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Angjelova A, Jovanova E, Polizzi A, Laganà L, Santonocito S, Ragusa R, Isola G. Impact of Periodontitis on Endothelial Risk Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Improvement in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3781. [PMID: 38999345 PMCID: PMC11242897 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease that affects the periodontium and overall oral health and is primarily caused by a dysbiotic gingival biofilm, which includes, among others, Gram-negative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythensis that colonize gingival tissues and that can lead, if not properly treated, to periodontal tissue destruction and tooth loss. In the last few decades, several large-scale epidemiological studies have evidenced that mild and severe forms of periodontitis are strictly bilaterally associated with several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), stroke, and endothelial dysfunction. Specifically, it is hypothesized that patients with severe periodontitis would have compromised endothelial function, a crucial step in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and several CVD forms. In this regard, it was postulated that periodontal treatment would ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, hence bolstering the notion that therapeutic approaches targeted at diminishing cardiovascular risk factors and different forms of periodontal treatment could improve several CVD biomarker outcomes in the short- and long-term in CVD patients. The aim of this review is to update and analyze the link between periodontitis and CVD, focusing on the inflammatory nature of periodontitis and its correlation with CVD, the effects of periodontal therapy on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and the impact of such therapy on CVD biomarkers and outcomes. The article also discusses future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Angjelova
- University Dental Clinical Center St. Pantelejmon, Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Elena Jovanova
- University Dental Clinical Center St. Pantelejmon, Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Ludovica Laganà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ragusa
- Health Direction of Policlinic Hospital, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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2
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Liu X, Li H. Global trends in research on aging associated with periodontitis from 2002 to 2023: a bibliometric analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1374027. [PMID: 38800469 PMCID: PMC11116588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1374027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has been implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by long-term irritation of the periodontal tissues by the plaque biofilm on the surface of the teeth. However, only a few bibliometric analyses have systematically studied this field to date. This work sought to visualize research hot spots and trends in aging associated with periodontitis from 2002 to 2023 through bibliometric approaches. Methods Graphpad prism v8.0.2 was used to analyse and plot annual papers, national publication trends and national publication heat maps. In addition, CtieSpace (6.1.6R (64-bit) Advanced Edition) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) were used to analyse these data and visualize the scientific knowledge graph. Results The number of documents related to aging associated with periodontitis has steadily increased over 21 years. With six of the top ten institutions in terms of publications coming from the US, the US is a major driver of research in this area. journal of periodontology is the most published journal in the field. Tonetti MS is the most prolific authors and co-cited authors in the field. Journal of Periodontology and Journal of Clinical Periodontology are the most popular journals in the field with the largest literature. Periodontitis, Alzheimer's disease, and peri-implantitis are current hot topics and trends in the field. Inflammation, biomarkers, oxidative stress cytokines are current research hotspots in this field. Conclusion Our research found that global publications regarding research on aging associated with periodontitis increased dramatically and were expected to continue increasing. Inflammation and aging, and the relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases, are topics worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Gao Y, Huang D, Liu Y, Qiu Y, Lu S. Diet-derived circulating antioxidants, periodontitis and dental caries: A Mendelian randomization study. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38566359 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Given the potential association between oxidative stress, periodontitis and dental caries, whether dietary supplementation with antioxidants is beneficial for periodontitis and dental caries has been widely reported, but remains controversial. This study aims to clarify these relationships through two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS Circulating antioxidants (copper, selenium, zinc, ascorbate, β-carotene, lycopene, retinol and vitamin E) were derived from absolute circulating antioxidants and circulating antioxidant metabolites. Summary data of periodontitis and dental caries were obtained from two separate databases, respectively. We performed inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis separately in different databases, followed by meta-analysis. The robustness of results was examined by sensitivity analyses, including three complementary MR methods, heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests, and PhenoScanner query. RESULTS IVW analysis showed that elevated levels of absolute circulating retinol reduced the risk of periodontitis (GLIDE: OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.18-0.95, p = .038, power = 100%; FinnGen: OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.04-0.54, p = .004, power = 100%). The pooled OR for periodontitis risk per unit increase of retinol is 0.30 (95% CI = 0.15-0.61, p = .001, I2 = 40.3%, power = 100%). No significant associations were noted for genetically predicted circulating antioxidants and dental caries risk. The sensitivity analyses yielded similar estimates. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a negative causality between circulating retinol and periodontitis risk, and null linkage between circulating antioxidants and dental caries risk, suggesting potential strategies for the prevention and control of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Donghai Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanhong Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Pharyngolaryngeal Diseases and Voice Disorders in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, China
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Kovalčíková AG, Novák B, Roshko O, Kovaľová E, Pastorek M, Vlková B, Celec P. Extracellular DNA and Markers of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Saliva from Patients with Periodontitis-A Case-Control Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:468. [PMID: 38256602 PMCID: PMC10816443 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease. We have previously shown that salivary DNA is higher in patients with periodontitis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. The objective of this case-control study was to compare patients with periodontitis and healthy controls regarding the salivary concentrations of extracellular DNA and NET components. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 49 patients with periodontitis and 71 controls before an oral examination. Salivary extracellular DNA was isolated and quantified fluorometrically and using PCR. NET-associated markers were assessed using ELISA. We have found significantly higher concentrations of salivary extracellular DNA in samples from periodontitis patients (five-times higher for supernatant and three times for pellet). Our results show that patients also have three-times-higher salivary nucleosomes and NET-associated enzymes-myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase (both two-times higher). Neutrophil elastase and salivary DNA in the pellet correlated positively with the pocket depth/clinical attachment level in periodontitis patients (r = 0.31-weak correlation; p = 0.03 and r = 0.41-moderate correlation, p = 0.004). Correlations between salivary extracellular DNA and NET enzymes were positive and significant. Based on our results, the higher salivary extracellular DNA in periodontitis seems to be related to components of NETs, albeit with weak to moderate correlations indicating that NETs are produced in periodontitis and can play a role in its pathogenesis similarly to other inflammatory diseases. Further studies should prove this assumption with potential diagnostic and therapeutic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gaál Kovalčíková
- Department of Pediatrics, National Institute of Children’s Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 83340 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Bohuslav Novák
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81250 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Oksana Roshko
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Health Care, Prešov University, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia; (O.R.); (E.K.)
| | - Eva Kovaľová
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Health Care, Prešov University, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia; (O.R.); (E.K.)
| | - Michal Pastorek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.P.); (B.V.)
| | - Barbora Vlková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.P.); (B.V.)
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.P.); (B.V.)
