1
|
Shu Y, Upara C, Ding Q, Zhu M, Zeng E, Banas JA, Hong L. Spent culture supernatant of Streptococcus gordonii mitigates inflammation of human periodontal cells and inhibits proliferation of pathogenic oral microbes. J Periodontol 2023; 94:575-585. [PMID: 36369979 PMCID: PMC10133002 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral commensal bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii has been reported to regulate the inflammation of oral epithelial cells stimulated by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This study investigated the activities of S. gordonii metabolites in S. gordonii spent culture supernatants (Sg-SCS) on periodontal-related bacterial growth and periodontitis-associated inflammatory cytokines. METHODS Sg-SCS was collected from S. gordonii cultures grown in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium and added to the growth media of representative health- and disease-related oral species: S. gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. The Sg-SCS was also tested for its ability to regulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by human macrophages, epithelial cells, and gingival fibroblasts upon stimulation with P. gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS). RESULTS Sg-SCS significantly reduced transcript and protein levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, 6, and 8 induced by Pg-LPS stimulation in multiple types of periodontal cells. mRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses indicated that Sg-SCS significantly affects 10 inflammatory pathways. Additionally, Sg-SCS exhibited suppression of the growth of periodontal disease-related bacteria, including T. denticola and P. gingivalis, along with the primary plaque-colonizing species S. oralis. At a low concentration, Sg-SCS also inhibits P. gingivalis adhesion. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest that S. gordonii-derived SCS contains metabolites that have anti-inflammatory properties and an ability to inhibit periodontitis-associated pathogenic bacteria. Further investigation will be needed to identify the individual metabolites within the Sg-SCS to develop a novel metabolite-based approach to treating and preventing periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chawin Upara
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qiong Ding
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Min Zhu
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erliang Zeng
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Banas
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Liu Hong
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan L, Zhang X, Gao Q. Histatin-1 alleviates high-glucose injury to skin keratinocytes through MAPK signaling pathway. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6281-6291. [PMID: 35819887 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to keratinocytes and other skin cells in a high-glucose environment has been proven to be an important reason for the poor wound healing ability of chronic diabetes mellitus. Histatin-1 has been preliminarily proven to stimulate the wound healing process of the oral and non-oral mucosa and has been found to be related to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of histatin-1 on high-glucose-injured keratinocytes and the role of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway on the effect of histatin-1 to improve diabetic wound healing. METHODS A human keratinocyte model damaged by high glucose was constructed, cell proliferation was detected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The expression level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was detected by ELISA, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway protein expression level was detected by Western blot. C-fos mRNA expression was detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS The results indicated that histatin-1 promoted proliferation and reduced the rate of apoptosis and 8-OHdG content in keratinocytes with high-glucose injury. In addition, histatin-1 down-regulated MEK phosphorylation in keratinocytes with high-glucose injury. However, with the extension of the intervention, the effect of histatin-1 on c-fos mRNA expression was different. At the early stage of high-glucose injury (12 h), the expression of c-fos mRNA was not increased in high-glucose-injured keratinocytes treated with histatin-1 but then c-fos mRNA expression was gradually upregulated. CONCLUSION Histatin-1 could alleviate keratinocyte injury caused by high glucose levels and promoted wound healing in vitro. In addition, histatin-1 could exert anti-apoptotic and antioxidant damage effects under high-glucose injury states. These effects of histatin-1 may be related to its regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, these findings provide an essential theoretical basis for histatin-1 to become a safe and effective new peptide biological agent to promote wound healing in patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuanfen Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roy A, Ben Lagha A, Gonçalves R, Grenier D. Effects of Saliva From Periodontally Healthy and Diseased Subjects on Barrier Function and the Inflammatory Response in in vitro Models of the Oral Epithelium. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:815728. [PMID: 35048079 PMCID: PMC8757859 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.815728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis is a multifactorial, bacteria-mediated chronic inflammatory disease that results in the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. It is well-known that saliva from subjects suffering from this disease generally contains higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and bacteria-derived toxic products. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of saliva from periodontally healthy and diseased subjects on the barrier function and inflammatory response in in vitro models of the oral epithelium. Methods: Unstimulated saliva samples from two groups of subjects, one with a healthy periodontium (n = 12) and one with severe generalized periodontitis (n = 11), were filter-sterilized. All the saliva samples were analyzed using an immunological multiplex assay to determine the levels of various cytokines and MMPs relevant to periodontitis. The impact of saliva on epithelial barrier integrity was assessed by monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in an oral epithelium model using the B11 keratinocyte cell line. GMSM-K oral epithelial cells were treated with saliva from both groups to determine their ability to induce the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Saliva from the periodontitis subjects contained significantly higher concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-8, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) compared to saliva from the healthy subjects. Saliva from the healthy and periodontitis subjects affected cytokine secretion and TER in a similar manner. More specifically, saliva from both groups increased TER and induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in the in vitro oral epithelium models used. Conclusion: Independently of the presence or absence of periodontitis, saliva can increase the relative TER and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in in vitro models of the oral epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Roy
