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Cutoiu A, Boda D. An overview regarding the relationship between Mollicutes, infertility and antibiotic resistance (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 21:119. [PMID: 38938741 PMCID: PMC11209857 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout the past decades, physicians have increasingly conferred regarding the role of Mollicutes in infertility in both male and female patients. Although Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma do not represent a leading cause of infertility, whether dermatovenerologists, gynecologists and urologists should not disregard them when screening patients with infertility problems is discussed in the present review. While these infections are completely asymptomatic in ~80% of cases, they do lead to both chronic inflammation of the genital tract and reproductive disorders. Different Mollicute strains and/or serovars, genomic traits and proteomic markers have been examined in order to understand not only the exact mechanism by which they cause infertility, but also their relationship with the worldwide spreading resistance to antibiotics. The current review provided an overview of the latest studies regarding the new findings on the relationship between Mollicutes, infertility and antibiotic resistance. Awareness should be raised among clinicians to screen sexually active adults wishing to conceive who have failed to achieve a pregnancy; in addition, an antibiogram should be performed and treatment should be carried out according to the guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cutoiu
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Ponderas’ Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
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Liu W, Yang T, Kong Y, Xie X, Ruan Z. Ureaplasma infections: update on epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-31. [PMID: 38794781 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2349556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Human Ureaplasma species are being increasingly recognized as opportunistic pathogens in human genitourinary tract infections, infertility, adverse pregnancy, neonatal morbidities, and other adult invasive infections. Although some general reviews have focused on the detection and clinical manifestations of Ureaplasma spp., the molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenesis of Ureaplasma spp. have not been adequately explained. The purpose of this review is to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of the molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenesis of human Ureaplasma infections. This review summarizes the conventional culture and detection methods and the latest molecular identification technologies for Ureaplasma spp. We also reviewed the global prevalence and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance for Ureaplasma spp. Aside from regular antibiotics, novel antibiotics with outstanding in vitro antimicrobial activity against Ureaplasma spp. are described. Furthermore, we discussed the pathogenic mechanisms of Ureaplasma spp., including adhesion, proinflammatory effects, cytotoxicity, and immune escape effects, from the perspectives of pathology, related molecules, and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Valasoulis G, Pouliakis A, Michail G, Magaliou I, Parthenis C, Margari N, Kottaridi C, Spathis A, Leventakou D, Ieronimaki AI, Androutsopoulos G, Panagopoulos P, Daponte A, Tsiodras S, Panayiotides IG. Cervical HPV Infections, Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens and Cytology Findings-A Molecular Epidemiology Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:1347. [PMID: 38003814 PMCID: PMC10675441 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalent cervical HPV infection and high-risk HPV persistence consequences have been extensively investigated in the literature; nevertheless, any causative interrelations of other sexually transmitted bacterial infections (STIs) with cervical HPV infection have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the possible association of STIs with cervical cytology aberrations and HPV genotyping results in a representative sample of predominantly young Greek women. Liquid-based cytology and molecular detection for bacterial STIs and HPV as well as extended HPV genotyping were simultaneously assessed in cervical samples from 2256 individuals visiting several urban outpatient Gynecology Departments for well-woman visits or cervical screening throughout a 20-month period. All specimens were centrally processed with validated molecular assays. The mean age of the studied women was 37.0 ± 11.7 years; 722 women (33.30%) tested positive for STI (mean age 34.23 ± 10.87 years). A higher mean age (38.34 ± 11.83 years (p < 0.05)) was associated with negative STI testing. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 59 individuals (8.2%), Mycoplasma hominis in 156 (21.6%), Mycoplasma genitalium in 14 (1.9%), and Ureaplasma spp. in 555 (76.9%); infections with two bacterial pathogens were identified in 73 samples (10.1%). Cervical HPV was detected in 357 out of 1385 samples with a valid HPV typing result (25.8%). The mean age of HPV-positive women was 32.0 ± 8.4 years; individuals testing HPV-negative were slightly older (N = 1028): 34.4 ± 9.2 (p < 0.05). Among the 1371 individuals with valid results both for bacterial STIs and cervical HPV detection, women with an HPV-positive sample were more likely to harbor an STI (OR: 2.69, 95% CI 2.10-3.46, p < 0.05). Interestingly, bacterial STI positivity illustrated significant heterogeneity between NILM and LSIL cases, with 28.88% of NILM and 46.33% of LSIL cases harboring an STI, respectively (p < 0.05). In brief, in a population with a high prevalence for STIs, especially Ureaplasma spp., an association was documented between bacterial pathogen detection and cervical HPV infection, as well as abnormal cytology; these findings merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Valasoulis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
- Hellenic National Public Health Organization-ECDC, Marousi, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Abraham Pouliakis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
| | - Georgios Michail
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Ioulia Magaliou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
- Department of Midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Christos Parthenis
- 3rd Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Margari
- Independed Researcher—Cytopathologist, Kifissias Avenue 27A’, 11523 Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aris Spathis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
| | - Danai Leventakou
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
| | - Argyro-Ioanna Ieronimaki
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
| | - Georgios Androutsopoulos
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Periklis Panagopoulos
- 3rd Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Panayiotides
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Attikon” University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (A.P.)
