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Irastorza-Valera L, Soria-Gómez E, Benitez JM, Montáns FJ, Saucedo-Mora L. Review of the Brain's Behaviour after Injury and Disease for Its Application in an Agent-Based Model (ABM). Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:362. [PMID: 38921242 PMCID: PMC11202129 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body and, as such, its study entails great challenges (methodological, theoretical, etc.). Nonetheless, there is a remarkable amount of studies about the consequences of pathological conditions on its development and functioning. This bibliographic review aims to cover mostly findings related to changes in the physical distribution of neurons and their connections-the connectome-both structural and functional, as well as their modelling approaches. It does not intend to offer an extensive description of all conditions affecting the brain; rather, it presents the most common ones. Thus, here, we highlight the need for accurate brain modelling that can subsequently be used to understand brain function and be applied to diagnose, track, and simulate treatments for the most prevalent pathologies affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Irastorza-Valera
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
- PIMM Laboratory, ENSAM–Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 151 Bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Edgar Soria-Gómez
- Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José María Benitez
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Francisco J. Montáns
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Luis Saucedo-Mora
- E.T.S. de Ingeniería Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pza. Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.-V.); (J.M.B.); (F.J.M.)
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Ma X, Li T, Du L, Han T. Application and progress of transcranial substantial ultrasound in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1091895. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1091895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common nervous system disease, mainly manifested as motor retardation, resting tremor, etc. (1). The clinical features of early PD patients are not characteristic, and diagnosis is very difficult. When obvious PD manifestations are found, the number of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of patients has been reduced by more than half, and the treatment is difficult (2). Early diagnosis or auxiliary diagnosis of PD in clinical work is crucial for the treatment of PD and the prognosis of patients. In recent years, cerebral ultrasound has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, tuberculous meningitis, brain injury, etc., especially for the study of PD. The European Union of neuroscience and the latest diagnostic guidelines for PD in China have confirmed the role of the transcranial sonography (TCS). This article reviews the recent advances in the study of PD by transcranial sonography.
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An Updated Overview of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Iron in Movement Disorders. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:3972173. [PMID: 35251368 PMCID: PMC8894064 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3972173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain iron load is one of the most important neuropathological hallmarks in movement disorders. Specifically, the iron provides most of the paramagnetic metal signals in the brain and its accumulation seems to play a key role, although not completely explained, in the degeneration of the basal ganglia, as well as other brain structures. Moreover, iron distribution patterns have been implicated in depicting different movement disorders. This work reviewed current literature on Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Brain Iron Detection and Quantification (MRI-BIDQ) in neurodegenerative processes underlying movement disorders.
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Multimodal brain and retinal imaging of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:203-220. [PMID: 35177849 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the brain. The development of parkinsonism is preceded by a long prodromal phase, and >50% of dopaminergic neurons can be lost from the substantia nigra by the time of the initial diagnosis. Therefore, validation of in vivo imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression is essential for future therapeutic developments. PET and single-photon emission CT targeting the presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurons can be used for early diagnosis by detecting axonal degeneration in the striatum. However, these techniques poorly differentiate atypical parkinsonian syndromes from PD, and their availability is limited in clinical settings. Advanced MRI in which pathological changes in the substantia nigra are visualized with diffusion, iron-sensitive susceptibility and neuromelanin-sensitive sequences potentially represents a more accessible imaging tool. Although these techniques can visualize the classic degenerative changes in PD, they might be insufficient for phenotyping or prognostication of heterogeneous aspects of PD resulting from extranigral pathologies. The retina is an emerging imaging target owing to its pathological involvement early in PD, which correlates with brain pathology. Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique to visualize structural changes in the retina. Progressive parafoveal thinning and fovea avascular zone remodelling, as revealed by OCT, provide potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostication in PD. As we discuss in this Review, multimodal imaging of the substantia nigra and retina is a promising tool to aid diagnosis and management of PD.
