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Stanelle-Bertram S, Beck S, Mounogou NK, Schaumburg B, Stoll F, Al Jawazneh A, Schmal Z, Bai T, Zickler M, Beythien G, Becker K, de la Roi M, Heinrich F, Schulz C, Sauter M, Krasemann S, Lange P, Heinemann A, van Riel D, Leijten L, Bauer L, van den Bosch TPP, Lopuhaä B, Busche T, Wibberg D, Schaudien D, Goldmann T, Lüttjohann A, Ruschinski J, Jania H, Müller Z, Pinho Dos Reis V, Krupp-Buzimkic V, Wolff M, Fallerini C, Baldassarri M, Furini S, Norwood K, Käufer C, Schützenmeister N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Schroeder M, Jarczak D, Nierhaus A, Welte T, Kluge S, McHardy AC, Sommer F, Kalinowski J, Krauss-Etschmann S, Richter F, von der Thüsen J, Baumgärtner W, Klingel K, Ondruschka B, Renieri A, Gabriel G. CYP19A1 mediates severe SARS-CoV-2 disease outcome in males. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101152. [PMID: 37572667 PMCID: PMC10518605 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Male sex represents one of the major risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcome. However, underlying mechanisms that mediate sex-dependent disease outcome are as yet unknown. Here, we identify the CYP19A1 gene encoding for the testosterone-to-estradiol metabolizing enzyme CYP19A1 (also known as aromatase) as a host factor that contributes to worsened disease outcome in SARS-CoV-2-infected males. We analyzed exome sequencing data obtained from a human COVID-19 cohort (n = 2,866) using a machine-learning approach and identify a CYP19A1-activity-increasing mutation to be associated with the development of severe disease in men but not women. We further analyzed human autopsy-derived lungs (n = 86) and detect increased pulmonary CYP19A1 expression at the time point of death in men compared with women. In the golden hamster model, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes increased CYP19A1 expression in the lung that is associated with dysregulated plasma sex hormone levels and reduced long-term pulmonary function in males but not females. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters with a clinically approved CYP19A1 inhibitor (letrozole) improves impaired lung function and supports recovery of imbalanced sex hormones specifically in males. Our study identifies CYP19A1 as a contributor to sex-specific SARS-CoV-2 disease outcome in males. Furthermore, inhibition of CYP19A1 by the clinically approved drug letrozole may furnish a new therapeutic strategy for individualized patient management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Kouassi Mounogou
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berfin Schaumburg
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Stoll
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amirah Al Jawazneh
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zoé Schmal
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tian Bai
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zickler
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Beythien
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Madeleine de la Roi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabian Heinrich
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Sauter
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Core Facility Experimental Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philine Lange
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Heinemann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Boaz Lopuhaä
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Busche
- Medical School East Westphalia-Lippe & Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna Lüttjohann
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Ruschinski
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Jania
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zacharias Müller
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Krupp-Buzimkic
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Wolff
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Baldassarri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Furini
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Katrina Norwood
- Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Schroeder
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Jarczak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Nierhaus
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alice C McHardy
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany; Department for Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2355), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Sommer
- Division Men's Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Early Life Origins of Chronic Lung Disease, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany; Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Department for Viral Zoonoses - One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.
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Advances in Knowledge of Androgens: How Intentional and Accidental Neurosteroid Changes Inform Us of Their Action and Role. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-020-00276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Here, we summarize current knowledge of androgens’ action gained over the recent years.
Recent Findings
Neurosteroids are produced in the brain and peripheral nerves, independent of endocrine glands have been investigated for how they are regulated, and have actions via non-steroid receptor targets to mediate social, affective, and cognitive behavior and to protect the brain. Androgens’ organizing actions in the peri-natal period have effects throughout the lifetime that may be recapitulated later in life during critical periods and at times of challenge. Developmental changes in androgens occur during mid-childhood, adrenarche, puberty, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, and andropause. Changes in androgens with a 5α-reductase inhibitor, such as finasteride, result in disruptions in organizational and activational functions of androgens that can be unremitting.