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Miranda-Ribera A, Serena G, Liu J, Fasano A, Kingsbury MA, Fiorentino MR. The Zonulin-transgenic mouse displays behavioral alterations ameliorated via depletion of the gut microbiota. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:2000299. [PMID: 34775911 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.2000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis hypothesis suggests that interactions in the intestinal milieu are critically involved in regulating brain function. Several studies point to a gut-microbiota-brain connection linking an impaired intestinal barrier and altered gut microbiota composition to neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation. Increased gut permeability allows luminal antigens to cross the gut epithelium, and via the blood stream and an impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) enters the brain impacting its function. Pre-haptoglobin 2 (pHP2), the precursor protein to mature HP2, is the first characterized member of the zonulin family of structurally related proteins. pHP 2 has been identified in humans as the thus far only endogenous regulator of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions (TJs). We have leveraged the Zonulin-transgenic mouse (Ztm) that expresses a murine pHP2 (zonulin) to determine the role of increased gut permeability and its synergy with a dysbiotic intestinal microbiota on brain function and behavior. Here we show that Ztm mice display sex-dependent behavioral abnormalities accompanied by altered gene expression of BBB TJs and increased expression of brain inflammatory genes. Antibiotic depletion of the gut microbiota in Ztm mice downregulated brain inflammatory markers ameliorating some anxiety-like behavior. Overall, we show that zonulin-dependent alterations in gut permeability and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota are associated with an altered BBB integrity, neuroinflammation, and behavioral changes that are partially ameliorated by microbiota depletion. Our results suggest the Ztm model as a tool for the study of the cross-talk between the microbiome/gut and the brain in the context of neurobehavioral/neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Miranda-Ribera
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Serena
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jundi Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria R Fiorentino
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Roy A, Dadwal R, Yadav R, Singh P, Krishnamoorthi S, Dasgupta A, Chakraborti A, Sethi S. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species infection and organism load with cervicitis in north Indian population. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:506-514. [PMID: 34089202 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cervicitis is predominantly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, which accounts for almost half of all the cases of cervicitis. The role of newer organisms like Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma sp. and association of bacterial load with cervicitis are also not well established. So the study aimed to determine the relative frequency of these organisms and their load in association with cervicitis cases from north India. A case-control study involving 300 women was conducted using quantitative real-time PCR from endocervical swabs for identification of organisms and quantification of bacterial load. Among 150 cervicitis cases, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma parvum were detected in 5 (3·3%), 10 (6·6%), 37(24·6%) and 47 (31·3%) respectively. Old age (<0·001, chi-squared test) and irregular menstrual cycles (<0·001, chi-squared test) were significantly associated with cervicitis. M genitalium was the only organism to be associated significantly with cervicitis with regard to age (<0·031) and symptoms like discharge (P < 0·033, chi-squared test) and dysuria (P < 0·044, chi-squared test) in multivariate analysis. Our finding suggests that the bacterial load of these organisms is not significantly associated with cervicitis. However, we found significant association of M. genitalium infection with clinical characteristics of cervicitis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Dadwal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - S Krishnamoorthi
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - A Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Baek JC, Jo HC, Lee SM, Park JE, Cho IA, Sung JH. Prevalence of Pathogens and Other Microorganisms in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Vulvovaginal Symptoms: A Retrospective Study in a Single Institute in South Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060577. [PMID: 34199976 PMCID: PMC8229179 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vaginitis causes vulvovaginal symptoms, including itching, irritation, vaginal discharge, burning, or foul odor. It is one of the most common diseases encountered in gynecologic practice. Hypoestrogenism due to menopause has a considerable negative effect on vaginal health and leads to changes in the vaginal pH and vaginal microflora, which are related to a change in the causes and microorganisms of vaginitis. Thus the aim here was to investigate the prevalence of pathogens and other microorganisms in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal symptoms, using an STD 12-Multiplex real-time PCR test and routine culture of vaginal discharge. Materials and Methods: From January 2018 to December 2019, records of patients diagnosed with vaginitis at Changwon Gyeongsang National University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects were categorized into Group A and Group B, respectively. and the data of symptoms, general characteristics, and results of both STD 12-Multiplex real-time PCR test and routine culture of vaginal discharge were retrieved. Results: On the STD 12-Multiplex real-time PCR test, Gardnerella vaginalis was the most common microorganism in both groups. Ureaplasma parvum was the second most common one, followed by Candida speceies. On the routine culture of vaginal discharge, Escherichia coli was the most common aerobic bacterial microorganism in both groups, followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS). There was no significant difference between the two groups. Pathogens and other microorganisms of patients with vulvovaginal symptoms that showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups were Ureaplasa parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticulum, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of pathogens and other microorganisms in menopausal women with vulvovaginal symptoms did not show a significant difference from premenopausal women. Therefore, management strategies for patients with vulvovaginal symptoms should be developed through accurate diagnosis using appropriate diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chul Baek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea; (J.-C.B.); (S.-M.L.); (J.-E.P.)
| | - Hyen-Chul Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea; (J.-C.B.); (S.-M.L.); (J.-E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-214-3780; Fax: +82-55-214-3253
| | - Seon-Mi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea; (J.-C.B.); (S.-M.L.); (J.-E.P.)
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea; (J.-C.B.); (S.-M.L.); (J.-E.P.)
| | - In-Ae Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea;
| | - Joo-Hyun Sung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Jinju 51472, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea;
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Infection Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Levels in Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in Gynecological Outpatients of a Tertiary Hospital in China from 2015 to 2018. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2021; 2021:8842267. [PMID: 33520043 PMCID: PMC7817312 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8842267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infection prevalence and antibiotic resistance levels in gynecological outpatients. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of gynecological outpatients of the Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Antibiotic resistance levels in U. urealyticum and M. hominis were defined by a commercial Mycoplasma kit for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate risk factors associated with Mycoplasma isolation. Comparisons of yearly distributions and resistance rates were assessed by chi-square tests. Fifty-six percent of gynecological outpatients were positive for U. urealyticum, and 11.02% were positive for M. hominis. In the univariate analysis, women aged 30–39 years or with a history of pregnancy or gynecological diseases had an increased risk for Mycoplasma isolation, while women who were postmenopausal or had an education level of undergraduate degree or above had a decreased risk of Mycoplasma isolation. In the multivariate logistic regression model, an independent risk factor for Mycoplasma isolation was a history of gynecological diseases, while a bachelor's degree, master's degree, or above were protective factors against Mycoplasma isolation. There were distinctly gradual increases in the positivity rates of U. urealyticum and M. hominis from 2015 to 2018 and an overall increasing trend of resistance to ten antibiotics among U. urealyticum and M. hominis. The top three antibiotics associated with resistance were ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and levofloxacin. Doxycycline, josamycin, and minocycline were preferred because they had the lowest levels of resistance. Increases in the prevalence of infection and antibiotic resistance in U. urealyticum and M. hominis were observed from 2015 to 2018, clearly confirming the necessity to monitor the standardized administration of antibiotics.
