1
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Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
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2
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Regiospecific Oxidation of Chlorobenzene to 4-Chlororesorcinol, Chlorohydroquinone, 3-Chlorocatechol and 4-Chlorocatechol by Engineered Toluene o-Xylene Monooxygenases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0035822. [PMID: 35736230 PMCID: PMC9275245 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00358-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toluene o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) was found to oxidize chlorobenzene to form 2-chlorophenol (2-CP, 4%), 3-CP (12%), and 4-CP (84%) with a total product formation rate of 1.2 ± 0.17 nmol/min/mg protein. It was also discovered that ToMO forms 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC) from 3-CP and 4-CP with initial rates of 0.54 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.04 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, and chlorohydroquinone (CHQ, 13%), 4-chlororesorcinol (4-CR, 3%), and 3-CC (84%) from 2-CP with an initial product formation rate of 1.1 ± 0.32 nmol/min/mg protein. To increase the oxidation rate and alter the oxidation regiospecificity of chloroaromatics, as well as to study the roles of active site residues L192 and A107 of the alpha hydroxylase fragment of ToMO (TouA), we used the saturation mutagenesis approach of protein engineering. Thirteen TouA variants were isolated, among which some of the best substitutions uncovered here have never been studied before. Specifically, TouA variant L192V was identified which had 1.8-, 1.4-, 2.4-, and 4.8-fold faster hydroxylation activity toward chlorobenzene, 2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP, respectively, compared to the native ToMO. The L192V variant also had the regiospecificity of chlorobenzene changed from 4% to 13% 2-CP and produced the novel product 3-CC (4%) from 3-CP. Most of the isolated variants were identified to change the regiospecificity of oxidation. For example, compared to the native ToMO, variants A107T, A107N, and A107M produced 6.3-, 7.0-, and 7.3-fold more 4-CR from 2-CP, respectively, and variants A107G and A107G/L192V produced 3-CC (33 and 39%, respectively) from 3-CP whereas native ToMO did not. IMPORTANCE Chlorobenzene is a commonly used toxic solvent and listed as a priority environmental pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we report that Escherichia coli TG1 cells expressing toluene o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) can successfully oxidize chlorobenzene to form dihydroxy chloroaromatics, which are valuable industrial compounds. ToMO performs this at room temperature in water using only molecular oxygen and a cofactor supplied by the cells. Using protein engineering techniques, we also isolated ToMO variants with enhanced oxidation activity as well as fine-tuned regiospecificities which make direct microbial oxygenations even more attractive. The significance of this work lies in the ability to degrade environmental pollutants while at the same time producing valuable chemicals using environmentally benign biological methods rather than expensive, complex chemical processes.
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3
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Guo J, Li F, Cheng F, Ma L, Liu X, Durairaj P, Zhang G, Tang D, Long X, Zhang W, Du L, Zhang X, Li S. Bacterial Biosynthetic P450 Enzyme PikC D50N: A Potential Biocatalyst for the Preparation of Human Drug Metabolites. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14563-14571. [PMID: 34662127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human drug metabolites (HDMs) are important chemicals widely used in drug-related studies. However, acquiring these enzyme-derived and regio-/stereo-selectively modified compounds through chemical approaches is complicated. PikC is a biosynthetic P450 enzyme involved in pikromycin biosynthesis from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. Here, we identify the mutant PikCD50N as a potential biocatalyst, with a broad substrate scope, diversified product profile, and high catalytic efficiency, for preparation of HDMs. Remarkably, PikCD50N can mediate the drug-metabolizing reactions using the low-cost H2O2 as a direct electron and oxygen donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Fengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Pradeepraj Durairaj
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Marine Biopharmaceutical Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiangtian Long
- Tianjin Hankang Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300409, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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4
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A Promiscuous Bacterial P450: The Unparalleled Diversity of BM3 in Pharmaceutical Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111380. [PMID: 34768811 PMCID: PMC8583553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP102A1 (BM3) is a catalytically self-sufficient flavocytochrome fusion protein isolated from Bacillus megaterium, which displays similar metabolic capabilities to many drug-metabolizing human P450 isoforms. BM3's high catalytic efficiency, ease of production and malleable active site makes the enzyme a desirable tool in the production of small molecule metabolites, especially for compounds that exhibit drug-like chemical properties. The engineering of select key residues within the BM3 active site vastly expands the catalytic repertoire, generating variants which can perform a range of modifications. This provides an attractive alternative route to the production of valuable compounds that are often laborious to synthesize via traditional organic means. Extensive studies have been conducted with the aim of engineering BM3 to expand metabolite production towards a comprehensive range of drug-like compounds, with many key examples found both in the literature and in the wider industrial bioproduction setting of desirable oxy-metabolite production by both wild-type BM3 and related variants. This review covers the past and current research on the engineering of BM3 to produce drug metabolites and highlights its crucial role in the future of biosynthetic pharmaceutical production.