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Gleitze S, Paula-Lima A, Núñez MT, Hidalgo C. The calcium-iron connection in ferroptosis-mediated neuronal death. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:28-41. [PMID: 34461261 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron, through its participation in oxidation/reduction processes, is essential for the physiological function of biological systems. In the brain, iron is involved in the development of normal cognitive functions, and its lack during development causes irreversible cognitive damage. Yet, deregulation of iron homeostasis provokes neuronal damage and death. Ferroptosis, a newly described iron-dependent cell death pathway, differs at the morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels from other cell death types. Ferroptosis is characterized by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, depletion of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione and altered mitochondrial morphology. Although iron promotes the emergence of Ca2+ signals via activation of redox-sensitive Ca2+ channels, the role of Ca2+ signaling in ferroptosis has not been established. The early dysregulation of the cellular redox state observed in ferroptosis is likely to disturb Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling, facilitating ferroptotic neuronal death. This review presents an overview of the role of iron and ferroptosis in neuronal function, emphasizing the possible involvement of Ca2+ signaling in these processes. We propose, accordingly, that the iron-ferroptosis-Ca2+ association orchestrates the progression of cognitive dysfunctions and memory loss that occurs in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, to prevent iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis, we suggest the use of drugs that target the abnormal Ca2+ signaling caused by excessive iron levels as therapy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Milán-Tomás Á, Fernández-Matarrubia M, Rodríguez-Oroz MC. Lewy Body Dementias: A Coin with Two Sides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 34206456 PMCID: PMC8301188 DOI: 10.3390/bs11070094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewy body dementias (LBDs) consist of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), which are clinically similar syndromes that share neuropathological findings with widespread cortical Lewy body deposition, often with a variable degree of concomitant Alzheimer pathology. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the neuropathological and clinical features, current diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and management of LBD. Literature research was performed using the PubMed database, and the most pertinent articles were read and are discussed in this paper. The diagnostic criteria for DLB have recently been updated, with the addition of indicative and supportive biomarker information. The time interval of dementia onset relative to parkinsonism remains the major distinction between DLB and PDD, underpinning controversy about whether they are the same illness in a different spectrum of the disease or two separate neurodegenerative disorders. The treatment for LBD is only symptomatic, but the expected progression and prognosis differ between the two entities. Diagnosis in prodromal stages should be of the utmost importance, because implementing early treatment might change the course of the illness if disease-modifying therapies are developed in the future. Thus, the identification of novel biomarkers constitutes an area of active research, with a special focus on α-synuclein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Milán-Tomás
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta Fernández-Matarrubia
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rodríguez-Oroz
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIMA, Center of Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Neurosciences Program, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Extra-basal ganglia iron content and non-motor symptoms in drug-naïve, early Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:5297-5304. [PMID: 33860863 PMCID: PMC8642382 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Although iron dyshomeostasis is associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis, the relationship between iron deposition and non-motor involvement in PD is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated basal ganglia and extra-basal ganglia system iron contents and their correlation with non-motor symptoms in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients. Methods We enrolled 14 drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients and 12 age/sex-matched normal controls. All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to obtain the effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Deep brain structures, including the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, were delineated using the FSL-FIRST; the substantia nigra, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus were segmented manually. Inter-group differences in R2* and QSM values, as well as their association with clinical parameters of PD, were investigated. Results Substantia nigra and putamen R2* values were significantly higher in PD patients than in normal controls, despite no significant difference in QSM values. Regarding the non-motor symptom scales, PD sleep scale score negatively correlated with R2* values in the red nucleus and right amygdala, Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic scores were positively correlated with R2* values in the right amygdala and left hippocampus, and cardiovascular sub-score of Non-Motor Symptoms Scale for PD was positively associated with the QSM value in the left hippocampus. Conclusion In this study, iron content in the extra-basal ganglia system was significantly correlated with non-motor symptoms, especially sleep problems and dysautonomia, even in early-stage PD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05223-0.