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Plummer EL, Vodstrcil LA, Bodiyabadu K, Murray GL, Doyle M, Latimer RL, Fairley CK, Payne M, Chow EPF, Garland SM, Bradshaw CS. Are Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum associated with specific genital symptoms and clinical signs in non-pregnant women? Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:659-668. [PMID: 33502501 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence supporting an association between Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum and symptoms or disease in non-pregnant women. However, testing and reporting of these organisms frequently occurs, in-part due to their inclusion in multiplex-PCR assays for sexually transmitted infection (STI) detection. We investigated if M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum were associated with symptoms and/or signs in non-pregnant women attending a sexual health service. METHODS Eligible women attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre completed a questionnaire regarding sexual practices and symptoms. Symptomatic women underwent examination. Women were assessed for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and tested for M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum, and four non-viral STIs using a commercial multiplex-PCR. RESULTS 1,272 women were analysed. After adjusting for STIs and VVC, M. hominis was associated with abnormal vaginal discharge (aOR=2.70, 95%CI:1.92-3.79), vaginal malodour (aOR=4.27, 95%CI:3.08-5.91), vaginal pH>4.5 (aOR=4.27, 95%CI:3.22-5.66) and presence of clue cells (aOR=8.08, 95%CI:5.68-11.48). Ureaplasma spp. were not associated with symptoms/signs. BV was strongly associated with M. hominis (aOR=8.01, 95%CI:5.99-10.71), but was not associated with either Ureaplasma spp. In stratified analyses, M. hominis was associated with self-reported vaginal malodour and clinician-recorded vaginal discharge in women with BV, but not with symptoms/signs in women without BV. CONCLUSION Only M. hominis was associated with symptoms/signs, and these were manifestations of BV. Importantly, M. hominis was not associated with symptoms/signs in women without BV. These findings do not support routine testing for M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum in non-pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Plummer
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lenka A Vodstrcil
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kaveesha Bodiyabadu
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- SpeeDx Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gerald L Murray
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michelle Doyle
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosie L Latimer
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric P F Chow
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catriona S Bradshaw
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhang J, Shi K, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao C, Du C, Zhang L. Effects of respiratory disease on Kele piglets lung microbiome, assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing. Vet World 2020; 13:1970-1981. [PMID: 33132613 PMCID: PMC7566272 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1970-1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Due to the incomplete development of the immune system in immature piglets, the respiratory tract is susceptible to invasion by numerous pathogens that cause a range of potential respiratory diseases. However, few studies have reported the changes in pig lung microorganisms during respiratory infection. Therefore, we aimed to explore the differences in lung environmental microorganisms between healthy piglets and piglets with respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods Histopathological changes in lung sections were observed in both diseased and healthy pigs. Changes in the composition and abundance of microbiomes in alveolar lavage fluid from eleven 4-week-old Chinese Kele piglets (three clinically healthy and eight diseased) were studied by IonS5™ XL sequencing of the bacterial16S rRNA genes. Results Histopathological sections showed that diseased pigs displayed more lung lesions than healthy pigs. Diseased piglets harbored lower bacterial operational taxonomic units, α-diversity, and bacterial community complexity in comparison to healthy piglets. Taxonomic composition analysis showed that in the diseased piglets, the majority of flora was composed of Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma, and Actinobacillus; while Actinobacillus, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas were dominant in the control group. The abundance of Ureaplasma was significantly higher in ill piglets (p<0.05), and the phylogenetic tree indicated that Ureaplasma was clustered in Ureaplasma diversum, a conditional pathogen that has the potential to affect the swine respiratory system. Conclusion The results of this study show that the microbial species and structure of piglets' lungs were changed during respiratory tract infection. The finding of Ureaplasma suggested that besides known pathogens such as Mycoplasma and Actinobacillus, unknown pathogens can exist in the respiratory system of diseased pigs and provide a potential basis for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Kaizhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chunlin Du
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Linxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Major Epidemic Disease Monitoring and Prevention , Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Detection of Ureaplasma Biovars and Subtyping of Ureaplasma parvum among Women Referring to a University Hospital in Morocco. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2020; 2020:7286820. [PMID: 32565672 PMCID: PMC7298260 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7286820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Ureaplasma biovars and Ureaplasma parvum (U. parvum) serovars, their associated risk factors, and genital STI-related symptoms. Methods DNA obtained from cervical samples of 1053 women attending the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the laboratory of pathological anatomy of Hassan II university hospital of Fez, Morocco, was used to detect Ureaplasma biovars (U. urealyticum and U. parvum) and to subtype U. parvum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Of the 1053 women examined, 25.4% (268/1053) were Ureaplasma positives. The rates of U. urealyticum and U. parvum were 12.1% (128/1053) and 7% (74/1053), respectively, and the copresence of these biovars was noted in 6.3% (66/1053) cases. The U. parvum subtyping revealed a predominance of the serovar 3/14 (61.4%). The association of demographics variables with Ureaplasma biovars was studied and shows that the age (“<30” years) seems to be a risk factor of Ureaplasma spp. and U. urealyticum carriage (OR 1.729, 95% CI [1.113-2.687] and OR 1.848, 95% CI [1.026-3.330], respectively). There was no difference in the prevalence of Ureaplasma type regarding symptoms. However, a significant association was found between U. parvum serovar 1 and infertility (P = 0.011). Conclusion This first study conducted in Morocco provides an idea on Ureaplasma biovars and U. parvum serovars circulating in this region, their associated risk factors, and genital STI-related symptoms. Therefore, further studies are required to clarify and confirm the pathogenic role of these Ureaplasma species.