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Reginaldo Gonçalves
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan L, Zhang X, Gao Q. Effects and mechanisms of histatins as novel skin wound-healing agents. J Tissue Viability 2021; 30:190-195. [PMID: 33551241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and important physiological process that maintains the integrity of skin after various injuries. Abnormal wound healing, especially of chronic wounds, impairs normal physical function. Therefore, the search for effective and safe healing agents is one of the main concerns. Histatins are histidine-rich low molecular weight peptides that are expressed in the saliva of both humans and higher primates. Histatins have two main biological effects, cell stimulation and bacteria killing, with the former playing an important role in wound healing by promoting epithelial cell and fibroblast migration and angiogenesis and enhancing the re-epithelialization of the wounded area. Because of these biological effects, histatins have been shown to be promising agents of improved wound healing. Histatins are categorized into many subtypes, of which histatin 1 and its hydrolysates are the most effective in promoting wound healing. This review addresses the bioactivity of histatins in wound healing, such as their stimulatory effects on epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and elucidates the possible mechanisms by which histatin subtypes induce their biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuanfen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shang L, Deng D, Buskermolen JK, Roffel S, Janus MM, Krom BP, Crielaard W, Gibbs S. Commensal and Pathogenic Biofilms Alter Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Reconstructed Human Gingiva. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:282. [PMID: 31448244 PMCID: PMC6692492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between the host and microbe is pivotal for oral health. A dysbiotic oral microbiome and the subsequent host inflammatory response are causes for the most common dental problems, such as periodontitis and caries. Classically, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play important roles in host-microbe interactions by recognizing pathogens and activating innate immunity. However, emerging evidence suggests that commensals may also exploit TLRs to induce tolerance to the benefit of the host, especially in oral mucosa which is heavily colonized by abundant microbes. How TLRs and downstream signaling events are affected by different oral microbial communities to regulate host responses is still unknown. To compare such human host-microbe interactions in vitro, we exposed a reconstructed human gingiva (RHG) to commensal or pathogenic (gingivitis, cariogenic) multi-species oral biofilms cultured from human saliva. These biofilms contain in vivo like phylogenic numbers and typical bacterial genera. After 24 h biofilm exposure, TLR protein and gene expression of 84 TLR pathway related genes were investigated. Commensal and pathogenic biofilms differentially regulated TLR protein expression. Commensal biofilm up-regulated the transcription of a large group of key genes, which are involved in TLR signaling, including TLR7, the MyD88-dependent pathway (CD14, MyD88, TIRAP, TRAF6, IRAKs), MyD88-independent pathway (TAB1, TBK1, IRF3), and their downstream signaling pathways (NF-κB and MAPK pathways). In comparison, gingivitis biofilm activated fewer genes (e.g., TLR4) and cariogenic biofilm suppressed CD14, IRAK4, and IRF3 transcription. Fluorescence in situ hybridization staining showed the rRNA of the topically applied and invaded bacteria, and histology showed that the biofilms had no obvious detrimental effect on RHG morphology. These results show an important role of TLR signaling pathways in regulating host-microbe interactions: when a sterile gingival tissue is exposed to commensals, a strong immune activation occurs which may prime the host against potential challenges in order to maintain oral host-microbe homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic biofilms stimulate a weaker immune response which might facilitate immune evasion thus enabling pathogens to penetrate undetected into the tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kees Buskermolen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Marga Janus
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Philip Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Targeting macrophages and their recruitment in the oral cavity using swellable (+) alpha tocopheryl phosphate nanostructures. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102010. [PMID: 31195135 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of (+) alpha tocopherol produces adhesive nanostructures that interact with oral biofilms to restrict their growth. The aim of this work was to understand if these adhesive (+) alpha tocopheryl phosphate (α-TP) nanostructures could also control macrophage responses to the presence of oral bacteria. The (+) α-TP planar bilayer fragments (175 nm ± 21 nm) formed in a Trizma®/ethanol vehicle swelled when exposed to the cell lines (maximum stabilized size = 29 μm). The swelled (+) α-TP aggregates showed selective toxicity towards THP-1 macrophages (LD50 = 304 μM) compared to human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1 cells; LD50 > 5 mM), and they inhibited heat killed bacteria stimulated MCP-1 production in both macrophages (control 57.3 ± 18.1 pg/mL vs (+) α-TP 6.5 ± 3.2 pg/mL) and HGF-1 cells (control 673.5 ± 133 pg/mL vs (+) α-TP - 463.9 ± 68.9 pg/mL).
