observed that compliance to eMBI seems to be related to lower symptoms of pregnancy-related stress among high-risk patients. eMBIs represent accessible mental health resources at reduced costs and can be adapted for hospitalized patients during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Goetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schiele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mitho Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina M Matthies
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Deutsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudio Spano
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Graf
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Research Institute for Women's Health, Department of Women's Health, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sara Y Brucker
- Department of Women's Health, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wallwiener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Akbari V, Rahmatinejad P, Shater MM, Vahedian M, Khalajinia Z. Investigation of the relationship of perceived social support and spiritual well-being with postpartum depression. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2020; 9:174. [PMID: 32953903 PMCID: PMC7482628 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_56_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum depression is a significant common health problem that has negative effects on mental and physical health of mothers and their infants. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being (SWB) and perceived social support with postpartum depression in new mothers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a descriptive survey design, 200 mothers in the 4th-8th weeks after delivery, who referred to selected therapeutic centers in Qom Province, were selected by a convenience sampling method. They were asked to answer the question of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, SWB Scale, and Farhangestan Spiritual Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and Chi-square. RESULTS The prevalence of postpartum depression in this group was 22%. Pearson correlation test showed that there was a negative correlation between high level of perceived social support and SWB with postpartum depression. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that perceived social support and SWB have an important role in low depressive symptom in mothers during postpartum. This result can help health-care professionals to pay much attention to social support and SWB as a protective factor against postpartum depression in postpartum or pregnancy care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valiollah Akbari
- Department of Psychiatric, Medicine School, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Parvin Rahmatinejad
- Forghani Hospital Research Development Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Shater
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vahedian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Zohre Khalajinia
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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23
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Apter-Levy Y, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Chronic Depression Alters Mothers' DHEA and DEHA-to-Cortisol Ratio: Implications for Maternal Behavior and Child Outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:728. [PMID: 32793012 PMCID: PMC7387697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal depression is a major public health problem that typically occurs in the period surrounding childbirth. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying maternal depression have been the focus of increasing research and studies pointed to the crucial role of the HPA axis in this disorder. However, most studies focused on cortisol expression and regulation while recent attention has shifted to include the sulfate steroids DHEA and DHEA-S. A community cohort of 1,983 women with no comorbid risk was recruited at birth and depression was assessed periodically across the first postpartum year. At 6 years, 156 families were re-visited: 46 mothers were defined as chronically-depressed and 103 controls reported no depression from birth to six years. Mothers and children were diagnosed by structured psychiatric interviews and mother-child interactions were observed. Maternal diurnal cortisol (CT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were assessed. Depressed mothers had lower levels of DHEA (AUCg), flattened DHEA diurnal variability (AUCi), and smaller DHEA-to-CT Ratio. Regression analysis demonstrated that maternal sensitivity during mother-child interaction was independently predicted by maternal depression, DHEA levels, child CT, and child social withdrawal. Results underscore the need for multi-level understanding of the dynamic interplay between maternal psychopathology, mother-child relationship, and pituitary-adrenal-cortex-to-medulla balance in studying the cross generational transfer of psychiatric vulnerability from depressed mothers to their children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Feldman
- The Center for Developmental Social Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
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24
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Deems NP, Leuner B. Pregnancy, postpartum and parity: Resilience and vulnerability in brain health and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100820. [PMID: 31987814 PMCID: PMC7225072 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Risk and resilience in brain health and disease can be influenced by a variety of factors. While there is a growing appreciation to consider sex as one of these factors, far less attention has been paid to sex-specific variables that may differentially impact females such as pregnancy and reproductive history. In this review, we focus on nervous system disorders which show a female bias and for which there is data from basic research and clinical studies pointing to modification in disease risk and progression during pregnancy, postpartum and/or as a result of parity: multiple sclerosis (MS), depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In doing so, we join others (Shors, 2016; Galea et al., 2018a) in aiming to illustrate the importance of looking beyond sex in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Deems
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benedetta Leuner
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA.
