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Omidi F, Shahbazi S, Reiisi S, Azhdari S, Karimzadeh MR. Glycyrrhizic acid enhances the anticancer activity of cisplatin in the human ovarian cancer cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105687. [PMID: 37659683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GL) on the anticancer activity of cisplatin in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Cultured A2780 cells were treated with different concentrations of GL and cisplatin individually and in combination. The MTT assay, flow cytometry, wound-healing, and clonogenic assay, were used to determine cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and colony formation, respectively. The effects on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were also evaluated. QPCR was used to study the effects of individual and combined treatments with GL and cisplatin on the expression levels of migration genes (MMP2 and MMP9), and some apoptosis pathway genes (caspase-3, -8, -9, and BCL2). A synergistic effect was observed between GL and cisplatin (CI < 1). Combination therapy was significantly more effective in reducing cell viability, suppressing migration and colony formation, inducing apoptosis, and altering gene expression compared to single therapies. GL significantly increased SOD activity. The relative expression of caspase -3, -8, and - 9 increased significantly, and the expression levels of MMP2 and MMP9 decreased significantly in the treated cells. Our results indicate that GL enhances the anticancer activity of cisplatin in the A2780 cell line. Therefore, the combination of GL and cisplatin can be proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Omidi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Shahbazi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Somayeh Reiisi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sara Azhdari
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
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2
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Petrosyan H, Nigaryan A, Hovhannisyan H, Soloyan A, Vardapetyan V, Martiryan A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity and heavy metals content in licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) growing wild in Armenia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22442. [PMID: 38045204 PMCID: PMC10689948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, for the first time an analysis of the metal content in extracts obtained from licorice roots grown in the forests of five different regions in Armenia was conducted. Our findings indicated that the concentrations of metals in the extracts did not exceed the permissible limits set by regulatory standards. Furthermore, we investigated the quantitative composition of flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins in the licorice roots, which had not been previously studied. Our results revealed that the composition of these substances is significantly influenced by the soil characteristics of the region. To assess the antioxidant properties of the licorice extract, we employed the approach known as the kinetics of competitive reaction method. Our study successfully demonstrated that the extract derived from the roots of the licorice plant, collected from all five regions under study, exhibited notable antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.R. Petrosyan
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Street, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A.A. Nigaryan
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Street, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H.A. Hovhannisyan
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Street, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A.M. Soloyan
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Street, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V.V. Vardapetyan
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Street, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A.I. Martiryan
- Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Street, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
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3
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Zhang Y, Sheng Z, Xiao J, Li Y, Huang J, Jia J, Zeng X, Li L. Advances in the roles of glycyrrhizic acid in cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1265172. [PMID: 37649893 PMCID: PMC10463042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1265172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first 70 years of reporting cancer chemotherapy, malignant tumors have been the second most common cause of death in children and adults. Currently, the commonly used anti-cancer methods include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Although these treatment methods could alleviate cancer, they lead to different forms of side effects and have no particularly significant effect on prolonging the patients' life span. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL), a native Chinese herbal extract, has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulation. In this review, the anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of GL are summarized in various cancers. The inhibition of GL on chemotherapy-induced side effects, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity, is highlighted. Therefore, GL may be a promising and ideal drug for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhang
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zixuan Sheng
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jinjing Jia
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiansi Zeng
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
| | - Li Li
- Research Center of Neuroscience, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, China
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Leite CDS, Bonafé GA, Pires OC, dos Santos TW, Pereira GP, Pereira JA, Rocha T, Martinez CAR, Ortega MM, Ribeiro ML. Dipotassium Glycyrrhizininate Improves Skin Wound Healing by Modulating Inflammatory Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043839. [PMID: 36835248 PMCID: PMC9965141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is characterized by a systemic and complex process of cellular and molecular activities. Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate (DPG), a side product derived from glycyrrhizic acid, has several biological effects, such as being antiallergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, gastroprotective, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of topical DPG on the healing of cutaneous wounds by secondary intention in an in vivo experimental model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and were randomly divided into six groups of four. Circular excisions were performed and topically treated for 14 days after wound induction. Macroscopic and histopathological analyses were performed. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time qPCR. Our results showed that treatment with DPG caused a decrease in the inflammatory exudate as well as an absence of active hyperemia. Increases in granulation tissue, tissue reepithelization, and total collagen were also observed. Furthermore, DPG treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α, Cox-2, Il-8, Irak-2, Nf-kB, and Il-1) while increasing the expression of Il-10, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects across all three treatment periods. Based on our results, we conclude that DPG attenuates the inflammatory process by promoting skin wound healing through the modulation of distinct mechanisms and signaling pathways, including anti-inflammatory ones. This involves modulation of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression; promotion of new granulation tissue; angiogenesis; and tissue re-epithelialization, all of which contribute to tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila dos Santos Leite
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Alves Bonafé
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Oscar César Pires
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Taubaté University (UNITAU), Taubaté, São Paulo 12030-180, Brazil
| | - Tanila Wood dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Pacciulli Pereira
- Department of Surgery and Proctology, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - José Aires Pereira
- Department of Surgery and Proctology, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05014-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Real Martinez