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5
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Correddu D, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Self-Sufficient Class VII Cytochromes P450: From Full-Length Structure to Synthetic Biology Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1184-1207. [PMID: 33610332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of class VII cytochromes P450 are catalytically self-sufficient enzymes containing a phthalate dioxygenase reductase-like domain fused to the P450 catalytic domain. Among these, CYP116B46 is the first enzyme for which the 3D structure of the whole polypeptide chain has been solved, shedding light on the interaction between its domains, which is crucial for catalysis. Most of these enzymes have been isolated from extremophiles or detoxifying bacteria that can carry out regio- and enantioselective oxidation of compounds of biotechnological interest. Protein engineering has generated mutants that can perform challenging organic reactions such as the anti-Markovnikov alkene oxidation. This potential, combined with the detailed 3D structure, forms the basis for further directed evolution studies aimed at widening their biotechnological exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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6
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7
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Awad G, Garnier A. Promising optimization of bacterial cytochrome P450BM3 enzyme production by engineered Escherichia coli BL21. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Nguyen NA, Jang J, Le TK, Nguyen THH, Woo SM, Yoo SK, Lee YJ, Park KD, Yeom SJ, Kim GJ, Kang HS, Yun CH. Biocatalytic Production of a Potent Inhibitor of Adipocyte Differentiation from Phloretin Using Engineered CYP102A1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6683-6691. [PMID: 32468814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated an efficient enzymatic strategy for producing potentially valuable phloretin metabolites from phlorizin, a glucoside of phloretin that is rich in apple pomace. Almond β-glucosidase efficiently removed phlorizin's glucose moiety to produce phloretin. CYP102A1 engineered by site-directed mutagenesis, domain swapping, and random mutagenesis catalyzed the highly regioselective C-hydroxylation of phloretin into 3-OH phloretin with high conversion yields. Under the optimal hydroxylation conditions of 15 g cells L-1 and a 20 mM substrate for whole-cell biocatalysis, phloretin was regioselectively hydroxylated into 3.1 mM 3-OH phloretin each hour. Furthermore, differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes and lipid accumulation were dramatically inhibited by 3-OH phloretin but promoted by phloretin. Consistent with these inhibitory effects, the expression of adipogenic regulator genes was downregulated by 3-OH phloretin. We propose a platform for the sustainable production and value creation of phloretin metabolites from apple pomace capable of inhibiting adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Thien-Kim Le
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Huong Ha Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Woo
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Deok Park
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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9
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Bioremediation of malachite green by cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 engineered with a triphenylmethane reductase gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3193-3204. [PMID: 32067057 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malachite green is a carcinogenic dye that has been detected in fish tissues and freshwater. Here we evaluated the malachite green decoloring ability of a photoautotrophic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (Synechococcus), that lives in freshwater. Results show that 99.5% of the dye was removed by Synechococcus through bioabsorption and bioaccumulation; however, the dye was not degraded or chemically modified. Next, we established an engineered Synechococcus strain to degrade the dye after uptake. The triphenylmethane reductase gene katmr was heterologously expressed, resulting in high production of a soluble recombinant protein. The engineered strain showed advanced decoloring abilities at a low cell density and in stressful environments. It degraded malachite green into the smaller molecules 4-methylaminobenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyl-aniline. After treatment with the engineered cyanobacterium, the growth of wheat seeds was fully recovered in the presence of malachite green. These results demonstrate the potential application of the engineered Synechococcus as a photosynthetic cell factory for the removal of malachite green from wastewater.
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10
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Ciaramella A, Catucci G, Di Nardo G, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Peroxide-driven catalysis of the heme domain of A. radioresistens cytochrome P450 116B5 for sustainable aromatic rings oxidation and drug metabolites production. N Biotechnol 2020; 54:71-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Production of metabolites of the anti-cancer drug noscapine using a P450 BM3 mutant library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:e00372. [PMID: 31516852 PMCID: PMC6728265 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutants of P450BM3 can metabolise noscapine. Noscapine is N-demethylated with high selectivity. The metabolites produced are of interest for drug development. The profile of metabolites generated resembles that of mammalian CYP3A4.
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a promising tool for the late-stage diversification of lead drug candidates and can provide an alternative route to structural modifications that are difficult to achieve with synthetic chemistry. In this study, a library of P450BM3 mutants was produced using site-directed mutagenesis and the enzymes screened for metabolism of the opium poppy alkaloid noscapine, a drug with anticancer activity. Of the 18 enzyme mutants screened, 12 showed an ability to metabolise noscapine that was not present in the wild-type enzyme. Five noscapine metabolites were detected by LC-MS/MS, with the major metabolite for all mutants being N-demethylated noscapine. The highest observed regioselectivity for N-demethylation was 88%. Two hydroxylated metabolites, a catechol and two C-C cleavage products were also detected. P450-mediated production of hydroxylated and N-demethylated noscapine structures may be useful for the development of noscapine analogues with improved biological activity. The variation in substrate turnover, coupling efficiency and product distribution between the active mutants was considered alongside in silico docking experiments to gain insight into structural and functional effects of the introduced mutations. Selected mutants were identified as targets for further mutagenesis to improve activity and when coupled with an optimised process may provide a route for the preparative-scale production of noscapine metabolites.