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25
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Zhu Y, Ji H, Tao L, Cai Q, Wang F, Ji W, Li G, Fang Y. Functional Status of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axes in Hospitalized Schizophrenics in Shanghai. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32174848 PMCID: PMC7056840 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroendocrine dysfunction is related to the pathogenesis of mental disorders, but conclusions from clinical research lack consistency. We aimed to investigate the neuroendocrinal pathophysiology and its correlation with clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS The present cross-sectional study included 486 inpatients with schizophrenia admitted at a psychiatric hospital in Shanghai within one year, and 154 healthy controls (HC) matched on age and gender. The serum hemoconcentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (COR) were measured via electrochemical luminescence immunoassay. Pathophysiological conversions of neuroendocrine were then associated with gender, age, age at onset, antipsychotic treatment using hierarchical multiple linear regression. RESULTS When compared to HC, the schizophrenia group showed elevated ACTH and COR levels and decreased TT3 and TT4 levels (p's < 0.05). First-episode patients showed lower TSH and higher FT3 and FT4 (p's < 0.05) compared to recurrent patients. Female patients showed higher TSH and lower TT3, FT3, and ACTH levels (p's < 0.05) compared to males. We observed the area under the curve (AUC) of the predictive model to distinguish between schizophrenia and HC to be 0.737 among total samples and between first-episode and recurrent schizophrenia to be 0.890 among subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Decreased TT3 and TT4 and elevated ACTH and COR levels appear to be associated with schizophrenia symptoms. The chronic recurrent trait of schizophrenia may cause long-term effects on FT3 and FT4 while changes in thyroid, and adrenal function as a result of mental disorder varied with gender. The pathophysiological parameters provide fair to good accuracy of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Zhu
- Clinical Research Center & Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Division of Psychiatry, Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Affiliated Greenland Hospital of Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Division of Psychiatry, Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Affiliated Greenland Hospital of Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lily Tao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Division of Psychiatry, Shanghai Yangpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Ji
- Division of Psychiatry, Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Affiliated Greenland Hospital of Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohai Li
- Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center & Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
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26
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Weigl T, Schneider N, Stein A, Felderhoff-Müser U, Schedlowski M, Engler H. Postpartal Affective and Endocrine Differences Between Parents of Preterm and Full-Term Infants. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:251. [PMID: 32296356 PMCID: PMC7139630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the postpartum period, new parents frequently experience emotional stress and exhibit symptoms of depression and anxiety, accompanied by substantial endocrine changes. However, evidence predominantly exists from parents of full-term infants, while data on parents of preterm infants are scarce. In this exploratory, cross-sectional study, we compared psychological well-being and endocrine parameters in parents of very preterm and term born infants. METHODS Mothers (N = 28) and fathers (N = 30) of full-term infants as well as mothers (N = 18) and fathers (N = 21) of very or extreme preterm infants (< 32nd gestational week) were recruited in the days following birth. Anxiety, depression, and perceived stress were assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), respectively. Physiological measures included serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (mothers only), as well as the salivary cortisol awakening response (mothers and fathers). RESULTS New mothers and fathers of very preterm infants exhibited higher scores of depression, anxiety and stress than parents of term infants. Besides, mothers of very preterm infants showed lower levels of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin, as well as a heightened post-awakening cortisol response compared to mothers of term infants. Furthermore, in mothers of preterm infants we found significant negative associations between serum prolactin levels and BDI and STAI scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Parents of very preterm infants suffered from a higher burden of psychological distress than parents of full-term infants. The affective symptoms in preterm mothers were accompanied by altered endocrine profiles that, at least to some extent, may contribute to the psychological changes. The profound psychological and physiological disturbances in mothers of preterm infants may have an impact on long-term mental health and early pharmacological and psychological interventions may help to ameliorate postpartum affective symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weigl
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Psychology School, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nora Schneider
