1
|
Xu J, Zhao C, Kang Y. The Formation and Renewal of Photoreceptor Outer Segments. Cells 2024; 13:1357. [PMID: 39195247 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The visual system is essential for humans to perceive the environment. In the retina, rod and cone photoreceptor neurons are the initial sites where vision forms. The apical region of both cone and rod photoreceptors contains a light-sensing organelle known as the outer segment (OS), which houses tens of thousands of light-sensitive opsins. The OSs of photoreceptors are not static; they require rhythmic renewal to maintain normal physiological functions. Disruptions in OS renewal can lead to various genetic disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Understanding the patterns and molecular mechanisms of photoreceptor OS renewal remains one of the most intriguing topics in visual biology. This review aims to elucidate the structure of photoreceptor OSs, the molecular mechanisms underlying photoreceptor OS renewal, and the retinal diseases resulting from defects in this renewal process. Additionally, we will explore retinal diseases related to photoreceptor OS renewal and potential therapeutic strategies, concluding with a discussion on future research directions for OS renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjin Xu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hyun J, Ryu B, Jiang YF, Je JG, Yang HW, Yang F, Jeon YJ. Detrimental impact of fine dust on zebrafish: Investigating a protective agent against ocular-damage using in vitro and in vivo models. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133602. [PMID: 35032516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollution caused by fine dust is becoming a global problem in the aquatic environment. Many studies have investigated the hazards that fine dust may pose to terrestrial organisms; however, information on the effects on aquatic environments remain limited. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of the fine dust associated with the captured powder or liquid state were compared using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Raw fine dust (RFD), in the captured powder state, was suspended in water (SFD), and the elemental composition, morphology, and size distribution of both were analyzed. Zebrafish were used as a model to study the effects of SFD-exposure on aquatic organisms. A fatal malformation was observed in the integuments of zebrafish exposed to SFD, specifically in the exterior and interior eye tissues. Furthermore, the exposure of SFD to Tg (flk; EGFP) zebrafish remarkably increased ocular vessel diameter expansion along with blood flow velocity. Regarding vessel diameter expansion, EA.hy926 cells exposed to SFD were adversely affected, with a significant increase in cell migration and capillary-like structure formation, which are angiogenic markers. The SFD-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo was dramatically restored to normal via α/β-adenosine isolated from the anti-angiogenic brown algae Ishige okamurae extract. Taken together, the current study presents solid evidence of the altered physicochemical characteristics of SFD compared to RFD, and the detrimental impact of SFD in an aquatic in vivo zebrafish model. In addition, the protective effect of α/β-adenosine, a marine natural product, on SFD-induced angiogenesis suggests that it can be used as an agent to reduce the adverse effects of SFD on aquatic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hyun
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Ryu
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Fei Jiang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; School of Food Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132101, China
| | - Jun-Geon Je
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengqi Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quint WH, Tadema KCD, Crins JHC, Kokke NCCJ, Meester-Smoor MA, Willemsen R, Klaver CCW, Iglesias AI. Zebrafish: An In Vivo Screening Model to Study Ocular Phenotypes. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 35285860 PMCID: PMC8934544 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a set of assays that allow the in vivo screening of candidate genes for ocular diseases in zebrafish, with an emphasis on refractive error. Methods Our pipeline includes the most relevant ocular screening measurements to assess (1) ocular biometry using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, (2) refractive status using an eccentric photorefractor, (3) intraocular pressure by tonometry, and (4) optokinetic response to study visual capability in zebrafish. To validate our pipeline and to demonstrate the potential of zebrafish as a valid animal model, we chose two well-characterized genes with an ocular phenotype (PRSS56 and FBN1) and generated two mutant zebrafish lines (prss56 and fbn1). Mutant fish were assessed at 2, 4, and 6 months after fertilization. Results With the proposed phenotyping pipeline, we showed that ocular biometry, refractive status, intraocular pressure, and visual function can be studied in zebrafish. In the prss56 mutant, the pipeline revealed a dramatic decrease in axial length, mainly owing to a decreased vitreous chamber depth, whereas in the fbn1 mutant, ectopia lentis was the most distinctive ocular phenotype observed. Tonometry in both mutant lines showed an increase in intraocular pressure. Conclusions The proposed pipeline was applied successfully in zebrafish and can be used for future genetic screenings of candidate genes. While validating our pipeline, we found a close resemblance between the ocular manifestations in the zebrafish mutants and patients harboring mutations in PRSS56 and FBN1. Our results support the validity of our pipeline and highlight the potential of zebrafish as an animal model for in vivo screening of candidate genes for ocular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim H Quint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirke C D Tadema