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Khullar S, Rawre J, Khanna N, Sreenivas V, Dhawan B. Utility of polymerase chain reaction assays for confirmation of liquid culture test results for Ureaplasma spp. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:235-236. [PMID: 32883942 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Rawre
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Rawre J, Dhawan B, Khanna N, Sreenivas V, Broor S, Chaudhry R. Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis omp A genotypes in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in New Delhi, India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:662-670. [PMID: 31417035 PMCID: PMC6702700 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1171_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Limited data are available on the typing of Chlamydia trachomatis in India. Serovars D to K of C. trachomatis are chiefly responsible for urogenital infections. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the distribution of C. trachomatis serovars in patients with urogenital infections and to characterize ompA gene of the detected C. trachomatis isolates by sequence analysis. Presence of other co-infections was also evaluated. Methods: Endocervical swabs were collected from 324 women and urethral swabs/urine were collected from 193 men attending the sexually transmitted diseases outpatient clinic. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by cryptic plasmid PCR and ompA gene PCR. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of the ompA gene. Samples were screened for genital mycoplasmas, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Results: C. trachomatis was found in 15.0 per cent men and 10.8 per cent women. Serovar D was the most prevalent followed by serovars E, F, I and G. Twenty two C. trachomatis isolates were selected for ompA gene sequencing. No mixed infection was found. Variability in ompA sequences was seen in
31.8 per cent cases. Both PCR-RFLP and ompA gene sequencing showed concordant results. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis was observed in 18.7 and 9.5 per cent patients, respectively. Co-infection of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum and HIV. Interpretation & conclusions: The high occurence of C. trachomatis infections warrants its screening in addition to other sexually transmitted infections namely U. urealyticum and HIV. Genotyping of the ompA gene may provide additional information for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rawre
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shobha Broor
- Department of Microbiology, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, India
| | - Rama Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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13
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Rittenschober-Böhm J, Waldhoer T, Schulz SM, Pimpel B, Goeral K, Kasper DC, Witt A, Berger A. Vaginal Ureaplasma parvum serovars and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220:594.e1-594.e9. [PMID: 30735669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.01.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ureaplasma species (spp) are the bacteria most often isolated from the amniotic cavity of women with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes; thus, the link between intrauterine Ureaplasma spp infection and adverse pregnancy outcome clearly is established. However, because vaginal Ureaplasma spp colonization is very common in pregnant women, the reason that these microorganisms cause ascending infections in some cases but remain asymptomatic in most pregnancies is not clear. Previous studies suggested an association between vaginal colonization with Ureaplasma parvum as opposed to U urealyticum and preterm delivery. However, because of the high frequency of vaginal Ureaplasma spp colonization during pregnancy, additional risk factors are needed to select a group of women who might benefit from treatment. OBJECTIVE To further identify pregnant women who are at increased risk for preterm delivery, the aim of the present study was to investigate U parvum serovar-specific pathogenicity in a large clinical cohort. STUDY DESIGN We serotyped 1316 samples that were positive for U parvum using a high-resolution melt polymerase chain reaction assay, and results were correlated with pregnancy outcome. RESULTS Within U parvum positive samples, serovar 3 was the most common isolate (43.3%), followed by serovar 6 (31.4%) and serovar 1 (25.2%). There was a significantly increased risk for spontaneous preterm birth at very low (<32 weeks gestation; P<.005) and extremely low (<28 weeks gestation; P<.005) gestational age in the group with vaginal U parvum serovar 3 colonization compared with the control group of pregnant women who tested negative for vaginal Ureaplasma spp colonization. This association was found for neither serovar 1 nor serovar 6. The combination of vaginal U parvum serovar 3 colonization and diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy or a history of preterm birth further increased the risk for adverse pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSION Colonization with U parvum serovar 3, but not serovar 1 or serovar 6, in early pregnancy is associated with preterm delivery at very and extremely low gestational age. The combination of U parvum serovar 3 colonization and a history of preterm birth or bacterial vaginosis further increases the risk for spontaneous preterm birth at low gestational age and may define a target group for therapeutic intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Rittenschober-Böhm
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan M Schulz
- Research Core Unit for Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Pimpel
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Goeral
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David C Kasper
- Research Core Unit for Pediatric Biochemistry and Analytics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Witt
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zanotta N, Campisciano G, Morassut S, Castro-Silva E, Luksa V, Zito G, Luppi S, Martinelli M, Colli C, De Seta F, Ricci G, Suligoi B, Comar M. Emerging role for Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3: Active infection in women with silent high-risk human papillomavirus and in women with idiopathic infertility. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17905-17911. [PMID: 30883747 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there are controversial opinions on the presence of Mycoplasmas/Ureaplasmas as colonizers or pathogens, and on the use of a targeted therapy. This study aimed to characterize Mycoplasmas/Ureaplasmas infections in reproductive age women, including the acquisition of sexually transmitted (ST) pathogens and poor birth outcomes. A total of 646 healthy Italian women fulfilled the inclusion criteria including 521 infertile women, 65 pregnant women, and 60 fertile women with identified risk factors and symptomatic for vaginitis/cervicitis. Multiplex and quantitative molecular techniques and direct automatic DNA sequencing were performed to assess the genome structure of Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma species and ST infected pathogens. Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 represented the predominant colonizer of the urogenital tract of this series and the unique species significantly associated with ST pathogens coinfection (p < 0.01). U. parvum load >104 bacteria/ml, suggestive of active infection, has been measured only in asymptomatic high-risk human papillomavirus infected women (24.3%) and in 40% of women with idiopathic infertility. To note, 16% of the follicular fluid from these idiopathic women resulted infected with U. parvum. In conclusion, the present study focused the attention on U. parvum serovar 3 as emerging microorganism in sexually active women that may have the benefit of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Sara Morassut
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Luksa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriella Zito
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Luppi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Martinelli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Francesco De Seta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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15
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Akgul A, Kadioglu A, Koksal MO, Ozmez A, Agacfidan A. Sexually transmitted agents and their association with leucocytospermia in infertility clinic patients. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13127. [PMID: 30125380 DOI: 10.1111/and.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvumDNA were investigated using real-time multiplex PCR detection kit in the urine samples of 50 patients who presented to the infertility polyclinic. Patients were classified into two groups in accordance with the WHO leucocytospermia criteria as over 1 × 106 /ml (n = 25) and below 1 × 106 /ml (controls; n = 25). In addition, the semen sample results of the patients were evaluated. The mean leucocyte count in the leucocytospermia group was detected as 3.4 × 106 /ml. Agent positivity was found in 12 of 25 patients in the leucocytospermia group (U. parvum 10, U. urealyticum 3, M. hominis 3) and 9 of 25 patients in the control group (U. parvum 7, U. urealyticum 2, M. hominis 1). A chi-square test evaluation revealed no statistically significant difference between groups. (p = 0.390). The statistical evaluation using the Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests revealed no statistically significant negative effect of agent positivity on semen analysis parameters in either group (p > 0.05). Although no significant difference was detected between the groups, this study provides data about the prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted diseases in patients presenting to the infertility polyclinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Akgul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ates Kadioglu
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muammer O Koksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Ozmez
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Agacfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Otgonjargal B, Batbaatar G, Pfeffer K, Bruhn T, Battogtokh C, Henrich B. A novel mba-based Real time PCR approach for genotyping of Ureaplasma parvum validated in a cohort of Mongolian mothers and offspring. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:865-871. [PMID: 30100523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Ureaplasma parvum in abnormal outcomes of human pregnancy has been discussed controversially in the past. Of the 14 known ureaplasma serovars, the Ureaplasma parvum serovars 1, 3, 6 and 14, have been found to derive from smaller genomes. Serovars 3 and 6 have been described more often to cause complications in pregnancy. To elucidate the serovar distribution in U. parvum positive specimens of 200 Mongolian mothers and their offspring, a new set of mba-targeting PCRs was developed enabling a fast and reliable serovar differentiation by melting peak analysis in a Real time PCR approach or by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. 92% maternal and 55% neonatal samples were retrospectively genotyped and a dominance of serovars 3 and 6 was detected while serovar 14 was almost absent. Transmission from mothers to newborns was detected in 83% of U. parvum positive neonates exhibiting serovar patterns identical to their mothers. No statistically significant correlation between a distinct serovar and pregnancy outcome could be detected. However, neonatal colonization with serovar 1 declined with progressing pregnancy suggesting that a higher ureaplasma load shortened pregnancy and thereby had a potential negative effect on offspring health. Our novel mba-based Real time PCR approach, which can also be used in conventional PCR and gel electrophoretic analysis, provides the proof of principle that the four U. parvum serovars 1, 3, 6 and 14 can be differentially detected and quantified. A larger scale study outside the scope of this work should be conducted to clarify the impact of serovar 1 on pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Otgonjargal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Zorig Street, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia.