Summary
Normal developmental or perturbation in androgens through other means can cause changes in androgen-sensitive phenotypes throughout the lifespan, in part through actions of neurosteroids.
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Chen CP, Huang JP, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen WL, Lee MS, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of de novo distal 5p deletion and distal 22q duplication. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 59:140-145. [PMID: 32039783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of de novo distal 5p deletion and distal 22q duplication. CASE REPORT A 34-year-old woman was underwent amniocentesis at 17 weeks of gestation because of advanced maternal age. Amniocentesis revealed a derivative chromosome 5 [der(5)] with an abnormal distal 5p segment of unknown origin. The parental karyotypes were normal. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis was performed on the cultured amniocytes, and the result was arr 5p15.33p13.3 (22,149-29,760,922) × 1.0, arr 22q13.2q13.33 (42, 192, 065-51,178,264) × 3.0 [GRCh37 (hg19)] with a 29.739-Mb deletion of 5p15.33-p13.3 encompassing 55 [Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)] genes including TPPP, TERT, SRD5A1, SEMA5A and CTNND2, and an 8.986-Mb duplication of 22q13.2-q13.33 encompassing 82 OMIM genes including TRMU, SCO2, TYMP, CPT1B and SHANK3. The fetal karyotype was 46,XY,der(5)t(5; 22)(p13.3; q13.2)dn. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with facial dysmorphism. Postnatal polymorphic DNA marker analysis confirmed a maternal origin of the aberrant chromosome 5. CONCLUSION aCGH and polymorphic DNA marker analyses can determine the nature and parental origin of the de novo chromosome aberration, and the information acquired is useful for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Pei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Analysis of the B cell receptor repertoire in six immune-mediated diseases. Nature 2019; 574:122-126. [PMID: 31554970 PMCID: PMC6795535 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
B cells are important in the pathogenesis of many, and perhaps all, immune-mediated diseases (IMDs). Each B cell expresses a single B cell receptor (BCR)1, with the diverse range of BCRs expressed by an individual’s total B cell population being termed the “BCR repertoire”. Our understanding of the BCR repertoire in the context of IMDs is incomplete, and defining this could reveal new insights into pathogenesis and therapy. We therefore compared the BCR repertoire in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), Crohn’s disease (CD), Behçet’s disease (BD), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) and IgA vasculitis (IgAV), analysing BCR clonality, and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGHV) and, in particular, isotype usage. An IgA-dominated increased clonality in SLE and CD, together with skewed IGHV gene usage in these and other diseases, suggested a microbial contribution to pathogenesis. Different immunosuppressive treatment had specific and distinct impacts on the repertoire; B cells persisting after rituximab were predominately isotype-switched and clonally expanded, the inverse of those persisting after mycophenolate mofetil. A comparative analysis of the BCR repertoire in immune-mediated disease reveals a complex B cell architecture, providing a platform for understanding pathological mechanisms and designing treatment strategies.