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan H C Crins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina C C J Kokke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park YM, Dahlem C, Meyer MR, Kiemer AK, Müller R, Herrmann J. Induction of Liver Size Reduction in Zebrafish Larvae by the Emerging Synthetic Cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA and Its Impact on Drug Metabolism. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041290. [PMID: 35209079 PMCID: PMC8879502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (ZF; Danio rerio) larvae have become a popular in vivo model in drug metabolism studies. Here, we investigated the metabolism of methyl 2-[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA) in ZF larvae after direct administration of the cannabinoid via microinjection, and we visualized the spatial distributions of the parent compound and its metabolites by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Furthermore, using genetically modified ZF larvae, the role of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) on drug metabolism was studied. Receptor-deficient ZF mutant larvae were created using morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs), and CB2-deficiency had a critical impact on liver development of ZF larva, leading to a significant reduction of liver size. A similar phenotype was observed when treating wild-type ZF larvae with 4F-MDMB-BINACA. Thus, we reasoned that the cannabinoid-induced impaired liver development might also influence its metabolic function. Studying the metabolism of two synthetic cannabinoids, 4F-MDMB-BINACA and methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (7′N-5F-ADB), revealed important insights into the in vivo metabolism of these compounds and the role of cannabinoid receptor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Park
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8 1, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Campus C2 3, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Markus R. Meyer
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Campus C2 3, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (C.D.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8 1, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8 1, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paredes LC, Olsen Saraiva Camara N, Braga TT. Understanding the Metabolic Profile of Macrophages During the Regenerative Process in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:617. [PMID: 31178754 PMCID: PMC6543010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), have the ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues, such as the caudal fin, which makes them an ideal model for tissue and organ regeneration studies. Since several diseases involve the process of transition between fibrosis and tissue regeneration, it is necessary to attain a better understanding of these processes. It is known that the cells of the immune system, especially macrophages, play essential roles in regeneration by participating in the removal of cellular debris, release of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, remodeling of components of the extracellular matrix and alteration of oxidative patterns during proliferation and angiogenesis. Immune cells undergo phenotypical and functional alterations throughout the healing process due to growth factors and cytokines that are produced in the tissue microenvironment. However, some aspects of the molecular mechanisms through which macrophages orchestrate the formation and regeneration of the blastema remain unclear. In the present review, we outline how macrophages orchestrate the regenerative process in zebrafish and give special attention to the redox balance in the context of tail regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo ZW, Wang HT, Wang N, Sheng WW, Jin M, Lu Y, Bai YJ, Zou SQ, Pang YL, Xu H, Zhang X. Establishment of an adult zebrafish model of retinal neurodegeneration induced by NMDA. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1250-1261. [PMID: 31456914 PMCID: PMC6694058 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a model of retinal neurodegeneration induced by N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in adult zebrafish. METHODS We compared the effects of three different NMDA delivery methods on retinal neurodegeneration in adult zebrafish: immersion (I.M.), intravitreal injection (I.V.), and intraperitoneal injection (I.P.), and examined retinal pathology and degeneration by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining in the treated zebrafish. Effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and the natural product resveratrol on NMDA-induced retinal neurodegeneration were also assessed. RESULTS The thickened inner retina was seen in histology with 100 µmol/L NMDA by I.M. administration. Significant apoptosis in the retinal ganglion cell layer and retinal thickness reduction occurred in 0.5 mol/L NMDA I.P. administration group.Seizure-like behavioral changes, but no retinal histological alteration occurred in 16 mg/kg NMDA I.P. administration group. Resveratrol and MK-801 prevented NMDA-induced retinal neurodegeneration in the zebrafish. CONCLUSION Among the three drug administration methods, I.V. injection of NMDA is the most suitable for establishment of an acute retinal damage model in zebrafish. I.M. with NMDA is likely the best for use as a chronic retinal damage model. I.P. treatment with NMDA causes brain damage. Resveratrol and MK801 may be a clinically valuable treatment for retinal neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Luo
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Han-Tsing Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Sheng
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Jiang Bai
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Su-Qi Zou
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Lian Pang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University; Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In the last 30 years, the zebrafish has become a widely used model organism for research on vertebrate development and disease. Through a powerful combination of genetics and experimental embryology, significant inroads have been made into the regulation of embryonic axis formation, organogenesis, and the development of neural networks. Research with this model has also expanded into other areas, including the genetic regulation of aging, regeneration, and animal behavior. Zebrafish are a popular model because of the ease with which they can be maintained, their small size and low cost, the ability to obtain hundreds of embryos on a daily basis, and the accessibility, translucency, and rapidity of early developmental stages. This primer describes the swift progress of genetic approaches in zebrafish and highlights recent advances that have led to new insights into vertebrate biology.