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Stein
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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27
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Brydges NM, Reddaway J. Neuroimmunological effects of early life experiences. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820953706. [PMID: 33015371 PMCID: PMC7513403 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820953706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adverse experiences during development increases the risk of psychiatric illness later in life. Growing evidence suggests a role for the neuroimmune system in this relationship. There is now substantial evidence that the immune system is critical for normal brain development and behaviour, and responds to environmental perturbations experienced early in life. Severe or chronic stress results in dysregulated neuroimmune function, concomitant with abnormal brain morphology and function. Positive experiences including environmental enrichment and exercise exert the opposite effect, promoting normal brain and immune function even in the face of early life stress. The neuroimmune system may therefore provide a viable target for prevention and treatment of psychiatric illness. This review will briefly summarise the neuroimmune system in brain development and function, and review the effects of stress and positive environmental experiences during development on neuroimmune function. There are also significant sex differences in how the neuroimmune system responds to environmental experiences early in life, which we will briefly review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M. Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research
Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research
Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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28
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Maternal-fetal attachment protects against postpartum anxiety: the mediating role of postpartum bonding and partnership satisfaction. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 301:107-117. [PMID: 31875254 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal mental disorders develop frequently during the perinatal period, and can have detrimental effects on the developing bond between a mother and her child. While depression has already been widely associated with bonding disorders, the link between anxiety disorders and maternal-fetal attachment has received only limited attention. This study aimed to explore the link between maternal-fetal attachment in the third trimester and postpartum anxiety, as previous research has suggested a potentially protective association. Additionally, we hypothesized a mediating influence of postpartum bonding and partnership satisfaction as additional measurements of attachment capacity. METHODS Self-report questionnaires assessing maternal-fetal attachment, postpartum bonding, anxiety, depression, and partnership quality were completed at three time points: third trimester (T1, N = 324), first week postpartum (T2, N = 249), and 4 months postpartum (T3, N = 166). Conditional process analyses were used to test for mediation. RESULTS A statistically significant negative correlation of maternal-fetal attachment was found with maternal anxiety postpartum. Overall, the analyses supported the mediation hypothesis. There was a significant, indirect effect of maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy on state anxiety in the first week postpartum, mediated through postpartum bonding quality and partnership satisfaction. All three variables together accounted for 18.25% (state anxiety) or 30.35% (trait anxiety) of the variance in postpartum anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that a close maternal-fetal attachment buffers postpartum symptoms of anxiety, partially mediated through postpartum bonding and partnership satisfaction. Therefore, strengthening the maternal-fetal attachment and the partnership during pregnancy has the potential to reduce maternal postpartum symptoms of anxiety.
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Ahmed GME, Alcantara JC, Alharbi SA, Alshammari WM, Alshammari FD, Elnaem IS, Hassan AOA, Alrashedi KS, Tayyar AAA, Alreshidi TAK. Differential prolactin levels among male and female patients with thyroid related complains in the Hail regions of Saudi Arabia. Bioinformation 2019; 15:633-639. [PMID: 31787812 PMCID: PMC6859707 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid diseases are caused by autoimmunity due to hormone imbalance both in male and female patients. Therefore, it is of acute importance to measure, analyze and compare thyroid hormone levels among populations with thyroid-related complications. Hence, we examined 202 male and female thyroid patients in the Hail regions of Saudi Arabia and estimated their hormone levels. Blood samples were collected from patients and processed for the hormonal profiling such as prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH, free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4) and TSH3. Further, measurement of thyroid gland size in the Hail population was also completed. Results of our study showed a significant difference in the level of prolactin between male and female patients. Other hormones are namely luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH, free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), TSH3 did not show any significant difference between male and female patients with thyroid disorder. Thus, the levels of the majority of hormones, namely luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH, free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), and TSH3, except prolactin, did not differ significantly between male and female thyroid patients. Validation of the observation using large scale population size is warranted in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Mohamed Elawad Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jerold Casem Alcantara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abdulkarim Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fawaz Dabae Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
