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Mahrous NN, Albaqami A, Saleem RA, Khoja B, Khan MI, Hawsawi YM. The known and unknown about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) genetics: a special emphasis on Arab population. Front Genet 2024; 15:1405453. [PMID: 39165752 PMCID: PMC11333229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1405453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by behavioral appearances such as impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity. The prevalence of ADHD is high in childhood when compared to adults. ADHD has been significantly advanced by genetic research over the past 25 years. However, it is logically conceivable that both genetic and/or non-genetic factors, such as postnatal environmental and social influences, are associated with ADHD phenotype in Arab populations. While genetic influences are strongly linked with the etiology of ADHD, it remains obscure how consanguinity which is an underlying factor for many genetic diseases, contributes to ADHD subtypes. Arabian Gulf Nations have one the highest rates of consanguineous marriages, and consanguinity plays an important contributing factor in many genetic diseases that exist in higher percentages in Arabian Gulf Nations. Therefore, the current review aims to shed light on the genetic variants associated with ADHD subtypes in Arabian Gulf nations and Saudi Arabia in particular. It also focuses on the symptoms and the diagnosis of ADHD before turning to the neuropsychological pathways and subgroups of ADHD. The impact of a consanguinity-based understanding of the ADHD subtype will help to understand the genetic variability of the Arabian Gulf population in comparison with the other parts of the world and will provide novel information to develop new avenues for future research in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed N. Mahrous
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al- Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirah Albaqami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turbah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rimah A. Saleem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah Khoja
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. Khan
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef M. Hawsawi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang W, He T, Hinshaw S, Chi P, Lin X. Longitudinal relationship between oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Chinese children: insights from cross-lagged panel network analyses. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:2557-2570. [PMID: 38151686 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common childhood mental disorders, and they have substantial comorbidity. The developmental precursor model has long been widely used to explain the mechanisms of comorbidity between ODD and ADHD, however whether it is equally effective at the symptomatic level is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to (a) examine the stability of the ODD and ADHD comorbidity network in a longitudinal sample of high-risk children in China; and (b) examine the longitudinal relationship between the ODD and ADHD symptom networks based on a developmental precursor model. Two hundred sixty-three Chinese children aged 6 to 13 years with ODD and/or ADHD were assessed for symptoms of ODD and ADHD in two surveys conducted 1 year apart. We used data from these two time points to construct two cross-sectional networks and a cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) to explore the symptom network for comorbidity of ODD and ADHD. The analysis shows that: (1) the two cross-sectional networks are highly similar in terms of structure, existence of edges, centrality estimates, and the invariance test shows that there is no significant difference between them. The symptoms "follow through", "interrupts/intrudes", "difficulty playing quietly" and "concentration" had the highest expected influence centrality at both time points. (2) Combined with the results of the cross-sectional and cross-lagged networks, we found that "annoy" and "blame" are potential bridge symptoms between the ODD and ADHD symptom networks. The symptom "annoy" forms a reciprocal predictive relationship with "interrupts/intrudes", while "blame" unidirectionally predicts "close attention". In addition, we found that "vindictive" predicted numerous ADHD symptoms, whereas "angry" was predicted by numerous ADHD symptoms. The findings emphasize the broad predictive relationship between ODD and ADHD symptoms with each other, and that ODD symptoms may lead to activation of the ADHD symptom network and vice versa. These findings suggest that the developmental precursor model at the symptom level may partially explain the comorbidity mechanisms of ODD and ADHD, and future studies should further investigate the underlying multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ting He
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Stephen Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peilian Chi
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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3