Collapse
|
8
|
Blaser R, Heyser C. Spontaneous object recognition: a promising approach to the comparative study of memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:183. [PMID: 26217207 PMCID: PMC4498097 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous recognition of a novel object is a popular measure of exploratory behavior, perception and recognition memory in rodent models. Because of its relative simplicity and speed of testing, the variety of stimuli that can be used, and its ecological validity across species, it is also an attractive task for comparative research. To date, variants of this test have been used with vertebrate and invertebrate species, but the methods have seldom been sufficiently standardized to allow cross-species comparison. Here, we review the methods necessary for the study of novel object recognition in mammalian and non-mammalian models, as well as the results of these experiments. Critical to the use of this test is an understanding of the organism's initial response to a novel object, the modulation of exploration by context, and species differences in object perception and exploratory behaviors. We argue that with appropriate consideration of species differences in perception, object affordances, and natural exploratory behaviors, the spontaneous object recognition test can be a valid and versatile tool for translational research with non-mammalian models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Blaser
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Heyser
- Behavioral Testing Core, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Developing zebrafish models relevant to PTSD and other trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:67-79. [PMID: 25138994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma- and stress-related disorders (TSRDs) represent a serious societal and public health concern, their pathogenesis is largely unknown. Given the clinical complexity of TSRD development and susceptibility, greater investigation into candidate biomarkers and specific genetic pathways implicated in both risk and resilience to trauma becomes critical. In line with this, numerous animal models have been extensively used to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of PTSD and related TSRD. Here, we discuss the rapidly increasing potential of zebrafish as models of these disorders, and how their use may aid researchers in uncovering novel treatments and therapies in this field.
Collapse
|
10
|
Holcombe A, Schalomon M, Hamilton TJ. A novel method of drug administration to multiple zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the quantification of withdrawal. J Vis Exp 2014:e51851. [PMID: 25407925 DOI: 10.3791/51851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely netted and transported between home aquaria and dosing tanks. In order to enhance the ease of compound administration, a novel method for transferring fish between tanks for drug administration was developed. Inserts that are designed for spawning were used to transfer groups of fish into the drug solution, allowing accurate dosing of all fish in the group. This increases the precision and efficiency of dosing, which becomes very important in long schedules of repeated drug administration. We implemented this procedure for use in a study examining the behavior of zebrafish in the light/dark test after administering ethanol with differing 21 day schedules. In fish exposed to daily-moderate amounts of alcohol there was a significant difference in location preference after 2 days of withdrawal when compared to the control group. However, a significant difference in location preference in a group exposed to weekly-binge administration was not observed. This protocol can be generalized for use with all types of compounds that are water-soluble and may be used in any situation when the behavior of fish during or after long schedules of drug administration is being examined. The light/dark test is also a valuable method of assessing withdrawal-induced changes in anxiety.