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Blood plasma metabolic profiling of pregnant women with antenatal depressive symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:204. [PMID: 31444321 PMCID: PMC6707960 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal depression affects ~9-19% of pregnant women and can exert persistent adverse effects on both mother and child. There is a need for a deeper understanding of antenatal depression mechanisms and the development of tools for reliable diagnosis and early identification of women at high risk. As the use of untargeted blood metabolomics in the investigation of psychiatric and neurological diseases has increased substantially, the main objective of this study was to investigate whether untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) plasma metabolomics in 45 women in late pregnancy, residing in Uppsala, Sweden, could indicate metabolic differences between women with and without depressive symptoms. Furthermore, seasonal differences in the metabolic profiles were explored. When comparing the profiles of cases with controls, independently of season, no differences were observed. However, seasonal differences were observed in the metabolic profiles of control samples, suggesting a favorable cardiometabolic profile in the summer vs. winter, as indicated by lower glucose and sugar acid concentrations and lactate to pyruvate ratio, and higher abundance of arginine and phosphate. Similar differences were identified between cases and controls among summer pregnancies, indicating an association between a stressed metabolism and depressive symptoms. No depression-specific differences were apparent among depressed and non-depressed women, in the winter pregnancies; this could be attributed to an already stressed metabolism due to the winter living conditions. Our results provide new insights into the pathophysiology of antenatal depression, and warrant further investigation of the use of metabolomics in antenatal depression in larger cohorts.
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Prenatal and Postnatal Hair Steroid Levels Predict Post-Partum Depression 12 Weeks after Delivery. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091290. [PMID: 31450789 PMCID: PMC6780455 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Within three to six months after delivery, 13%–19% of women suffer from post-partum depression (PPD), understood as a dysfunctional adaptation to the postpartum condition and motherhood. In the present cross-sectional study, we compared the hair steroid levels of women 12 weeks before and after delivery and with or without PPD. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted twelve weeks after delivery. At that time, 48 women (mean age: 25.9 years) with PPD and 50 healthy controls (mean age: 25.2 years) completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms. Further, at the same time point, 6 cm lengths of hair strands were taken, providing samples of hair steroids 12 weeks before and 12 weeks after delivery in order to analyze hair steroids (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)). Results: Compared to those of women without PPD, hair steroid levels (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone) were significantly lower in women with PPD both before and after delivery. Lower prenatal cortisone and progesterone levels predicted higher depression scores 12 weeks after delivery. Lower prenatal levels of cortisol and progesterone and higher levels of DHEA, and postnatal lower levels of cortisol, cortisone, and progesterone, along with higher levels of DHEA predicted PPD-status with an accuracy of 98%. Conclusions: PPD is associated with blunted hair cortisol, cortisone, and progesterone secretions both pre- and postpartum. Such blunted steroid levels appear to reflect a stress responsivity that is less adaptive to acute and transient stressors. It follows that prenatally assessed low hair cortisol and progesterone levels, along with high DHEA levels, are reliable biomarkers of post-partum depression 12 weeks after delivery.
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Predictors of Postpartum Depression: A Comprehensive Review of the Last Decade of Evidence. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2019; 61:591-603. [PMID: 29596076 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most frequent complications of childbirth affecting ~500,000 women annually (prevalence 10% to 15%). Despite the documented adverse outcomes for mother and child, there remains a great need to develop prospective approaches to identify women at risk. This review examines some of the best-characterized molecular and clinical risk factors for PPD. We illustrate that this is a growing literature but there remains a lack of reliable molecular predictors for PPD. Current best predictors are clinical assessments for psychiatric history and adverse life events, highlighting the need for increased depression screening across the perinatal period.