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodrigues Neves C, Buskermolen J, Roffel S, Waaijman T, Thon M, Veerman E, Gibbs S. Human saliva stimulates skin and oral wound healing in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1079-1092. [PMID: 30968584 PMCID: PMC6593997 DOI: 10.1002/term.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite continuous exposure to environmental pathogens, injured mucosa within the oral cavity heals faster and almost scar free compared with skin. Saliva is thought to be one of the main contributing factors. Saliva may possibly also stimulate skin wound healing. If so, it would provide a novel therapy for treating skin wounds, for example, burns. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic wound healing potential of human saliva in vitro. Human saliva from healthy volunteers was filter sterilized before use. Two different in vitro wound models were investigated: (a) open wounds represented by 2D skin and gingiva cultures were used to assess fibroblast and keratinocyte migration and proliferation and (b) blister wounds represented by introducing freeze blisters into organotypic reconstructed human skin and gingiva. Re‐epithelialization and differentiation (keratin K10, K13, K17 expression) under the blister and inflammatory wound healing mediator secretion was assessed. Saliva‐stimulated migration of skin and oral mucosa fibroblasts and keratinocytes, but only fibroblast proliferation. Topical saliva application to the blister wound on reconstructed skin did not stimulate re‐epithelization because the blister wound contained a dense impenetrable dead epidermal layer. Saliva did promote an innate inflammatory response (increased CCL20, IL‐6, and CXCL‐8 secretion) when applied topically to the flanking viable areas of both wounded reconstructed human skin and oral mucosa without altering the skin specific keratin differentiation profile. Our results show that human saliva can stimulate oral and skin wound closure and an inflammatory response. Saliva is therefore a potential novel therapeutic for treating open skin wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rodrigues Neves
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Buskermolen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco Waaijman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enno Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center For Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Panahipour L, Nasserzare S, Amer Z, Brücke F, Stähli A, Kreissl A, Haiden N, Gruber R. The anti-inflammatory effect of milk and dairy products on periodontal cells: an in vitro approach. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1959-1966. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Wang DK, Liao GQ. [Relationship between interleukins in the saliva and oral cavity cancer]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:325-330. [PMID: 29984937 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is being attached great importance for its application in illness diagnosis and have more advantage on the diagnose in oral cavity cancer (OCC). Studies have showed that interleukin (IL) in the saliva could be used as a potential biomarker for OCC diagnosis. Moreover, they have a close connection with tumor genesis, invasion, and metastasis in OCC. Therefore, we reviewed research progress on the relationship between salivary interleukins and OCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di-Kan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Gui-Qing Liao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yu Y, Kang W, Han Y, Geng X, Ge S, Sun Y. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on chronic periodontitis by the change of microecology and inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66700-66712. [PMID: 27602578 PMCID: PMC5341831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a pathogen inducing peptic disease, is recently found to be binding to the progress of periodontitis. Most previous studies are case-controlled, and they investigate the risk of H. pylori infection in disease the development of while few studies evaluate the correlation between H. pylori and periodontal pathogens. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between H. pylori infection with periodontal parameters, periodontal pathogens and inflammation. The results indicated that patients with H. pylori showed significantly higher probing depth and attachment loss than those without (p < 0.05). Among 28 subgingival plaque samples from 14 patients, the frequencies of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola were significantly higher with H. pylori infection than those without H. pylori infection (p < 0.05). However, the frequency of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was lower (p < 0.05). Furthermore, after human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was stimulated with cagA-positive standard strains (cagA+ H. pylori 26695), the expression of periodontitis-related molecules Wnt5a, interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) significantly increased (p < 0.05). Conversely, the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was almost stable. Meanwhile, cagA+ H. pylori promoted significantly higher expression of IL-8 and Wnt5a than isogenic cagA mutants strains (cagA− H. pylori 26695) did. Taken together, our data suggested that H. pylori might promote the growth of some periodontal pathogens and aggravate the progress of chronic periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhekai Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuedi Yu