- Department of Surgery and Proctology, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University Medical School (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Cui J, Wang X, Li J, Zhu A, Du Y, Zeng W, Guo Y, Di L, Wang R. Immune Exosomes Loading Self-Assembled Nanomicelles Traverse the Blood-Brain Barrier for Chemo-immunotherapy against Glioblastoma. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1464-1484. [PMID: 36626296 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective drug delivery and prevention of postoperative recurrence are significant challenges for current glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. Poor drug delivery is mainly due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and postoperative recurrence is primarily due to the resistance of GBM cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, a biomimetic nanodrug delivery platform based on endogenous exosomes that could efficiently target the brain without targeting modifications and co-deliver pure drug nanomicelles and immune adjuvants for safe and efficient chemo-immunotherapy against GBM is prepared. Inspired by the self-assembly technology of small molecules, tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) and glycyrrhizic acid (GL), which are the inhibitors of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), self-assembled to form TanIIA-GL nanomicelles (TGM). Endogenous serum exosomes are selected to coat the pure drug nanomicelles, and the CpG oligonucleotides, agonists of Toll-like receptor 9, are anchored on the exosome membrane to obtain immune exosomes loaded with TCM self-assembled nanomicelles (CpG-EXO/TGM). Our results demonstrate that CpG-EXO/TGM can bind free transferrin in blood, prolong blood circulation, and maintain intact structures when traversing the BBB and targeting GBM cells. In the GBM microenvironment, the strong anti-GBM effect of CpG-EXO/TGM is mainly attributed to two factors: (i) highly efficient uptake by GBM cells and sufficient intracellular release of drugs to induce apoptosis and (ii) stimulation of dendritic cell maturation and induction of tumor-associated macrophages polarization by CpG oligonucleotides to generate anti-GBM immune responses. Further research found that CpG-EXO/TGM can not only produce better efficacy in combination with temozolomide but also prevent a postoperative recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jinge Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Anran Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yingjiang Du
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yumiao Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
| | - Ruoning Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing210023, China
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6
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Khan SF, Shetty B, Fazal I, Khan AM, Mir FM, Moothedath M, Reshma VJ, Muhamood M. Licorice as a herbal extract in periodontal therapy. Drug Target Insights 2023; 17:70-77. [PMID: 37288311 PMCID: PMC10243202 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2023.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is caused by specific pathogens which results in inflammation of the tooth-supporting structures and subsequently causes the continued breakdown of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a perennial herb with substantial medicinal value. Licorice extract is derived from dried, unpeeled stolons and roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra. The bioactive ingredients in licorice extract such as glycyrrhizin, licoricidin, glabridin, licochalcone A, and licorisoflavan A have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-adherence effects that are beneficial against periodontal disease. Since periodontal disease has a complex etiology that includes the host response and microorganisms, licorice phytochemicals offer a therapeutic advantage due to their dual functionality. The aim of this review was to enumerate the bioactive compounds present in herbal licorice extract and to elucidate the beneficial effects of licorice and its derivatives in periodontal therapy. Literature review and clinical trials evaluating the effect of licorice on periodontopathogens and periodontal disease are included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Fatima Khan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - India
| | - Bhavya Shetty
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - India
| | - Ibrahim Fazal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - India
| | - Asim Mustafa Khan
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheem Muzaffar Mir
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhamood Moothedath
- Department of Oral and Dental Health, College of Applied Health Sciences in Arrass, Qassim University, Buraidah - Saudi Arabia
| | - V J Reshma
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhaseena Muhamood
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
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Khan SF, Shetty B, Fazal I, Khan AM, Mir FM, Moothedath M, Reshma VJ, Muhamood M. Licorice as a herbal extract in periodontal therapy. Drug Target Insights 2023; 17:70-77. [PMID: 37288311 PMCID: PMC10243202 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2022.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is caused by specific pathogens which results in inflammation of the tooth-supporting structures and subsequently causes the continued breakdown of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a perennial herb with substantial medicinal value. Licorice extract is derived from dried, unpeeled stolons and roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and G. glabra. The bioactive ingredients in licorice extract such as glycyrrhizin, licoricidin, glabridin, licochalcone A, and licorisoflavan A have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-adherence effects that are beneficial against periodontal disease. Since periodontal disease has a complex etiology that includes the host response and microorganisms, licorice phytochemicals offer a therapeutic advantage due to their dual functionality. The aim of this review was to enumerate the bioactive compounds present in herbal licorice extract and to elucidate the beneficial effects of licorice and its derivatives in periodontal therapy. Literature review and clinical trials evaluating the effect of licorice on periodontopathogens and periodontal disease are included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Fatima Khan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - India
| | - Bhavya Shetty
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - India
| | - Ibrahim Fazal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - India
| | - Asim Mustafa Khan
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheem Muzaffar Mir
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhamood Moothedath
- Department of Oral and Dental Health, College of Applied Health Sciences in Arrass, Qassim University, Buraidah - Saudi Arabia
| | - V J Reshma
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhaseena Muhamood
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam - Saudi Arabia
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You T, Tang J, Yin S, Jia G, Liu G, Tian G, Chen X, Cai J, Kang B, Zhao H. Effect of dietary licorice flavonoids powder on performance, intestinal immunity and health of weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:147-156. [PMID: 35247278 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Licorice flavonoids, a bioactive substance derived from glycyrrhiza, have been reported for many pharmacological properties and are beneficial to animal health. This study aimed to explore the effects of licorice flavonoids powder (LFP) on growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. A total of 96 weaned piglets were randomly assigned into four treatments and supplemented with 0, 50, 150 and 250 mg/kg LFP for 5 weeks. Dietary LFP supplementation tended to increase (p = 0.068) average daily gain (ADG) and reduce (p = 0.089) the feed intake/body gain (F/G) of piglets than that of the control group during 15-35 days; and concentrations of LFP supplementation reduced (p < 0.01) diarrhoea index during 14-35 days and 0-35 days. Piglets fed on diets supplied with LFP had a lower (p < 0.05) pH in caecum and colon. Dietary LFP supplementation increased (p < 0.01) the villi height and the ratio of villi height/crypt depth in duodenum, and reduced (p < 0.05) crypt depth in duodenum. Compared with the control group, 250 mg/kg LFP supplementation up-regulated (p < 0.05) the mRNA level of occludin (OCLN) in ileum. Meanwhile, dietary LFP supplementation down-regulated (p < 0.05) mRNA abundance of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and induced nitrogen monoxide synthase (INOS) in duodenum. Dietary 150 mg/kg LFP supplementation down-regulated (p < 0.05) mRNA abundance of IL-1β and 250 mg/kg LFP up-regulated (p < 0.05) the expression of IL-10 in ileum. In summary, dietary LFP supplementation has a trend to improve the performance of weaning piglets, those improvements are accompanied by reduction in diarrhoea, enhancement of intestinal morphological structure, barrier function, immune function, and development. In general, 150 mg/kg LFP supplementation is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting You
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Shenggang Yin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, China
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)-Derived Compounds in Intestinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084121. [PMID: 35456938 PMCID: PMC9025446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colorectal cancer (CRC), are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Epidemiological data have shown that IBD patients are at an increased risk for the development of CRC. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. Therefore, the discovery of novel drugs for the treatment of intestinal diseases is urgently needed. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been largely used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Licorice and its derived compounds possess antiallergic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. These pharmacological properties aid in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological potential of bioactive compounds derived from Licorice and addresses their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discuss how the mechanisms of action in these compounds can influence their effectiveness and lead to therapeutic effects on intestinal disorders.