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Petiet A. Current and Emerging MR Methods and Outcome in Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:583678. [PMID: 33897339 PMCID: PMC8058186 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.583678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disease characterized by massive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies, and neuroinflammation. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression and treatment. A variety of MR methods are available to characterize neurodegeneration and other disease features such as iron accumulation and metabolic changes in animal models of PD. This review aims at giving an overview of how those physiopathological features of PD have been investigated using various MR methods in rodent models. Toxin-based and genetic-based models of PD are first described. MR methods for neurodegeneration evaluation, iron load, and metabolism alterations are then detailed, and the main findings are provided in those models. Ultimately, future directions are suggested for neuroinflammation and neuromelanin evaluations in new animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Petiet
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau, Paris, France.,Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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Saikiran P. Effectiveness of QSM over R2* in assessment of parkinson's disease - A systematic review. Neurol India 2021; 68:278-281. [PMID: 32415005 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.284377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's (PD) are increasing rapidly in developing countries. PD is difficult to diagnose based on clinical assessment. Presently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods such as R2* and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) were found to be useful in diagnosing the PD based on the iron deposition in different regions of the brain. The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of QSM over R2* in assessment of PD. A comprehensive literature search was made on PubMed-Medline, CINAHL, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases for original research articles published between 2000 and 2018. Original articles that reported the efficacy of QSM and R2* in assessment of PD were included. A total of 327 studies were identified in the literature search. However, only ten studies were eligible for analysis. Of the ten studies, five studies compared the accuracy of QSM over R2* in measuring the iron deposition in different regions of brain in PD. Our review found that QSM has better accuracy in identifying iron deposition in PD patients compared to R2*. However, there is discrepancy in the results between MRI Imaging methods and Postmortem studies. Additional longitudinal research studies are needed to provide a strong evidence base for the use of MRI imaging methods such as R2*and QSM in accurately measuring iron deposition in different regions of brain and serve as biomarkers in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pendem Saikiran
- Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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- Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Pietracupa S, Bologna M, Tommasin S, Elifani F, Vasselli F, Paparella G, Petsas N, Berardelli A, Pantano P. No evidence of iron deposition in essential tremor: a susceptibility-weighted imaging study. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:4667-4672. [PMID: 33721138 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of iron deposition in subcortical nuclei of patients with essential tremor (ET). METHODS Twenty-three patients with ET underwent a standardized 3T-MRI protocol. We specifically assessed iron deposition using susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) images in seven specific regions of interest (ROIs): the thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus. Tremor in ET patients was clinically assessed using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (FTM-TRS). ET patient data were compared with data obtained from 23 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 14 healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS No differences in iron deposition in the seven ROIs were found between ET patients and HS. Conversely, PD patients showed increased iron deposition in the substantia nigra in comparison with both ET patients and HS. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the absence of iron deposition in subcortical nuclei of ET patients, which is generally considered a marker of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pietracupa
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Tommasin
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Elifani
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Federica Vasselli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Paparella
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Petsas