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Xu M, Zhang C, Han Y, Zhang J, Chang X, Hou J, Li S. TNF-α promotes expression of inflammatory factors by upregulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:211-219. [PMID: 38303789 PMCID: PMC10829565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease. The oxidative stress environment can cause or exacerbate the inflammation in periodontitis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) may be the most important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontal tissues. The pathological mechanism of periodontitis may be related to the increased ROS caused by enhanced NOX activity. The purpose was to investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) on inflammatory cytokines and ROS, and the role of NOX-2 in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Materials and methods HGFs were cultured and divided into the normal control group (NC group) and the inflammatory model group (TNF-α group) induced by 10 ng/ml TNF-α. Thereafter, NOX-2 siRNA was used to knock down NOX-2 gene expression. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to detect IL-6, MCP-1, and NOX-2 mRNA levels. The levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 protein were examined by ELISA. The level of NOX-2 was evaluated by Western blot. ROS expression was measured by the fluorescence microplate. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and NOX-2 were significantly increased, and the expression of ROS was significantly elevated in response to 10 ng/ml TNF-α. Compared with the si-NC group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly down-regulated and ROS expression was significantly decreased in the si-NOX2 group stimulated by 10 ng/ml TNF-α. Conclusion TNF-α promotes the expression of NOX-2 in human gingival fibroblasts and enhances the expression of inflammatory factors and ROS in human gingival fibroblasts through the upregulation of NOX-2 partly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Churen Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ye Han
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochi Chang
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Buranasin P, Kominato H, Mizutani K, Mikami R, Saito N, Takeda K, Iwata T. Influence of Reactive Oxygen Species on Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Tissues in Diabetic Patients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1787. [PMID: 37760090 PMCID: PMC10525304 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with periodontal disease. Clinically, periodontal treatment is less effective for patients with DM. Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms that link DM to periodontitis. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in the periodontal tissues of patients with DM and is involved in the development of insulin resistance in periodontal tissues. Insulin resistance decreases Akt activation and inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis. This results in the deterioration of wound healing and tissue repair in periodontal tissues. Antioxidants and insulin resistance ameliorants may inhibit ROS production and improve wound healing, which is worsened by DM. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the most recent basic and clinical evidence regarding the generation of ROS in periodontal tissues resulting from microbial challenge and DM. This study also delves into the impact of oxidative stress on wound healing in the context of periodontal and dental implant therapies. Furthermore, it discusses the potential benefits of administering antioxidants and anti-insulin resistance medications, which have been shown to counteract ROS production and inflammation. This approach may potentially enhance wound healing, especially in cases exacerbated by hyperglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prima Buranasin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Hiromi Kominato
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Koji Mizutani
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Risako Mikami
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kohei Takeda
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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7
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Mohideen K, Chandrasekar K, Ramsridhar S, Rajkumar C, Ghosh S, Dhungel S. Assessment of Oxidative Stress by the Estimation of Lipid Peroxidation Marker Malondialdehyde (MDA) in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:6014706. [PMID: 37288387 PMCID: PMC10243953 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6014706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the oxidative stress-mediated lipid peroxidation end product malondialdehyde (MDA) in periodontitis using the available literature. Materials and Methods An electronic literature search was performed for the published articles from 2000 to 2022 in PubMed (MeSH), Science Direct, Wiley Online library, and cross-reference using specific keywords. Results The literature search identified 1,166 articles. After analyzing the abstracts of the obtained articles, the articles were excluded for the following reasons: duplicate studies (n = 395) and not relevant to the research question (n = 726). The remaining 45 articles were chosen for full-text evaluation. Finally, the present qualitative synthesis selected 34 articles that met the inclusion criteria for evaluation and removed the articles which did not meet the required criteria (n = 11). Out of these, 16 articles had coherent data for quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis used the standardized mean differences method at a 95% confidence interval by random-effects model. The periodontitis group displayed significantly higher MDA levels (P < 0.001) in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum samples of the studies analyzed than the healthy control. Conclusion The analyzed studies showed significantly higher MDA levels in various biological samples of patients with periodontitis, supporting the role of elevated oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Mohideen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Krithika Chandrasekar
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, West K. K. Nagar, Chennai 600078, India
| | - Saranya Ramsridhar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Chandini Rajkumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Snehashish Ghosh
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal
| | - Safal Dhungel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur 44200, Nepal
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8
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Chen S, Wu H, Chen C, Wang D, Yang Y, Zhou Z, Zhu R, He X, Pan Y, Li C. The prognostic prediction of periodontal non-surgery therapy in periodontitis patients based on surface-enhanced Raman measurements of pre-treatment saliva. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 288:122150. [PMID: 36459721 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent dental diseases, and the patients with periodontitis often suffer from refractory periodontitis or recurrence of disease due to improper or inadequate treatment. In clinical practice, the early and accurate assessment of post-treatment prognosis in periodontitis patients is always very important in order to implement timely interventions. In this study, a pre-treatment saliva SERS based prognostic protocol was explored to predict the prognosis of periodontal non-surgery therapy in periodontitis patients. According to the biomolecular analysis, significant differences in the levels of ascorbic acid, uric acid and glutathione are observed between good prognosis group and poor prognosis group, which are expected to serve as potential prognostic markers. Furthermore, high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity can also be achieved by using the proposed prognostic model. The excellent performance of the proposed method has demonstrated its potential for fast, accurate, and non-invasive prognostic prediction of periodontal non-surgery therapy in periodontitis patients, even at the time before implementing treatment, thus is expected to benefit timely and rational guidance on clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Daheng Wang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaru Yang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, China
| | - Ruochen Zhu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoning He
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China.
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9
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Kaipa VRK, Asif SM, Assiri KI, Saquib SA, Arem SA, Sree S, Yassin SM, Ibrahim M, Shariff M, Shamsudeen SM, Kaleem SM, Ghaffar Khan AA. Antioxidant effect of spirulina in chronic periodontitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31521. [PMID: 36550811 PMCID: PMC9771209 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by polymorpho nuclear neutrophils occurs in chronic periodontitis. These ROS are mainly involved in bacterial destruction. However, extracellular release of same results in destruction of surrounding tissue. Spirulina, a potent antioxidant when administered sub gingivally in pockets can offer improved results in chronic periodontitis patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Spirulina when delivered sub gingivally in patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS Sixty chronic periodontitis patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I (n = 30) were treated with Scaling and Root planning (SRP) followed by placement of placebo (SRP-P) and in Group II (n = 30) Spirulina microspheres were placed sub gingivally (SRP-S) following SRP. Clinical parameters like bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were evaluated. Levels of salivary and serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated using ultra violet spectrophotometer. RESULTS At baseline, in both groups there was no statistically significant difference in clinical and biochemical parameters. Intra group comparisons of parameters from baseline to 90 days were statistically significant in both groups. After 90 days difference in clinical parameters and salivary MDA levels were statistically significant in SRP-S compared to SRP-P group. Though serum MDA levels were reduced in both groups, they were not significant statistically. CONCLUSIONS Our study concluded that, local drug delivery of Spirulina adjunctive to SRP has potent antioxidant effect in treatment of chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaik Mohammed Asif
- Department of Diagnostic Science and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Shaik Mohammed Asif, Department of Diagnostic Sciences & Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (e-mail: )
| | | | - Shahabe Abullais Saquib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Abdullah Arem
- Department of Periodontics, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Suma Sree
- Department of Orthodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Syed Mohammed Yassin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Abdul Ahad Ghaffar Khan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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10
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Wang C, Wang L, Wang X, Cao Z. Beneficial Effects of Melatonin on Periodontitis Management: Far More Than Oral Cavity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314541. [PMID: 36498871 PMCID: PMC9739298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis as a highly prevalent chronic infection/inflammatory disease can eventually lead to tooth loss and masticatory dysfunction. It also has a negative impact on general health and largely impairs quality of life. The tissue destruction during periodontitis is mainly caused by the excessive immune-inflammatory response; hence, how to modulate the host's reaction is of profound importance for effective periodontal treatment and tissue protection. Melatonin, as an endogenous hormone exhibiting multiple biological functions such as circadian rhythm regulation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation, has been widely used in general healthcare. Notably, the past few years have witnessed increasing evidence for the application of melatonin as an adjunctive approach in the treatment of periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic comorbidities. The detailed underlying mechanisms and more verification from clinical practice are still lacking, however, and further investigations are highly required. Importantly, it is essential to establish standard guidelines in the near future for the clinical administration of melatonin for periodontal health and general wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence:
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Inhibition of TRPA1 Ameliorates Periodontitis by Reducing Periodontal Ligament Cell Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via PERK/eIF2 α/ATF-4/CHOP Signal Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4107915. [PMID: 35720191 PMCID: PMC9205716 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective In periodontitis, excessive oxidative stress combined with subsequent apoptosis and cell death further exacerbated periodontium destruction. TRPA1, an important transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel, may participate in the process. This study is aimed at exploring the role and the novel therapeutic function of TRPA1 in periodontitis. Methods Periodontal ligament cells or tissues derived from healthy and periodontitis (PDLCs/Ts and P-PDLCs/Ts) were used to analyze the oxidative and apoptotic levels and TRPA1 expression. TRPA1 inhibitor (HC030031) was administrated in inflammation induced by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g.LPS) to investigate the oxidative and apoptotic levels of PDLCs. The morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria was identified by transmission electron microscope, and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF-4/CHOP signal pathways were detected. Finally, HC030031 was administered to periodontitis mice to evaluate its effect on apoptotic and oxidative levels in the periodontium and the relieving of periodontitis. Results The oxidative, apoptotic levels and TRPA1 expression were higher in P-PDLC/Ts from periodontitis patients and in P.g.LPS-induced inflammatory PDLCs. TRPA1 inhibitor significantly decreased the intracellular calcium, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of inflammatory PDLCs and decreased ER stress by downregulating PERK/eIF2α/ATF-4/CHOP pathways. Meanwhile, the overall calcium ion decrease induced by EGTA also exerted similar antiapoptosis and antioxidative stress functions. In vivo, HC030031 significantly reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the gingiva and periodontal ligament, and less periodontium destruction was observed. Conclusion TRPA1 was highly related to periodontitis, and TRPA1 inhibitor significantly reduced oxidative and apoptotic levels in inflammatory PDLCs via inhibiting ER stress by downregulating PERK/eIF2α/ATF-4/CHOP pathways. It also reduced the oxidative stress and apoptosis in periodontitis mice thus ameliorating the development of periodontitis.