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12
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Geronimo I, Denning CA, Heidary DK, Glazer EC, Payne CM. Molecular Determinants of Substrate Affinity and Enzyme Activity of a Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variant. Biophys J 2018; 115:1251-1263. [PMID: 30224054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450BM3 catalyzes the hydroxylation and/or epoxidation of fatty acids, fatty amides, and alcohols. Protein engineering has produced P450BM3 variants capable of accepting drug molecules normally metabolized by human P450 enzymes. The enhanced substrate promiscuity has been attributed to the greater flexibility of the lid of the substrate channel. However, it is not well understood how structurally different and highly polar drug molecules can stably bind in the active site nor how the activity and coupling efficiency of the enzyme may be affected by the lack of enzyme-substrate complementarity. To address these important aspects of non-native small molecule binding, this study investigated the binding of drug molecules with different size, charge, polar surface area, and human P450 affinity on the promiscuous R47L/F87V/L188Q/E267V/F81I pentuple mutant of P450BM3. Binding free energy data and energy decomposition analysis showed that pentuple mutant P450BM3 stably binds (i.e., negative ΔGb°) a broad range of substrate and inhibitor types because dispersion interactions with active site residues overcome unfavorable repulsive and electrostatic effects. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that 1) acidic substrates tend to disrupt the heme propionate A-K69 salt bridge, which may reduce heme oxidizing ability, and 2) the lack of complementarity leads to high substrate mobility and water density in the active site, which may lead to uncoupling. These factors must be considered in future developments of P450BM3 as a biocatalyst in the large-scale production of drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inacrist Geronimo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
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13
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Ferrario V, Hansen N, Pleiss J. Interpretation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kinetics by modeling of thermodynamic activity. J Inorg Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Kesik‐Brodacka M. Progress in biopharmaceutical development. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:306-322. [PMID: 28972297 PMCID: PMC6749944 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction in 1982, biopharmaceutical drugs have revolutionized the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases and are increasingly used in nearly all branches of medicine. In recent years, the biopharmaceuticals market has developed much faster than the market for all drugs and is believed to have great potential for further dynamic growth because of the tremendous demand for these drugs. Biobetters, which contain altered active pharmaceutical ingredients with enhanced efficacy, will play an important role in the development of biopharmaceuticals. Another significant group of biopharmaceuticals are biosimilars. Their introduction in the European Union and, recently, the Unites States markets will reduce the costs of biopharmaceutical treatment. This review highlights recent progress in the field of biopharmaceutical development and issues concerning the registration of innovative biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars. The leading class of biopharmaceuticals, the current biopharmaceuticals market, and forecasts are also discussed.
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15
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Ebert MCCJC, Guzman Espinola J, Lamoureux G, Pelletier JN. Substrate-Specific Screening for Mutational Hotspots Using Biased Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian C. C. J. C. Ebert
- Département
de Biochimie and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec
Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joaquin Guzman Espinola
- Département
de Biochimie and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec
Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lamoureux
- PROTEO, The Québec
Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for Research in Molecular
Modeling (CERMM), Concordia University, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Département
de Biochimie and Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec
Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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16
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Ducharme J, Auclair K. Use of bioconjugation with cytochrome P450 enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017. [PMID: 28625736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation, defined as chemical modification of biomolecules, is widely employed in biological and biophysical studies. It can expand functional diversity and enable applications ranging from biocatalysis, biosensing and even therapy. This review summarizes how chemical modifications of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) have contributed to improving our understanding of these enzymes. Genetic modifications of P450s have also proven very useful but are not covered in this review. Bioconjugation has served to gain structural information and investigate the mechanism of P450s via photoaffinity labeling, mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) and fluorescence studies. P450 surface acetylation and protein cross-linking have contributed to the investigation of protein complexes formation involving P450 and its redox partner or other P450 enzymes. Finally, covalent immobilization on polymer surfaces or electrodes has benefited the areas of biocatalysis and biosensor design. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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17
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Munday SD, Dezvarei S, Lau IC, Bell SG. Examination of Selectivity in the Oxidation of
ortho
‐ and
meta
‐Disubstituted Benzenes by CYP102A1 (P450 Bm3) Variants. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Munday
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide. SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Ian C.‐K. Lau
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide. SA 5005 Australia
| | - Stephen G. Bell
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide. SA 5005 Australia
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18