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Meyer Z, Unger JB, Zheng Y. Gene-environment transactions between peer cigarette use, parental supervision, and Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1034-1047. [PMID: 38445782 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The initiation and continued use of tobacco products constitute an ongoing source of preventable disease that continues to pose a significant risk to global adolescent health. Scarce research has sought to explore the influences of two well-known environmental risk factors, parental supervision and peer cigarette use, on genetic and environmental contributions to adolescent cigarette use, especially in non-Western populations. METHODS Following 602 Chinese twin pairs (52% female, N = 1204) from early to middle adolescence at two-time points (Mage = 12 and 15) from 2006 to 2009 and using multivariate biometric modeling, this study examined gene-environment interplay (i.e., gene-environment correlation and interaction) between perceived parental supervision, peer cigarette use, and adolescent cigarette smoking initiation. RESULTS From early to middle adolescence, genetic influences on cigarette smoking initiation became more pronounced, whereas shared environmental influences that promote similarity between family members diminished. Genetic factors primarily explained the links between parental supervision and cigarette smoking initiation in mid-adolescence. Peer cigarette use displayed stronger associations with and moderating potential in adolescent cigarette smoking initiation than parental supervision. High levels of peer cigarette use amplified genetic risk for cigarette smoking initiation in mid-adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation involves dynamic gene-environment transactions primarily with peer processes over development. Mid-adolescence constitutes a developmental period wherein underlying genetic risk for cigarette smoking initiation is particularly sensitive to peer influences. Targeted interventions aimed at reducing Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation should focus on peer processes during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Song W, Simona A, Zhang P, Bates DW, Urman RD. Stimulant Drugs and Stimulant Use Disorder. Anesthesiol Clin 2024; 42:103-115. [PMID: 38278583 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The authors aim to summarize several key points of stimulant drugs and stimulant use disorder, including their indications, short-term and long-term adverse effects, current treatment strategies, and association with opioid medications. The global prevalence of stimulant use has seen annual increase in the last decade. Multiple studies have shown that stimulant use and stimulant use disorder are associated with a range of individual and public health issues. Stimulant misuse has led to a significant increase of overdose deaths in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Song
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - Aurélien Simona
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David W Bates
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Richard D Urman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, College of Medicine The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Chugh N, Aggarwal S, Balyan A. The Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Identification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using EEG. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:22-33. [PMID: 37682533 DOI: 10.1177/15500594231193511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Common misbehavior among children that prevents them from paying attention to tasks and interacting with their surroundings appropriately is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies of children's behavior presently face a significant problem in the early and timely diagnosis of this disease. To diagnose this disease, doctors often use the patient's description and questionnaires, psychological tests, and the patient's behavior in which reliability is questionable. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is one deep learning technique that has been used for the diagnosis of ADHD. CNN, however, does not account for how signals change over time, which leads to low classification performances and ambiguous findings. In this study, the authors designed a hybrid deep learning model that combines long-short-term memory (LSTM) and CNN to simultaneously extract and learn the spatial features and long-term dependencies of the electroencephalography (EEG) data. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid deep learning model was assessed using 2 publicly available EEG datasets. The suggested model achieves a classification accuracy of 98.86% on the ADHD dataset and 98.28% on the FOCUS dataset, respectively. The experimental findings show that the proposed hybrid CNN-LSTM model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods to diagnose ADHD using EEG. Hence, the proposed hybrid CNN-LSTM model could therefore be utilized to help with the clinical diagnosis of ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Chugh
- Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Aggarwal
- Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Arnav Balyan
- Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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6
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Zheng Y, Xu J, Li K, Hu Y. A Dynamical Systems Investigation of the Co-regulation between Perceived Daily Parental Warmth and Adolescent Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:111-124. [PMID: 36881211 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal research demonstrates that child ADHD symptoms and behaviors exhibit reciprocal associations with parenting behaviors over time. However, minimal research has investigated these associations and their dynamic links at the daily level. Intensive longitudinal data can disentangle stable between-person differences from within-person fluctuations and reveal nuanced short-term family dynamics on a micro timescale. Using 30-day daily diary data from a community sample of 86 adolescents (Mage = 14.5, 55% female, 56% White, 22% Asian) and latent differential equation modeling, this study examined the links between perceived daily parental warmth and ADHD symptoms as coupled dynamical systems. The results show that the magnitude of fluctuations in perceived