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Al-hadlaq SM, Balto HA, Hassan WM, Marraiki NA, El-Ansary AK. Biomarkers of non-communicable chronic disease: an update on contemporary methods. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12977. [PMID: 35233297 PMCID: PMC8882335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases constitute a major global burden with significant impact on health systems, economies, and quality of life. Chronic diseases include a broad range of diseases that can be communicable or non-communicable. Chronic diseases are often associated with modifications of normal physiological levels of various analytes that are routinely measured in serum and other body fluids, as well as pathological findings, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of at-risk populations, early diagnosis, and prediction of prognosis play a major role in preventing or reducing the burden of chronic diseases. Biomarkers are tools that are used by health professionals to aid in the identification and management of chronic diseases. Biomarkers can be diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic. Several individual or grouped biomarkers have been used successfully in the diagnosis and prediction of certain chronic diseases, however, it is generally accepted that a more sophisticated approach to link and interpret various biomarkers involved in chronic disease is necessary to improve our current procedures. In order to ensure a comprehensive and unbiased coverage of the literature, first a primary frame of the manuscript (title, headings and subheadings) was drafted by the authors working on this paper. Second, based on the components drafted in the preliminary skeleton a comprehensive search of the literature was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. Multiple keywords related to the topic were used. Out of screened papers, only 190 papers, which are the most relevant, and recent articles were selected to cover the topic in relation to etiological mechanisms of different chronic diseases, the most recently used biomarkers of chronic diseases and finally the advances in the applications of multivariate biomarkers of chronic diseases as statistical and clinically applied tool for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases was discussed. Recently, multivariate biomarkers analysis approach has been employed with promising prospect. A brief discussion of the multivariate approach for the early diagnosis of the most common chronic diseases was highlighted in this review. The use of diagnostic algorithms might show the way for novel criteria and enhanced diagnostic effectiveness inpatients with one or numerous non-communicable chronic diseases. The search for new relevant biomarkers for the better diagnosis of patients with non-communicable chronic diseases according to the risk of progression, sickness, and fatality is ongoing. It is important to determine whether the newly identified biomarkers are purely associations or real biomarkers of underlying pathophysiological processes. Use of multivariate analysis could be of great importance in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaiman M. Al-hadlaq
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Balto
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Najat A. Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf K. El-Ansary
- Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Olszewska-Czyz I, Kralik K, Tota M, Prpic J. The Influence of Hyaluronic Acid Adjunctive Therapy of Periodontitis on Salivary Markers of Oxidative Stress: Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010135. [PMID: 35052639 PMCID: PMC8773125 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common oral disease affecting the tooth-supporting tissues. Bacteria have been long viewed as the main causative factor in its development; however, many investigations have proved that aberrant immune and inflammatory response and the resulting misbalance between the damage caused by reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant capacity of tissues may be an underlying factor in disease progression that reduces healing potential. The objective of the current trial is to assess the outcomes of the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA) to standard non-surgical periodontal therapy (NST) on some major oxidative stress markers in saliva. HA-based gel designed for dental application was used and the measurements were taken after 3 months. HA adjunctive therapy had a significantly greater increase in markers with antioxidant properties as well as total antioxidant capacity compared to standard NST alone. Furthermore, clinically measured levels of gingival inflammation (bleeding on probing-BOP) and periodontal destruction (clinical attachment loss-CAL) were significantly correlated with these markers, and the correlation was negative. This investigation demonstrates that HA may indeed express antioxidant properties and improve the antioxidant capacity of periodontal tissues, thus improving the prognosis for the teeth and the results of periodontal therapy. Further investigations will be necessary to determine the duration of these effects over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Olszewska-Czyz
- Department of Periodontology, Prophylaxis and Oral Pathology, Dental Institute, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University, 31155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristina Kralik
- Department of Medical Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical Faculty Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Marin Tota
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Jelena Prpic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910873. [PMID: 34639213 PMCID: PMC8509590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is based on a behavioral analysis of the suspected individual. Despite intensive research, no specific and valid biomarker has been identified for ASD, but saliva, with its advantages such as non-invasive collection, could serve as a suitable alternative to other body fluids. As a source of nucleic acid of both human and microbial origin, protein and non-protein molecules, saliva offers a complex view on the current state of the organism. Additionally, the use of salivary markers seems to be less complicated not only for ASD screening but also for revealing the etiopathogenesis of ASD, since enrolling neurotypical counterparts willing to participate in studies may be more feasible. The aim of the presented review is to provide an overview of the current research performed on saliva in relation to ASD, mutual complementing, and discrepancies that result in difficulties applying the observed markers in clinical practice. We emphasize the methodological limitations of saliva collection and processing as well as the lack of information regarding ASD diagnosis, which is critically discussed.
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15
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Azab NA, Zahran FM, Amin AA, Rady NH. DNA integrity in diagnosis of premalignant lesions. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021; 26:e445-e450. [PMID: 33340077 PMCID: PMC8254884 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.24287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogenesis is a dynamic process which traditional biopsying can not keep up with. Saliva as fluid in the vicinity of the tumor can offer better insights to this process. This study aimed to identify the accuracy of salivary DNA integrity index in differentiating between oral premalignant lesions and oral cancer.
Material and Methods This phase II diagnostic test accuracy study included 93 patients divided into three groups: 30 oral cancer patients, 33 patients with oral premalignant lesions divided into 21 oral lichen planus patients and 12 patients with leukoplakia and 30 normal individuals who acted as controls. Oral rinse was collected from all participants and they all underwent conventional visual and tactile examination, and patients with oral lesions had the diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination of tissue biopsy. DNA integrity index was determined as the ratio between ALU247 and ALU115 measured by qPCR.
Results There was no statistically significant difference regarding ALU115, ALU247 and DNA integrity index between the three study groups. The index was significantly higher in the oral cancer group than the oral lichen planus patients, while no significant difference was found between the oral cancer and the leukoplakia cases. The DNA integrity index sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 73%, 45%, 55% and 65% respectively.