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Correlations between sex-related hormones, alcohol dependence and alcohol craving. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:183-190. [PMID: 30840924 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-related differences in the susceptibility, progression, and treatment response in alcohol-dependent subjects have been repeatedly reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations of the sex-related hormone/protein levels with alcohol dependence (AD) and alcohol craving in male and female subjects. METHODS Plasma sex-related hormones (estradiol, estrone, total testosterone, progesterone, follicle stimulated hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone), and sex hormone binding globulin were measured by mass spectrometry or automated immunoassays from 44 recently-abstained subjects (29 males and 15 females; mean age = 45.9 ± 15.6) meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for AD and 44 age-, sex- and race-matched non-AD controls. Conditional logistic regression was conducted to examine the association of sex-related hormone and protein levels with AD risk, accounting for matching variables. Their associations with alcohol craving scales (Penn Alcohol Craving Scale and Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations) were assessed in AD subjects. RESULTS Plasma FSH level was significantly higher in AD males (10.3 ± 9.8 IU/L) than control males (8.0 ± 15.9 IU/L; p = 0.005, pcorrected = 0.035). We also found a significant inverse correlation of FSH level with propensity to drink in negative emotional situations (Spearman's rho=-.540; p = 0.021) and positive correlations between progesterone level and craving intensity (Spearman's rho=.464; p = 0.020) and between total testosterone level and propensity to drink under temptations (adjusted for no-drinking days; β=6.496; p = 0.041) in AD males. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that FSH, progesterone, and testosterone levels may be associated with AD and alcohol craving in AD males. Future research is needed to replicate these findings and investigate the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Jensen JP, Nipper MA, Helms ML, Ford MM, Crabbe JC, Rossi DJ, Finn DA. Ethanol withdrawal-induced dysregulation of neurosteroid levels in plasma, cortex, and hippocampus in genetic animal models of high and low withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2793-2811. [PMID: 28664280 PMCID: PMC5990276 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endogenous γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor (GABAAR)-active neurosteroids (e.g., allopregnanolone) regulate central nervous system excitability and many physiological functions, so fluctuations are implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Pertinently, evidence supports an inverse relationship between endogenous GABAAR-active neurosteroid levels and behavioral changes in excitability during ethanol withdrawal (WD). OBJECTIVES The present studies determined mouse genotype differences in ten neurosteroid levels in plasma, cortex, and hippocampus over the time course of ethanol WD in the WD Seizure-Prone (WSP) and WD Seizure-Resistant (WSR) selected lines and in the DBA/2J (DBA) inbred strain. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to simultaneously quantify neurosteroid levels from control-treated male WSP-1, WSR-1, and DBA mice and during 8 and 48 h of WD. RESULTS Combined with our prior work, there was a consistent decrease in plasma allopregnanolone levels at 8 h WD in all three genotypes, an effect that persisted at 48 h WD only in DBA mice. WSR-1 and WSP-1 mice exhibited unexpected divergent changes in cortical neurosteroids at 8 h WD, with the majority of neurosteroids (including allopregnanolone) being significantly decreased in WSR-1 mice, but unaffected or significantly increased in WSP-1 mice. In DBA mice, hippocampal allopregnanolone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were significantly decreased at 8 h WD. The pattern of significant correlations between allopregnanolone and other GABAAR-active neurosteroid levels differed between controls and withdrawing mice. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol WD dysregulated neurosteroid synthesis. Results in WSP-1 mice suggest that diminished GABAAR function is more important for their high WD phenotype than fluctuations in neurosteroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah P Jensen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michelle A Nipper
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melinda L Helms
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew M Ford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - John C Crabbe
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David J Rossi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Deborah A Finn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
- , 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road (R&D-49), Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Ford MM, Nickel JD, Kaufman MN, Finn DA. Null mutation of 5α-reductase type I gene alters ethanol consumption patterns in a sex-dependent manner. Behav Genet 2015; 45:341-53. [PMID: 25416204 PMCID: PMC4425631 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a positive modulator of GABAA receptors, and manipulation of neuroactive steroid levels via injection of ALLO or the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride alters ethanol self-administration patterns in male, but not female, mice. The Srd5a1 gene encodes the enzyme 5α-reductase-1, which is required for the synthesis of ALLO. The current studies investigated the influence of Srd5a1 deletion on voluntary ethanol consumption in male and female wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. Under a continuous access condition, 6 and 10 % ethanol intake was significantly greater in KO versus WT females, but significantly lower in KO versus WT males. In 2-h limited access sessions, Srd5a1 deletion retarded acquisition of 10 % ethanol intake in female mice, but facilitated it in males, versus respective WT mice. The present findings demonstrate that the Srd5a1 gene modulates ethanol consumption in a sex-dependent manner that is also contingent upon ethanol access condition and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Ford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA,