- Shanghai Southwest Weiyu Middle School, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Oral Tumor Biology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Ninth People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Han
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yundong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buskermolen JK, Reijnders CMA, Spiekstra SW, Steinberg T, Kleverlaan CJ, Feilzer AJ, Bakker AD, Gibbs S. Development of a Full-Thickness Human Gingiva Equivalent Constructed from Immortalized Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:781-91. [PMID: 27406216 PMCID: PMC4991602 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotypic models make it possible to investigate the unique properties of oral mucosa in vitro. For gingiva, the use of human primary keratinocytes (KC) and fibroblasts (Fib) is limited due to the availability and size of donor biopsies. The use of physiologically relevant immortalized cell lines would solve these problems. The aim of this study was to develop fully differentiated human gingiva equivalents (GE) constructed entirely from cell lines, to compare them with the primary cell counterpart (Prim), and to test relevance in an in vitro wound healing assay. Reconstructed gingiva epithelium on a gingiva fibroblast-populated collagen hydrogel was constructed from cell lines (keratinocytes: TERT or HPV immortalized; fibroblasts: TERT immortalized) and compared to GE-Prim and native gingiva. GE were characterized by immunohistochemical staining for proliferation (Ki67), epithelial differentiation (K10, K13), and basement membrane (collagen type IV and laminin 5). To test functionality of GE-TERT, full-thickness wounds were introduced. Reepithelialization, fibroblast repopulation of hydrogel, metabolic activity (MTT assay), and (pro-)inflammatory cytokine release (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed during wound closure over 7 days. Significant differences in basal KC cytokine secretion (IL-1α, IL-18, and CXCL8) were only observed between KC-Prim and KC-HPV. When Fib-Prim and Fib-TERT were stimulated with TNF-α, no differences were observed regarding cytokine secretion (IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2). GE-TERT histology, keratin, and basement membrane protein expression very closely represented native gingiva and GE-Prim. In contrast, the epithelium of GE made with HPV-immortalized KC was disorganized, showing suprabasal proliferating cells, limited keratinocyte differentiation, and the absence of basement membrane proteins. When a wound was introduced into the more physiologically relevant GE-TERT model, an immediate inflammatory response (IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8) was observed followed by complete reepithelialization. Seven days after wounding, tissue integrity, metabolic activity, and cytokine levels had returned to the prewounded state. In conclusion, immortalized human gingiva KC and fibroblasts can be used to make physiologically relevant GE, which resemble either the healthy gingiva or a neoplastic disease model. These organotypic models will provide valuable tools to investigate oral mucosa biology and can also be used as an animal alternative for drug targeting, vaccination studies, microbial biofilm studies, and testing new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen K Buskermolen
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W Spiekstra
- 3 Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- 4 Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelis J Kleverlaan
- 2 Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Feilzer
- 2 Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,3 Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jang JY, Baek KJ, Choi Y, Ji S. Relatively low invasive capacity of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains into human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:265-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
13
|
Müller HD, Caballé-Serrano J, Lussi A, Gruber R. Inhibitory effect of saliva on osteoclastogenesis in vitro requires toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 21:2445-2452. [PMID: 28101679 PMCID: PMC5632348 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-2041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva can suppress osteoclastogenesis, but the underlying mechanism has not been discovered yet. Considering that endotoxins suppress osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow cultures and that saliva contains endotoxins, it was reasonable to hypothesize that the impact of saliva on osteoclastogenesis requires toll-like receptor 4 signaling. MATERIAL AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we blocked toll-like receptor 4 signaling with TAK-242 in the presence of saliva in murine bone marrow cultures. Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated based on gene expression analysis and histochemical staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Resorption was performed on dentine. RESULTS We report that TAK-242 reversed the inhibitory effect of fresh sterile saliva on the formation of multinucleated cells that stained positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In line with this finding, TAK-242 increased the expression of the osteoclast functional genes cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in the presence of saliva. TAK-242 also supported the expression of NFATc1, the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis, as well as DC-STAMP and Atp6v0d2, both being cell fusion genes. In support of the hypothesis, depletion of saliva from endotoxin partially reversed the inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, salivary pellicle on plastic and titanium did not affect osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSION Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 signaling revealed that saliva can contribute to innate immunity by preventing hematopoietic progenitors to become osteoclasts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Saliva can activate pattern recognition receptor signaling through endotoxins and other stress factors, indicating the demand for macrophages rather than for osteoclasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Dieter Müller