daily parental warmth generally remains stable, while elevated ADHD symptoms return to their normal level over time. Perceived parental warmth is sensitive to change in ADHD symptoms such that adolescents feel that their parents will fine-tune their warmth with gradual changes when adolescents demonstrate heightened symptoms. There are substantial between-family differences in these regulating system dynamics. Among families with more baseline parental non-harsh discipline, both perceived parental warmth and ADHD symptoms tend to be more stable and fluctuate less often. Intensive longitudinal data and dynamical systems approaches offer a new lens to uncover short-term family dynamics and adolescent adjustment at a refined micro level. Future research should explore antecedents and consequences of between-family differences in these short-term family dynamics on multiple timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kehan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yueqin Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Lee H, Kim H, Choi D, Ko EN, Choi J, Seo Y, Lee S, Kim S, Jung S, Kim M, Kang D, Im C, Bae G, Jung S, Kwon O. Dopaminergic cell protection and alleviation of neuropsychiatric disease symptoms by VMAT2 expression through the class I HDAC inhibitor TC-H 106. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01135. [PMID: 37740715 PMCID: PMC10517640 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in dopamine regulation, which is considered crucial for neuropsychiatric disorders, is currently being studied. Moreover, the development of disease treatments using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) is actively progressing in various fields. Recently, research on the possibility of regulating neuropsychiatric disorders has been conducted. In this study, we evaluated whether VMAT2 expression increased by an HDACi can fine-tune neuropsychotic behavior, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and protect against the cell toxicity through oxidized dopamine. First, approximately 300 candidate HDACi compounds were added to the SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cell line to identify the possible changes in the VMAT2 expression levels, which were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated, that treatment with pimelic diphenylamide 106 (TC-H 106), a class I HDACi, increased VMAT2 expression in both the SH-SY5Y cells and mouse brain. The increased VMAT2 expression induced by TC-H 106 alleviated the cytotoxicity attributed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ) and free dopamine treatment. Moreover, dopamine concentrations, both intracellularly and in the synaptosomes, were significantly elevated by increased VMAT2 expression. These results suggest that dopamine concentration regulation by VMAT2 expression induced by TC-H 106 could alter several related behavioral aspects that was confirmed by attenuation of hyperactivity and impulsivity, which were major characteristics of animal model showing ADHD-like behaviors. These results indicate that HDACi-increased VMAT2 expression offers sufficient protections against dopaminergic cell death induced by oxidative stress. Thus, the epigenetic approach could be considered as therapeutic candidate for neuropsychiatric disease regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lee
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | - Hye‐Ji Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuKorea
| | | | - Eu n.‐A. Ko
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuKorea
| | | | - Yohan Seo
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | - Sion Lee
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | | | - Sejin Jung
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | - Minwoo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | | | - Gi‐Hun Bae
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
| | - Sung‐Cherl Jung
- Department of Physiology, School of MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuKorea
| | - Oh‐Bin Kwon
- New Drug Development Center, K‐MedihubDaeguKorea
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Kainate receptor subunit 1 (GRIK1) risk variants and GRIK1 deficiency were detected in the Indian ADHD probands. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18449. [PMID: 36323684 PMCID: PMC9630447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive dysfunctions caused by structural and functional abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex were reported in patients with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Owing to a higher expression of the glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 1 (GluK1), encoded by the GRIK1 gene, in brain regions responsible for learning and memory, we hypothesized that GRIK1 might have a role in ADHD. GRIK1 variants rs363504 and rs363538, affecting the receptor function, were analyzed by case-control and family-based methods to identify the association with ADHD. The impact of these variants on ADHD-associated traits and pharmacological intervention were also analyzed. GRIK1 expression was quantified in the peripheral blood. The probands and their fathers had a higher frequency of rs363504 'CC' and rs363538 'CA' genotypes. Family-based investigation revealed maternal over transmission of rs363504 'C' and rs363538 'A' alleles to the probands. Quantitative trait analysis exhibited an association of rs363504 'TT' and rs363538 'AA' genotypes with higher hyperactivity scores of the probands. In the presence of rs363504 'TT' and rs363538 'CC' genotypes, MPH treatment improved hyperactivity and inattention, respectively. GRIK1 expression was significantly downregulated in the probands. We infer that GRIK1 affects ADHD etiology, warranting further in-depth investigation involving a larger cohort and more functional variants.