Collapse
|
11
|
Proulx MJ, Parker MO, Tahir Y, Brennan CH. Parallel mechanisms for visual search in zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111540. [PMID: 25353168 PMCID: PMC4213058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel visual search mechanisms have been reported previously only in mammals and birds, and not animals lacking an expanded telencephalon such as bees. Here we report the first evidence for parallel visual search in fish using a choice task where the fish had to find a target amongst an increasing number of distractors. Following two-choice discrimination training, zebrafish were presented with the original stimulus within an increasing array of distractor stimuli. We found that zebrafish exhibit no significant change in accuracy and approach latency as the number of distractors increased, providing evidence of parallel processing. This evidence challenges theories of vertebrate neural architecture and the importance of an expanded telencephalon for the evolution of executive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Proulx
- Crossmodal Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew O. Parker
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasser Tahir
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H. Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chhetri J, Jacobson G, Gueven N. Zebrafish--on the move towards ophthalmological research. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:367-80. [PMID: 24503724 PMCID: PMC3983641 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people are affected by visual impairment and blindness globally, and the prevalence of vision loss is likely to increase as we are living longer. However, many ocular diseases remain poorly controlled due to lack of proper understanding of the pathogenesis and the corresponding lack of effective therapies. Consequently, there is a major need for animal models that closely mirror the human eye pathology and at the same time allow higher-throughput drug screening approaches. In this context, zebrafish as an animal model organism not only address these needs but can in many respects reflect the human situation better than the current rodent models. Over the past decade, zebrafish have become an established model to study a variety of human diseases and are more recently becoming a valuable tool for the study of human ophthalmological disorders. Many human ocular diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration have already been modelled in zebrafish. In addition, zebrafish have become an attractive model for pre-clinical drug toxicity testing and are now increasingly used by scientists worldwide for the discovery of novel treatment approaches. This review presents the advantages and uses of zebrafish for ophthalmological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chhetri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - G Jacobson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - N Gueven
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Renninger SL, Orger MB. Two-photon imaging of neural population activity in zebrafish. Methods 2013; 62:255-67. [PMID: 23727462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly developing imaging technologies including two-photon microscopy and genetically encoded calcium indicators have opened up new possibilities for recording neural population activity in awake, behaving animals. In the small, transparent zebrafish, it is even becoming possible to image the entire brain of a behaving animal with single-cell resolution, creating brain-wide functional maps. In this chapter, we comprehensively review past functional imaging studies in zebrafish, and the insights that they provide into the functional organization of neural circuits. We further offer a basic primer on state-of-the-art methods for in vivo calcium imaging in the zebrafish, including building a low-cost two-photon microscope and highlight possible challenges and technical considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L Renninger
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, Doca de Pedrouços, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Holcombe A, Howorko A, Powell RA, Schalomon M, Hamilton TJ. Reversed scototaxis during withdrawal after daily-moderate, but not weekly-binge, administration of ethanol in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63319. [PMID: 23675478 PMCID: PMC3652870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse can lead to severe psychological and physiological damage. Little is known, however, about the relative impact of a small, daily dose of alcohol (daily-moderate schedule) versus a large, once per week dose (weekly-binge schedule). In this study, we examined the effect of each of these schedules on behavioural measures of anxiety in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult wild-type zebrafish were administered either 0.2% ethanol on a daily-moderate schedule or 1.4% ethanol on a weekly-binge schedule for a period of 21 days, and then tested for scototaxis (preference for darkness) during withdrawal. Compared to a control group with no alcohol exposure, the daily-moderate group spent significantly more time on the light side of the arena (indicative of decreased anxiety) on day two of withdrawal, but not day 9 of withdrawal. The weekly-binge group was not significantly different from the control group on either day of withdrawal and showed no preference for either the light or dark zones. Our results indicate that even a small dose of alcohol on a daily basis can cause significant, though reversible, changes in behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Holcombe
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam Howorko
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell A. Powell
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melike Schalomon