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Neurology, Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Via Atinense, 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Sun J, Sha Y, Geng W, Chen J, Xing W. Susceptibility-weighted Imaging for Renal Iron Overload Assessment: A Pilot Study. Magn Reson Med Sci 2021; 21:415-424. [PMID: 33642470 PMCID: PMC9316138 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the feasibility of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) for evaluating renal iron overload. Methods: Twenty-eight rabbits were randomly assigned into control (n = 14) and iron (n = 14) group. In the 0th week, the study group was injected with iron dextran. Both groups underwent SWI examination at the 0th, 8th, and 12th week. The signal intensity (SI) of cortex and medulla was assessed. Angle radian value (ARV) calculated with phase image was taken as the quantitative value for cortical and medullary iron deposition. After the 12th week, the left kidneys of rabbits were removed for pathology. The difference in the ARV among three groups was analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test. The difference of the iron content between two groups was analyzed through independent sample t-test. Results: In the iron group: at the 12th week, eight rabbits were found to have decreased SI of only cortex, and the other six rabbits had decreased SI of cortex and medulla by the same degree; the ARV of cortex at the 8th and 12th week was significantly higher than that of the 0th week (P < 0.05); the ARV of the six rabbits’ medulla at the 12th week was significantly higher than that of the 0th week, 8th week, and the other eight rabbits at the 12th week (P < 0.05); at the 12th week, eight rabbits (iron group) were found to have many irons only deposit in the cortex, and the others were found to have many irons deposit in both cortex and medulla; the iron content of cortex and six rabbits’ medulla in the iron group was significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The ARV of SWI can be used to quantitatively assess the excess iron deposition in the kidneys. Excessive iron deposition mainly occurs in the cortex or medulla and causes their SWI SI to decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Yuanyuan Sha
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Weiwei Geng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
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Dong Y, Liu D, Zhao Y, Yuan Y, Wang W, Wu S, Liang X, Wang Z, Liu L. Assessment of Neuroprotective Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation in a Parkinson's Disease Rat Model by Fractional Anisotropy and Relaxation Time T2 ∗ Value. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:590354. [PMID: 33633533 PMCID: PMC7900573 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.590354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) may have a therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to some extent. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and relaxation time T2∗ that indicate the integrity of fiber tracts and iron concentrations in brain tissue have been used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of LITUS. Purpose: This study aims to use FA and T2∗ values to evaluate the therapeutic effects of LITUS in a PD rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a hemi-PD group (n = 10) and a LITUS group (n = 10). Single-shot spin echo echo-planar imaging and fast low-angle shot T2WI sequences at 3.0 T were used. The FA and T2∗ values on the right side of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta were measured to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LITUS in the rats. Results: One week after PD-like signs were induced in the rats, the FA value in the LITUS group was significantly larger compared with the PD group (0.214 ± 0.027 vs. 0.340 ± 0.032, t = 2.864, P = 0.011). At the 5th and 6th weeks, the FA values in the LITUS group were significantly smaller compared with the PD group (5th week: 0.290 ± 0.037 vs. 0.405 ± 0.027, t = 2.385, P = 0.030; 6th week: 0.299 ± 0.021 vs. 0.525 ± 0.028, t = 6.620, P < 0.0001). In the 5th and 6th weeks, the T2∗ values in the injected right SN of the LITUS group were significantly higher compared with the PD group (5th week, 12.169 ± 0.826 in the LITUS group vs. 7.550 ± 0.824 in the PD group; 6th week, 11.749 ± 0.615 in the LITUS group vs. 7.550 ± 0.849 in the PD group). Conclusion: LITUS had neuroprotective effects and can reduce the damage of 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in hemi-PD rats. The combination of FA and T2∗ assessments can potentially serve as a new and effective method to evaluate the therapeutic effects of LITUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Dong
- Department of Interventional Treatment, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuemei Zhao
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- College of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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Chung SJ. Subcortical and brainstem hemiatrophy accompanied by iron deposition in a patient with hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy syndrome: a case report. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:51. [PMID: 33535984 PMCID: PMC7856800 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is no established pathogenesis of hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy syndrome (HPHA), and the varied clinical presentations have been reported in several case studies. To the best of our knowledge, the present report describes the first case of HPHA with unusual brain imaging findings. Case presentation A 20-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of weakness and clumsiness in his right limbs. He showed right-sided parkinsonism with dystonic hand posture; however, body asymmetry was not noted. Brain imaging revealed hemiatrophy of the left hemisphere subcortical structures and brainstem, and iron deposition in the left globus pallidus and substantia nigra. In addition, dopamine transporter imaging demonstrated normal presynaptic dopaminergic function. The patient was treated with levodopa, which had little to no effect. Conclusions This case demonstrates the unique imaging characteristics of HPHA associated with widespread brain hemiatrophy and iron deposition. Further studies are needed to elucidate the diagnostic criteria for this heterogeneous syndrome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02080-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Chung
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 55, Hwasu-ro 14beon-gil, Deogyang-gu, Goyang, 10475, South Korea.