Conclusions Salivary DNA integrity index showed poor diagnostic abilities in differentiating between the oral cancer and premalignant lesions. Key words:DNA integrity index, oral lichen planus, leukoplakia, saliva, cell free DNA, oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-A Azab
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Egypt 11 El-Saraya St. - Manial - Cairo, Egypt
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Cui D, Chen C, Luo B, Yan F. Inhibiting PHD2 in human periodontal ligament cells via lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference facilitates cell osteogenic differentiation and periodontal repair. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:449-459. [PMID: 33988258 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma0321-761r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal defect regeneration in severe periodontitis remains a challenging task in clinic owing to poor survival of seed cells caused by the remaining oxidative stress microenvironment. Recently, the reduction of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), a primary cellular oxygen sensor, has shown an incredible extensive effect on skeletal muscle tissue regeneration by improving cell resistance to reactive oxygen species, whereas its role in periodontal defect repair is unclear. Here, through lentivirus vector-mediated RNA interference, the PHD2 gene in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) is silenced, leading to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization in normoxia. In vitro, PHD2 silencing not only exhibited a satisfactory effect on cell proliferation, but also induced distinguished osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting revealed significant up-regulation of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2, and collagen type I (COL I). Under oxidative stress conditions, COL I and ALP expression levels, suppressed by 100 μM H2 O2 , were elevated by PHD2-gene-silencing in hPDLCs. In vivo, periodontal fenestration defects were established in 18 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 wk old, followed by implantation of PHD2 silencing hPDLCs in situ for 21 d. Persistent and stable silencing of PHD2 in hPDLCs promoted better new bone formation according to microcomputed tomography 3D reconstruction and related bone parameter analysis. This work demonstrates the therapeutic efficiency of PHD2 gene interference in osteogenic differentiation and periodontal defect repair for highly efficient periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Cui
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changxing Chen
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binyan Luo
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Konečná B, Chobodová P, Janko J, Baňasová L, Bábíčková J, Celec P, Tóthová Ľ. The Effect of Melatonin on Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052390. [PMID: 33673616 PMCID: PMC7957695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic disease with a complex etiology that includes bacterial colonization, excessive inflammation, and oxidative stress. The hormone melatonin has antioxidant properties and might contribute to alleviating chronic conditions by reducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of exogenous melatonin on periodontitis in an animal model of the disease as well as in patients with periodontitis. METHODS In rats with ligature-induced periodontitis, melatonin was administered in drinking water for two weeks. In the human study, patients with treatment-resistant periodontitis were asked to rinse their mouths with a solution containing melatonin or placebo every evening for two weeks. Periodontal status as well as salivary markers of oxidative stress were assessed at the end of the study. RESULTS Neither radiography nor μCT revealed any significant effects of melatonin on alveolar bone loss. Gum recession was the only improved macroscopic measure in rats (p < 0.05). Analysis of salivary markers of oxidative stress revealed no effects of treatment in rats or humans despite clearly elevated melatonin concentrations in melatonin treated groups. CONCLUSION Our results do not support the use of melatonin for the treatment of periodontitis. However, the negative outcome is limited by the short duration of the study and the chosen route of application as well as the dose of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Konečná
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (P.C.); (J.J.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paulína Chobodová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (P.C.); (J.J.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Jakub Janko
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (P.C.); (J.J.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Lenka Baňasová
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Janka Bábíčková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (P.C.); (J.J.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (P.C.); (J.J.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.K.); (P.C.); (J.J.); (J.B.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357371; Fax: +421-2-59357631
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Abstract
Extracellular DNA (ecDNA) is a potential marker and predictor in several inflammatory diseases. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is associated with epithelial cell death and could lead to release of DNA. Our aim was to analyze salivary DNA concentration and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in periodontitis patients. We hypothesized that salivary ecDNA will be higher than in controls and could serve as a marker of periodontitis severity. Samples of saliva were collected from 25 patients with chronic periodontitis and 29 age-matched controls. DNA was quantified fluorometrically in whole saliva, as well as in supernatants after centrifugation (depletion of cells at 1600× g) and in double-centrifuged supernatants (depletion of cell debris at 1600× g and 16,000× g). The subcellular origin of ecDNA was assessed using real-time PCR. In comparison to controls, patients with periodontitis had twofold higher salivary DNA (p < 0.01), higher mitochondrial DNA in centrifuged supernatants (p < 0.05) and lower nuclear ecDNA in double-centrifuged samples (p < 0.05). No correlations were found between salivary DNA and oral health status, but mitochondrial DNA positively correlated with papillary bleeding index in centrifuged samples. Salivary DNase activity was comparable between the groups. In conclusion, we proved that salivary DNA is higher in periodontitis. The source of the higher mitochondrial DNA in cell-free saliva and the causes of lower nuclear ecDNA remain to be elucidated. Further studies should focus on the role of mitochondrial DNA as a potential driver of inflammation in periodontitis.
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Sczepanik FSC, Grossi ML, Casati M, Goldberg M, Glogauer M, Fine N, Tenenbaum HC. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of oxidative stress: We should treat it that way. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:45-68. [PMID: 32844417 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease. As it progresses, it causes serious morbidity in the form of periodontal abscesses and tooth loss and, in the latter stages, pain. It is also now known that periodontitis is strongly associated with several nonoral diseases. Thus, patients with periodontitis are at greater risk for the development and/or exacerbation of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Although it is without question that specific groups of oral bacteria which populate dental plaque play a causative role in the development of periodontitis, it is now thought that once this disease has been triggered, other factors play an equal, and possibly more important, role in its progression, particularly in severe cases or in cases that prove difficult to treat. In this regard, we allude to the host response, specifically the notion that the host, once infected with oral periodontal pathogenic bacteria, will mount a defense response mediated largely through the innate immune system. The most abundant cell type of the innate immune system - polymorphonuclear neutrophils - can, when protecting the host from microbial invasion, mount a response that includes upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species, all of which then contribute to the tissue damage and loss of teeth commonly associated with periodontitis. Of the mechanisms referred to here, we suggest that upregulation of reactive oxygen species might play one of the most important roles in the establishment and progression of periodontitis (as well as in other diseases of inflammation) through the development of oxidative stress. In this overview, we discuss both innate and epigenetic factors (eg, diabetes, smoking) that lead to the development of oxidative stress. This oxidative stress then provides an environment conducive to the destructive processes observed in periodontitis. Therefore, we shall describe some of the fundamental characteristics of oxidative stress and its effects on the periodontium, discuss the diseases and other factors that cause oxidative stress, and, finally, review potentially novel therapeutic approaches for the management (and possibly even the reversal) of periodontitis, which rely on the use of therapies, such as resveratrol and other antioxidants, that provide increased antioxidant activity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcio Lima Grossi
- School of Health Sciences, Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Prosthodontics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Casati
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University (UNIP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Michael Goldberg
- Discipline of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Periodontology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Thodupuzha, India.,Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Salivary Redox Biomarkers in the Course of Caries and Periodontal Disease. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, on the other hand, is a multifactorial degenerative disease associated with inflammation, involving a group of tissues that surround the dental cervix and root of the tooth. It is believed that one of the mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontitis are disorders of local and/or general oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress markers and oral diseases. In most analyzed studies, technical and biological variability was so high that none of the markers so far has proven suitable for routine clinical use. The aim of systematic reviews of the literature is to present the existing studies on OS parameters, mainly concerning the activity of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with caries and periodontitis.