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Caballé-Serrano
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine|, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Accomplices for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Latency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1274. [PMID: 29085362 PMCID: PMC5650658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that are involved in the regulation of immune cell migration. Multiple functional properties of chemokines, such as pro-inflammation, immune regulation, and promotion of cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, have been identified in many pathological and physiological contexts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by persistent inflammation and immune activation during both acute and chronic phases, and the "cytokine storm" is one of the hallmarks of HIV infection. Along with immune activation after HIV infection, an extensive range of chemokines and other cytokines are elevated, thereby generating the so-called "cytokine storm." In this review, the effects of the upregulated chemokines and chemokine receptors on the processes of HIV infection are discussed. The objective of this review was to focus on the main chemokines and chemokine receptors that have been found to be associated with HIV infection and latency. Elevated chemokines and chemokine receptors have been shown to play important roles in the HIV life cycle, disease progression, and HIV reservoir establishment. Thus, targeting these chemokines and receptors and the other proteins of related signaling pathways might provide novel therapeutic strategies, and the evidence indicates a promising future regarding the development of a functional cure for HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pourgonabadi S, Müller HD, Mendes JR, Gruber R. Saliva initiates the formation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 73:295-301. [PMID: 27825074 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva can support oral wound healing, a process that requires a temporary inflammatory reaction. We have reported previously that saliva provokes a strong inflammatory response in oral fibroblasts. Bone marrow cells also give rise to macrophages, a heterogeneous subset of cell population involved in wound healing. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) induce activation of pro-(M1), and anti-(M2) inflammatory macrophages, respectively. Yet, the impact of saliva on programming bone marrow cells into either M1 or M2 macrophages remains unclear . DESIGN Herein, we examined whether sterile saliva affects the in vitro process of macrophage polarization based on murine bone marrow cultures and RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. RESULTS We report that sterile saliva, similar to lipopolysaccharides, provoked a robust activation of the M1 phenotype which is characterized by a strong increase of the respective genes IL-12 and IL-6, based on a real-time gene expression analysis, and for IL-6 with immunoassay. Arginase-1 and Ym1, both genes characteristic for the M2 phenotype, were not considerably modulated by saliva. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling with TAK-242, blocking NFκB signaling with Bay 11-7085, but also autoclaving saliva greatly reduced the development of the M1 phenotype. CONCLUSION These data suggest that saliva activates the TLR4 dependent polarization into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Pourgonabadi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz-Dieter Müller
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - João Rui Mendes
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Müller HDHD, Cvikl BB, Lussi AA, Gruber RR. Salivary pellets induce a pro-inflammatory response involving the TLR4-NF-kB pathway in gingival fibroblasts. BMC Oral Health 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 27430277 PMCID: PMC4948095 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole saliva provokes a substantial pro-inflammatory response in gingival fibroblasts. This raises the question whether the salivary pellet, which is used for diagnostic purposes, also has a pro-inflammatory capacity and, if yes, what the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level are. Methods We examined the ability of extensively washed salivary pellets to provoke the expression of chemokines in gingival fibroblasts by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoassays. Protein composition was determined with proteomic analysis. Endotoxins were analyzed by a Limulus assay and removed by affinity chromatography. The inhibitors TAK-242 and BAY11-7082 were used to determine the involvement of the TLR4 and NF-kB signaling, respectively. Western blot was performed to detect phosphorylated p65. Results The experiments show that salivary pellets and the corresponding washing solution contain pro-inflammatory activity without impairing cell viability. Proteomic analysis revealed proteins with a binding capacity for lipopolysaccharides, and the Limulus assay indicated the presence of endotoxin in the salivary pellets. Blocking TLR4 with TAK-242 and depletion of endotoxins both lowered the capacity of salivary pellets to increase chemokine expression and phosphorylation of p65. BAY11-7082 suppressed chemokine expression in response to the salivary pellets. Autoclaving salivary pellets also reduced their pro-inflammatory activity. Conclusions The data support the molecular mechanism of a TLR4-NF-kB-dependent pro-inflammatory response of the gingival fibroblasts exposed to preparations of washed salivary pellets. Together, the data indicate that the salivary pellet is rich in endotoxin but it is mainly a heat labile fraction that accounts for the chemokine expression in the bioassay. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0229-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Dieter H-D Müller
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara B Cvikl
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian A Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard R Gruber
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chemokine expression of oral fibroblasts and epithelial cells in response to artificial saliva. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1035-42. [PMID: 26342602 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Artificial saliva is widely used to overcome reduced natural salivary flow. Natural saliva provokes the expression of chemokines in oral fibroblasts in vitro. However, if artificial saliva changes the expression of chemokines remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we investigated the ability of Saliva Orthana®, Aldiamed®, Glandosane®, and Saliva Natura® to change the expression of chemokines in human oral fibroblasts and the human oral epithelial cell line HSC-2 by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoassays. Mucins isolated from bovine submaxillary glands and recombinant human mucin 1 were included in the bioassay. Formazan formation and LIVE/DEAD® staining determined the impact of artificial saliva on cell viability. The involvement of signaling pathways was determined by pharmacologic inhibitors and Western blotting. RESULTS In gingival fibroblasts, Saliva Orthana®-containing mucins provoked a significantly increased expression of CXC ligand 8 (CXCL8, or interleukin 8), CXCL1, and CXCL2. Immunoassays for CXCL8 and CXCL1 confirmed the translation at the protein level. The respective dilution of artificial saliva had no impact on formazan formation and LIVE/DEAD® staining. Mucins isolated from bovine submaxillary glands also increased the panel of chemokine expression in gingival fibroblasts. BAY 11-7082, a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inhibitor, but also TAK-242, an inhibitor of toll-like receptor 4 signaling, blocked chemokine expression of Saliva Orthana® and bovine mucins. In HSC-2 cells, Glandosane® significantly increased CXCL8 expression. CONCLUSIONS Saliva Orthana® stimulated chemokine expression in gingival fibroblasts. Mammalian mucins, but also possible contaminations with endotoxins, might contribute to the respective changes in gene expression. Epithelial cells have a differential response to artificial saliva with Glandosane® changing CXCL8 expression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Artificial saliva can incite a cellular response, if however the changing expression of chemokines by isolated fibroblasts and epithelial cells in vitro translates into a clinical condition, is not clear.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cvikl B, Lussi A, Moritz A, Sawada K, Gruber R. Differential inflammatory response of dental pulp explants and fibroblasts to saliva. Int Endod J 2015; 49:655-62. [PMID: 26114806 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the inflammatory response of dental pulp fibroblasts and the respective explants to whole saliva. METHODOLOGY Explants from human and porcine dental pulp tissue and isolated dental pulp fibroblasts were used to investigate the inflammatory response to sterile saliva. Cytokine and chemokine expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Western blot analysis and pharmacologic inhibitors were used to determine the involvement of signalling pathways. RESULTS Dental pulp explants of human and porcine origin exposed to human saliva exhibited no major changes of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression (P > 0.05). In contrast, isolated porcine and human dental pulp fibroblasts, when stimulated with human saliva, exhibited a vastly increased expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA (P < 0.05). In pulp fibroblasts, saliva also increased the expression of other cytokines and chemokines via activation of NFkappaB, ERK and p38 signalling. Notably, a significantly reduced inflammatory response was elicited when pulp fibroblasts were transiently exposed to saliva. CONCLUSIONS Saliva has a potential impact on inflammation of dental pulp fibroblasts in vitro but not when cells are embedded in the intrinsic extracellular matrix of the explant tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cvikl
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Conservative Dentistry & Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Sawada
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Gruber