| | - G Batbaatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Zorig Street, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia.
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, University Street, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
| | - T Bruhn
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, University Street, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
| | - C Battogtokh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Zorig Street, Ulaanbaatar, 14210, Mongolia.
| | - B Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, University Street, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
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17
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Clonal diversity of Ureaplasma species and its relationship with oligozoospermia and semen quality in Chinese infertile males. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1957-1963. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Kletzel HH, Rotem R, Barg M, Michaeli J, Reichman O. Ureaplasma urealyticum: the Role as a Pathogen in Women's Health, a Systematic Review. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2018; 20:33. [PMID: 29959546 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To evaluate the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum as a genital pathogen in women's health. Three aspects were analyzed: (1) preterm delivery (PTD); (2) female infertility; and (3) lower genital tract pathology including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis, and genital discomfort (discharge, burning). RECENT FINDINGS A systematic review was performed. Searching PUBMED and EMBASE for published articles from January 2003 to September 2017 using the key word "Ureaplasma urealyticum" yielded 1835 manuscripts. These were further screened using defined inclusion criteria: (1) original peer-reviewed observational studies; (2) English language; (3) U. urealyticum was specifically isolated; (4) present "cases"/"exposed" and "controls"/"unexposed" to enable calculating an association between U. urealyticum and the outcome studied. Altogether, 32 studies were included that underwent quality scoring based on methodology, sample size, study population, and method of identification of U. urealyticum. The association of U. urealyticum and PTD was inconsistent between the studies. Eight of the ten prospective studies failed to show an association between U. urealyticum and PTD, yet four of the six case control studies found a positive association. Regarding female infertility and genital discomfort, five of the six studies for each of these topics failed to find an association. Only two studies met the inclusion criteria for cervicitis with conflicting conclusions. Unfortunately, none of the studies met the inclusion criteria for PID. It seems that U. urealyticum has a limited role as a pathogen in female infertility, cervicitis, PID, and genital discomfort. The role as a pathogen in PTD is unclear and future studies are needed to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hershko Kletzel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reut Rotem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Barg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jennia Michaeli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orna Reichman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Suri NA, Sebastian S, Yadav D, Khanna N, Dhawan B. A case of oropharyngeal Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in a human immunodeficiency virus positive bisexual male co-infected with human papilloma virus and Treponema pallidum. JMM Case Rep 2018; 5:e005132. [PMID: 29623213 PMCID: PMC5884959 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Management strategies for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in their extragenital forms address Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis alone; whereas increased rates of isolation of other STI agents have been reported from various parts of the world. Their extragenital presence as a reservoir of infection emphasizes the need to screen and treat them at these sites. Case presentation A 35-year-old human immunodeficiency virus 1 infected bisexual male presented with urethral discharge and multiple ano-genital warts. He was reactive for the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test. He tested positive for Ureaplasma spp. both by culture and PCR at urethral and oropharyngeal sites, but was negative at the rectal site. The patient was successfully treated with doxycycline and penicillin, and was followed up with a test of cure at 6 weeks. Conclusion In view of the disseminating infections that can be caused by Ureaplasma spp., it makes it important to screen for these infections even at non-genital sites, especially in the immunocompromised. STIs may be asymptomatic and can serve as a reservoir of infection in a population. This report should promote all efforts to formulate guidelines for extragenital screening of all STI pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen Arif Suri
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujeesh Sebastian
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Yadav
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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20
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Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum in sexually active women attending public health clinics in Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2017. [PMID: 28637523 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum have been associated with genital infections. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of ureaplasmas and other sexually transmitted infections in sexually active women from Brazil and relate these data to demographic and sexual health, and cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Samples of cervical swab of 302 women were examined at the Family Health Units in Vitória da Conquista. The frequency of detection by conventional PCR was 76·2% for Mollicutes. In qPCR, the frequency found was 16·6% for U. urealyticum and 60·6% U. parvum and the bacterial load of these microorganisms was not significantly associated with signs and symptoms of genital infection. The frequency found for Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gardnerella vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis was 3·0%, 21·5%, 42·4% and 1·7%, respectively. Higher levels of IL-1β were associated with control women colonized by U. urealyticum and U. parvum. Increased levels of IL-6 were associated with women who exhibited U. parvum. Sexually active women, with more than one sexual partner in the last 3 months, living in a rural area were associated with increased odds of certain U. parvum serovar infection.