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Total Oxidant and Antioxidant Capacity of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva in Patients with Periodontitis: Review and Clinical Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050450. [PMID: 32456214 PMCID: PMC7278788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is inextricably linked to oxidative-reductive (redox) imbalance. However, little is still known about the resultant ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontitis. The multitude of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and their synergistic effects cause an interest in the evaluation of the total antioxidative capacity. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the total oxidative and antioxidative activity of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in the periodontitis, as well as to relate these biomarkers to clinical indices of periodontopathy. Additionally, by calculating the oxidative stress index (OSI), the intensity of redox disturbances was also evaluated. Fifty-eight periodontitis patients were included in the study and divided into two subgroups depending on the severity of the disease. In the non-stimulated/stimulated saliva as well as a gingival crevicular fluid of the study group, we found significantly higher OSI and total oxidant status (TOS) as well as lower total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, the ability to reduce iron ions (FRAP) was significantly lower only in stimulated and non-stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis. The examined parameters correlated with the periodontium’s clinical condition, which indicates the exacerbation of the inflammatory process. However, TAC, TOS, OSI, and FRAP did not differentiate individual stages of periodontitis.
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Salivary markers of oxidative stress and periodontal pathogens in patients with periodontitis from Santander, Colombia. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2020; 40:113-124. [PMID: 32463613 PMCID: PMC7449106 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis affects more than 20% of the Latin American population. Oxidative markers are associated with greater progression of periodontitis; therefore, its role in pathogenesis should be studied. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the main oral bacteria and viruses associated with periodontitis and estimate the total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in saliva from patients with periodontitis. Materials and methods: We conducted systemically a cross-sectional study in 101 healthy subjects, 87 of whom had been diagnosed with periodontitis (P), according to the criteria of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology, and 14 without periodontal pockets as controls (C). In subgingival samples, major viruses and dental pathogenic bacteria were identified using PCR techniques. The levels of total antioxidant capacity and malon-di-aldehyde (MDA) were determined by spectrophotometry in samples of unstimulated saliva. Results: The mean of periodontal depth pocket and clinical attachment loss in patients with periodontitis was 5.6 ± 1.7 and 6.1 ± 3.1 mm, respectively. The most prevalent microorganisms were Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (32.5%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (18.6%). The patients from rural areas showed a higher percentage of A. actinomycetemcomitans (urban: 17.9% vs. rural: 48.9%, p=0.0018). In patients with periodontitis, the frequency of EBV, HSV1 & 2, and HCMV genes was 2.3%. Periodontitis patients had higher levels of MDA (P: 2.1 ± 1.5; C: 0.46 ± 0.3 µmol/g protein; p=0.0001) and total antioxidant capacity (P: 0.32 ± 0.2; C: 0.15 ± 0.1 mM; p< 0.0036). Oxidative markers showed no modifications due to the presence of periodontopathic bacteria. Conclusions: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was the most prevalent bacteria; its presence did not modify the levels of oxidative markers in the saliva of patients with periodontitis.
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François M, Bull CF, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Current State of Saliva Biomarkers for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:56-66. [PMID: 30345919 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666181022094924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD is a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain and is the most common form of dementia. METHODS To-date no simple, inexpensive and minimally invasive procedure is available to confirm with certainty the early diagnosis of AD prior to the manifestations of symptoms characteristic of the disease. Therefore, if population screening of individuals is to be performed, easily accessible tissues would need to be used for a diagnostic test that would identify those who exhibit altered or aberrant aging profiles that may be indicative of AD risk, so that they can be prioritized for primary prevention. This need for minimally invasive tests could be achieved by targeting saliva, since it is now well recognized that many aging diseases including AD are associated with peripheral biomarkers that are not only restricted to pathology and biomarkers within the brain. RESULTS Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize some of the main findings of salivary biomarkers of aging and AD; including various proteins, metabolites, and alterations to DNA and miRNA. The future of healthy aging resides in innovative platforms, biosensors and point-of-care devices that can extract real time information on the health status of an individual. Those platforms may be achieved through the development and validation of novel biomarkers of health using saliva which, although being the least explored for biomedical purposes, has the distinct advantage that it can be self-collected in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime François
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Future Science Platforms Probing Biosystems, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Caroline F Bull
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Future Science Platforms Probing Biosystems, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Nutrition and Health, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Chiba FY, Sumida DH, Moimaz SAS, Chaves Neto AH, Nakamune ACMS, Garbin AJI, Garbin CAS. Periodontal condition, changes in salivary biochemical parameters, and oral health-related quality of life in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1423-1430. [PMID: 31361025 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia and bulimia nervosa can have significant effects on oral health. Assessment of enzyme concentrations in saliva can be useful for obtaining information on molecular biomarkers for the prevention, monitoring, and diagnosis of oral diseases. This study investigated the periodontal condition, changes in salivary biochemical parameters, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. METHODS The study comprised 60 women patients who attended a Brazilian medical school. Participants were divided into two groups: patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa (ABN; n = 30) and control patients (CN; n = 30). Oral clinical examinations were carried out to evaluate the periodontal condition by Community Periodontal Index, and interviews using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) were conducted to assess OHRQoL. Saliva samples were collected for the evaluation of salivary concentrations of total protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and salivary flow rate. RESULTS Periodontal condition in the ABN group was significantly worse than that in the CN group. The ABN group showed significantly higher salivary concentrations of total protein, AST, ALT, and LDH than the CN group. There was no significant difference in the salivary concentrations of TBARS among the groups. The OHIP-14 score was higher in the ABN group than in the CN group. CONCLUSION Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are associated with poor periodontal condition, elevated salivary concentrations of total protein, AST, ALT, and LDH, decreased salivary flow rate and a significant adverse impact on OHRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Chiba
- Department of Child and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Doris H Sumida
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Suzely A S Moimaz
- Department of Child and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Antônio H Chaves Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana C M S Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Artênio J I Garbin
- Department of Child and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Cléa A S Garbin
- Department of Child and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
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Tóthová Ľ, Celec P, Mucska I, Hodosy J. Short-term effects of continuous positive airway pressure on oxidative stress in severe sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2019; 23:857-863. [PMID: 30685847 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-018-01777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with oxidative stress that is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic complications. The concentrations of salivary markers of oxidative stress in patients with OSA increase considerably during the night. The dynamics is not affected by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in mild to moderate OSA. The aim of this study was to analyze the short-term effects of CPAP on salivary oxidative stress markers in patients with severe OSA. METHODS Salivary samples were collected from 24 patients with apnea-hypopnea index higher than 30 during the first (diagnostic) night, who were treated by CPAP during the second (therapeutic) night. RESULTS The salivary markers of oxidative stress (TBARS, AGEs, and AOPP) were higher in the morning after the diagnostic night when compared to the evening concentrations (p < 0.01 for TBARS and p < 0.05 for AGEs and AOPP). Treatment by CPAP significantly decreased the morning concentrations of TBARS, AOPP (p < 0.01 for both), and AGEs (p < 0.05). Also, TBARS and AGEs positively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index (r = 0.48 and 0.49, respectively; p < 0.05). Antioxidant statuss was not affected. CONCLUSION Severe OSA is associated with increased levels of saliva markers for lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage, and carbonyl damage. Even short-term CPAP partially prevents oxidative and carbonyl stress during the night and this can be monitored non-invasively using saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 841 01, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 841 01, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Július Hodosy
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 841 01, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Meta-Analysis of the Use of 8-OHdG in Saliva as a Marker of Periodontal Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7916578. [PMID: 29854026 PMCID: PMC5954896 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7916578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to collect the available evidence on oxidative stress marker measurements in periodontal patients, focusing specifically on 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a salivary marker of periodontal disease, and to perform meta-analyses to calculate differences in concentration compared to healthy persons. A systematic search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus identified 81 articles. Of these, 38 were duplicates. After reading the abstracts of the remaining 43, 42 were selected for full-text assessment. Finally, 17 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Those excluded were of low quality, did not answer the research question, or did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 17 in the qualitative synthesis, 9 were included in the meta-analysis. The 9 studies in the meta-analysis were combined in a random effects model. Their heterogeneity was high (Q = 3982.02, p < 0.001, I2 = 99.8%). The difference in mean 8-OHdG concentration in saliva between periodontal and healthy subjects was estimated at 2.11 ng/ml (95% CI 1.23–2.98). The different saliva collection methods (stimulated/unstimulated) did not explain the heterogeneity. The 8-OHdG levels in saliva of periodontal patients were almost double to those of healthy patients: 8-OHdG is clearly a powerful periodontal disease marker.