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Martin-Bastida A, Tilley BS, Bansal S, Gentleman SM, Dexter DT, Ward RJ. Iron and inflammation: in vivo and post-mortem studies in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:15-25. [PMID: 33079260 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In these present studies, in vivo and and post-mortem studies have investigated the association between iron and inflammation. Early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, of less than 5 years disease duration, showed associations of plasmatic ferritin concentrations with both proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and hepcidin, a regulator of iron metabolism as well as clinical measures. In addition ratios of plasmatic ferritin and iron accumulation in deep grey matter nuclei assessed with relaxometry T2* inversely correlated with disease severity and duration of PD. On the hand, post-mortem material of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) divided according to Braak and Braak scores, III-IV and V-VI staging, exhibited comparable microgliosis, with a variety of phenotypes present. There was an association between the intensity of microgliosis and iron accumulation as assayed by Perl's staining in the SNc sections. In conclusion, markers of inflammation and iron metabolism in both systemic and brain systems are closely linked in PD, thus offering a potential biomarker for progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martin-Bastida
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bension Shlomo Tilley
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sukhi Bansal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David T Dexter
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Steel D, Zech M, Zhao C, Barwick KES, Burke D, Demailly D, Kumar KR, Zorzi G, Nardocci N, Kaiyrzhanov R, Wagner M, Iuso A, Berutti R, Škorvánek M, Necpál J, Davis R, Wiethoff S, Mankad K, Sudhakar S, Ferrini A, Sharma S, Kamsteeg EJ, Tijssen MA, Verschuuren C, van Egmond ME, Flowers JM, McEntagart M, Tucci A, Coubes P, Bustos BI, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Tisch S, Darveniza P, Gorman KM, Peall KJ, Bötzel K, Koch JC, Kmieć T, Plecko B, Boesch S, Haslinger B, Jech R, Garavaglia B, Wood N, Houlden H, Gissen P, Lubbe SJ, Sue CM, Cif L, Mencacci NE, Anderson G, Kurian MA, Winkelmann J. Loss-of-Function Variants in HOPS Complex Genes VPS16 and VPS41 Cause Early Onset Dystonia Associated with Lysosomal Abnormalities. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:867-877. [PMID: 32808683 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of people with suspected genetic dystonia remain undiagnosed after maximal investigation, implying that a number of causative genes have not yet been recognized. We aimed to investigate this paucity of diagnoses. METHODS We undertook weighted burden analysis of whole-exome sequencing (WES) data from 138 individuals with unresolved generalized dystonia of suspected genetic etiology, followed by additional case-finding from international databases, first for the gene implicated by the burden analysis (VPS16), and then for other functionally related genes. Electron microscopy was performed on patient-derived cells. RESULTS Analysis revealed a significant burden for VPS16 (Fisher's exact test p value, 6.9 × 109 ). VPS16 encodes a subunit of the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex, which plays a key role in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. A total of 18 individuals harboring heterozygous loss-of-function VPS16 variants, and one with a microdeletion, were identified. These individuals experienced early onset progressive dystonia with predominant cervical, bulbar, orofacial, and upper limb involvement. Some patients had a more complex phenotype with additional neuropsychiatric and/or developmental comorbidities. We also identified biallelic loss-of-function variants in VPS41, another HOPS-complex encoding gene, in an individual with infantile-onset generalized dystonia. Electron microscopy of patient-derived lymphocytes and fibroblasts from both patients with VPS16 and VPS41 showed vacuolar abnormalities suggestive of impaired lysosomal function. INTERPRETATION Our study strongly supports a role for HOPS complex dysfunction in the pathogenesis of dystonia, although variants in different subunits display different phenotypic and inheritance characteristics. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:867-877.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Steel
- Department of Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katy E S Barwick
- Department of Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Derek Burke
- Enzyme Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Diane Demailly
- Unités des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Département de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Genomics, Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Department of Child Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- Department of Child Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arcangela Iuso
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matej Škorvánek
- Department of Neurology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of L. Pasteur, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Necpál
- Department of Neurology, Zvolen Hospital, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ryan Davis
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Genomics, Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Arianna Ferrini
- Department of Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Suvasini Sharma
- Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corien Verschuuren
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martje E van Egmond