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21
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Sweeney EL, Kallapur SG, Meawad S, Gisslen T, Stephenson SA, Jobe AH, Knox CL. Ureaplasma Species Multiple Banded Antigen (MBA) Variation Is Associated with the Severity of Inflammation In vivo and In vitro in Human Placentae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:123. [PMID: 28451522 PMCID: PMC5390016 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The multiple banded antigen (MBA), a surface-exposed lipoprotein, is a proposed virulence factor of Ureaplasma spp. We previously demonstrated that the number of Ureaplasma parvum MBA size variants in amniotic fluid was inversely proportional to the severity of chorioamnionitis in experimentally infected pregnant sheep. However, the effect of ureaplasma MBA size variation on inflammation in human pregnancies has not been reported. Methods: Ureaplasmas isolated from the chorioamnion of pregnant women from a previous study (n = 42) were speciated/serotyped and MBA size variation was demonstrated by PCR and western blot. Results were correlated with the severity of chorioamnionitis and cord blood cytokines. In vitro, THP-1-derived macrophages were exposed to recombinant-MBA proteins of differing sizes and NF-κB activation and cytokine responses were determined. Results: MBA size variation was identified in 21/32 (65.6%) clinical isolates (in 10 clinical isolates MBA size variation was unable to be determined). Any size variation (increase/decrease) of the MBA (regardless of Ureaplasma species or serovar) was associated with mild or absent chorioamnionitis (P = 0.023) and lower concentrations of cord blood cytokines IL-8 (P = 0.04) and G-CSF (P = 0.008). In vitro, recombinant-MBA variants elicited different cytokine responses and altered expression of NF-κB p65. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that size variation of the ureaplasma MBA protein modulates the host immune response in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Sweeney
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CentreCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Simone Meawad
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tate Gisslen
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CentreCincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sally-Anne Stephenson
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan H Jobe
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CentreCincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christine L Knox
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
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Simultaneous detection and identification of STI pathogens by multiplex Real-Time PCR in genital tract specimens in a selected area of Apulia, a region of Southern Italy. Infection 2017; 45:469-477. [PMID: 28260146 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genital tract infections are globally a major cause of morbidity in sexually active individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associations of co-infections of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Ureaplasma parvum (UP) in specimens collected from female (SF) and male (SM) patients. METHODS 1575 samples from 1575 individuals from the geographical area around Bari, Apulia region in Southern Italy, were collected and analyzed by a multiplex Real-Time PCR (mRT-PCR) (AnyplexTM II STI-7, Seegene, Inc., Seoul, Korea) assay. RESULTS 455/1575 (28.89%) samples resulted positive for at least one of the targets named above. Statistically significant differences in prevalence of the pathogens between SF and SM were not detected except for UP (24.92% in SF vs 8.91% in SM). Prevalence of co-infections was 6.84 and 3.96% in SF and SM, respectively. Moreover, MH presence in SF, but not in SM, was associated with UU and UP. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest different patterns of infections between females and male and the importance of an increased vigilance of sexually transmitted pathogens to reduce the burden on general population and the sequelae or the complications on reproductive organs.
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Rawre J, Dhawan B, Malhotra N, Sreenivas V, Broor S, Chaudhry R. Prevalence and distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genovars in Indian infertile patients: a pilot study. APMIS 2017; 124:1109-1115. [PMID: 27859690 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence and distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genovars in patients with infertility by PCR-RFLP and ompA gene sequencing. Prevalence of other etiological agents (viz., Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis) were also assessed. Endocervical swabs were collected from 477 women and urine was collected from 151 men attending the Infertility Clinic. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by cryptic plasmid, ompA gene and nested ompA gene PCR. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Samples were screened for Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis. The prevalence of C. trachomatis in infertile women and their male partners were 15.7% (75 of 477) and 10.0% (15 of 151) respectively. Secondary infertility was significantly associated with chlamydial infection. Genovar E was the most prevalent followed by genovar D and F. Twenty-four C. trachomatis strains were selected for ompA gene sequencing. No mixed infection was picked. Variability in ompA sequences was seen in 50.0%. Both PCR-RFLP and ompA gene sequencing showed concordant results. High prevalence of C. trachomatis in infertile couples warrants routine screening for C. trachomatis infection in all infertile couples. Genotyping of the ompA gene of C. trachomatis may be a valuable tool in understanding the natural history of C. trachomatis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rawre
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Malhotra
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shobha Broor
- Department of Microbiology, SGT Medical College, Gurgaon, India
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Sweeney EL, Dando SJ, Kallapur SG, Knox CL. The Human Ureaplasma Species as Causative Agents of Chorioamnionitis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:349-379. [PMID: 27974410 PMCID: PMC5217797 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00091-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human Ureaplasma species are the most frequently isolated microorganisms from the amniotic fluid and placentae of women who deliver preterm and are also associated with spontaneous abortions or miscarriages, neonatal respiratory diseases, and chorioamnionitis. Despite the fact that these microorganisms have been habitually found within placentae of pregnancies with chorioamnionitis, the role of Ureaplasma species as a causative agent has not been satisfactorily explained. There is also controversy surrounding their role in disease, particularly as not all women infected with Ureaplasma spp. develop chorioamnionitis. In this review, we provide evidence that Ureaplasma spp. are associated with diseases of pregnancy and discuss recent findings which demonstrate that Ureaplasma spp. are associated with chorioamnionitis, regardless of gestational age at the time of delivery. Here, we also discuss the proposed major virulence factors of Ureaplasma spp., with a focus on the multiple-banded antigen (MBA), which may facilitate modulation/alteration of the host immune response and potentially explain why only subpopulations of infected women experience adverse pregnancy outcomes. The information presented within this review confirms that Ureaplasma spp. are not simply "innocent bystanders" in disease and highlights that these microorganisms are an often underestimated pathogen of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Sweeney
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology, the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine L Knox
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Piccinelli G, Gargiulo F, Biscaro V, Caccuri F, Caruso A, De Francesco MA. Analysis of mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum serovars resistant to fluoroquinolones. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 47:64-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Watts R, Nathan EA, Furfaro LL, Kemp MW, Keelan JA, Newnham JP. Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:312. [PMID: 27756249 PMCID: PMC5070304 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma and Candida spp. in the vagina during pregnancy has previously been associated with preterm birth (PTB). However, the prevalence of these microorganisms and the associated obstetric risks (likely to be population-specific) have not been determined in Australian women; furthermore, in the case of Ureaplasma spp., very few studies have attempted characterisation at the species level and none have examined genotype/serovar status to further refine risk assessment. METHODS In order to address these issues we sampled the vaginal fluid of 191 pregnant Australian women at three time points in pregnancy. Culture methods were used for detection of Ureaplasma spp. and Candida spp., and real-time PCR was used for speciation of U. parvum and U. urealyticum, non-albicans Candida spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium. High-resolution melt PCR was used to genotype U. parvum. Data on various lifestyle factors (including sex during pregnancy and smoking), antimicrobial use and pregnancy outcome were collected on all participants. Chi-square tests were used to assess the association of vaginal microorganisms with PTB. RESULTS Detection of Ureaplasma spp. was higher among spontaneous PTB cases, specifically in the presence of U. parvum [77 % preterm (95 % confidence interval (CI) 50-100 %) vs. 36 % term (CI: 29-43 %), p = 0.004], but not U. urealyticum. The association with PTB strengthened when U. parvum genotype SV6 was detected (54 % preterm (CI: 22-85 %) vs. 15 % term (CI: 10-20 %), p = 0.002); this genotype was also present in 80 % (4/5) of cases of PTB <34 weeks gestation. When present with Candida albicans in the same sample, the association with PTB remained strong for both U. parvum [46 % preterm (CI: 15-78 %) vs. 13 % term (CI: 8-18 %), p = 0.005] and U. parvum genotype SV6 [39 % preterm (CI: 8-69 %) vs. 7 % term (CI: 3-11 %), p = 0.003]. With the exception of Candida glabrata, vaginal colonisation status for all organisms was stable throughout pregnancy. Smoking significantly increased the likelihood of detection of all target organisms. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the presence of different species and serovars of Ureaplasma spp. in the vagina confers an increased risk of spontaneous PTB, findings which may be useful in risk assessment for identifying women who would benefit from antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Payne