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Degregorio D, D'Avino S, Castrignanò S, Di Nardo G, Sadeghi SJ, Catucci G, Gilardi G. Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 as a Biocatalyst: Effects of the Engineered Linker in Modulation of Coupling Efficiency in 3A4-BMR Chimeras. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:121. [PMID: 28377716 PMCID: PMC5359286 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 is the main enzyme involved in drug metabolism. This makes it an attractive target for biocatalytic applications, such as the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and drug metabolites. However, its poor solubility, stability and low coupling have limited its application in the biotechnological context. We previously demonstrated that the solubility of P450 3A4 can be increased by creating fusion proteins between the reductase from Bacillus megaterium BM3 (BMR) and the N-terminally modified P450 3A4 (3A4-BMR). In this work, we aim at increasing stability and coupling efficiency by varying the length of the loop connecting the two domains to allow higher inter-domain flexibility, optimizing the interaction between the domains. Starting from the construct 3A4-BMR containing the short linker Pro-Ser-Arg, two constructs were generated by introducing a 3 and 5 glycine hinge (3A4-3GLY-BMR and 3A4-5GLY-BMR). The three fusion proteins show the typical absorbance at 450 nm of the reduced heme-CO adduct as well as the correct incorporation of the FAD and FMN cofactors. Each of the three chimeric proteins were more stable than P450 3A4 alone. Moreover, the 3A4-BMR-3-GLY enzyme showed the highest NADPH oxidation rate in line with the most positive reduction potential. On the other hand, the 3A4-BMR-5-GLY fusion protein showed a Vmax increased by 2-fold as well as a higher coupling efficiency when compared to 3A4-BMR in the hydroxylation of the marker substrate testosterone. This protein also showed the highest rate value of cytochrome c reduction when this external electron acceptor is used to intercept electrons from BMR to P450. The data suggest that the flexibility and the interaction between domains in the chimeric proteins is a key parameter to improve turnover and coupling efficiency. These findings provide important guidelines in engineering catalytically self-sufficient human P450 for applications in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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19
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Highly regioselective hydroxylation of polydatin, a resveratrol glucoside, for one-step synthesis of astringin, a piceatannol glucoside, by P450 BM3. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 97:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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O'Hanlon JA, Ren X, Morris M, Wong LL, Robertson J. Hydroxylation of anilides by engineered cytochrome P450BM3. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8780-8787. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02236k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450BM3mutants achieve selectivepara-hydroxylation of substitutedN-sulfonylanilines under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. O'Hanlon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Xinkun Ren
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Melloney Morris
- Syngenta UK
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre
- Bracknell
- UK
| | - Luet Lok Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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21
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Quester K, Juarez-Moreno K, Secundino I, Roseinstein Y, Alejo KP, Huerta-Saquero A, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Cytochrome P450 Bioconjugate as a Nanovehicle for Improved Chemotherapy Treatment. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Quester
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22760 Mexico
| | - Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22760 Mexico
- CONACYT Research Fellow at Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; UNAM; Ensenada Baja California 22760 Mexico
| | - Isamel Secundino
- Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Morelos 62210 Mexico
| | - Yvonne Roseinstein
- Instituto de Biotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Cuernavaca Morelos 62210 Mexico
| | - Karla P. Alejo
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22760 Mexico
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22760 Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada Baja California 22760 Mexico
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22
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Kuzikov AV, Masamrekh RA, Khatri Y, Zavialova MG, Bernhardt R, Archakov AI, Shumyantseva VV. Scrutiny of electrochemically-driven electrocatalysis of C-19 steroid 1α-hydroxylase (CYP260A1) from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56. Anal Biochem 2016; 513:28-35. [PMID: 27567992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of a newly discovered C-19 steroid 1α-hydroxylase (CYP260A1) from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 were investigated. CYP260A1 was immobilized on screen-printed graphite electrodes (SPE) modified with gold nanoparticles, stabilized by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (SPE/DDAB/Au). Cyclic voltammograms in argon-saturated substrate free 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and in enzyme-substrate complex with androstenedione demonstrated a redox processes with a single redox couple of E(0') of -299 ± 16 mV and -297.5 ± 21 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively. CYP260A1 exhibited an electrocatalytic activity detected by an increase of the reduction current in the presence of dissolved oxygen and upon addition of the substrate (androstenedione) in the air-saturated buffer. The catalytic current of the enzyme correlated with substrate concentration in the electrochemical system and this dependence can be described by electrochemical Michaelis-Menten model. The products of CYP260A1-depended electrolysis at controlled working electrode potential of androstenedione were analyzed by mass-spectrometry. MS analysis revealed a mono-hydroxylated product of CYP260A1-dependent electrocatalytic reaction towards androstenedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Moscow 119121, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Rami A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Moscow 119121, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Maria G Zavialova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Alexander I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Moscow 119121, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Moscow 119121, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov Street, 1, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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23
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Llaudet EC, Darimont D, Samba R, Matiychyn I, Stelzle M, Weissenborn MJ, Hauer B. Expanding an Efficient, Electrically Driven and CNT-Tagged P450 System into the Third Dimension: A Nanowired CNT-Containing and Enzyme-Stabilising 3 D Sol-Gel Electrode. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1367-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique C. Llaudet