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Cui J, Xu Y, Tu H, Zhao H, Wang H, Di L, Wang R. Gather wisdom to overcome barriers: Well-designed nano-drug delivery systems for treating gliomas. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1100-1125. [PMID: 35530155 PMCID: PMC9069319 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the special physiological and pathological characteristics of gliomas, most therapeutic drugs are prevented from entering the brain. To improve the poor prognosis of existing therapies, researchers have been continuously developing non-invasive methods to overcome barriers to gliomas therapy. Although these strategies can be used clinically to overcome the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), the accurate delivery of drugs to the glioma lesions cannot be ensured. Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) have been widely used for precise drug delivery. In recent years, researchers have gathered their wisdom to overcome barriers, so many well-designed NDDS have performed prominently in preclinical studies. These meticulous designs mainly include cascade passing through BBB and targeting to glioma lesions, drug release in response to the glioma microenvironment, biomimetic delivery systems based on endogenous cells/extracellular vesicles/protein, and carriers created according to the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines. We reviewed these well-designed NDDS in detail. Furthermore, we discussed the current ongoing and completed clinical trials of NDDS for gliomas therapy, and analyzed the challenges and trends faced by clinical translation of these well-designed NDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haiyan Tu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huacong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Honglan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruoning Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology, Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System, Nanjing 210023, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 15852937869.
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12
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Bonafé GA, Boschiero MN, Sodré AR, Ziegler JV, Rocha T, Ortega MM. Natural Plant Compounds: Does Caffeine, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate, Curcumin, and Euphol Play Roles as Antitumoral Compounds in Glioblastoma Cell Lines? Front Neurol 2022; 12:784330. [PMID: 35300350 PMCID: PMC8923017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.784330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant-derived compounds are shown to be promising antitumor therapeutic agents by enhancing apoptosis-related pathways and cell cycle impairment in tumor cells, including glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. We aimed to review four natural plant compounds effective in GBM cell lines as caffeine, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DPG), curcumin, and euphol. Furthermore, antitumoral effect of these plant compounds on GBM cell lines through microRNAs (miRs) modulation was investigated. However, only DPG and curcumin were found as effective on miR modulation. Caffeine arrests GBM cell cycle in G0/G1 phase by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) complex inhibition and by decreasing BCL-2 and increasing FOXO1 expression levels causing greater apoptotic activity. Caffeine can also directly inhibit IP3R3, p38 phosphorylation, and rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), decreasing cell invasion and migration capacity or indirectly by inhibiting the tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and integrins β1 and β3, leading to lower matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. DPG presents antitumoral effect in GBM cells related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway suppression by IRAK2 and TRAF6-mediating miR-16 and miR-146a, respectively. More recently, it was observed that DPG upregulated miR-4443 and miR-3620, responsible for post-transcriptional inhibition of the NF-κB pathway by CD209 and TNC modulation, respectively leading to lower MMP-9 and migration capacity. Curcumin is able to increase miR-223-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-30c-5p, and miR-1290 expression leading to serine or threonine kinase (AKT) pathway impairment and also it decreases miR-27a-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-125b-5p, and miR-151-3p expression causing p53-BCL2 pathway inhibition and consequently, cellular apoptosis. Interestingly, lower expression of miR-27a by curcumin action enhanced the C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP) expression, leading to paraptosis. Curcumin can inhibit miR-21 expression and consequently activate apoptosis through caspase 3 and death receptor (DR) 4 and 5 activation. Autophagy is controlled by the LC-3 protein that interacts with Atg family for the LC3-II formation and autophagy activation. Euphol can enhance LC3-II levels directly in GBM cells or inhibits tumor invasion and migration through PDK1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alves Bonafé
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Negri Boschiero
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues Sodré
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thalita Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Manoela Marques Ortega
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13
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Jain R, Hussein MA, Pierce S, Martens C, Shahagadkar P, Munirathinam G. Oncopreventive and oncotherapeutic potential of licorice triterpenoid compound glycyrrhizin and its derivatives: Molecular insights. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106138. [PMID: 35192957 PMCID: PMC8857760 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a well-known natural herb used to treat different ailments since ancient times. Glycyrrhizin (GL), which is the primary triterpenoid compound of licorice extract, has been known to have broad-spectrum pharmacological effects. GL is cleaved into glucuronide and the aglycone, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which exists in two stereoisomeric forms: 18α- and 18β-GA. It is well documented that GL and GA have great potential as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agents. Studies undertaken during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic suggest that GL is effective at inhibiting the viral replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The anticancer effects of GL and GA involve modulating various signaling pathways, such as the phosphatase and tensin homolog/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the mammalian target of rapamycin/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which are mainly involved in regulating cancer cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The potential of GL and GA in preventing cancer development and suppressing the growth and invasion of different cancer types has been reviewed in this paper. This review also provides molecular insights on the mechanism of action for the oncopreventive and oncotherapeutic effects of GL and its derivative, GA, which could help develop more specific forms of these agents for clinical use.