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Sex-specific differences in the effects of local androgen metabolism in the heart as an indicator for the risk of myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Barresi V, Signorelli SS, Musso N, Anzaldi M, Fiore V, Alberghina M, Condorelli DF. ICAM-1 and SRD5A1 gene polymorphisms in symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2014; 19:175-181. [PMID: 24879712 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x14532705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genotype distribution of two gene polymorphisms, previously associated with peripheral artery disease (PAD), has been evaluated in a population of diabetic (DPAD) and non-diabetic (NDPAD) patients affected by symptomatic PAD (stages II-IV). A decreased frequency of the AA genotype of rs5498 (ICAM-1) was observed in the PAD subjects compared to controls but this result did not reach statistical significance (p=0.06 by chi-squared test). On the contrary, a significant increase in the frequency of the GG homozygous genotype of rs248793 (SRD5A1) was observed in the PAD patient group in comparison to controls (p=0.01). These data confirm that the GG genotype of rs248793 in the SRD5A1 gene is significantly associated with symptomatic PAD and show a trend towards a stronger association with the non-diabetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Fiore
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Alberghina
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Blum K, Han D, Madigan MA, Lohmann R, Braverman ER. "Cold" X5 Hairlaser™ used to treat male androgenic alopecia and hair growth: an uncontrolled pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:103. [PMID: 24559020 PMCID: PMC3974052 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various trials have been conducted on the management and treatment of androgenic alopecia (AGA) or male pattern hair loss using a variety of laser and light sources. Methods For this feasibility study, the population was composed of males between the ages of 20 and 60 years who have been experiencing active hair loss within the last 12 months and the diagnosis of AGA. They also had a Norwood-Hamilton classification of 3, 3A, 3 V, 4, 4A, or 5 for the hair thinning patterns and skin type I, II, III, or IV on the Fitzpatrick skin type scale. This two-arm randomized, parallel group study design employed stratifying randomization to balance treatment assignment within three investigational centers with at least 2 subjects enrolled in each Fitzpatrick skin type. Results A statistically significant positive trend in hair growth was observed from this pilot study, to evaluate the efficacy of the novel cold X5 hairlaser device for treating male androgenic alopecia. From the repeated measures analysis of variance, difference in mean hair counts over time was statistically significant (F = 7.70; p-value < 0.0001). Subsequent, linear regression of mean hair counts at each time point was performed, and post-hoc analysis found an increasing trend of hair growth over time that was statistically significant (p-value < 0.0001) with the estimated slope of 1.406. Increased hair counts from the baseline to the end of the 26-week period were found to be strongly significant (p-value = 0.0003). Conclusion Albeit, sham device failure and resultant missing data from the control group, the positive trend hair growth, was observed due to the chronic use of X5hairlaser device. This positive benefit while in full agreement with other low laser hair devices requires intensive further investigation. Trial registration NCT02067260
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Zettergren A, Jonsson L, Johansson D, Melke J, Lundström S, Anckarsäter H, Lichtenstein P, Westberg L. Associations between polymorphisms in sex steroid related genes and autistic-like traits. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2575-84. [PMID: 23867117 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in psychiatric disorders are common, which is particularly striking in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) that are four times more prevalent in boys. High levels of testosterone during early development have been hypothesized to be a risk factor for ASDs, supported by several studies showing fetal testosterone levels, as well as indirect measures of prenatal androgenization, to be associated with ASDs and autistic-like traits (ALTs). Further, the importance of sex steroid related genes in ASDs is supported by studies reporting associations between polymorphisms in genes involved in sex steroid synthesis/metabolism and ASDs and ALTs. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations between 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes related to sex steroids and autistic features. Individuals included in the study belong to a subset (n=1771) from The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS), which are all assessed for ALTs. For two SNPs, rs2747648 located in the 3'-UTR of ESR1 encoding the estrogen receptor alpha and rs523349 (Leu89Val) located in SRD5A2 encoding 5-alpha-reductase, type 2, highly significant associations with ALTs were found in boys and girls, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that SNPs in sex steroid related genes, known to affect gene expression (rs2747648 in ESR1) and enzymatic activity (Leu89Val in SRD5A2), seem to be associated with ALTs in a general population. In conclusion, the current findings provide further support for a role of sex steroids in the pathophysiology of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zettergren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Gillespie CF, Almli LM, Smith AK, Bradley B, Kerley K, Crain DF, Mercer KB, Weiss T, Phifer J, Tang Y, Cubells JF, Binder EB, Conneely KN, Ressler KJ. Sex dependent influence of a functional polymorphism in steroid 5-α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) on post-traumatic stress symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:283-292. [PMID: 23505265 PMCID: PMC3770127 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A non-synonymous, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene coding for steroid 5-α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) is associated with reduced conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Because SRD5A2 participates in the regulation of testosterone and cortisol metabolism, hormones shown to be dysregulated in patients with PTSD, we examined whether the V89L variant (rs523349) influences risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study participants (N = 1,443) were traumatized African-American patients of low socioeconomic status with high rates of lifetime trauma exposure recruited from the primary care clinics of a large, urban hospital. PTSD symptoms were measured with the post-traumatic stress symptom scale (PSS). Subjects were genotyped for the V89L variant (rs523349) of SRD5A2. We initially found a significant sex-dependent effect of genotype in male but not female subjects on symptoms. Associations with PTSD symptoms were confirmed using a separate internal replication sample with identical methods of data analysis, followed by pooled analysis of the combined samples (N = 1,443, sex × genotype interaction P < 0.002; males: n = 536, P < 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that functional variation within SRD5A2 influences, in a sex-specific way, the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms and risk for diagnosis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel F. Crain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Tamara Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Justine Phifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yilang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph F. Cubells
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen N. Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Atlanta, Georgia,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia,Correspondence to: Kerry J. Ressler, M.D., Ph.D., Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr, Atlanta, GA 30329.
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13
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Chen CP, Huang MC, Chen YY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Su JW, Town DD, Wang W. Cri-du-chat (5p-) syndrome presenting with cerebellar hypoplasia and hypospadias: prenatal diagnosis and aCGH characterization using uncultured amniocytes. Gene 2013; 524:407-11. [PMID: 23500598 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present prenatal diagnosis of a de novo distal deletion involving 5p(5p15.1→pter) using uncultured amniocytes in a pregnancy with cerebellar hypoplasia, hypospadias and facial dysmorphisms in the fetus. We discuss the genotype-phenotype correlation and the consequence of haploinsufficiency of CTNND2, SEMA5A, TERT, SRD5A1 and TPPP. We speculate that haploinsufficiency of SRD5A1 and TPPP may be responsible for hypospadias and cerebellar hypoplasia, respectively, in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Hart AB, Engelhardt BE, Wardle MC, Sokoloff G, Stephens M, de Wit H, Palmer AA. Genome-wide association study of d-amphetamine response in healthy volunteers identifies putative associations, including cadherin 13 (CDH13). PLoS One 2012; 7:e42646. [PMID: 22952603 PMCID: PMC3429486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the subjective response to d-amphetamine and the risk for amphetamine addiction are known to be heritable traits. Because subjective responses to drugs may predict drug addiction, identifying alleles that influence acute response may also provide insight into the genetic risk factors for drug abuse. We performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) for the subjective responses to amphetamine in 381 non-drug abusing healthy volunteers. Responses to amphetamine were measured using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design. We used sparse factor analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data to ten factors. We identified several putative associations; the strongest was between a positive subjective drug-response factor and a SNP (rs3784943) in the 8(th) intron of cadherin 13 (CDH13; P = 4.58×10(-8)), a gene previously associated with a number of psychiatric traits including methamphetamine dependence. Additionally, we observed a putative association between a factor representing the degree of positive affect at baseline and a SNP (rs472402) in the 1(st) intron of steroid-5-alpha-reductase-α-polypeptide-1 (SRD5A1; P = 2.53×10(-7)), a gene whose protein product catalyzes the rate-limiting step in synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. This SNP belongs to an LD-block that has been previously associated with the expression of SRD5A1 and differences in SRD5A1 enzymatic activity. The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the genetic basis of subjective responses to stimulant drugs using a GWAS approach in a modestly sized sample. Our approach provides a case study for analysis of high-dimensional intermediate pharmacogenomic phenotypes, which may be more tractable than clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Engelhardt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Margaret C. Wardle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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15