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute; University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Dominique Darimont
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ramona Samba
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute; University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Ilona Matiychyn
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute; University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Martin Stelzle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute; University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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24
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Di Nardo G, Dell'Angelo V, Catucci G, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Subtle structural changes in the Asp251Gly/Gln307His P450 BM3 mutant responsible for new activity toward diclofenac, tolbutamide and ibuprofen. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 602:106-115. [PMID: 26718083 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the structure of the double mutant Asp251Gly/Gln307His (named A2) generated by random mutagenesis, able to produce 4'-hydroxydiclofenac, 2-hydroxyibuprofen and 4-hydroxytolbutamide from diclofenac, ibuprofen and tolbutamide, respectively. The 3D structure of the substrate-free mutant shows a conformation similar to the closed one found in the substrate-bound wild type enzyme, but with a higher degree of disorder in the region of the G-helix and F-G loop. This is due to the mutation Asp251Gly that breaks the salt bridge between Aps251 on I-helix and Lys224 on G-helix, allowing the G-helix to move away from I-helix and conferring a higher degree of flexibility to this element. This subtle structural change is accompanied by long-range structural rearrangements of the active site with the rotation of Phe87 and a reorganization of catalytically important water molecules. The impact of these structural features on thermal stability, reduction potential and electron transfer is investigated. The data demonstrate that a single mutation far from the active site triggers an increase in protein flexibility in a key region, shifting the conformational equilibrium toward the closed form that is ready to accept electrons and enter the P450 catalytic cycle as soon as a substrate is accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy; CrisDi, Interdepartmental Center for Crystallography, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Angelo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italy; CrisDi, Interdepartmental Center for Crystallography, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
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25
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Sánchez-Sánchez L, Tapia-Moreno A, Juarez-Moreno K, Patterson DP, Cadena-Nava RD, Douglas T, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Design of a VLP-nanovehicle for CYP450 enzymatic activity delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:66. [PMID: 26452461 PMCID: PMC4599659 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular delivery of enzymes for therapeutic use has a promising future for the treatment of several diseases such as genetic disorders and cancer. Virus-like particles offer an interesting platform for enzymatic delivery to targeted cells because of their great cargo capacity and the enhancement of the biocatalyst stability towards several factors important in the practical application of these nanoparticles. RESULTS We have designed a nano-bioreactor based on the encapsulation of a cytochrome P450 (CYP) inside the capsid derived from the bacteriophage P22. An enhanced peroxigenase, CYPBM3, was selected as a model enzyme because of its potential in enzyme prodrug therapy. A total of 109 enzymes per capsid were encapsulated with a 70 % retention of activity for cytochromes with the correct incorporation of the heme cofactor. Upon encapsulation, the stability of the enzyme towards protease degradation and acidic pH was increased. Cytochrome P450 activity was delivered into Human cervix carcinoma cells via transfecting P22-CYP nanoparticles with lipofectamine. CONCLUSION This work provides a clear demonstration of the potential of biocatalytic virus-like particles as medical relevant enzymatic delivery vehicles for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sánchez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62250, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Tapia-Moreno
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Karla Juarez-Moreno
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
- Cátedras CONACyT affiliated to CNyN-UNAM, Ensenada, Mexico.
| | - Dustin P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, 75799, TX, USA.
| | - Ruben D Cadena-Nava
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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26
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Monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:1-61. [PMID: 26002730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the monooxygenase, peroxidase and peroxygenase properties and reaction mechanisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in bacterial, archaeal and mammalian systems. CYP enzymes catalyze monooxygenation reactions by inserting one oxygen atom from O2 into an enormous number and variety of substrates. The catalytic versatility of CYP stems from its ability to functionalize unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds of substrates through monooxygenation. The oxidative prowess of CYP in catalyzing monooxygenation reactions is attributed primarily to a porphyrin π radical ferryl intermediate known as Compound I (CpdI) (Por•+FeIV=O), or its ferryl radical resonance form (FeIV-O•). CYP-mediated hydroxylations occur via a consensus H atom abstraction/oxygen rebound mechanism involving an initial abstraction by CpdI of a H atom from the substrate, generating a highly-reactive protonated Compound II (CpdII) intermediate (FeIV-OH) and a carbon-centered alkyl radical that rebounds onto the ferryl hydroxyl moiety to yield the hydroxylated substrate. CYP enzymes utilize hydroperoxides, peracids, perborate, percarbonate, periodate, chlorite, iodosobenzene and N-oxides as surrogate oxygen atom donors to oxygenate substrates via the shunt pathway in the absence of NAD(P)H/O2 and reduction-oxidation (redox) auxiliary proteins. It has been difficult to isolate the historically elusive CpdI intermediate in the native NAD(P)H/O2-supported monooxygenase pathway and to determine its precise electronic structure and kinetic and physicochemical properties because of its high reactivity, unstable nature (t½~2 ms) and short life cycle, prompting suggestions for participation in monooxygenation reactions of alternative CYP iron-oxygen intermediates such as the ferric-peroxo anion species (FeIII-OO-), ferric-hydroperoxo species (FeIII-OOH) and FeIII-(H2O2) complex.