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Coubes
- Unités des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Département de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernabe I Bustos
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paulina Gonzalez-Latapi
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Tisch
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Darveniza
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Gorman
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kai Bötzel
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan C Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kmieć
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Department of Child Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nick Wood
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Genomics, Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Cif
- Unités des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Département de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Niccolò E Mencacci
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Department of Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
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16
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Tewari D, Lloyd-Jones K, Hider RC, Collins H. HPO iron chelator, CP655, causes the G1/S phase cell cycle block via p21 upregulation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:568-583. [PMID: 32865890 PMCID: PMC7654408 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron is known not only for its importance in cellular and metabolic pathways but also for its role in causing cellular toxicities such as production of reactive oxygen species and growth of pathogens. The inability of the human body to physiologically excrete excess iron highlights the need to develop a cheap yet effective iron chelator. This study provides initial evidence of the therapeutic and prophylactic properties of 3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (HPO) chelators in murine collagen-induced arthritis. To determine whether these chelators would be effective on human cells, we tested a panel of different HPO chelators and identified 7-diethylamino-N-((5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-N-methyl-2-oxo-chromen-3-carboxamide (CP655) as the most effective compound targeting human CD4+ T cells. Treatment with CP655 causes significant inhibition of cell proliferation and production of inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and interleukin-17. Microarray analysis revealed dysregulation in cell cycle-related genes following CP655 treatment. This was validated by flow cytometry demonstrating a G1/S phase block caused by CP655. Finally, mechanistic experiments revealed that the chelator may be causing an upregulation of the cell cycle inhibitor protein CDKN1A (p21) as a possible mechanism of action. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HPO chelators could prove to have therapeutic potential for diseases driven by excessive T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Tewari
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, New Hunts House, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, New Hunts House, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Collins
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, New Hunts House, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Susceptibility-weighted imaging and transcranial Doppler ultrasound in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2853-2858. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Kim S, Lee Y, Jeon CY, Jin YB, Oh S, Lee C. Observation of magnetic susceptibility changes within the thalamus: a comparative study between healthy and Parkinson’s disease afflicted cynomolgus monkeys using 7 T MRI. J Anal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-019-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although the thalamus is known to modulate basal ganglia function related to motor control activity, the abnormal changes within the thalamus during distinct medical complications have been scarcely investigated. In order to explore the feasibility of assessing iron accumulation in the thalamus as an informative biomarker for Parkinson’s disease (PD), this study was designed to employ quantitative susceptibility mapping using a 7 T magnetic resonance imaging system in cynomolgus monkeys. A 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-injected cynomolgus monkey and a healthy control (HC) were examined by 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. Positron emission tomography with 18F-N-(3-fluoro propyl)-2ß-carboxymethoxy-3ß-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane was also employed to identify the relationship between iron deposits and dopamine depletion. All acquired values were averaged within the volume of interest of the nigrostriatal pathway.
Findings
Compared with the HC, the overall elevation of iron deposition within the thalamus in the Parkinson’s disease model (about 53.81% increase) was similar to that in the substantia nigra (54.81%) region. Substantial susceptibility changes were observed in the intralaminar part of the thalamus (about 70.78% increase). Additionally, we observed that in the Parkinson’s disease model, binding potential values obtained from positron emission tomography were considerably decreased in the thalamus (97.51%) and substantia nigra (92.48%).
Conclusions
The increased iron deposition in the thalamus showed negative correlation with dopaminergic activity in PD, supporting the idea that iron accumulation affects glutaminergic inputs and dopaminergic neurons. This investigation indicates that the remarkable susceptibility changes in the thalamus could be an initial major diagnostic biomarker for Parkinson’s disease-related motor symptoms.