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Demelza J. Ireland
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Rory Watts
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Nathan
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Biostatistics and Research Design Unit, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Lucy L. Furfaro
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Matthew W. Kemp
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Keelan
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, University of Western Australia, 2nd Floor, Block A, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
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Kweon OJ, Lim YK, Oh SM, Kim TH, Choe HS, Lee SJ, Cho YH, Lee MK. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofMycoplasma hominis,Ureaplasma urealyticumandUreaplasma parvumin Individuals With or Without Symptoms of Genitourinary Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3343/lmo.2016.6.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oh Joo Kweon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Kwan Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Min Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sop Choe
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Urology, St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chang J, Yu JK, Song C, Park IY, Park YJ. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Genital Mycoplasmataceaein Korean Women: Correlation between Phenotypic Test and Resistance Genes. ANNALS OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.5145/acm.2016.19.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Yang Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Joon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Redelinghuys MJ, Ehlers MM, Dreyer AW, Lombaard H, Olorunju SAS, Kock MM. A cross-sectional study on the relationship of age, gestational age and HIV infection to bacterial vaginosis and genital mycoplasma infection. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008530. [PMID: 26482771 PMCID: PMC4611850 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pregnant women are especially at risk of developing complications when infected with reproductive tract infections (RTIs). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and genital mycoplasmas in pregnant women and investigate the associations between BV, genital mycoplasmas, HIV infection, age and gestational age. DESIGN Cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical components. SETTING Antenatal clinic of a tertiary academic hospital in South Africa. PARTICIPANTS 220 pregnant women older than 18 were included in the study and provided self-collected vaginal swabs. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES BV and genital mycoplasma colonisation and/or infection in women of differing age, gestational period and HIV status. RESULTS The prevalence of BV was 17.7% (39/220) (95% CI 12.9 to 23.4), intermediate vaginal flora (IVF) 15% (33/220) (95% CI 10.56 to 20.42), and the overall prevalence of genital mycoplasmas was 84% (185/220) (95% CI 78.47 to 88.58). BV was significantly associated with HIV infection with an OR of 2.84 (95% CI 1.08 to 7.46 and p value=0.034). However, BV was inversely associated with gestational age with an OR of 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.42 and p value=0.003) for second trimester pregnancies and an OR of 0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.17 and p value<0.001) for third trimester pregnancies using the first trimester as reference. IVF was significantly associated with HIV infection with an OR of 2.7 (95% CI 1.07 to 6.79 and p value=0.035) but not with age or gestational age. Genital mycoplasmas were not significantly associated with age, gestational age, HIV status, BV flora or IVF. CONCLUSIONS The high infection rate of genital mycoplasmas and the association of BV with HIV found in this study reiterate the importance of screening for these RTIs in high-risk groups such as pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andries W Dreyer
- Centre for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hennie Lombaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Steve A S Olorunju
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum detected with the same frequency among women with and without symptoms of urogenital tract infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1237-45. [PMID: 25717022 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence stating that Ureaplasma urealyticum causes non-gonococcal urethritis in males, whereas Ureaplasma parvum does not seem to be of clinical significance. However, the clinical role of U. parvum and U. urealyticum in lower urogenital tract infections in females remains unclear. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of U. parvum and U. urealyticum among 145 Ureaplasma spp. culture-positive women with symptoms of lower urogenital tract infection (n = 75) and those without (n = 70), and to determine possible associations between the detection of U. parvum and U. urealyticum with selected characteristics. Endocervical, urethral, and vaginal swabs, and first voided urine were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to differentiate ureaplasmas. No significant association between the detection of U. parvum or U. urealyticum and symptom status was found. Significantly more women aged 25 years and younger were infected with U. urealyticum (23.4 %) compared to those aged above 25 years (9.2 %) [odds ratio (OR) 3.0 (1.1; 8.1); p = 0.03] and significantly less women aged 25 years and younger (83.5 %) were infected with U. parvum compared to those aged above 25 years (95.5 %) [OR 0.2 (0.1; 0.9); p = 0.03]. The detection of Chlamydia trachomatis was significantly associated to both U. parvum and U. urealyticum (p = 0.021), and to U. parvum alone with borderline significance (p = 0.063). Although neither U. parvum nor U. urealyticum seem to cause symptoms in females, their role in the female urogenital tract remains unknown, taking into account their ubiquity, possible augmentation of the urogenital microenvironment, and ascending capability to the sterile upper reproductive tract.
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Russell MW, Whittum-Hudson J, Fidel PL, Hook EW, Mestecky J. Immunity to Sexually Transmitted Infections. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Song T, Ye A, Xie X, Huang J, Ruan Z, Kong Y, Song J, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang J. Epidemiological investigation and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis in outpatients with genital manifestations. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:817-20. [PMID: 24982440 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and drug resistance of Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis in outpatients with genital manifestation from 2005 to 2013 in Hangzhou, China. METHODS A total of 2689 female and 2336 male patients with various genital symptoms were included in this study. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed by using the mycoplasma IST-2 kit. RESULTS The prevalence rate of Ureaplasma species was 39.9%, M hominis was 1.2% in female patients, and the coinfection rate was 13.4%; while in males, the prevalence rate of Ureaplasma species was 18.8%, M hominis was 0.4%, and the coinfection rate was 2.9%. Moreover, significantly high positive rates for mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma species M hominis) and were found in 16–20-year-old females (65.2%) and males (27.3%). Ureaplasma species and M hominis displayed relatively lower resistance rates (<5.0%) to doxycycline, josamycin, tetracycline and pristinamycin, and the resistance rates did not change during the study period, while the resistance rates of Ureaplasma species to quinolones (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) were much higher (>50%) and increased significantly from 2005 to 2013. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that high positive rates of Ureaplasma species and M hominis were found in young outpatients with genital symptoms, and monitoring the local drug resistance is critical for prevention of the occurrence of resistant strains.