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Ghallab NA. Diagnostic potential and future directions of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of periodontal diseases: Review of the current evidence. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Džunková M, Martinez-Martinez D, Gardlík R, Behuliak M, Janšáková K, Jiménez N, Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Martí JM, D’Auria G, Bandara HMHN, Latorre A, Celec P, Moya A. Oxidative stress in the oral cavity is driven by individual-specific bacterial communities. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 30510769 PMCID: PMC6258756 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "bacterial dysbiosis" is being used quite extensively in metagenomic studies, however, the identification of harmful bacteria often fails due to large overlap between the bacterial species found in healthy volunteers and patients. We hypothesized that the pathogenic oral bacteria are individual-specific and they correlate with oxidative stress markers in saliva which reflect the inflammatory processes in the oral cavity. Temporally direct and lagged correlations between the markers and bacterial taxa were computed individually for 26 volunteers who provided saliva samples during one month (21.2 ± 2.7 samples/volunteer, 551 samples in total). The volunteers' microbiomes differed significantly by their composition and also by their degree of microbiome temporal variability and oxidative stress markers fluctuation. The results showed that each of the marker-taxa pairs can have negative correlations in some volunteers while positive in others. Streptococcus mutans, which used to be associated with caries before the metagenomics era, had the most prominent correlations with the oxidative stress markers, however, these correlations were not confirmed in all volunteers. The importance of longitudinal samples collections in correlation studies was underlined by simulation of single sample collections in 1000 different combinations which produced contradictory results. In conclusion, the distinct intra-individual correlation patterns suggest that different bacterial consortia might be involved in the oxidative stress induction in each human subject. In the future, decreasing cost of DNA sequencing will allow to analyze multiple samples from each patient, which might help to explore potential diagnostic applications and understand pathogenesis of microbiome-associated oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Džunková
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Daniel Martinez-Martinez
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roman Gardlík
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Behuliak
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Janšáková
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge F. Vázquez-Castellanos
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Martí
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D’Auria
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- grid.484129.2Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service of the Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
| | - H. M. H. N. Bandara
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Amparo Latorre
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Peter Celec
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrés Moya
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
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Abiramidevi M, Nagappan V, Revathi E. Saliva- A Tool for Diagnosis in Periodontal Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18311/jade/2018/20883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tóthová L, Celec P. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1055. [PMID: 29311982 PMCID: PMC5735291 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. However, large interventional studies with antioxidants failed to show benefits in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or diabetes mellitus. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the association of oxidative stress markers and periodontitis. Technical and biological variability is high for most of the analyzed markers and none of them seems to be optimal for routine clinical use. In a research setting, analysis of a palette of oxidative stress markers is needed to cover lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and the antioxidant status. The source of reactive oxygen species and their role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remains unclear. Interventional experiments indicate that oxidative stress might be more than just a simple consequence of the inflammation. Small studies have confirmed that some antioxidants could have therapeutic value at least as an addition to the standard non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. A clear evidence for the efficiency of antioxidant treatment in large patient cohorts is lacking. Potentially, because lowering of oxidative stress markers might be a secondary effect of anti-inflammatory or antibacterial agents. As the field of research of oxidative stress in periodontitis gains attraction and the number of relevant published papers is increasing a systematic overview of the conducted observational and interventional studies is needed. This review summarizes the currently available literature linking oxidative stress and periodontitis and points toward the potential of adjuvant antioxidant treatment, especially in cases where standard treatment fails to improve the periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L'ubomíra Tóthová
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wang Y, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:910. [PMID: 29180965 PMCID: PMC5693842 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease, which is initiated by bacterial infection and subsequently progressed by aberrant host response. It can result in the destruction of teeth supporting tissues and have an influence on systemic health. When periodontitis occurs, reactive oxygen species, which are overproduced mostly by hyperactive neutrophils, could not be balanced by antioxidant defense system and cause tissues damage. This is characterized by increased metabolites of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein damage. Local and systemic activities of antioxidants can also be influenced by periodontitis. Total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index have been used to evaluate the oxidative stress associated with periodontitis. Studies have confirmed that inflammatory response in periodontitis is associated with an increased local and systemic oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant capacity. Our review focuses on increased oxidative stress in periodontal disease, specifically, on the relationship between the local and systemic biomarkers of oxidative stress and periodontitis and their association with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Also, the relationship between periodontitis and systemic inflammation, and the effects of periodontal therapy on oxidative stress parameters will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Periodontology and Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Periodontology and Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Department of Periodontology and Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chandra RV, Sailaja S, Reddy AA. Estimation of tissue and crevicular fluid oxidative stress marker in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis. Gerodontology 2017; 34:382-389. [PMID: 28568604 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate tissue and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of the oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis. BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis and menopause induces oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS According to Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) criteria, women diagnosed with periodontitis were subdivided into three groups of 31 participants each 1. Premenopausal 2. Perimenopausal and 3. Postmenopausal. GCF and gingival tissue samples were collected from sites with maximum probing depth. Tissue DNA was extracted from the gingival sample and 8-OHdG in the extracted DNA, and GCF samples were measured using ELISA. RESULTS There was a highly significant difference in the overall GCF 8-OHdG levels among the three groups with the pairwise difference being highly significant between the premenopausal-postmenopausal groups and perimenopausal-postmenopausal groups. However, no overall significant differences in tissue 8-OHdG levels were found among the three groups. Pairwise, highly significant differences were found between the premenopausal-postmenopausal groups and perimenopausal-postmenopausal groups for tissue 8-OHdG levels. No significant correlations were found between various measure of periodontal disease and GCF/tissue 8-OHdG levels among all the groups. CONCLUSION Premenopausal-postmenopausal and perimenopausal-postmenopausal transition resulted in significant increase in tissue and GCF 8-OHdG levels. However, no association was found between stages of reproductive ageing and tissue levels of 8-OHdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rampalli Viswa Chandra
- Department of Periodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Sistla Sailaja
- Department of Periodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Aileni Amarender Reddy
- Department of Periodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
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Kanzaki H, Wada S, Narimiya T, Yamaguchi Y, Katsumata Y, Itohiya K, Fukaya S, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura Y. Pathways that Regulate ROS Scavenging Enzymes, and Their Role in Defense Against Tissue Destruction in Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:351. [PMID: 28611683 PMCID: PMC5447763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that affects the tissues surrounding the teeth, is a common disease worldwide. It is caused by a dysregulation of the host inflammatory response to bacterial infection, which leads to soft and hard tissue destruction. In particular, it is the excessive inflammation in response to bacterial plaque that leads to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from neutrophils, which, then play a critical role in the destruction of periodontal tissue. Generally, ROS produced from immune cells exhibit an anti-bacterial effect and play a role in host defense and immune regulation. Excessive ROS, however, can exert cytotoxic effects, cause oxidative damage to proteins, and DNA, can interfere with cell growth and cell cycle progression, and induce apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts. Collectively, these effects enable ROS to directly induce periodontal tissue damage. Some ROS also act as intracellular signaling molecules during osteoclastogenesis, and can thus also play an indirect role in bone destruction. Cells have several protective mechanisms to manage such oxidative stress, most of which involve production of cytoprotective enzymes that scavenge ROS. These enzymes are transcriptionally regulated via NRF2, Sirtuin, and FOXO. Some reports indicate an association between periodontitis and these cytoprotective enzymes' regulatory axes, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) the most extensively investigated. In this review article, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in the tissue destruction manifest in periodontitis, and the mechanisms that protect against this oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Maxillo-Oral Disorders, Tohoku University HospitalSendai, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Narimiya
