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Chen Y, Ning J, Shu L, Wen L, Yan B, Wang Z, Hu J, Zhou X, Tao Y, Xia X, Huang J. CPLX2 is a novel tumor suppressor and improves the prognosis in glioma. J Neurooncol 2024; 167:63-74. [PMID: 38427133 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is a type of malignant cancer that affect the central nervous system. New predictive biomarkers have been investigated in recent years, but the clinical prognosis for glioma remains poor. The function of CPLX2 in glioma and the probable molecular mechanism of tumor suppression were the focus of this investigation. METHODS The glioma transcriptome profile was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases for analysis of CPLX2 expression in glioma. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of CPLX2 in 68 glioma subjects who have been followed up. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were conducted to assess the effect of CPLX2 on the prognosis of glioma patients. The knockdown and overexpressed cell lines of CPLX2 were constructed to investigate the impact of CPLX2 on glioma. The cell growth, colony formation, and tumor formation in xenograft were performed. RESULTS The expression of CPLX2 was downregulated in glioma and was negatively correlated with the grade of glioma. The higher expression of CPLX2 predicted a longer survival, as indicated by the analysis of Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Overexpressed CPLX2 impaired tumorigenesis in glioma progression both in vivo and in vitro. Knocking down CPLX2 promoted the proliferation of glioma cells. The analysis of GSEA and co-expression analysis revealed that CPLX2 may affect the malignancy of glioma by regulating the hypoxia and inflammation pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that CPLX2 functions as a tumor suppressor and could be used as a potential prognostic marker in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieling Ning
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Long Shu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingzhi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bokang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zuli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junhong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Al-Khfaji KMS, Zamani NK, Arefian E. HSV-1 latency-associated transcript miR-H3 and miR-H4 target STXBP1 and GABBR2 genes. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:669-677. [PMID: 37668872 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
During latent infection, the HSV-1 virus generates only a single transcript, LAT, which encodes six miRNAs. The GABAergic pathway signaling system is an essential cell signaling pathway influenced by various therapeutic targets and some brain disorders, such as epilepsy. This study found that miRNAs encoding LAT might target the STXBP1 and GABBR2 genes, which are among the significant genes in the GABAergic pathway. Bioinformatic analysis utilizing TargetScan version 5.2 and the RNA22 tools uncovered miRNAs encoding LAT that can influence STXBP1 and GABBR2 transcripts. To evaluate the targeting effect of candidate microRNAs encoding LAT, namely, miR-H3 and miR-H4, LAT constructs were transfected into HEK 293T cells. The expression levels of microRNAs encoding LAT, as well as STXBP1 and GABBR2, were assayed by real-time PCR. Finally, the targeting potential of STXBP1 and GABBR2 3'UTR by LAT-encoded microRNAs was evaluated by the luciferase assay. In the current study, the bioinformatic tool TargetScan demonstrated that miR-H3 has the potential to target the transcripts of the STXBP1 and GABBR2 genes, whereas miR-H4 solely targeted GABBR2. On the other hand, the bioinformatic tool RNA22 validated the potential targeting of STXBP1 and GABBR2 by miR-H3 and miR-H4. Our findings showed that overexpression of miR-H4, miR-H3, or LAT significantly decreased STXBP1 gene expression by an average of 0.0593-fold, 0.237-fold, and 0.84-fold, respectively. Similarly, overexpression of miR-H3 or miR-H4 decreased GABBR2 expression by an average of 0.055- or 0.687-fold, respectively. Notably, targeting the GABBR2 3'UTR with the LAT transcript had no detectable effect. The evaluation of the targeting potential of STXBP1 and GABBR2 3'UTR by microRNAs encoded by LAT was conducted with a luciferase assay. Our results showed that miR-H3 overexpression reduces Renilla expression in psiCHECK2 plasmids with STXBP1 or GABBR2 3'UTR genes by 0.62- and 0.55-fold, respectively. miR-H4 reduced Renilla gene expression regulated by GABBR2's 3'UTR plasmid but had no effect on the Renilla gene expression regulated by STXBP1's 3'UTR. When the LAT transcript was overexpressed, there was a decrease in Renilla expression by 0.44-fold because of the regulation of STXBP1's 3'UTR. However, there was no significant effect observed through the control of GABBR2's 3'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrar Mahmood Shaker Al-Khfaji
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Nika Kooshki Zamani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
- Paediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jiang Q, Wang Q, Tan S, Cai J, Ye X, Su G, Yang P. Effects of Plasma-Derived Exosomal miRNA-19b-3p on Treg/T Helper 17 Cell Imbalance in Behçet's Uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:28. [PMID: 37093132 PMCID: PMC10148662 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.4.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the potential role of plasma-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of regulatory T cell (Treg)/T helper 17 (Th17) cell imbalances in Behçet's uveitis (BU). Methods The exosome treatment was conducted to evaluate the effects of plasma exosomes from patients with active BU and healthy controls on the Treg/Th17 cell balance. miRNA sequencing analysis of plasma exosomes was conducted to identify differentially expressed miRNAs between patients with active BU and healthy controls. miRTarBase analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to identify the target genes of miR-19b-3p. CD4+T cells were transfected with miR-19b-3p mimic or inhibitor to evaluate its regulation of the Treg/Th17 cell balance. The Treg/Th17 cell balance in CD4+T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Exosomes from patients with active BU promoted Th17 cell differentiation and inhibited Treg cell differentiation. MiRNA sequencing analysis revealed 177 upregulated and 274 downregulated miRNAs in plasma exosomes of patients with active BU. Among them, miR-19b-3p was significantly elevated, and its target genes were identified as being involved in T-cell differentiation. miR-19b-3p overexpression downregulated CD46 expression and the Treg/Th17 cell ratio in CD4+T cells from healthy controls, whereas miR-19b-3p inhibition reversed these regulatory effects and restored the Treg/Th17 cell balance of CD4+T cells from patients with active BU. Conclusions Plasma-derived exosomes from patients with active BU showed a markedly differential miRNA expression in comparison to healthy controls. Highly expressed miRNA-19b-3p could induce a Treg/Th17 cell imbalance, probably by downregulating CD46 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsheng Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Sun Q, Chen X, Liu W, Li S, Zhou Y, Yang X, Liu J. Effects of long-term low dose saxitoxin exposure on nerve damage in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:17211-17226. [PMID: 34197336 PMCID: PMC8312470 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), as a type of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is gaining widespread attention due to its long existence in edible shellfish. However, the mechanism underlying STX chronic exposure-induced effect is not well understood. Here, we evaluated the neurotoxicity effects of long-term low-dose STX exposure on C57/BL mice by behavioral tests, pathology analysis, and hippocampal proteomics analysis. Several behavioral tests showed that mice were in a cognitive deficiency after treated with 0, 0.5, 1.5, or 4.5 μg STX equivalents/kg body weight in the drinking water for 3 months. Compared with control mice, STX-exposed mice exhibited brain neuronal damage characterized by decreasing neuronal cells and thinner pyramidal cell layers in the hippocampal CA1 region. A total of 29 proteins were significantly altered in different STX dose groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed that protein phosphatase 1 (Ppp1c) and arylsulfatase A (Arsa) were involved in the hippo signaling pathway and sphingolipid metabolism pathway. The decreased expression of Arsa indicates that long-term low doses of STX exposure can cause neuronal inhibition, which is a process related to spatial memory impairment. Taken together, our study provides a new understanding of the molecular mechanisms of STX neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenpan Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Sun J, Shen F, Zhang L, Luo L, Fan Z, Hou R, Yue B, Zhang X. Changes in the MicroRNA Profile of the Giant Panda After Canine Distemper Vaccination and the Integrated Analysis of MicroRNA-Messenger RNA. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:595-605. [PMID: 33769863 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a significant threat to wild and captive giant panda populations. Captive giant pandas are inoculated with canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccination to prevent the infection with the CDV. As an important regulator, microRNA (miRNA) plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression, including in disease immunity. To understand the role of miRNA in immune response to CDV vaccination, we investigated the miRNA expression profile in five giant panda cubs after two inoculations, 21 days apart. A total of 187 conserved miRNAs and 96 novel miRNAs were identified. Among the 187 conserved miRNAs, 29 differentially expressed miRNAs were found postinoculation. The upregulation of miR-16, miR-182, miR-30b, and miR-101 indicated that the innate immune may be enhanced, whereas the upregulation of miR-142 and miR-19a are probably involved in the enhanced cellular immune response. However, the downregulated miR-155 and miR-181a might indicate the giant panda has weak ability to produce antibodies and memory B cells. Integrated analysis of miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) found 20 negatively regulated miRNA-mRNA pairs, where downregulated miR-204 might enhance giant panda cub innate immunity by increasing TLR6 expression, and downregulated miR-330 might activate macrophages and regulate the immune response by increasing TMEM106A expression. Our research provides key information for future development to enhance the immune response of giant pandas and potentially improve the survival of captive and wild giant panda populations threatened by CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fujun Shen