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor J. Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Grant MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kassing V, Engelmann J, Kurtz R. Monitoring of single-cell responses in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish with dextran-coupled calcium dyes delivered via local electroporation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62846. [PMID: 23667529 PMCID: PMC3647071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become one of the major animal models for in vivo examination of sensory and neuronal computation. Similar to Xenopus tadpoles neural activity in the optic tectum, the major region controlling visually guided behavior, can be examined in zebrafish larvae by optical imaging. Prerequisites of these approaches are usually the transparency of larvae up to a certain age and the use of two-photon microscopy. This principle of fluorescence excitation was necessary to suppress crosstalk between signals from individual neurons, which is a critical issue when using membrane-permeant dyes. This makes the equipment to study neuronal processing costly and limits the approach to the study of larvae. Thus there is lack of knowledge about the properties of neurons in the optic tectum of adult animals. We established a procedure to circumvent these problems, enabling in vivo calcium imaging in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish. Following local application of dextran-coupled dyes single-neuron activity of adult zebrafish can be monitored with conventional widefield microscopy, because dye labeling remains restricted to tens of neurons or less. Among the neurons characterized with our technique we found neurons that were selective for a certain pattern orientation as well as neurons that responded in a direction-selective way to visual motion. These findings are consistent with previous studies and indicate that the functional integrity of neuronal circuits in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish is preserved with our staining technique. Overall, our protocol for in vivo calcium imaging provides a useful approach to monitor visual responses of individual neurons in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish even when only widefield microscopy is available. This approach will help to obtain valuable insight into the principles of visual computation in adult vertebrates and thus complement previous work on developing visual circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kassing
- AG Active Sensing and Center of Excellence ‘Cognitive Interaction Technology’, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jacob Engelmann
- AG Active Sensing and Center of Excellence ‘Cognitive Interaction Technology’, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rafael Kurtz
- Department of Neurobiology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Janssens E, Gaublomme D, De Groef L, Darras VM, Arckens L, Delorme N, Claes F, Van Hove I, Moons L. Matrix metalloproteinase 14 in the zebrafish: an eye on retinal and retinotectal development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52915. [PMID: 23326364 PMCID: PMC3541391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of the metzincin superfamily of proteinases that cleave structural elements of the extracellular matrix and many molecules involved in signal transduction. Although there is evidence that MMPs promote the proper development of retinotectal projections, the nature and working mechanisms of specific MMPs in retinal development remain to be elucidated. Here, we report a role for zebrafish Mmp14a, one of the two zebrafish paralogs of human MMP14, in retinal neurogenesis and retinotectal development. RESULTS Whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical stainings for Mmp14a in developing zebrafish embryos reveal expression in the optic tectum, in the optic nerve and in defined retinal cell populations, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Furthermore, Mmp14a loss-of-function results in perturbed retinoblast cell cycle kinetics and consequently, in a delayed retinal neurogenesis, differentiation and lamination. These Mmp14a-dependent retinal defects lead to microphthalmia and a significantly reduced innervation of the optic tectum (OT) by RGC axons. Mmp14b, on the contrary, does not appear to alter retinal neurogenesis or OT innervation. As mammalian MMP14 is known to act as an efficient MMP2-activator, we also explored and found a functional link and a possible co-involvement of Mmp2 and Mmp14a in zebrafish retinotectal development. CONCLUSION Both the Mmp14a expression in the developing visual system and the Mmp14a loss-of-function phenotype illustrate a critical role for Mmp14a activity in retinal and retinotectal development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Microphthalmos/embryology
- Microphthalmos/genetics
- Microphthalmos/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian/cytology
- Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Retina/embryology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Els Janssens
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djoere Gaublomme
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M. Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Arckens
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Delorme
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Claes
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Van Hove
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Exploratory behaviour in the open field test adapted for larval zebrafish: impact of environmental complexity. Behav Processes 2012; 92:88-98. [PMID: 23123970 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel (standard) open field test adapted for larval zebrafish. We also developed and characterized a variant of the same assay consisting of a colour-enriched open field; this was used to assess the impact of environmental complexity on patterns of exploratory behaviours as well to determine natural colour preference/avoidance. We report the following main findings: (1) zebrafish larvae display characteristic patterns of exploratory behaviours in the standard open field, such as thigmotaxis/centre avoidance; (2) environmental complexity (i.e. presence of colours) differentially affects patterns of exploratory behaviours and greatly attenuates natural zone preference; (3) larvae displayed the ability to discriminate colours. As reported previously in adult zebrafish, larvae showed avoidance towards blue and black; however, in contrast to the reported adult behaviour, larvae displayed avoidance towards red. Avoidance towards yellow and preference for green and orange are shown for the first time, (4) compared to standard open field tests, exposure to the colour-enriched open field resulted in an enhanced expression of anxiety-like behaviours. To conclude, we not only developed and adapted a traditional rodent behavioural assay that serves as a gold standard in preclinical drug screening, but we also provide a version of the same test that affords the possibility to investigate the impact of environmental stress on behaviour in larval zebrafish while representing the first test for assessment of natural colour preference/avoidance in larval zebrafish. In the future, these assays will improve preclinical drug screening methodologies towards the goal to uncover novel drugs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
Collapse
|
18
|
Characterisation of neuronal and glial populations of the visual system during zebrafish lifespan. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:441-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|