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Katsumata
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Itohiya
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Sari Fukaya
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miyamoto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi UniversityYokohama, Japan
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Karched M, Bhardwaj RG, Pauline EM, George S, Asikainen S. Effect of preparation method and storage period on the stability of saliva DNA. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:21-25. [PMID: 28460249 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an attractive source for oral microbial detection and quantification since sampling is non-invasive and rapid. OBJECTIVES To determine whether different saliva preparation methods or preservation time periods affect DNA stability. METHODS Saliva samples from 4 healthy adult volunteers were processed to obtain 3 different preparations: whole saliva, and after centrifugation pellet and supernatant. Purified DNA (MasterPure™) from each sample was divided into 4 aliquots, one for immediate analysis and 3 (stored at -80°C) for later analyses after 1 week and 2 and 6 months. DNA concentrations and qPCR based quantities of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Filifactor alocis and Streptococcus mutans were determined. RESULTS DNA concentration did not decrease (P>0.05) during the 6-month period in any sample. Mean (SE) DNA concentrations (ng/μl) in whole saliva were 152.2 (51.2) and 147.8 (50) at day 0 and 6 months, respectively. Similarly, the values for pellet were 134.9 (42.5) and 133.6 (42.9), and for supernatant, 11 (1.9) and 8.9 (2.3), the difference being significant (P<0.001) between supernatant and whole saliva or pellet. The quantities of most bacterial species found at day 0 remained stable over the 6-month period in all saliva preparations. In supernatant, species quantities were lower (P<0.05) than in whole saliva or pellet. CONCLUSIONS DNA concentrations were comparable between whole saliva and pellet, suggesting that either of them can be used for DNA-based analyses. Our results also demonstrated that DNA extracted from saliva can be preserved at -80°C for at least 6 months without decrease in DNA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Radhika G Bhardwaj
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Eunice M Pauline
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Swapna George
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Sirkka Asikainen
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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Tartaglia GM, Gagliano N, Zarbin L, Tolomeo G, Sforza C. Antioxidant capacity of human saliva and periodontal screening assessment in healthy adults. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 78:34-38. [PMID: 28189883 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saliva plays a pivotal role as an antioxidant system, and saliva antioxidant levels are reduced in patients with periodontal disease. Recently, a biochemical test able to determine saliva antioxidant levels was proposed as predictive for oral cavity diseases, but it was not clinically tested. In this preliminary study, we evaluated the relationships between Periodontal Screening and Recordings characteristics of patients and saliva antioxidant levels measures. DESIGN Thirty-nine patients (12 men, 27 women; mean age, 46 years, SD 17) attending the dental hygiene unit of a Private Clinic underwent a Periodontal Screening and Recordings examination and a saliva antioxidant levels measurement using a biochemical commercial test. The results of the clinical periodontal examination were compared to those obtained by the saliva test. RESULTS Approximately 70% of patients showed a low saliva antioxidant levels value, while the other patients had Optimal/Normal values. Thirteen patients (33%) resulted positive to Periodontal Screening and Recordings test. Using Periodontal Screening and Recordings values as gold standard, the saliva antioxidant levels test correctly classified 52.6% of patients; sensitivity was 84.6%, specificity was 36%. CONCLUSIONS The saliva antioxidant levels test had a good sensitivity when compared to the gold standard; this finding corroborates the hypothesis that alterations of the oral antioxidant levels are related to periodontal disease. The reduced specificity shows that saliva antioxidant levels test could detect alterations predisposing to periodontal disease before clinically evident aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; Private practice, SST Dental Clinic, via Martiri della Libertà 58, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Zarbin
- Private practice, SST Dental Clinic, via Martiri della Libertà 58, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tolomeo
- Private practice, SST Dental Clinic, via Martiri della Libertà 58, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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36
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Nguyen TT, Ngo LQ, Promsudthi A, Surarit R. Salivary oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic periodontitis and acute coronary syndrome. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:2345-2353. [PMID: 27987039 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-2029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed at assessing oxidative stress (OS) biomarker levels in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and establishing their correlation to periodontal parameters and markers for cardiovascular events. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study enrolled 24 patients with ACS and CP (the ACSCP group), 24 patients with ACS only (the ACS group), 24 patients with CP only (the CP group), and 24 healthy controls. Plaque index (PI), gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Markers for cardiovascular events included serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and plasma fibrinogen. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) were used as OS biomarkers. RESULTS Salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, and PC levels were significantly higher in the ACSCP, ACS, and CP groups than in healthy controls (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between salivary PC levels and PI or PPD (p < 0.05) as well as between salivary 8-OHdG levels and all periodontal parameters (p < 0.05). TAOC levels in saliva were correlated to both serum hsCRP and plasma fibrinogen (p < 0.05). Salivary MDA levels were correlated to all periodontal parameters and biomarkers for cardiovascular events (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Salivary OS biomarker levels were higher in diseased groups compared to control. They also correlated to clinical periodontal parameters and markers for cardiovascular events in ACS patients, with or without CP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Salivary OS biomarkers could potentially serve as diagnostic tools for cardiovascular and/or periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lan Q Ngo
- Department of Dental Basic Sciences, Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ananya Promsudthi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothi Street, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Becerik S, Celec P, Gürkan A, Öztürk VÖ, Kamodyova N, Atilla G, Emingil G. Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma Levels of Transglutaminase-2 and Oxidative Stress Markers in Cyclosporin A-Induced Gingival Overgrowth. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1508-1516. [PMID: 27468796 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase (TGM)-2 has been shown to contribute to fibrosis by extracellular matrix accumulation in some organs and is activated by intracellular reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study is to investigate levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma TGM-2 and oxidative stress markers (OSMs) in cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO). METHODS The study enrolled 20 healthy (H) individuals; 20 patients with gingivitis (G); 20 CsA-medicated patients with GO (CsA GO+); and 20 CsA-medicated patients without GO (CsA GO-). GCF and plasma levels of TGM-2 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spectrofluorometry was used to analyze thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS); ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); total oxidant status (TOS); and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). RESULTS GCF TGM-2 level was elevated in CsA GO+ compared with G (P = 0.048) and H (P = 0.001) groups. GCF TBARS level was elevated in CsA GO+ compared with other groups (CsA GO- group: P = 0.003; G group: P <0.001; and H group: P <0.001) and was higher in CsA GO- than in H (P = 0.048). GCF FRAP level was lower in CsA GO- than in H (P = 0.04). Both CsA GO+ and CsA GO- groups had lower GCF TOS levels than H (P <0.001 and P = 0.002) and G (P = 0.003 and P = 0.04). GCF TAC was higher in CsA GO+ than in H (P = 0.02). Plasma TGM-2 level was elevated in CsA GO+ compared with G (P = 0.048) and H (P = 0.002). Plasma FRAP level was higher in H and CsA GO- than in CsA GO+ (P = 0.008 and P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS CsA use significantly alters GCF and plasma levels of TGM-2 and OSMs. TGM-2 may contribute to CsA-induced GO in CsA-treated patients by changing GCF and plasma levels of OSMs. Further studies are needed to prove causality and its direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Becerik
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Peter Celec
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ali Gürkan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Veli Özgen Öztürk
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Natalia Kamodyova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gül Atilla
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Khoubnasabjafari M, Ansarin K, Jouyban A. Salivary malondialdehyde as an oxidative stress biomarker in oral and systemic diseases. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2016; 10:71-4. [PMID: 27429721 PMCID: PMC4945998 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2016.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Assistant Professor, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Professor, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Professor, Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran
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39
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Shin MS, Shin HS, Ahn YB, Kim HD. Association between periodontitis and salivary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine among Korean rural adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2016; 44:381-9. [PMID: 26919660 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the association between salivary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and periodontitis among community-dwelling Korean adults. METHODS A total of 211 adults (80 men and 131 women) were cross-sectionally surveyed from the Sunchang Longevity Cohort. Periodontitis was defined as having at least 30% of teeth with proximal attachment loss ≥5 mm. The salivary 8-OHdG level was categorized into tertiles: low (<0.916 ng/ml), medium (0.916 to <2.675 ng/ml) and high (≥2.675 ng/ml). Sociodemographic, habitual and systemic health-related factors were controlled for. Logistic regression analysis was performed for the outcome of severe periodontitis. Analysis of covariance in general linear model was performed for the outcome of 8-OHdG. RESULTS The high 8-OHdG level showed a significant association with periodontitis. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 2.40 (1.05-5.51), and it was highlighted by adding the interaction term with drinking and smoking. The adjusted mean log-transformed value of 8-OHdG was significantly higher in the severe periodontitis group (1.40 ng/ml) than in the control group (1.02 ng/ml) (ancova, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS 8-OHdG was associated with periodontitis. Thus, salivary 8-OHdG could be a useful marker for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Seop Shin