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27
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Seo JW, Ma M, Kwong T, Ju J, Lim SK, Jiang H, Lohman JR, Yang C, Cleveland J, Zazopoulos E, Farnet CM, Shen B. Comparative characterization of the lactimidomycin and iso-migrastatin biosynthetic machineries revealing unusual features for acyltransferase-less type I polyketide synthases and providing an opportunity to engineer new analogues. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7854-65. [PMID: 25405956 PMCID: PMC4270375 DOI: 10.1021/bi501396v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactimidomycin (LTM, 1) and iso-migrastatin (iso-MGS, 2) belong to the glutarimide-containing polyketide family of natural products. We previously cloned and characterized the mgs biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces platensis NRRL 18993. The iso-MGS biosynthetic machinery featured an acyltransferase (AT)-less type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and three tailoring enzymes (MgsIJK). We now report cloning and characterization of the ltm biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces amphibiosporus ATCC 53964, which consists of nine genes that encode an AT-less type I PKS (LtmBCDEFGHL) and one tailoring enzyme (LtmK). Inactivation of ltmE or ltmH afforded the mutant strain SB15001 or SB15002, respectively, that abolished the production of 1, as well as the three cometabolites 8,9-dihydro-LTM (14), 8,9-dihydro-8S-hydroxy-LTM (15), and 8,9-dihydro-9R-hydroxy-LTM (13). Inactivation of ltmK yielded the mutant strain SB15003 that abolished the production of 1, 13, and 15 but led to the accumulation of 14. Complementation of the ΔltmK mutation in SB15003 by expressing ltmK in trans restored the production of 1, as well as that of 13 and 15. These results support the model for 1 biosynthesis, featuring an AT-less type I PKS that synthesizes 14 as the nascent polyketide intermediate and a cytochrome P450 desaturase that converts 14 to 1, with 13 and 15 as minor cometabolites. Comparative analysis of the LTM and iso-MGS AT-less type I PKSs revealed several unusual features that deviate from those of the collinear type I PKS model. Exploitation of the tailoring enzymes for 1 and 2 biosynthesis afforded two analogues, 8,9-dihydro-8R-hydroxy-LTM (16) and 8,9-dihydro-8R-methoxy-LTM (17), that provided new insights into the structure-activity relationship of 1 and 2. While 12-membered macrolides, featuring a combination of a hydroxyl group at C-17 and a double bond at C-8 and C-9 as found in 1, exhibit the most potent activity, analogues with a single hydroxyl or methoxy group at C-8 or C-9 retain most of the activity whereas analogues with double substitutions at C-8 and C-9 lose significant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woo Seo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Drug metabolism in microorganisms. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:19-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Brühlmann F, Fourage L, Ullmann C, Haefliger OP, Jeckelmann N, Dubois C, Wahler D. Engineering cytochrome P450 BM3 of Bacillus megaterium for terminal oxidation of palmitic acid. J Biotechnol 2014; 184:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Evaluation of coumarin-based fluorogenic P450 BM3 substrates and prospects for competitive inhibition screenings. Anal Biochem 2014; 456:70-81. [PMID: 24708937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based assays for the cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium address an attractive biotechnological challenge by facilitating enzyme engineering and the identification of potential substrates of this highly promising biocatalyst. In the current study, we used the scarcity of corresponding screening systems as an opportunity to evaluate a novel and continuous high-throughput assay for this unique enzyme. A set of nine catalytically diverse P450 BM3 variants was constructed and tested toward the native substrate-inspired fluorogenic substrate 12-(4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-7-yloxy)dodecanoic acid. Particularly high enzyme-mediated O-dealkylation yielding the fluorescent product 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin was observed with mutants containing the F87V substitution, with A74G/F87V showing the highest catalytic efficiency (0.458 min(-1)μM(-1)). To simplify the assay procedure and show its versatility, different modes of application were successfully demonstrated, including (i) the direct use of NADPH or its oxidized form NADP(+) along with diverse NADPH recycling systems for electron supply, (ii) the use of cell-free lysates and whole-cell preparations as the biocatalyst source, and (iii) its use for competitive inhibition screens to identify or characterize substrates and inhibitors. A detailed comparison with known, fluorescence-based P450 BM3 assays finally emphasizes the relevance of our contribution to the ongoing research.
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Heterologous expression of CYP102A5 variant from Bacillus cereus CYPPB-1: Validation of model for predicting drug metabolism of human P450 probe substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8107-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Prabhulkar S, Tian H, Wang X, Zhu JJ, Li CZ. Engineered proteins: redox properties and their applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1796-822. [PMID: 22435347 PMCID: PMC3474195 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases and metalloproteins, representing more than one third of all known proteins, serve as significant catalysts for numerous biological processes that involve electron transfers such as photosynthesis, respiration, metabolism, and molecular signaling. The functional properties of the oxidoreductases/metalloproteins are determined by the nature of their redox centers. Protein engineering is a powerful approach that is used to incorporate biological and abiological redox cofactors as well as novel enzymes and redox proteins with predictable structures and desirable functions for important biological and chemical applications. The methods of protein engineering, mainly rational design, directed evolution, protein surface modifications, and domain shuffling, have allowed the creation and study of a number of redox proteins. This review presents a selection of engineered redox proteins achieved through these methods, resulting in a manipulation in redox potentials, an increase in electron-transfer efficiency, and an expansion of native proteins by de novo design. Such engineered/modified redox proteins with desired properties have led to a broad spectrum of practical applications, ranging from biosensors, biofuel cells, to pharmaceuticals and hybrid catalysis. Glucose biosensors are one of the most successful products in enzyme electrochemistry, with reconstituted glucose oxidase achieving effective electrical communication with the sensor electrode; direct electron-transfer-type biofuel cells are developed to avoid thermodynamic loss and mediator leakage; and fusion proteins of P450s and redox partners make the biocatalytic generation of drug metabolites possible. In summary, this review includes the properties and applications of the engineered redox proteins as well as their significance and great potential in the exploration of bioelectrochemical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Prabhulkar
- Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- Nanobioengineering/Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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33
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Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Optimization of the bacterial cytochrome P450 BM3 system for the production of human drug metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15901-24. [PMID: 23443101 PMCID: PMC3546669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism in human liver is a process involving many different enzymes. Among them, a number of cytochromes P450 isoforms catalyze the oxidation of most of the drugs commercially available. Each P450 isoform acts on more than one drug, and one drug may be oxidized by more than one enzyme. As a result, multiple products may be obtained from the same drug, and as the metabolites can be biologically active and may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs), the metabolic profile of a new drug has to be known before this can be commercialized. Therefore, the metabolites of a certain drug must be identified, synthesized and tested for toxicity. Their synthesis must be in sufficient quantities to be used for metabolic tests. This review focuses on the progresses done in the field of the optimization of a bacterial self-sufficient and efficient cytochrome P450, P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium, used for the production of metabolites of human enzymes. The progress made in the improvement of its catalytic performance towards drugs, the substitution of the costly NADPH cofactor and its immobilization and scale-up of the process for industrial application are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; E-Mail:
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Tsotsou GE, Di Nardo G, Sadeghi SJ, Fruttero R, Lazzarato L, Bertinaria M, Gilardi G. A rapid screening for cytochrome P450 catalysis on new chemical entities: cytochrome P450 BM3 and 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:211-8. [PMID: 22983164 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112459351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the validation of a rapid screening procedure for the catalysis of cytochrome P450 on new chemical entities. The assay is tested on the prototypical, catalytically self-sufficient and soluble cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium that shares a high degree of homology with mammalian counterparts. The so-called alkali assay developed in our laboratory is validated here also by product formation and molecular modeling on a number of derivatives sharing the molecular scaffold of the 1,2,5-oxadiazole ring, a class of molecules very different from the long-chain fatty acids known to be oxidized by cytochrome P450 BM3. The alkali assay reveals the ability of this cytochrome to oxidize NADPH in the presence of nine out of thirteen 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives tested. The enzyme shows high affinity and coupling efficiencies when incubated with four 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives. The presence of oxidation products deriving from catalysis was also confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Molecular docking suggests that a key factor for the 1,2,5-oxadiazole derivatives to enter the active site and induce catalysis is the presence of the -SO(2) moiety bridging the 1,2,5-oxadiazole and phenyl rings. These data indicate that the alkali assay is able to quickly and cheaply detect the recognition of new substrates by cytochrome P450. The assay is not intended to substitute HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis, but it is a preliminary screening that allows elimination of obvious nonsubstrates from the start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia E Tsotsou
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry,
Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627,
United States
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Tsotsou GE, Sideri A, Goyal A, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Identification of mutant Asp251Gly/Gln307His of cytochrome P450 BM3 for the generation of metabolites of diclofenac, ibuprofen and tolbutamide. Chemistry 2012; 18:3582-8. [PMID: 22337118 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The soluble, catalytically self-sufficient cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium is a good candidate as biocatalyst for the synthesis of drug metabolites. To this end, error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to generate a library of P450 BM3 mutants with novel activities toward drugs. The double mutant Asp251Gly/Gln307His (A2) with activities towards diclofenac, ibuprofen and tolbutamide was identified by screening with the alkali method. This is based on the detection of NADPH oxidation during enzymatic turnover on whole Escherichia coli cells heterologously expressing the P450 BM3 mutants in the presence of the target substrates. The three drugs screened are marker substrates of human liver cytochromes P450 belonging to the 2C subfamily. Interestingly the mutations Asp251Gly/Gln307His are located on the protein surface and they are not directly involved in substrate binding and turnover. Dissociation constants and K(M) values of mutant A2 for diclofenac, ibuprofen and tolbutamide are in the micromolar range. Catalysis leads to hydroxylations in specific positions, producing 4'-hydroxydiclofenac, 2-hydroxyibuprofen and 4-hydroxytolbutamide, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia E Tsotsou
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
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Ferrero VEV, Di Nardo G, Catucci G, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Fluorescence detection of ligand binding to labeled cytochrome P450BM3. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:2018-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