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9
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Tong C, Wen L, Wang L, Fan X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Huang S, Li J, Li J, Wang L, Gan J, Yu L, Wang L, Ge H, He C, Yu J, Liu T, Liu X, Yang Y, Li X, Jin H, Mei Y, Tian J, Leong P, Kilby MD, Qi H, Saffery R, Baker PN. Cohort Profile: The Chongqing Longitudinal Twin Study (LoTiS). Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:e256-e266. [PMID: 35051283 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing Women and Children's Health Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Child Healthcare, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Child Healthcare, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing Women and Children's Health Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianlian Wang
- Department of Reproduction Health and Infertility, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huisheng Ge
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengjin He
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huili Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youwen Mei
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pamela Leong
- Molecular Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Kilby
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's & Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hongbo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing Women and Children's Health Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Richard Saffery
- Molecular Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip N Baker
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Isaksson J, Zetterqvist V, Ramklint M. Psychological and social risk factors associated with development of psychopathology, controlling for biological influence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021; 34:600-607. [PMID: 34535007 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To evaluate and summarize recent research investigating psychological, social and environmental risk factors for development of psychopathology in childhood, while controlling for biological (genetic) influences by using a matched sibling, twin or adoptee design. RECENT FINDINGS Nineteen studies were included, of which eleven were longitudinal and eight were cohort studies. Included studies used adequate designs and statistical methods, controlled for unmeasured confounders and, in many cases, for other measured risk factors. None of the studies used the framework for environmental factors presented in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The outcome variable psychopathology was rarely assessed using a diagnostic standard. The findings were sorted in five themes based on included exposures: 'Social support, social rejection and perceived identity,' 'Early symptoms of psychopathology,' 'Antibiotic exposure,' 'Factors in the family' and 'Nature versus nurture'. SUMMARY Using twin/sibling/adoptee designs, a number of unique predictors of psychopathology were found, even when controlling for familial confounders and other specified risk factors. Future studies of psychopathology development should benefit from longitudinal, genetically sensitive designs and from use of diagnostic standards for psychopathology outcome, and should also incorporate ICF for classification of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Isaksson
- Department of neuroscience, Child and adolescent psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Brikell I, Burton C, Mota NR, Martin J. Insights into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from recent genetic studies. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2274-2286. [PMID: 33814023 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). In this narrative review, we summarize recent advances in quantitative and molecular genetic research from the past 5-10 years. Combined with large-scale international collaboration, these advances have resulted in fast-paced progress in understanding the etiology of ADHD and how genetic risk factors map on to clinical heterogeneity. Studies are converging on a number of key insights. First, ADHD is a highly polygenic NDD with a complex genetic architecture encompassing risk variants across the spectrum of allelic frequencies, which are implicated in neurobiological processes. Second, genetic studies strongly suggest that ADHD diagnosis shares a large proportion of genetic risks with continuously distributed traits of ADHD in the population, with shared genetic risks also seen across development and sex. Third, ADHD genetic risks are shared with those implicated in many other neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and somatic phenotypes. As sample sizes and the diversity of genetic studies continue to increase through international collaborative efforts, we anticipate further success with gene discovery, characterization of how the ADHD phenotype relates to other human traits and growing potential to use genomic risk factors for understanding clinical trajectories and for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Brikell
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christie Burton
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Zheng Y, Brendgen M, Meyer Z, Vitaro F, Dionne G, Boivin M. Maternal Parenting Behaviors Amplify Environmental Influences on Developmental Trajectories of Alcohol Use During Adolescence. Behav Genet 2021; 51:528-542. [PMID: 34009508 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Compared to peer alcohol use, less is known on how parenting practices may modify genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol use longitudinally across adolescence. This study examined whether two maternal parenting behaviors, supervision and harsh parenting, may suppress or amplify genetic and environmental influences on three distinct developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol use: normative increasing, early-onset, and low trajectories. Participants were drawn from a longitudinal study of a population-based twin sample (N = 842, 84% European descent, 52.7% female). Adolescents self-reported their past year alcohol use at ages 13, 14, 15, and 17 years, and their mothers reported their supervision and harsh parenting when twins were 13, 15, and 17 years old. Maternal supervision amplified non-shared environmental influence on the normative increasing and early-onset trajectories, whereas maternal harsh parenting amplified shared environmental influence on the early-onset trajectory and non-shared environmental influence on the low trajectory, respectively. The findings suggest maternal parenting practices as a potent developmental context that modulates the environmental influences of other proximal processes on adolescent alcohol use, and suggest that family-based parenting-focused intervention could be especially beneficial for adolescents following the early-onset trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Zachary Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P-217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Psycho-Education, Université de Montréal, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Research Unit for Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Karawekpanyawong N, Wongpakaran T, Wongpakaran N, Boonnag C, Siritikul S, Chalanunt S, Kuntawong P. Impact of Perceived Social Support on the Relationship between ADHD and Depressive Symptoms among First Year Medical Students: A Structural Equation Model Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:401. [PMID: 34065767 PMCID: PMC8156751 DOI: 10.3390/children8050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with depression among college students, while perceived social support is also associated with depression, especially among young adults. This study aimed to examine to what extent perceived social support mediated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms. METHODS In total, 124 first year medical students completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener (ASRS), the Patient Health questionnaire-9 and the revised Thai Multidimensional scale of perceived social support reflecting ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and perceive social support, i.e., family members, friends and other significant people, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the hypothesized mediation model. RESULTS ADHD symptoms exhibited a significant indirect effect on depressive symptoms via perceived social support. ADHD symptoms initially had a direct effect on depression; thereafter, it reduced to a non-significance effect after perceived social support was added. The total variance explained by this model was 35.2%. The mediation model with family support as a mediator showed the highest effect size. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted the importance of perceived social support, particularly family support, on depressive symptoms among young medical students experiencing ADHD symptoms. The model suggests promising relationships for further research on ADHD-related depression and potential treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntaporn Karawekpanyawong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Tinakon Wongpakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Nahathai Wongpakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Chiraphat Boonnag
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.B.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sirinut Siritikul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.B.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sirikorn Chalanunt
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.B.); (S.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Pimolpun Kuntawong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.K.); (N.W.); (P.K.)