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Hein R, Abbas S, Seibold P, Salazar R, Flesch-Janys D, Chang-Claude J. Polymorphism Thr160Thr in SRD5A1, involved in the progesterone metabolism, modifies postmenopausal breast cancer risk associated with menopausal hormone therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:653-61. [PMID: 21947678 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is associated with an increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, with combined estrogen-progestagen therapy posing a greater risk than estrogen monotherapy. However, few studies focused on potential effect modification of MHT-associated breast cancer risk by genetic polymorphisms in the progesterone metabolism. We assessed effect modification of MHT use by five coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the progesterone metabolizing enzymes AKR1C3 (rs7741), AKR1C4 (rs3829125, rs17134592), and SRD5A1 (rs248793, rs3736316) using a two-center population-based case-control study from Germany with 2,502 postmenopausal breast cancer patients and 4,833 matched controls. An empirical-Bayes procedure that tests for interaction using a weighted combination of the prospective and the retrospective case-control estimators as well as standard prospective logistic regression were applied to assess multiplicative statistical interaction between polymorphisms and duration of MHT use with regard to breast cancer risk assuming a log-additive mode of inheritance. No genetic marginal effects were observed. Breast cancer risk associated with duration of combined therapy was significantly modified by SRD5A1_rs3736316, showing a reduced risk elevation in carriers of the minor allele (p (interaction,empirical-Bayes) = 0.006 using the empirical-Bayes method, p (interaction,logistic regression) = 0.013 using logistic regression). The risk associated with duration of use of monotherapy was increased by AKR1C3_rs7741 in minor allele carriers (p (interaction,empirical-Bayes) = 0.083, p (interaction,logistic regression) = 0.029) and decreased in minor allele carriers of two SNPs in AKR1C4 (rs3829125: p (interaction,empirical-Bayes) = 0.07, p (interaction,logistic regression) = 0.021; rs17134592: p (interaction,empirical-Bayes) = 0.101, p (interaction,logistic regression) = 0.038). After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing only SRD5A1_rs3736316 assessed using the empirical-Bayes method remained significant. Postmenopausal breast cancer risk associated with combined therapy may be modified by genetic variation in SRD5A1. Further well-powered studies are, however, required to replicate our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Milivojevic V, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, Burian L, Covault J. Variation in genes encoding the neuroactive steroid synthetic enzymes 5α-reductase type 1 and 3α-reductase type 2 is associated with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:946-52. [PMID: 21323680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of alcohol effects in rodents and in vitro implicate endogenous neuroactive steroids as key mediators of alcohol effects at GABA(A) receptors. We used a case-control sample to test the association with alcohol dependence (AD) of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes encoding two key enzymes required for the generation of endogenous neuroactive steroids: 5α-reductase, type I (5α-R), and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type 2 (3α-HSD), both of which are expressed in human brain. METHODS We focused on markers previously associated with a biological phenotype. For 5α-R, we examined the synonymous SRD5A1 exon 1 SNP rs248793, which has been associated with the ratio of dihydrotestosterone to testosterone. For 3α-HSD, we examined the nonsynonymous AKR1C3 SNP rs12529 (H5Q), which has been associated with bladder cancer. The SNPs were genotyped in a sample of 1,083 non-Hispanic Caucasians including 552 controls and 531 subjects with AD. RESULTS The minor allele for both SNPs was more common among controls than subjects with AD: SRD5A1 rs248793 C-allele (χ(2)(1) = 7.6, p = 0.006) and AKR1C3 rs12529 G-allele (χ(2)(1) = 14.6, p = 0.0001). There was also an interaction of these alleles such that the "protective" effect of the minor allele at each marker for AD was conditional on the genotype of the second marker. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of an association with AD of polymorphisms in two genes encoding neuroactive steroid biosynthetic enzymes, providing indirect evidence that neuroactive steroids are important mediators of alcohol effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Milivojevic
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
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17