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14
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Zhang QH, Huang HZ, Qiu M, Wu ZF, Xin ZC, Cai XF, Shang Q, Lin JZ, Zhang DK, Han L. Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Effects, and Molecular Mechanisms of Licorice in Potential Therapy of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719758. [PMID: 34899289 PMCID: PMC8661450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global challenge, and although vaccines have been developed, it is expected that mild to moderate patients will control their symptoms, especially in developing countries. Licorice, not only a food additive, but also a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has several pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, detoxification, antibacterial, antitussive, and immunomodulatory effects, especially in respiratory diseases. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizin diamine and glycyrrhizin extract have been widely studied and used in COVID-19 clinical trials. Therefore, it is a very interesting topic to explore the material basis, pharmacological characteristics and molecular mechanism of licorice in adjuvant treatment of COVID-19. In this paper, the material basis of licorice for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is deeply analyzed, and there are significant differences among different components in different pharmacological mechanisms. Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators by blocking the binding of ACE 2 to virus spike protein, and exert antiviral and antibacterial effects. Immune cells are stimulated by multiple targets and pathways to interfere with the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Liquiritin can prevent and cure COVID-19 by simulating type I interferon. It is suggested that licorice can exert its therapeutic advantage through multi-components and multi-targets. To sum up, licorice has the potential to adjuvant prevent and treat COVID-19. It not only plays a significant role in anti-inflammation and anti-ACE-2, but also significantly improves the clinical symptoms of fever, dry cough and shortness of breath, suggesting that licorice is expected to be a candidate drug for adjuvant treatment of patients with early / mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Wu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhan-Chang Xin
- Gansu Qilian Mountain Pharmaceutical Limited Liability Company, Jiuquan, China
| | - Xin-Fu Cai
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pengzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shang
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pengzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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15
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Hussain H, Ali I, Wang D, Hakkim FL, Westermann B, Ahmed I, Ashour AM, Khan A, Hussain A, Green IR, Shah STA. Glycyrrhetinic acid: a promising scaffold for the discovery of anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1497-1516. [PMID: 34294017 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1956901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes named glycyrrhetinic acids (GAs) featuring a C-30 carboxylic acid group, are extracted from the licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). Numerous biological properties of GA have been reported and have attracted researchers from all over the world in recent years due to the peculiar GA scaffold-based semisynthetic cytotoxic effects. AREAS COVERED This review represents the applications of semisynthetic derivatives of GA for the development of future cancer treatments. Included in the review are important structural features of the semisynthetic GAs crucial for cytotoxic effects. EXPERT OPINION Numerous semisynthetic GA derivatives illustrated excellent cytotoxic effects toward various cancer cells. Notably the C-3(OH) at ring A along with C30-CO2H at ring E as vital structural features, make GA very appealing as a lead scaffold for medicinal chemistry, since these two groups permit the creation of further chemical diversity geared toward improved cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, numerous GA derivatives have been synthesized and indicate that compounds featuring cyanoenone moieties in ring A, or compounds having the amino group or nitrogen comprising heterocycles and hybrids thereof, illustrate more potent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GA has a great capability to be conjugated with other anticancer molecules to synergistically enhance their combined cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Daijie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | | | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
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16
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Yang R, Hong Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Shen L, Feng Y. The embodiment of the strategy of “using active chemicals as excipients” in compound preparation. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Gao XY, Zang J, Zheng MH, Zhang YF, Yue KY, Cao XL, Cao Y, Li XX, Han H, Jiang XF, Liang L. Temozolomide Treatment Induces HMGB1 to Promote the Formation of Glioma Stem Cells via the TLR2/NEAT1/Wnt Pathway in Glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620883. [PMID: 33614649 PMCID: PMC7891666 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of glioma stem cells (GSCs) is considered as one of the main reasons of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioma patients. Recent studies have shown that tumor microenvironment-derived signals could promote GSCs formation. But the critical molecule and underlying mechanism for GSCs formation after TMZ treatment is not entirely identified. Our study showed that TMZ treatment promoted GSCs formation by glioma cells; TMZ treatment of biopsy-derived glioblastoma multiforme cells upregulated HMGB1; HMGB1 altered gene expression profile of glioma cells with respect to mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA. Furthermore, our results showed that TMZ-induced HMGB1 increased the formation of GSCs and when HMGB1 was downregulated, TMZ-mediated GSCs formation was attenuated. Finally, we showed that the effect of HMGB1 on glioma cells was mediated by TLR2, which activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote GSCs. Mechanistically, we found that HMGB1 upregulated NEAT1, which was responsible for Wnt/β-catenin activation. In conclusion, TMZ treatment upregulates HMGB1, which promotes the formation of GSCs via the TLR2/NEAT1/Wnt pathway. Blocking HMGB1-mediated GSCs formation could serve as a potential therapeutic target for preventing TMZ resistance in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang-Yi Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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18
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Vartholomatos E, Vartholomatos G, Alexiou GA, Markopoulos GS. The Past, Present and Future of Flow Cytometry in Central Nervous System Malignancies. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4010011. [PMID: 33530325 PMCID: PMC7839046 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system malignancies (CNSMs) are categorized among the most aggressive and deadly types of cancer. The low median survival in patients with CNSMs is partly explained by the objective difficulties of brain surgeries as well as by the acquired chemoresistance of CNSM cells. Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. In the current review, we summarize the Flow Cytometry methodologies that have been used to study different phenotypic aspects of CNSMs. These include DNA content analysis for the determination of malignancy status and phenotypic characterization, as well as the methodologies used during the development of novel therapeutic agents. We conclude with the historical and current utility of Flow Cytometry in the field, and we propose how we can exploit current and possible future methodologies in the battle against this dreadful type of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrysthenis Vartholomatos
- Faculty of Medicine, Neurosurgical Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.V.); (G.A.A.)
| | - George Vartholomatos
- Haematology Laboratory-Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - George A. Alexiou
- Faculty of Medicine, Neurosurgical Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.V.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios S. Markopoulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Neurosurgical Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (E.V.); (G.A.A.)