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 gene variants: Statistically significant association observed in the male Indo-caucasoid Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder probands. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3213-3222. [PMID: 33914279 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are age inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Caucasoid individuals showed increased susceptibility to ADHD and disruptive behaviour in presence of Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3) gene variants. We investigated ADGRL3 rs1868790, rs6551665, rs2345039 in Indo-Caucasoid families with ADHD probands (N = 249) and controls (N = 350). Behavioural traits, executive function, and IQ of probands were measured through Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised, Parental Account of Children's Symptoms, Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning-Child & Adolescent Scale, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III respectively. After obtaining informed written consent, peripheral blood was collected for genomic DNA isolation and target sites were analyzed by PCR based methods or TaqMan assay. Case-control analysis showed higher frequency of rs2345039 'C' allele, 'CC' genotype and A-A-C haplotype in the ADHD probands, principally due to higher occurrence of the 'C' allele and A-A-C haplotype in the male probands (P < 0.05). Mother of the probands also showed higher occurrence of the 'C' allele and "CC" genotype (P < 0.01). Executive function was better in presence of rs2345039 "GG" (P = 0.04) while IQ score was higher in presence of rs6551665 "AA" (P = 0.06). Linkage disequilibrium between rs6551665 and rs2345039 was stronger in the ADHD cases, chiefly in the male probands. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed strong interaction between rs6551665 and rs2345039 in the male probands while in the female probands rs1868790 and rs6551665 revealed non-linear interaction. Based on these observations, we infer that ADGRL3 may have a role in the aetiology of ADHD in this population warranting further in depth investigation.
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Yang BY, Zeng XW, Markevych I, Bloom MS, Heinrich J, Knibbs LD, Dharmage SC, Lin S, Jalava P, Guo Y, Jalaludin B, Morawska L, Zhou Y, Hu LW, Yu HY, Yu Y, Dong GH. Association Between Greenness Surrounding Schools and Kindergartens and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children in China. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1917862. [PMID: 31851349 PMCID: PMC6991306 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Few studies have investigated the association between greenness and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between greenness surrounding schools or kindergartens and symptoms of ADHD in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cross-sectional study was performed between April 2012 and January 2013 in 7 cities in northeastern China. This analysis included 59 754 children (aged 2-17 years) from 94 schools and kindergartens, who had resided in the study area for 2 years or longer. Data were analyzed from April 15, 2019, to October 10, 2019. EXPOSURES Greenness surrounding each child's school or kindergarten was estimated using 2 satellite image-derived vegetation indexes: the normalized difference vegetation index and the soil-adjusted vegetation index. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) scales were used to measure ADHD symptoms (9 inattention symptoms and 9 hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms). Parents or guardians rated the frequency of each of 18 ADHD symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Children with 6 or more symptoms of either inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity were defined as having ADHD symptoms. Generalized linear mixed models were applied to estimate the association between greenness and ADHD symptoms. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the 59 754 study participants was 10.3 (3.6) years, and 29 494 (49.4%) were girls. A total of 2566 participants (4.3%) had ADHD symptoms. Greenness levels differed substantially across schools and kindergartens. The normalized difference vegetation index within 500 m of a school or kindergarten ranged from -0.09 to 0.77. Greater greenness levels were associated with lower odds of ADHD symptoms. In covariate-adjusted models, a 0.1-unit increase in normalized difference vegetation index or soil-adjusted vegetation index within 500 m of a school or kindergarten was significantly associated with lower odds of ADHD symptoms (odds ratios, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.83-0.91] and 0.80 [95% CI, 0.74-0.86], respectively; P < .001 for both). The associations were robust in a series of sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that there may be a beneficial association between school-based greenness and ADHD symptoms in Chinese children. Future longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to confirm the findings of this cross-sectional analysis and further explore potential mechanisms of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael S. Bloom
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Luke D. Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shyamali C. Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Centre for Air Quality and Health Research and Evaluation, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
- Population Health, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Brisbane, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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