Kiwifruit of Actinidia eriantha cv. Bidan has in vitro antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and splenocytes isolated from male BALB/c mice

Discovery and Functional Identification of 2,3-Oxidosqualene Cyclases and Cytochrome P450s in Triterpenoid Metabolic Pathways of Actinidia eriantha

Actinidia eriantha Benth, known as the "king of fruits", is rich in triterpenoid compounds, particularly ursane-type and oleanane-type triterpenic acids. These secondary metabolites have been widely applied in medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and other fields. To date, key enzyme genes involved in triterpenoid metabolic pathways in A. eriantha remain unexplored. This study employed transcriptome sequencing analysis combined with synthetic biology approaches involving heterologous expression in yeast to identify crucial genes responsible for the biosynthesis of triterpenoid components in A. eriantha: Two 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (AeOSC2 and AeOSC3) were characterized to catalyze the formation of major triterpene scaffolds, α-amyrin [precursor of ursolic acid (UA)], β-amyrin [precursor of oleanolic acid (OA)], and ψ-taraxasterol, and two cytochrome P450s (AeCYP716A8 and AeCYP716A9) mediating three-step oxidation at the C-28 position of ursane-type and oleanane-type triterpene scaffolds to form UA, OA, and intermediate oxidation products. We successfully reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of ursane- and oleanane-type triterpenoids from A. eriantha in a heterologous yeast host and elucidated the two-step enzymatic reactions involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis. These findings lay the foundation for further understanding the biosynthesis of key active components in A. eriantha.

A recent update on the connection between dietary phytochemicals and skin cancer: emerging understanding of the molecular mechanism

Constant exposure to harmful substances from both inside and outside the body can mess up the body's natural ways of keeping itself in balance. This can cause severe skin damage, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. However, plant-derived compounds found in fruits and vegetables have been shown to protect against skin cancer-causing free radicals and other harmful substances. It has been determined that these dietary phytochemicals are effective in preventing skin cancer and are widely available, inexpensive, and well-tolerated. Studies have shown that these phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic properties that can aid in the prevention of skin cancers. In addition, they influence crucial cellular processes such as angiogenesis and cell cycle control, which can halt the progression of skin cancer. The present paper discusses the benefits of specific dietary phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables, as well as the signaling pathways they regulate, the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of skin cancer, and their drawbacks.

Antioxidant, Antiglaucoma, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Effects of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Oil: Metabolite Profile Analysis Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS and GC-FID

Determining the antioxidant abilities and enzyme inhibition profiles of medicinally important plants and their oils is of great importance for a healthy life and the treatment of some common global diseases. Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) oil was examined and researched using several bioanalytical methods comprehensively for the first time in this research to determine its antioxidant, antiglaucoma, antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer's capabilities. Additionally, the kiwifruit oil inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and α-amylase, which are linked to a number of metabolic illnesses, were established. Furthermore, LC-HRMS analysis was used to assess the phenolic content of kiwifruit oil. It came to light that kiwifruit oil contained 26 different phenolic compounds. According to the LC-HRMS findings, kiwifruit oil is abundant in apigenin (74.24 mg/L oil), epigallocatechin (12.89 mg/L oil), caryophyllene oxide (12.89 mg/L oil), and luteolin (5.49 mg/L oil). In addition, GC-MS and GC-FID studies were used to ascertain the quantity and chemical composition of the essential oils contained in kiwifruit oil. Squalene (53.04%), linoleoyl chloride (20.28%), linoleic acid (2.67%), and palmitic acid (1.54%) were the most abundant compounds in kiwifruit oil. For radical scavenging activities of kiwifruit oil, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radicals scavenging techniques were examined. These methods effectively demonstrated the potent radical scavenging properties of kiwifruit oil (IC50: 48.55 μg/mL for DPPH•, and IC50: 77.00 μg/mL for ABTS•+ scavenging). Also, for reducing capabilities, iron (Fe3+), copper (Cu2+), and Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing abilities were studied. Moreover, kiwifruit oil showed a considerable inhibition effect towards hCA II (IC50: 505.83 μg/mL), AChE (IC50: 12.80 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC50: 421.02 μg/mL). The results revealed that the use of kiwifruit oil in a pharmaceutical procedure has very important effects due to its antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, antidiabetic, and antiglaucoma effects.