- Haematology Laboratory-Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Chen K, Yang R, Shen FQ, Zhu HL. Advances in Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Glycyrrhizic Acid. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6219-6243. [PMID: 31612817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666191011115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is widely regarded as an important medicinal plant and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic properties. Studies have shown that metabolites isolated from licorice have many pharmacological activities, such as antiinflammatory, anti-viral, participation in immune regulation, anti-tumor and other activities. This article gives an overview of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of licorice metabolites and the adverse reactions that need attention. This review helps to further investigate the possibility of licorice as a potential drug for various diseases. It is hoped that this review can provide a relevant theoretical basis for relevant scholars' research and their own learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Qian Shen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Zhang J, Li X, Huang L. Anticancer activities of phytoconstituents and their liposomal targeting strategies against tumor cells and the microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:245-273. [PMID: 32473991 PMCID: PMC7704676 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various bioactive ingredients have been extracted from Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) that affect tumor progression and metastasis. To further understand the mechanisms of CHMs in cancer therapy, this article summarizes the effects of five categories of CHMs and their active ingredients on tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Despite their treatment potential, the undesirable physicochemical properties (poor permeability, instability, high hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, toxicity) and unwanted pharmacokinetic profiles (short half-life in blood and low bioavailability) restrict clinical studies of CHMs. Therefore, development of liposomes through relevant surface modifying techniques to achieve targeted CHM delivery for cancer cells, i.e., extracellular and intracellular targets and targets in tumor microenvironment or vasculature, have been reviewed. Current challenges of liposomal targeting of these phytoconstituents and future perspective of CHM applications are discussed to provide an informative reference for interested readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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21
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Wang H, Ge X, Qu H, Wang N, Zhou J, Xu W, Xie J, Zhou Y, Shi L, Qin Z, Jiang Z, Yin W, Xia J. Glycyrrhizic Acid Inhibits Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:2853-2861. [PMID: 32425599 PMCID: PMC7187946 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s244481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is the main active ingredient extracted from Chinese herb licorice root, and it shows anti-tumor effects in many cancer types, while its role in gastric cancer (GC) is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of GA on GC cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods The anti-proliferation effect of GA on GC cells was assessed by CCK-8, colony formation, and EdU assay. The effects of GA on cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometer. Western blotting was performed to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results Our results showed that GA had a time- and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation of GC cells. Flow cytometer analysis demonstrated that GA would lead to G1/S-phase arrest and apoptosis. GA treatment down-regulated the levels of G1 phase-related proteins, including cyclin D1, D2, D3, E1, and E2. In terms of apoptosis, GA treatment up-regulated the levels of Bax, cleaved PARP, and pro-caspase-3, -8, -9, but did not influence their cleavage patterns. The expression of Bcl-2, survivin and p65 was attenuated after treatment. Besides, GA would down-regulate the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusion This study focused on inhibitory effect of GA on GC cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Several important cyclins- and apoptosis-related proteins were involved in the regulation of GA to GC cells, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT were attenuated. The results of this study indicated that GA is a potential and promising anti-cancer drug for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Ge
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiheng Qu
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongke Qin
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Yin
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery and Translational Medicine Center, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Clinical College Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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22
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Liu W, Huang S, Li Y, Zheng X, Zhang K. Synergistic effect of tolfenamic acid and glycyrrhizic acid on TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1819-1827. [PMID: 31814955 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (TA) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) are well-known components with anti-inflammatory properties. However, their combined effects on inflammation have not been well studied. The present study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of TA combined with GA using a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model, as well as the underlying mechanisms thereof. The results indicated that TA combined with GA led to a stronger inhibition on TPA-induced mouse ear edema compared to the singular treatments. In addition, the combined treatment significantly alleviated subcutaneous tissue inflammation caused by TPA. Further mechanistic investigations demonstrated that TA combined with GA decreased the levels of TPA-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, the combined treatment effectively inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphor-ERK1/2 and phosphor-JNK, which was accompanied by blocking of the activation and the phosphorylation in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. Collectively, our findings revealed that different anti-inflammatory components used in combination lead to enhanced inhibitory effects against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China.,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen) , China
| | - Shun Huang
- Nanfang PET Center , Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510515 , China .