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Luo
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hou
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang J, Zhao J. MicroRNA Dysregulation in Epilepsy: From Pathogenetic Involvement to Diagnostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Agent Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:650372. [PMID: 33776649 PMCID: PMC7994516 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.650372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the result of a group of transient abnormalities in brain function caused by an abnormal, highly synchronized discharge of brain neurons. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules that participate in a series of important biological processes. Recent studies demonstrated that miRNAs are involved in a variety of central nervous system diseases, including epilepsy. Although the exact mechanism underlying the role of miRNAs in epilepsy pathogenesis is still unclear, these miRNAs may be involved in the inflammatory response in the nervous system, neuronal necrosis and apoptosis, dendritic growth, synaptic remodeling, glial cell proliferation, epileptic circuit formation, impairment of neurotransmitter and receptor function, and other processes. Here, we discuss miRNA metabolism and the roles of miRNA in epilepsy pathogenesis and evaluate miRNA as a potential new biomarker for the diagnosis of epilepsy, which enhances our understanding of disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiuhan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Gao Y, Han D, Feng J. MicroRNA in multiple sclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:92-99. [PMID: 33545109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Despite a complex pathogenesis, it appears that an imbalanced immune system plays an important role in the disease process. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are comprised of short non-coding single-stranded molecules mainly involved in regulating gene expression through the inhibition of transcription and translation. miRNAs are key regulatory molecules in the nucleus and participate in the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various cells throughout the body. Recent studies, however, have found that miRNAs are also involved in MS pathogenesis, mainly affecting glial cells and peripheral immune cells. Fortunately, miRNAs are highly stable and have high specificity in peripheral body fluids. Accordingly, these molecules have become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. The present review discusses the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MS. We highlight the potential of miRNAs as new biomarkers of MS and potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Identifying the culprits in neurological autoimmune diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100015. [PMID: 32743503 PMCID: PMC7388404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The target organ of neurological autoimmune diseases (NADs) is the central or peripheral nervous system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common NAD, whereas Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are less common NADs, but the incidence of these diseases has increased exponentially in the last few years. The identification of a specific culprit in NADs is challenging since a myriad of triggering factors interplay with each other to cause an autoimmune response. Among the factors that have been associated with NADs are genetic susceptibility, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental factors such as infection, microbiota, vitamins, etc. This review focuses on the most studied culprits as well as the mechanisms used by these to trigger NADs. Neurological autoimmune diseases are caused by a complex interaction between genes, environmental factors, and epigenetic deregulation. Infectious agents can cause an autoimmune reaction to myelin epitopes through molecular mimicry and/or bystander activation. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to neurological autoimmune diseases. Smoking increases the risk of NADs through inflammatory signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and Th17 differentiation. Deficiency in vitamin D favors NAD development through direct damage to the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Determination of mir-155 and mir-146a expression rates and its association with expression level of TNF-α and CTLA4 genes in patients with Behcet’s disease. Immunol Lett 2018; 204:55-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Association of variants in microRNA with Parkinson’s disease in Chinese Han population. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:353-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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