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A population-based study of polymorphisms in genes related to sex hormones and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 19:363-6. [PMID: 21119710 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Male gender and family history are risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We hypothesized that genes involved in sex hormones might be important in AAA. We investigated the association of aortic diameter with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes determining circulating sex hormones and their action. We genotyped 74 tagging SNPs across four genes (steroid 5α reductase, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (SRD5A1), cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP19A1), androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2)) related to sex hormone production and action in 1711 men, 640 of whom had an AAA. One genotype was also assessed in an independent cohort of 782 men, of whom 513 had large AAAs. Associations were assessed adjusting for other risk factors for AAA. One SNP in CYP19A1 was strongly associated with aortic diameter. Subjects who had the rare homozygote genotype (TT) for CYP19A1g.49412370C>T (SNP ID rs1961177), had an increased aortic diameter (coefficient 5.058, SE 1.394, P=0.0003, under a recessive model). This SNP was not associated with aortic diameter in an independent cohort, which included patients with larger AAAs. Our findings do not support an important role of genetic polymorphisms in genes determining sex hormones in aortic dilatation in men. The association of one SNP in CYPA9A1 with small but not large AAA may suggest differences between AAA formation and progression. This SNP warrants further investigation in another large population, including patients with small AAAs.
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18
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Schulze JJ, Rane A, Ekström L. Genetic variation in androgen disposition: implications in clinical medicine including testosterone abuse. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:731-44. [PMID: 19442030 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902976862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men has been used for > 60 years. The use of testosterone substitution is continuously growing and is given to aging men to improve the quality of life. Because testosterone use is associated with muscle strength enhancing effects, it has become a popular drug to abuse. Doping with anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, is a severe challenge to the vision, moral and ethics in sports and has also become a significant and increasing problem in society. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the contribution of genetic components to inter-individual variation in androgen disposition. CONCLUSION Genetic variation has a large impact on androgen disposition. This variation is of the utmost importance for the interpretation of doping test results and may modulate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy and testosterone doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Schulze
- Karolinska Institutet, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Signorelli SS, Barresi V, Musso N, Anzaldi M, Croce E, Fiore V, Condorelli DF. Polymorphisms of steroid 5-alpha-reductase type I (SRD5A1) gene are associated to peripheral arterial disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:1092-7. [PMID: 19246976 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although animal studies support the hypothesis that androgenic biological actions may affect experimental atherosclerosis progression, evidence for a relationship between androgen effects and peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a common clinical form of atherosclerosis, is weak or contradictory. Testosterone, the main androgen hormone, is converted in a 5alpha-reduced form by enzymatic activities in the target cells and some specific actions are mediated by such metabolites. Steroid 5-alpha reductase isoenzymes (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) catalyze the conversion to the bioactive potent androgen dihydrotestosterone and other reduced metabolites and represent relevant regulators of local hormonal actions. In the present study we tested for the association of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 with symptomatic PAD patients. Two different SNP in the SRD5A1 were significantly associated which the PAD phenotype (p<0.03, odds ratio 1.73), while no association was found between PAD phenotypes and SRD5A2. Since the examined SRDA1 gene variant was previously associated with a low enzymatic activity, we suggest that a decreased local enzymatic conversion of testosterone may contribute to PAD genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Signorelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Systemic Disease, Medical Angiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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20
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Hayes VM, Severi G, Padilla EJD, Morris HA, Tilley WD, Southey MC, English DR, Sutherland RL, Hopper JL, Boyle P, Giles GG. 5α-Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:776-80. [PMID: 17136762 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists over the significance of associations between the SRD5A2 (5alpha-reductase type 2) polymorphisms, A49T and V89L, and risk of prostate cancer. These potentially functional polymorphisms may alter life-long exposure to androgens with subsequent effects on male health and aging. The aim of this study was to examine the association of these variants with prostate cancer risk, plasma hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Subjects include 827 cases and 736 controls from an Australian population-based case-control study of prostate cancer. Information on prostate cancer risk factors and patterns of balding