| | - Yonglian Li
- Guangdong Industry Polytechnic , Guangzhou , 510300 , China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research , Department of Chemical Biology , Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , NJ 08854 , USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
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23
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Bonafé GA, Dos Santos JS, Ziegler JV, Umezawa K, Ribeiro ML, Rocha T, Ortega MM. Growth Inhibitory Effects of Dipotassium Glycyrrhizinate in Glioblastoma Cell Lines by Targeting MicroRNAs Through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:216. [PMID: 31191251 PMCID: PMC6546822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) is constitutively activated in glioblastoma (GBM), suggesting that the pathway could be a therapeutic target. Glycyrrhetic acid (GA), a compound isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), has been shown to decrease cell viability and increases apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by NF-κB signaling pathway suppression. Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DPG), a dipotassium salt of GA, has anti-inflammatory properties without toxicity. The current study examined the effectiveness of DPG as an anti-tumor in U87MG and T98G GBM cell lines. Additionally, we assessed DPG as a candidate for combinational therapy in GBM with temozolomide (TMZ). Our results demonstrated that the viability of U87MG and T98G cells significantly decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after DPG treatment, and the apoptotic ratio of DPG-treated groups was significantly higher than that of control groups. In addition, DPG in combination with TMZ revealed synergistic effects. Furthermore, the expression of NF-κB-luciferase-reporter in transfected GBM cell lines was remarkably reduced after DPG exposure by up-regulating miR16 and miR146a, which down-regulate its target genes, IRAK2 and TRAF6. A reduced neuro-sphere formation was also observed after DPG in both GBM cells. In conclusion, DPG presented anti-tumoral effect on GBM cell lines through a decrease on proliferation and an increase on apoptosis. In addition, our data also suggest that DPG anti-tumoral effect is related to NF-κB suppression, where IRAK2- and TRAF6-mediating miR16 and miR146a, respectively, might be a potential therapeutic target of DPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alves Bonafé
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Jussara Vaz Ziegler
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade São Francisco (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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24
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Bentz GL, Lowrey AJ, Horne DC, Nguyen V, Satterfield AR, Ross TD, Harrod AE, Uchakina ON, McKallip RJ. Using glycyrrhizic acid to target sumoylation processes during Epstein-Barr virus latency. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217578. [PMID: 31125383 PMCID: PMC6534330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular sumoylation processes are proposed targets for anti-viral and anti-cancer therapies. We reported that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) dysregulates cellular sumoylation processes, contributing to its oncogenic potential in EBV-associated malignancies. Ginkgolic acid and anacardic acid, known inhibitors of sumoylation, inhibit LMP1-induced protein sumoylation; however, both drugs have adverse effects in hosts. Here we test the effects of glycyrrhizic acid, a medicinal botanical extract with anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-viral properties, on cellular sumoylation processes. While glycyrrhizic acid is known to inhibit EBV penetration, its affect on cellular sumoylation processes remains to be documented. We hypothesized that glycyrrhizic acid inhibits cellular sumoylation processes and may be a viable treatment for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies. Results showed that glycyrrhizic acid inhibited sumoylation processes (without affecting ubiquitination processes), limited cell growth, and induced apoptosis in multiple cell lines. Similar to ginkgolic acid; glycyrrhizic acid targeted the first step of the sumoylation process and resulted in low levels of spontaneous EBV reactivation. Glycyrrhizic acid did not affect induced reactivation of the virus, but the presence of the extract did reduce the ability of the produced virus to infect additional cells. Therefore, we propose that glycyrrhizic acid may be a potential therapeutic drug to augment the treatment of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L. Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela J. Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dustin C. Horne
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Austin R. Satterfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tabithia D. Ross
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abigail E. Harrod
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Olga N. Uchakina
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. McKallip
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
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25
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Liu W, Huang S, Li Y, Li Y, Li D, Wu P, Wang Q, Zheng X, Zhang K. Glycyrrhizic acid from licorice down-regulates inflammatory responses via blocking MAPK and PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB signalling pathways in TPA-induced skin inflammation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1502-1510. [PMID: 30288224 PMCID: PMC6148683 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizinic acid (GA), a principal component derived from licorice which is used extensively as a natural sweetener and traditional folk herbal medicine, is attracting considerable attention because of its broad range of bioactivities. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of GA on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated skin inflammation has not been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of GA by using a TPA-induced mouse ear model. It was indicated that GA, applied topically onto mouse ears, effectively inhibited the TPA-mediated expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that GA down-regulated the expressions of IκBα and p65 and blocked the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 in TPA-induced mouse skin. Moreover, GA significantly inhibited the TPA-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, which are upstream of nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB). Taken together, these results indicated that GA, being of natural origin, may be a potential agent for preventing inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China . ;
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen) , China
| | - Shun Huang
- Nanfang PET Center , Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510515 , China
| | - Yonglian Li
- Guangdong Industry Polytechnic , Guangzhou , 510300 , China
| | - Yanwen Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China . ;
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China . ;
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China . ;
| | - Quanshi Wang
- Nanfang PET Center , Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510515 , China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China . ;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research , Department of Chemical Biology , Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , NJ 08854 , USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China . ;
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26
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Efficacy and Safety of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F on Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:2623085. [PMID: 29849698 PMCID: PMC5937555 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2623085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune-mediated skin disease that is characterized by persistent localized erythematous scaly plaque. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF), a well-known Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries in China to treat immune diseases, inflammation, and tumor, is accompanied by a degree of toxic effects. Its clinical efficacy and safety on psoriasis are incompletely understood. Aim To summarize evidence concerning the efficacy and safety of TwHF in treating psoriasis. Methods. EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang, and VIP database were searched up to October 2017. The included literature was assessed and extracted by two independent reviewers. To enhance the available evidence, a systematic review was performed to examine all relevant published literature relating to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TwHF. Relative ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and a meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.3 software. Results Twenty eligible RCTs with 1872 participants were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The meta-analysis of add-on effect of TwHF conferred benefit for psoriasis: combination treatment with compound glycyrrhizin (four studies, OR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.22-0.52, P < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), combination treatment with acitretin (three studies, OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.10-0.63, P = 0.003, I2 = 50%), and combination treatment with compound amino-polypeptide tablet (three studies, OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.22-0.63, P = 0.0002, I2 = 0%). Conclusions Despite several mild side effects of TwHF, there is evidence that TwHF is an effective therapy for psoriasis. However, the conclusions are limited by the small number of included trials. More well-designed RCTs with extensive follow-up periods are warranted to clarify the effects and safety of TwHF in treating psoriasis. Trial Registration This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42016041363).