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soto-Méndez MJ, Romero-Abal ME, Aguilera CM, Rico MC, Solomons NW, Schümann K, Gil A. Associations among Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Circulating, Plasmatic, Salivary and Intraluminal Anatomical Compartments in Apparently Healthy Preschool Children from the Western Highlands of Guatemala. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129158. [PMID: 26075910 PMCID: PMC4468091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undernutrition and inflammation are related in many ways; for instance, non-hygienic environments are associated with both poor growth and immunostimulation in children. Objective To describe any existing interaction among different inflammation biomarkers measured in the distinct anatomical compartments of whole blood, feces, plasma and saliva. Methods In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, samples of whole blood, feces, plasma and saliva were collected on the 8th and last week of observation among 87 attendees (42 girls and 45 boys) of 3 daycare centers offering a common 40-day rotating menu in Guatemala’s Western Highlands. Analyses included white blood cell count (WBC), fecal calprotectin, and plasmatic and salivary cytokines including IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α. Associations were assessed using Spearman rank-order and goodness-of-fit correlations, as indicated, followed by backwards-elimination multiple regression analyses to determine predictor variables for IL-10 in both anatomical compartments. Results Of a total of 66 cross-tabulations in the Spearman hemi-matrix, 22 (33%) were significantly associated. All 10 paired associations among the salivary cytokines had a significant r value, whereas 7 of 10 possible associations among plasma cytokines were significant. Associations across anatomical compartments, however, were rarely significant. IL-10 in both biological fluids were higher than corresponding reference values. When a multiple regression model was run in order to determine independent predictors for IL-10 in each anatomical compartment separately, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α emerged as predictors in plasma (r2 = 0.514) and IL-1B, IL-8 and TNF-α remained as independent predictors in saliva (r2 = 0.762). Significant cross-interactions were seen with WBC, but not with fecal calprotectin. Conclusion Interactions ranged from robust within the same anatomical compartment to limited to nil across distinct anatomical compartments. The prominence of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in both plasma and saliva is consistent with its counter-regulatory role facing a broad front of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the same compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Soto-Méndez
- Center for the Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism–CeSSIAM- Guatemala City, Guatemala
- * E-mail:
| | - María Eugenia Romero-Abal
- Center for the Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism–CeSSIAM- Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Concepción María Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noel W. Solomons
- Center for the Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism–CeSSIAM- Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Klaus Schümann
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, ZIEL, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beyeler J, Schnyder I, Katsaros C, Chiquet M. Accelerated wound closure in vitro by fibroblasts from a subgroup of cleft lip/palate patients: role of transforming growth factor-α. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111752. [PMID: 25360592 PMCID: PMC4216129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In a fraction of patients surgically treated for cleft lip/palate, excessive scarring disturbs maxillary growth and dento-alveolar development. Since certain genes are involved in craniofacial morphogenesis as well as tissue repair, a primary defect causing cleft lip/palate could lead to altered wound healing. We performed in vitro wound healing assays with primary lip fibroblasts from 16 cleft lip/palate patients. Nine foreskin fibroblast strains were included for comparison. Cells were grown to confluency and scratch wounds were applied; wound closure was monitored morphometrically over time. Wound closure rate showed highly significant differences between fibroblast strains. Statistically, fibroblast strains from the 25 individuals could be divided into three migratory groups, namely “fast”, “intermediate”, and “slow”. Most cleft lip/palate fibroblasts were distributed between the “fast” (5 strains) and the “intermediate” group (10 strains). These phenotypes were stable over different cell passages from the same individual. Expression of genes involved in cleft lip/palate and wound repair was determined by quantitative PCR. Transforming growth factor-α mRNA was significantly up-regulated in the “fast” group. 5 ng/ml transforming growth factor-α added to the culture medium increased the wound closure rate of cleft lip/palate strains from the “intermediate” migratory group to the level of the “fast”, but had no effect on the latter group. Conversely, antibody to transforming growth factor-α or a specific inhibitor of its receptor most effectively reduced the wound closure rate of “fast” cleft lip/palate strains. Thus, fibroblasts from a distinct subgroup of cleft lip/palate patients exhibit an increased migration rate into wounds in vitro, which is linked to higher transforming growth factor-α expression and attenuated by interfering with its signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Beyeler
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Schnyder
- University Clinic for Childrens' Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Chiquet
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|