were collected. Plasma levels of testosterone, 3alpha-diol glucuronide (3alpha-diolG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, sex hormone-binding globulin and estradiol were measured for controls. No associations with the V89L polymorphism were found. Carriers of the rarer A49T A allele were at a 60% higher risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.09-2.36; p = 0.02) and 50% lower risk of vertex and frontal balding (p = 0.03) compared with men homozygous for the more common G allele. Although we found little evidence of association between this variant and plasma levels of 5 measured androgens, circulating 3alpha-diolG levels were 34% lower in A49T A allele carriers (p < 0.0001). Our study provides evidence that the SRD5A2 A49T A variant is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, lower levels of circulating 3alpha-diolG and decreased risk of baldness. These findings raise important questions with respect to previous assumptions concerning hormonal influences on prostate cancer risk in ageing males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hayes
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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21
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Finn DA, Beadles-Bohling AS, Beckley EH, Ford MM, Gililland KR, Gorin-Meyer RE, Wiren KM. A new look at the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006; 12:53-76. [PMID: 16834758 PMCID: PMC6741762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Finasteride is the first 5alpha-reductase inhibitor that received clinical approval for the treatment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia (male pattern hair loss). These clinical applications are based on the ability of finasteride to inhibit the Type II isoform of the 5alpha-reductase enzyme, which is the predominant form in human prostate and hair follicles, and the concomitant reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In addition to catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the reduction of testosterone, both isoforms of the 5alpha-reductase enzyme are responsible for the reduction of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone to dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and dihydrodeoxycorticosterone (DHDOC), respectively. Recent preclinical data indicate that the subsequent 3alpha-reduction of DHT, DHP and DHDOC produces steroid metabolites with rapid non-genomic effects on brain function and behavior, primarily via an enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibitory neurotransmission. Consistent with their ability to enhance the action of GABA at GABA(A) receptors, these steroid derivatives (termed neuroactive steroids) possess anticonvulsant, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in addition to altering aspects of sexual- and alcohol-related behaviors. Thus, finasteride, which inhibits both isoforms of 5alpha-reductase in rodents, has been used as a tool to manipulate neuroactive steroid levels and determine the impact on behavior. Results of some preclinical studies and clinical observations with finasteride are described in this review article. The data suggest that endogenous neuroactive steroid levels may be inversely related to symptoms of premenstrual and postpartum dysphoric disorder, catamenial epilepsy, depression, and alcohol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Finn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research, Portland Alcohol Research Center, 97239, USA.
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22
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Dubrovsky B. Neurosteroids, neuroactive steroids, and symptoms of affective disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 84:644-55. [PMID: 16962651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Revised: 06/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids (NS) are steroids synthesized by the brain. Neuroactive steroids (NAS) refers to steroids that, independent of their origin, are capable of modifying neural activities. NAS bind and modulate different types of membrane receptors. The gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and sigma receptor complexes have been the most extensively studied. Oxidized ring A reduced pregnanes, tetrahydroprogesterone (THP), and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) bind to the progesterone intracellular receptor (PR), and in this way can also regulate gene expression. Animal experimentation showed that salient symptoms of depression, viz., anxiety, sleep disturbances, and memory and sexual dysfunctions, are modulated by NAS. In turn, psychotropic drugs modulate NS and NAS levels. NS levels as well as NAS plasma concentrations change in patients with depression syndromes, the levels return to normal baseline with recovery, but normalization is not necessary for successful therapy. Results from current studies on the evolution of nervous systems, including evolutionary developmental biology as well as anatomical and physiological findings, almost preclude a categorical classification of the psychiatric ailments the human brain succumbs to. The persistence in maintaining such essentialist classifications may help to explain why up to now the search for biological markers in psychiatry has been an unrewarding effort. It is proposed that it would be more fruitful to focus on relationships between NAS and symptoms of psychiatric disorders, rather than with typologically defined disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Dubrovsky
- McGill University, 3445 Drummond Street, #701, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1X9.
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