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27
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Hussain H, Green IR, Shamraiz U, Saleem M, Badshah A, Abbas G, Rehman NU, Irshad M. Therapeutic potential of glycyrrhetinic acids: a patent review (2010-2017). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:383-398. [PMID: 29558289 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1455828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycyrrhetinic acids (GAs) viz., 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid, are oleanane-type triterpenes having a carboxylic acid group at C-30, and are extracted from the Chines herbal medicine licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). Although the pharmacological properties of GAs have long been known, attention to them has greatly increased in recent times due to their cytotoxic activity. AREAS COVERED This review represents the patents granted about natural and synthetic glycyrrhetinic acid analogs from January 2010 to December 2017, the advances made by research groups in conjunction with pharmaceutical companies in the discovery of new natural or synthetic glycyrrhetinic acid analogs. EXPERT OPINION GAs demonstrate excellent cytotoxic, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antiviral effects. It is interesting to note that the C-3(OH) and C30-CO2H functional groups make GAs very attractive lead structures for medicinal scientists since these functionalities allow the generation of further chemical diversity for improved pharmacological effects. Moreover, various GA analogues have been prepared via modification of the C30-CO2H. It is noteworthy that the C-30 amide of GA demonstrated better cytotoxic effects compared to the parent compounds. In addition, GAs have the capability to conjugate with other anticancer drugs or be converted into their halo or amino analogs which is expected to stimulate medicinal chemist to synthesize new lead compounds in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- a Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry , Halle (Saale) , Germany.,b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ivan R Green
- c Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , Stellenbosch , South Africa
| | - Umair Shamraiz
- d Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- e Department of Chemistry , The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur , Pakistan
| | - Amin Badshah
- d Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- f Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- g Department of Chemistry , University of Kotli , Azad Jammu & Kashmir , Pakistan
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28
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Yang R, Yuan BC, Ma YS, Zhou S, Liu Y. The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:5-18. [PMID: 27650551 PMCID: PMC7012004 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1225775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have encouraged the search of new pharmacological strategies to face them. Licorice has been used to treat inflammatory diseases since ancient times in China. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of compounds isolated from licorice, to introduce the traditional use, modern clinical trials and officially approved drugs, to evaluate the safety and to obtain new insights for further research of licorice. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and ResearchGate were information sources for the search terms 'licorice', 'licorice metabolites', 'anti-inflammatory', 'triterpenoids', 'flavonoids' and their combinations, mainly from year 2010 to 2016 without language restriction. Studies were selected from Science Citation Index journals, in vitro studies with Jadad score less than 2 points and in vivo and clinical studies with experimental flaws were excluded. RESULTS Two hundred and ninety-five papers were searched and 93 papers were reviewed. Licorice extract, 3 triterpenes and 13 flavonoids exhibit evident anti-inflammatory properties mainly by decreasing TNF, MMPs, PGE2 and free radicals, which also explained its traditional applications in stimulating digestive system functions, eliminating phlegm, relieving coughing, nourishing qi and alleviating pain in TCM. Five hundred and fifty-four drugs containing licorice have been approved by CFDA. The side effect may due to the cortical hormone like action. CONCLUSION Licorice and its natural compounds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities. More pharmacokinetic studies using different models with different dosages should be carried out, and the maximum tolerated dose is also critical for clinical use of licorice extract and purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Chuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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29
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Su X, Wu L, Hu M, Dong W, Xu M, Zhang P. Glycyrrhizic acid: A promising carrier material for anticancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:670-678. [PMID: 28886526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems have become an integral part of anticancer drugs today. Design of novel drug carriers may lead to significant enhancement in antineoplastic therapy. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL), which is the most important active ingredient extracted from the licorice root shows great potential as a carrier material in this field. Recent studies have indicated that the combination of GL and first-line drugs had better therapeutic effects on cancers. GL showed a series of anti-cancer-related pharmacological activities, such as broad-spectrum anti-cancer ability, resistance to the tissue toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiation, drug absorption enhancing effects and anti-multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms, as a carrier material in drug delivery systems. This review introduced the current research progress on pharmacological mechanisms of GL and development of GL-based drug carriers in anti-cancer field to provide basis for the application prospects of GL. The design of novel GL-based drug delivery systems will bring new opportunities and challenges to anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingming Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenxiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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30
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Guimarães LPTP, Rocha GDG, Queiroz RM, Martins CA, Takiya CM, Gattass CR. Pomolic acid induces apoptosis and inhibits multidrug resistance protein MRP1 and migration in glioblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2525-2534. [PMID: 28849227 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive of primary brain tumors, determine short survival and poor quality of life. Therapies used for its treatment are not effective and chemotherapy failure is partially due to multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms present in the tumor cells. New therapeutic strategies are needed in order to improve survival in GBM. The present study investigated the activity of the pentacyclic triterpene pomolic acid (PA) in GBM. Pomolic acid decreased the viability and induced apoptosis of GBM cells as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation. It also induced uncoupling of mitochondria membrane potential and activation of caspase-3 and -9. Pomolic acid-induced apoptosis is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as it is inhibited by anti-oxidant treatment. Pomolic acid also down-modulated the activity of the multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) and inhibited migration of GBM cells. These results show that PA acts on several pathways of GBM drug resistance and therefore may be of potential interest for the treatment of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Paes Tavares Pacheco Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gleice da Graça Rocha
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Muniz Queiroz
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carollina Araujo Martins
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cerli Rocha Gattass
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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31