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Lin CY, Li CK, Liu JM, Hsu RJ, Chuang HC, Chang FW. Postpartum Depression and Subsequent Autoimmune Diseases in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081783. [PMID: 30127260 PMCID: PMC6121646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common examples of postnatal morbidity, but the subsequent risks of autoimmune diseases in patients with PPD have yet to be fully investigated. This nationwide population-based study utilized data of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan for the period from 1996 to 2013. In total, 45,451 women with primiparity were identified. Among them, 542 patients with PPD were enrolled as a study group while 2165 matched patients without PPD were enrolled as a control group. The demographic characteristics and comorbidities of the patients were analyzed, and Cox regression analysis was applied to calculate the hazard ratios for the risk of autoimmune diseases. Of the 2707 women enrolled in this study, 469 (17.3%) patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune diseases were identified, including 123 (22.7%) in the PPD group and 346 (16%) in the non-PPD group. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was determined that the patients with PPD had a significantly higher risk of subsequent autoimmune diseases (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30–1.99; p < 0.001). Specifically, increased risks of pernicious anemia (aHR: 3.85, 95% CI: 2.06–7.22), rheumatoid arthritis (aHR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.28–5.39), and Graves’ disease (aHR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.05–2.33) were observed in the PPD group. This study demonstrated that patients with PPD have higher risks of subsequent autoimmune diseases, especially pernicious anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Graves’ disease. This useful information provides physicians with clues regarding the associations between autoimmune diseases and PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Disease, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Kai Li
- Department of Gynecology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Chang Chuang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan.
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Superintendent, Tri-Service General Hospital Penghu Branch, National Defence Medical Center, Penghu Branch, Magong City 880, Taiwan.
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Depression and glioblastoma, complicated concomitant diseases: a systemic review of published literature. Neurosurg Rev 2018; 43:497-511. [PMID: 30094499 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-018-1017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. Depression is a common co-morbidity of this condition. Despite this common interaction, relatively little research has been performed on the development of GBM-associated depression. We performed a literary search of the PubMed database for articles published relating to GBM and depression. A total of 85 articles were identified with 46 meeting inclusion criteria. Depression significantly impacts care, decreasing medication compliance, and patient survival. Diagnostically, because depression and GBM share intricate neuro-connectivity in a way that effect functionality, these diseases can be mistaken for alternative psychological or pathological disorders, complicating care. Therapeutically, anti-depressants have anti-tumor properties; yet, some have been shown to interfere with GBM treatment. One reason for this is that the pathophysiological development of depression and GBM share several pathways including altered regulation of the 5-HT receptor, norepinephrine, and 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. Over time, depression can persist after GBM treatment, affecting patient quality of life. Together, depression and GBM are complicated concomitant diseases. Clinicians must be aware of their co-existence. Because of overlapping molecular pathways involved in both diseases, careful medication selection is imperative to avoid potential adverse interactions. Since GBMs are the most common primary brain cancer, physicians dealing with this disease should be prepared for the development of depression as a potential sequela of this condition, given the related pathophysiology and the known poor outcomes.
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Jesulola E, Micalos P, Baguley IJ. Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: From monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model - are we there yet? Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:79-90. [PMID: 29284108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of factors (biogenic amine deficiency, genetic, environmental, immunologic, endocrine factors and neurogenesis) have been identified as mechanisms which provide unitary explanations for the pathophysiology of depression. Rather than a unitary construct, the combination and linkage of these factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. That is, environmental stressors and heritable genetic factors acting through immunologic and endocrine responses initiate structural and functional changes in many brain regions, resulting in dysfunctional neurogenesis and neurotransmission which then manifest as a constellation of symptoms which present as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Jesulola
- Paramedicine Discipline, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst Campus, NSW Australia.
| | - Peter Micalos
- Paramedicine Discipline, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst Campus, NSW Australia
| | - Ian J Baguley
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Service, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Rd, Wentworthville, NSW Australia
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