P450(BM3) (CYP102A1), a fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium, has been extensively studied over a period of almost forty years. The enzyme has been redesigned to catalyse the oxidation of non-natural substrates as diverse as pharmaceuticals, terpenes and gaseous alkanes using a variety of engineering strategies. Crystal structures have provided a basis for several of the catalytic effects brought about by mutagenesis, while changes to reduction potentials, inter-domain electron transfer rates and catalytic parameters have yielded functional insights. Areas of active research interest include drug metabolite production, the development of process-scale techniques, unravelling general mechanistic aspects of P450 chemistry, methane oxidation, and improving selectivity control to allow the synthesis of fine chemicals. This review draws together the disparate research themes and places them in a historical context with the aim of creating a resource that can be used as a gateway to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J C Whitehouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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Wong LL. P450BM3 on Steroids: The Swiss Army Knife P450 Enzyme Just Gets Better. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2537-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Whitehouse CJC, Rees NH, Bell SG, Wong LL. Dearomatisation of o-Xylene by P450BM3 (CYP102A1). Chemistry 2011; 17:6862-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Marvalin C, Azerad R. Microbial production of phase I and phase II metabolites of propranolol. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:175-86. [PMID: 21110747 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.535219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The production in multimilligram amounts of 4- and 5-hydroxylated metabolites of (R)- or (S)-propranolol by biotransformation with two fungal strains, an Absidia sp. M50002 and a Cunninghamella sp. M50036, was carried out, starting from either the racemic drug or pure enantiomers. 2. While both enantiomers of propranolol were hydroxylated in the 5-position by incubation with strain M50002, the strain M50036 operated a chiral discrimination, resulting in the exclusive formation of the 4-hydroxy-(R)-enantiomer. 3. In addition, a Streptomyces sp. strain M52104, isolated from a soil sample, was selected for the high-yield regioselective β-glucuronidation of propranolol and its 4- and 5-hydroxylated derivatives. 4. NMR and mass spectroscopic data have been extensively used for the unambiguous characterization of 4- and 5-hydroxylated and glucuronidated derivatives, all of them corresponding to the major animal and human metabolites of propranolol, a typical substrate of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Marvalin
- Bertin-Pharma, 10bis avenue Ampère, Zone d'activités du Pas du Lac, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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Rabe KS, Erkelenz M, Kiko K, Niemeyer CM. Peroxidase activity of bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes: Modulation by fatty acids and organic solvents. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:891-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Weis R, Winkler M, Schittmayer M, Kambourakis S, Vink M, Rozzell JD, Glieder A. A Diversified Library of Bacterial and Fungal Bifunctional Cytochrome P450 Enzymes for Drug Metabolite Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Whitehouse CJC, Bell SG, Yang W, Yorke JA, Blanford CF, Strong AJF, Morse EJ, Bartlam M, Rao Z, Wong LL. A Highly Active Single-Mutation Variant of P450BM3(CYP102A1). Chembiochem 2009; 10:1654-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kim DH, Ahn T, Jung HC, Pan JG, Yun CH. Generation of the Human Metabolite Piceatannol from the Anticancer-Preventive Agent Resveratrol by Bacterial Cytochrome P450 BM3. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:932-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Whitehouse C, Bell S, Wong LL. Desaturation of Alkylbenzenes by Cytochrome P450BM3(CYP102A1). Chemistry 2008; 14:10905-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Bell SG, Xu F, Forward I, Bartlam M, Rao Z, Wong LL. Crystal structure of CYP199A2, a para-substituted benzoic acid oxidizing cytochrome P450 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:561-74. [PMID: 18762195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CYP199A2, a cytochrome P450 enzyme from Rhodopseudomonas palustris, oxidatively demethylates 4-methoxybenzoic acid to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. 4-Ethylbenzoic acid is converted to a mixture of predominantly 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-benzoic acid and 4-vinylbenzoic acid, the latter being a rare example of CC bond dehydrogenation of an unbranched alkyl group. The crystal structure of CYP199A2 has been determined at 2.0-A resolution. The enzyme has the common P450 fold, but the B' helix is missing and the G helix is broken into two (G and G') by a kink at Pro204. Helices G and G' are bent back from the extended BC loop and the I helix to open up a clearly defined substrate access channel. Channel openings in this region of the P450 fold are rare in bacterial P450 enzymes but more common in eukaryotic P450 enzymes. The channel is hydrophobic except for the basic residue Arg246 at the entrance, which probably plays a role in the specificity of this enzyme for charged benzoates over neutral phenols and benzenes. The substrate binding pocket is hydrophobic, with Ser97 and Ser247 being the only polar residues. Computer docking of 4-ethylbenzoic acid into the active site suggests that the substrate carboxylate oxygens interact with Ser97 and Ser247, and the beta-methyl group is located over the heme iron by Phe185, the side chain of which is only 6.35 A above the iron in the native structure. This binding orientation is consistent with the observed product profile of exclusive attack at the para substituent. Putidaredoxin of the CYP101A1 system from Pseudomonas putida supports substrate oxidation by CYP199A2 at approximately 6% of the activity of the physiological ferredoxin. Comparison of the heme proximal faces of CYP199A2 and CYP101A1 suggests that charge reversal surrounding the surface residue Leu369 in CYP199A2 may be a significant factor in this low cross-activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Bell
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kim DH, Kim KH, Kim DH, Liu KH, Jung HC, Pan JG, Yun CH. Generation of Human Metabolites of 7-Ethoxycoumarin by Bacterial Cytochrome P450 BM3. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2166-70. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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49
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Rabe KS, Gandubert VJ, Spengler M, Erkelenz M, Niemeyer CM. Engineering and assaying of cytochrome P450 biocatalysts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1059-73. [PMID: 18622752 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s constitute a highly fascinating superfamily of enzymes which catalyze a broad range of reactions. They are essential for drug metabolism and promise industrial applications in biotechnology and biosensing. The constant search for cytochrome P450 enzymes with enhanced catalytic performances has generated a large body of research. This review will concentrate on two key aspects related to the identification and improvement of cytochrome P450 biocatalysts, namely the engineering and assaying of these enzymes. To this end, recent advances in cytochrome P450 development are reported and commonly used screening methods are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S Rabe
- Fakultät für Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strabetae 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Whitehouse CJC, Bell SG, Tufton HG, Kenny RJP, Ogilvie LCI, Wong LL. Evolved CYP102A1 (P450BM3) variants oxidise a range of non-natural substrates and offer new selectivity options. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:966-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b718124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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