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Zhang X, Yang H, Yue S, He G, Qu S, Zhang Z, Ma B, Ding R, Peng W, Zhang H, Yang Z, Dou K, Tao K, Li X. The mTOR inhibition in concurrence with ERK1/2 activation is involved in excessive autophagy induced by glycyrrhizin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1941-1951. [PMID: 28675698 PMCID: PMC5548872 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a life phenomenon in which autophagosomes remove damaged or aging organelles and long‐lived circulating proteins to maintain the cell's stability. However, disorders of excessive autophagy are a response of cancer cells to a variety of anticancer treatments which lead to cancer cell death. The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways are both involved in nutrient‐induced autophagic phenomenon and exhibit vital relevance to oncogenesis in various cancer cell types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the influence of autophagy for cancer cell death remains controversial and few scientists have investigated the variation of these two signaling pathways in cancer cell autophagic phenomenon induced by anticancer treatment simultaneously. Here, we explored the anticancer efficacy and mechanisms of glycyrrhizin (GL), a bioactive compound of licorice with little toxicity in normal cells. It is interesting that inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling in concurrence with enhanced ERK1/2 activity exists in GL‐induced autophagy and cytotoxicity in HepG2 and MHCC97‐H hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These results imply that the GL‐related anticancer ability might correlate with the induction of autophagy. The influence of induced autophagic phenomenon on cell viability might depend on the severity of autophagy and be pathway specific. In the subsequent subcutaneous xenograft experiment in vivo with MHCC97‐H cells, GL obviously exhibited its inhibitory efficacy in tumor growth via inducing excess autophagy in MHCC97‐H cells (P < 0.05). Our data prompt that GL possesses a property of excess autophagic phenomenon induction in HCC and exerts high anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo. This warrants further investigation toward possible clinical applications in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an No. 1 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqiang Yue
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangbin He
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shibin Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuochao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaoxu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kefeng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaishan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Xu B, Wu GR, Zhang XY, Yan MM, Zhao R, Xue NN, Fang K, Wang H, Chen M, Guo WB, Wang PL, Lei HM. An Overview of Structurally Modified Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:E924. [PMID: 28574470 PMCID: PMC6152714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic Acid (GA), a triterpenoid aglycone component of the natural product glycyrrhizinic acid, was found to possess remarkable anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity in various cancer cell lines. Though GA was not as active as other triterpenes, such as betulinic acid and oleanolic acid, it could trigger apoptosis in tumor cells and it can be obtained easily and cheaply, which has stimulated scientific interest in using GA as a scaffold to synthesize new antitumor agents. The structural modifications of GA reported in recent decades can be divided into four groups, which include structural modifications on ring-A, ring-C, ring-E and multiple ring modifications. The lack of a comprehensive and recent review on this topic prompted us to gather more new information. This overview is dedicated to summarizing and updating the structural modification of GA to improve its antitumor activity published between 2005 and 2016. We reviewed a total of 210 GA derivatives that we encountered and compiled the most active GA derivatives along with their activity profile in different series. Furthermore, the structure activity relationships of these derivatives are briefly discussed. The included information is expected to be of benefit to further studies of structural modifications of GA to enhance its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gao-Rong Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng-Meng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Nan-Nan Xue
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Kang Fang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wen-Bo Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Peng-Long Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Hai-Min Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased production and processing (degradation) of hyaluronan (HA) is critical for cancer invasion and metastasis. Although HA is known to be overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), little is known about the expression and biological significance of HA-degrading enzymes, hyaluronidases (HYALs), in PDAC. METHODS Expression of HYALs mRNA was examined in PDAC cells by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. HYAL1 protein expression was examined in primary PDAC tumors by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay. The migratory ability of PDAC cells was determined by a transwell cell migration assay. RESULTS Screening of mRNA expression of three major HYAL genes (HYAL1, 2, and 3) identified HYAL1 as a gene overexpressed in PDAC cells. Treatment of PDAC cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or trichostatin A further increased the HYAL1 expression, suggesting a possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the transcriptional regulation of this gene. HYAL1 protein concentrations were significantly higher in primary PDAC tissues as compared with nontumor pancreatic tissues (P = 0.049). Importantly, inhibition of HYAL activity by dextran sulfate significantly inhibited the migration of PDAC cells showing strong HYAL1 expression (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that overexpression of HYAL1 is a common mechanism that may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of PDAC.
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Ebrahimnezhad S, Amirghofran Z, Karimi MH. Decline in Immunological Responses Mediated by Dendritic Cells in Mice Treated with 18α-Glycyrrhetinic Acid. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:191-204. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nakatani Y, Amano T, Yamamoto H, Sakai N, Tsuji M, Takeda H. Yokukansan enhances the proliferation of B65 neuroblastoma. J Tradit Complement Med 2016; 7:34-44. [PMID: 28053886 PMCID: PMC5198832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Yokukansan, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, has been considered to be a novel alternative treatment for several neurological diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, as well as neurosis, insomnia, and behavioral and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it has been shown that yokukansan has antidepressant-like and pain-relieving effects in animal models. Recently, several studies have shown that yokukansan has a neuroprotective effect. In this study, we focused on whether or no yokukansan influences cell proliferation related to cell-cycle progression by using B65 neuroblastoma cells derived from monoaminergic neurons. Under treatment with yokukansan, the proliferation rate of B65 neuroblastoma cells significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, a proliferative effect was observed after treatment with yokukansan for 48 h and 72 h. Moreover, among seven medicinal herbs that comprise yokukansan, both Bupleuri Radix and Glycyrrhize Radix also enhanced the proliferation of B65 neuroblastoma cells. We assessed the effect of yokukansan on p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in B65 neuroblastoma cells, and found that yokukansan increased p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation after treatment for 48 h. In contrast, neither Bupleuri Radix nor Glycyrrhize Radix altered the level of p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation, although they did increase cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that yokukansan has a cell-proliferative due to both Bupleuri Radix and Glycyrrhize Radix, and this is unrelated to the p44/42 MAPK signaling cascade.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, Serotonin
- ALR, Atractylodis lanceae Rhizoma
- AR, Angelicae Radix
- B65 neuroblastoma
- BPSD, Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
- BR, Bupleuri Radix
- Bupleuri Radix
- CR, Cnidii Rhizoma
- Cell proliferation
- GR, Glycyrrhize Radix
- Glycyrrhize Radix
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PR, Poria
- SSRI, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
- UR, Uncariae Uncis cum Ramulus
- Yokukansan
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nakatani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Advanced Education and Research Center for Kampo Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Amano
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Advanced Education and Research Center for Kampo Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Advanced Education and Research Center for Kampo Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan; Advanced Education and Research Center for Kampo Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
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A review of the health effects and uses of drugs of plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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