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19
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Shan D, Ma C, Yang J. Enabling biodegradable functional biomaterials for the management of neurological disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:219-238. [PMID: 31228483 PMCID: PMC6888967 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients are being diagnosed with neurological diseases, but are rarely cured because of the lack of curative therapeutic approaches. This situation creates an urgent clinical need to develop effective diagnosis and treatment strategies for repair and regeneration of injured or diseased neural tissues. In this regard, biodegradable functional biomaterials provide promising solutions to meet this demand owing to their unique responsiveness to external stimulation fields, which enable neuro-imaging, neuro-sensing, specific targeting, hyperthermia treatment, controlled drug delivery, and nerve regeneration. This review discusses recent progress in the research and development of biodegradable functional biomaterials including electroactive biomaterials, magnetic materials and photoactive biomaterials for the management of neurological disorders with emphasis on their applications in bioimaging (photoacoustic imaging, MRI and fluorescence imaging), biosensing (electrochemical sensing, magnetic sensing and opical sensing), and therapy strategies (drug delivery, hyperthermia treatment, and tissue engineering). It is expected that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the roles of biodegradable functional biomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases, and lead to innovations for the design and development of the next generation biodegradable functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingying Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chuying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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20
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Ghassaban K, He N, Sethi SK, Huang P, Chen S, Yan F, Haacke EM. Regional High Iron in the Substantia Nigra Differentiates Parkinson's Disease Patients From Healthy Controls. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:106. [PMID: 31191294 PMCID: PMC6546029 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Iron is important in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) specifically related to degeneration of the substantia nigra (SN). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to measure brain iron in the entire structure but this approach is insensitive to regional changes in iron content. Objective: The goal of this work was to use quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and R2∗ to quantify both global and regional brain iron in PD patients and healthy controls (HC) to ascertain if regional changes correlate with clinical conditions and can be used to discriminate patients from controls. Methods: Susceptibility and R2∗ maps of 25 PD and 24 HC subjects were reconstructed from data collected on a 3T GE scanner. For the susceptibility maps, three-dimensional regions-of-interest (ROIs) were traced on eight deep gray matter (DGM) structures and an age-based threshold was applied to define regions of high iron content. The same multi-slice ROIs were duplicated on the R2∗ maps as well. Mean susceptibility values of both global and regional high iron (RII) content along with global R2∗ values were measured and compared not only between the two cohorts, but also to susceptibility and R2∗ baselines as a function of age. Finally, clinical features were compared for those PD patients lying above and below the upper 95% regional susceptibility-age prediction intervals. Results: The SN was the only structure showing significantly higher susceptibility in PD patients compared to controls globally (p < 0.01) and regionally (p < 0.001). The R2∗ values were also higher only in the SN of PD patients compared to the healthy cohort (p < 0.05). Furthermore, those patients with abnormal susceptibility values lying above the upper 95% prediction intervals had significantly higher united Parkinson’s diagnostic rating scores. R2∗ values had larger errors and showed larger dispersion as a function of age than QSM data for global analysis while the dispersion was significantly less for QSM using the RII iron content. Conclusion: Abnormal iron deposition in the SN, especially in RII areas, could serve as a biomarker to distinguish PD patients from HC and to assess disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Ghassaban
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sean Kumar Sethi
- Magnetic Resonance Innovations, Inc., Bingham Farms, MI, United States
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ewart Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Magnetic Resonance Innovations, Inc., Bingham Farms, MI, United States
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22
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Lee JH, Lee MS. Brain Iron Accumulation in Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes: in vivo MRI Evidences for Distinctive Patterns. Front Neurol 2019; 10:74. [PMID: 30809185 PMCID: PMC6379317 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest mechanistic links among perturbed iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and misfolded protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Iron overload and toxicity toward dopaminergic neurons have been established as playing a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Brain iron accumulation has also been documented in atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS), mainly comprising multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been applied to identify iron-related signal changes for the diagnosis and differentiation