The phytochemical properties, pharmacological effects and traditional uses of Actinidia eriantha Benth.: A review

Actinidia eriantha Benth. (Called Maohuamihoutao in China) is a plant that has been utilized as a heat-clearing drug in She ethnic minority group for a long time in China. Specifically, it has been involved in the treatment of stomach cancer, colon cancer, cirrhosis with ascites, chronic hepatitis, leukemia, rectal prolapse, hernia and uterine prolapse. Pharmacological research provides partial evidence for the traditional use of A. eriantha and might have demonstrated the folk utilization of A. eriantha to combat many cancers. Crude extracts and relatively pure components of A. eriantha possess a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, immunoregulatory, anti-angiogenic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. In addition, over 104 chemical substances have been determined from A. eriantha, involving terpenoids, alcohols, phenolics, aldehydes, organic acids, flavonoids glycosides, ketones, and glucoside. The existing literature reveals that a large proportion of the therapeutic effects of A. eriantha were rendered by the polysaccharides. However, the mechanisms of action and the structure-function correlations of these compounds, as well as the synergistic and antagonistic effects between them, need to be investigated further. Therefore, we propose that future studies on A. eriantha should focus on comprehensively assessing its medicinal quality, exploring its multi-target nature using network pharmacology approaches, and evaluating its long-term toxicity and efficacy in vivo.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Antioxidants from 'Jinfeng' Kiwifruit

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is a nutrient-dense fruit abundant in vitamin C and phenolic compounds, and it exhibits strong antioxidant capacity. However, the antioxidants in 'Jinfeng' kiwifruit have seldom been extracted and analyzed, and the conditions for the extraction of kiwifruit antioxidants by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have seldom been investigated. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize UAE conditions to extract antioxidants from 'Jinfeng' kiwifruit. In addition, the antioxidant capacity, contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and the profiles of antioxidants were also analyzed. The results showed that the optimal UAE conditions included 68% ethanol, liquid/solid ratio at 20 mL/g, extraction time at 30 min, extraction temperature at 42 °C, and ultrasonic power at 420 W. Under these conditions, the ABTS value of kiwifruit was 70.38 ± 1.38 μM TE/g DW, which was 18.5% higher than that of the extract obtained by conventional solvent extraction. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 15.50 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g DW and 5.10 ± 0.09 mg CE/g DW, respectively. Moreover, 20 compounds were tentatively identified by UPLC-MS/MS, and the content of main compounds, such as procyanidin B2, neochlorogenic acid, and epicatechin, were determined by HPLC-DAD. This research revealed the profiles of antioxidant phytochemicals in 'Jinfeng' kiwifruit, which can be a good dietary source of natural antioxidants with potential health functions.

Kiwi fruit residues from industry processing: study for a maximum phenolic recovery yield

A response surface methodology was used to study the conditions for a maximum recovery of phenolics from processing kiwi fruit residues. Ethanolic extracts were prepared with different conditions of pH (2, 5, 10), temperature (30, 50 and 70 ºC) and time (10, 20, 30 min). Total phenolics, total flavonoids content and antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were determined. Samples from optimal extraction condition were injected HPLC-DAD system to access the phenolic profile and content. The best extraction conditions were pH solvent of 2, 70 ºC of temperature and 20 min of extraction. Ten phenolics were identified: caffeic acid and its derivatives, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin), rutin and quercitrin. These phenolics often reported as having important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging and anticancer activities, turn this residues and excellent source of bioactive compounds to be used in agro-food, cosmetics or phytochemical industries.

Phenolic Profiles of Hardy Kiwifruits and Their Neuroprotective Effects on PC-12 and SH-SY5Y Cells against Oxidative Stress

Hardy kiwifruits (Actinidia arguta Planch.) have high amounts of antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and phenolics. The anti-cholinesterase activity and neuroprotective effects of three different cultivars of hardy kiwifruits, cv. Mansu (A. arguta × A. deliciosa), cv. Haeyeon (A. arguta), and cv. Chiak (A. arguta), on PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated. Extraction of phenolics and vitamin C was carried out using 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol and metaphosphoric acid assisted with homogenization, respectively. Hardy kiwifruit of cv. Mansu showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, and vitamin C contents and antioxidant capacity compared to the other tw°Cultivars of hardy kiwifruits, cv. Haeyeon and cv. Chiak. Analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography results revealed the presence of procyanidin B2, (?)-epicatechin, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and astragalin in hardy kiwifruits. The three cultivars of hardy kiwifruits had a wide range of vitamin C content of 55.2?130.0 mg/100 g fresh weight. All three cultivars of hardy kiwifruits had protective effects on neuronal PC-12 and SHSY5Y cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide by increasing cell viability and reducing intracellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, the hardy kiwifruits inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Collectively, these results suggest that hardy kiwifruits rich in antioxidants like phenolics and vitamin C have good potential as functional materials in neuroprotective applications.