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Shin
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo-Been Ahn
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Duck Kim
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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40
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Zhang T, Andrukhov O, Haririan H, Müller-Kern M, Liu S, Liu Z, Rausch-Fan X. Total Antioxidant Capacity and Total Oxidant Status in Saliva of Periodontitis Patients in Relation to Bacterial Load. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 5:97. [PMID: 26779448 PMCID: PMC4702083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of salivary biomarkers has a potential application in early diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal inflammation. However, searching sensitive salivary biomarkers for periodontitis is still ongoing. Oxidative stress is supposed to play an important role in periodontitis progression and tissue destruction. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) in saliva of periodontitis patients compared to healthy controls and their relationship with periodontopathic bacteria and periodontal disease severity. Unstimulated saliva was collected from 45 patients with generalized severe periodontitis and 37 healthy individuals and the TAC/TOS were measured. In addition, salivary levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum in saliva were measured. Salivary TAC was lower in periodontitis patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, a significant negative correlation of salivary TAC with clinical attachment loss was observed in periodontitis patients. No significant difference in the salivary TOS was observed between periodontitis patients and healthy controls. Bacterial load was enhanced in periodontitis patients and exhibited correlation with periodontal disease severity but not with salivary TAC/TOS. Our data suggest that changes in antioxidant capacity in periodontitis patients are not associated with increased bacterial load and are probably due to a dysregulated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taowen Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, China; Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Hady Haririan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Müller-Kern
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Shutai Liu
- Department of Science and Education, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Binzhou Medical University Yantai, China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Science and Education, Yantai Stomatological Hospital, Binzhou Medical University Yantai, China
| | - Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
- Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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41
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Tóthová L, Kamodyová N, Červenka T, Celec P. Salivary markers of oxidative stress in oral diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:73. [PMID: 26539412 PMCID: PMC4611854 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an interesting alternative diagnostic body fluid with several specific advantages over blood. These include non-invasive and easy collection and related possibility to do repeated sampling. One of the obstacles that hinders the wider use of saliva for diagnosis and monitoring of systemic diseases is its composition, which is affected by local oral status. However, this issue makes saliva very interesting for clinical biochemistry of oral diseases. Periodontitis, caries, oral precancerosis, and other local oral pathologies are associated with oxidative stress. Several markers of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species can be measured in saliva. Clinical studies have shown an association with oral pathologies at least for some of the established salivary markers of oxidative stress. This association is currently limited to the population level and none of the widely used markers can be applied for individual diagnostics. Oxidative stress seems to be of local oral origin, but it is currently unclear whether it is caused by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species due to inflammation or by the lack of antioxidants. Interventional studies, both, in experimental animals as well as humans indicate that antioxidant treatment could prevent or slow-down the progress of periodontitis. This makes the potential clinical use of salivary markers of oxidative stress even more attractive. This review summarizes basic information on the most commonly used salivary markers of oxidative damage, antioxidant status, and carbonyl stress and the studies analyzing these markers in patients with caries or periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L'ubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia ; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Natália Kamodyová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Červenka
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia ; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia ; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia ; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
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42
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Nguyen TT, Ngo LQ, Promsudthi A, Surarit R. Salivary Lipid Peroxidation in Patients With Generalized Chronic Periodontitis and Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Periodontol 2015; 87:134-41. [PMID: 26313018 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid peroxidation is a major consequence of oxidative stress and can be evaluated via malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The present study aims to assess MDA levels in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and establish their correlation with periodontal clinical parameters, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and plasma fibrinogen. METHODS The study enrolled 64 patients stratified into four age- and sex-matched groups: both ACS and CP, ACS only, CP only, and healthy controls. All patients were examined, periodontal clinical parameters were recorded, and saliva and blood samples were collected. Salivary MDA levels were measured using a spectrophotometric assay. A quantitative turbidimetric test was used for the measurement of serum hsCRP levels, and plasma fibrinogen levels were determined using an automated analyzer. RESULTS Salivary MDA levels were significantly higher in patients with both ACS and CP than in those with only ACS or only CP and healthy controls (P <0.05). There were significant positive correlations between salivary MDA levels and periodontal clinical parameters as well as biomarkers for cardiovascular events (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate salivary MDA levels in patients with ACS and their correlations with serum hsCRP and plasma fibrinogen levels. The results indicate that salivary MDA levels could be a biomarker for cardiovascular and/or periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lan Q Ngo
- Department of Dental Basic Sciences, Faculty of Odonto-stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Ananya Promsudthi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University
| | - Rudee Surarit
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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43
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Wang J, Schipper HM, Velly AM, Mohit S, Gornitsky M. Salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress: A critical review. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:95-104. [PMID: 25889823 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human saliva is an increasingly attractive medium for biomarker discovery due to its amenability to noninvasive and repeated sampling, ease of collection and processing, and suitability for single analyte or metabolomic measurements. Salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress reflect local and systemic pathologies and may inform on the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic responsiveness of numerous human diseases. However, for many of the disorders investigated, data reporting on alterations in salivary redox homeostasis are often highly conflicted across studies. We surveyed the available biomedical literature on this topic and noted significant discrepancies in the study designs, target populations, and operating procedures which likely contribute to the discordant data sets reported. Based on these observations, guidelines are provided to minimize interlaboratory variability in redox biomarker discovery based on human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wang
- Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, A-024, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hyman M Schipper
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana M Velly
- Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, A-024, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Suite 500, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1
| | - Shrisha Mohit
- Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, A-024, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mervyn Gornitsky
- Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, A-024, Montreal, Quebec H3T1E2, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Suite 500, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1.
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Drinking Hydrogen-Rich Water Has Additive Effects on Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment of Improving Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:513-22. [PMID: 26783840 PMCID: PMC4665424 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. A reduction of oxidative stress by drinking hydrogen-rich water (HW) might be beneficial to periodontal health. In this pilot study, we compared the effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment with or without drinking HW on periodontitis. Thirteen patients (3 women, 10 men) with periodontitis were divided into two groups: The control group (n = 6) or the HW group (n = 7). In the HW group, participants consumed HW 4–5 times/day for eight weeks. At two to four weeks, all participants received non-surgical periodontal treatment. Oral examinations were performed at baseline, two, four and eight weeks, and serum was obtained at these time points to evaluate oxidative stress. At baseline, there were no significant differences in periodontal status between the control and HW groups. The HW group showed greater improvements in probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level than the control group at two, four and eight weeks (p < 0.05). The HW group also exhibited an increased serum level of total antioxidant capacity at four weeks, compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Drinking HW enhanced the effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment, thus improving periodontitis.
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