of these disorders. Topographic patterns of widespread iron deposition in deep brain nuclei have been described as differing between patients with MSA and PSP and those with PD. A disease-specific increase of iron occurs in the brain regions mainly affected by underlying disease pathologies. However, whether iron changes are a primary pathogenic factor or an epiphenomenon of neuronal degeneration has not been fully elucidated. Moreover, the clinical implications of iron-related pathology in APS remain unclear. In this review study, we collected data from qualitative and quantitative MRI studies on brain iron accumulation in APS to identify disease-related patterns and the potential role of iron-sensitive MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sik Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Parkinson's Disease and Metal Storage Disorders: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8110194. [PMID: 30384510 PMCID: PMC6267486 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8110194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal storage disorders (MSDs) are a set of rare inherited conditions with variable clinical pictures including neurological dysfunction. The objective of this study was, through a systematic review, to identify the prevalence of Parkinsonism in patients with MSDs in order to uncover novel pathways implemented in Parkinson’s disease. Human studies describing patients of any age with an MSD diagnosis were analysed. Foreign language publications as well as animal and cellular studies were excluded. Searches were conducted through PubMed and Ovid between April and September 2018. A total of 53 publications were identified including 43 case reports, nine cross-sectional studies, and one cohort study. The publication year ranged from 1981 to 2018. The most frequently identified MSDs were Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) with 11 papers describing Parkinsonism, Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) (7 papers), and Wilson’s disease (6 papers). The mean ages of onset of Parkinsonism for these MSDs were 33, 53, and 48 years old, respectively. The Parkinsonian features described in the PKAN and HH patients were invariably atypical while the majority (4/6) of the Wilson’s disease papers had a typical picture. This paper has highlighted a relationship between MSDs and Parkinsonism. However, due to the low-level evidence identified, further research is required to better define what the relationship is.
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Du L, Zhao Z, Cui A, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Shi S, Fu C, Han X, Gao W, Song T, Xie L, Wang L, Sun S, Guo R, Ma G. Increased Iron Deposition on Brain Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Correlates with Decreased Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1849-1857. [PMID: 29722955 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of iron in deep gray structures is an important pathological characteristic in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is more specific than other imaging-based iron measurement modalities and allows noninvasive assessment of tissue magnetic susceptibility, which has been shown to correlate well with brain iron levels. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between the magnetic susceptibility values of deep gray matter nuclei and the cognitive functions assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) in patients with mild and moderate AD. Thirty subjects with mild and moderate AD and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were scanned with a 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The magnetic susceptibilities of the regions of interest (ROIs), including caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), thalamus (Th), red nucleus (Rn), substantia nigra (Sn), and dentate nucleus (Dn), were quantified by QSM. We found that the susceptibility values of the bilateral Cd and Pt were significantly higher in AD patients than the controls ( P < 0.05). In contrast, bilateral Rn had significantly lower susceptibility values in AD than the controls. Regardless of gender and age, the increase of magnetic susceptibility in the left Cd was significantly correlated with the decrease of MMSE scores and MoCA scores ( P < 0.05). Our study indicated that magnetic susceptibility value of left Cd could be potentially used as a biomarker of disease severity in mild and moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ailing Cui
- Anatomy Department, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000 Shanxi China
| | - Yijiang Zhu
- Department of Imaging, ANHUI Provincial Hospital, Hefei, 230000 Anhui China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sumin Shi
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianbin Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lizhi Xie
- GE Healthcare, MR Research, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runcai Guo
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Quantifying iron content in magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2018; 187:77-92. [PMID: 29702183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring iron content has practical clinical indications in the study of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ferritinopathies and multiple sclerosis as well as in the quantification of iron content in microbleeds and oxygen saturation in veins. In this work, we review the basic concepts behind imaging iron using T2, T2*, T2', phase and quantitative susceptibility mapping in the human brain, liver and heart, followed by the applications of in vivo iron quantification in neurodegenerative diseases, iron tagged cells and ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles.
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