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Zhang N, Wang R, Li X, Liu X, Tang Z, Liu Y. Are Ureaplasma spp. a cause of nongonococcal urethritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113771. [PMID: 25463970 PMCID: PMC4252037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is the most common male reproductive tract syndrome. Ureaplasmas spp. including U. urealyticum and U. parvum, have been increasingly reported to be implicated in NGU. However, there are still many contradictions about their pathogenic role in NGU. Aims The goals of this study were to evaluate the association of Ureaplasmas spp. with NGU, and to compare the prevalence of Ureaplasmas spp. infection in China relative to the world average. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following standard guidelines for meta-analysis. The quality of included studies was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results A total of seven studies involving 1,507 NGU patients and 1,223 controls were eligible for meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the Ureaplasma spp. positive rate between the NGU and control groups. However, the U. urealyticum positive rate was significantly higher in NGU patients compared to controls; the U. parvum positive rate was significantly higher in controls compared to NGU patients. Furthermore, within the NGU patient group, the positive rate of U. urealyticum was significantly higher than that of U. parvum, whereas within the control group, the opposite trend was observed. Compared to the world average, a significantly higher positive rate of Ureaplasma spp. was observed in both the NGU and control groups in China. Conclusions Our analysis supports that U. urealyticum, but not U. parvum, is an etiological agent in NGU. More detailed studies of these two species in China and the world could contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis, and facilitate the development of better strategies for treatment and prevention of NGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Li
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaobing Tang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunde Liu
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Liu L, Cao G, Zhao Z, Zhao F, Huang Y. High bacterial loads of Ureaplasma may be associated with non-specific cervicitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:637-41. [PMID: 25017795 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.922696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum are commonly found in the cervix of women with non-chlamydial and non-gonococcal cervicitis or non-specific cervicitis (NSC). However their contribution to the aetiology of NSC is controversial. METHODS U. parvum and U. urealyticum were identified and quantified in cervical swabs collected from 155 women with NSC and 312 controls without NSC, using real-time PCR. The relative bacterial quantification was then calculated using the Ureaplasma copy number divided by the number of host cells; this is important for the correction of bias linked to the number of cells harvested in different swabs. RESULTS Ureaplasma was detected in 58.7% (91/155) of NSC patients: U. parvum in 30.3%, U. urealyticum in 16.1%, and mixed infection in 12.3%. It was also detected in 54.5% (170/312) of controls: U. parvum in 33.0%, U. urealyticum in 11.5%, and mixed infection in 9.9%. There were no significant differences for U. parvum, U. urealyticum, or mixed infection between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). However, both biovars were present at higher concentrations in NSC patients than in controls (p < 0.05). Using >10 copies/1000 cells as a reference, the positive rate of U. parvum in NSC patients was 16.1%, significantly higher than that in controls at 5.1% (relative risk 3.145, p < 0.05); positive rates of U. urealyticum in NSC patients and controls were 28.4% and 8.7%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (relative risk 3.131, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ureaplasma can adhere to host cells, colonize, internalize, and subsequently produce pathological lesions. A high density of Ureaplasma in the cervix may be associated with the aetiology of NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital of Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Rakhmatullina MR, Plakhova KI, Igonina ON. Genetic variants of U. parvum and their role in the development of inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2014. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2014-90-3-79-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The article discusses the results of a study aimed at determining the frequency of different genetic variants of U. parvum in women with inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system and clinically healthy subjects. Molecular typing of 40 samples of U. parvum taken from women with different forms of inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system was performed for the mba gene. The authors revealed a relationship between clinical manifestations of inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system caused by U. parvum and different U. parvum serovars. An infection with 6 U. parvum serovar results in the development of inflammatory processes in the form of cervicitis or vaginitis accompanied by subjective manifestations more frequently than an infection with other serovars under examination (1 and 3) (p < 0.05).
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Redelinghuys MJ, Ehlers MM, Dreyer AW, Lombaard HA, Kock MM. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis in pregnant women. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:171. [PMID: 24679107 PMCID: PMC3976045 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital mycoplasmas colonise up to 80% of sexually mature women and may invade the amniotic cavity during pregnancy and cause complications. Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy and erythromycin is often used to treat patients. However, increasing resistance to common antimicrobial agents is widely reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of genital mycoplasmas in pregnant women. METHODS Self-collected vaginal swabs were obtained from 96 pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Gauteng, South Africa. Specimens were screened with the Mycofast Revolution assay for the presence of Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis. The antimicrobial susceptibility to levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline were determined at various breakpoints. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was used to speciate Ureaplasma positive specimens as either U. parvum or U. urealyticum. RESULTS Seventy-six percent (73/96) of specimens contained Ureaplasma spp., while 39.7% (29/73) of Ureaplasma positive specimens were also positive for M. hominis. Susceptibilities of Ureaplasma spp. to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were 59% (26/44) and 98% (43/44) respectively. Mixed isolates (Ureaplasma species and M. hominis) were highly resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline (both 97% resistance). Resistance of Ureaplasma spp. to erythromycin was 80% (35/44) and tetracycline resistance was detected in 73% (32/44) of Ureaplasma spp. Speciation indicated that U. parvum was the predominant Ureaplasma spp. conferring antimicrobial resistance. CONCLUSIONS Treatment options for genital mycoplasma infections are becoming limited. More elaborative studies are needed to elucidate the diverse antimicrobial susceptibility patterns found in this study when compared to similar studies. To prevent complications in pregnant women, the foetus and the neonate, routine screening for the presence of genital mycoplasmas is recommended. In addition, it is recommended that antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andries W Dreyer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hennie A Lombaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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Urogenital mycoplasmas and human papilloma virus in hemodialysed women. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:659204. [PMID: 24363622 PMCID: PMC3865691 DOI: 10.1155/2013/659204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections, especially endogenous, are the frequent complications among hemodialyzed and renal transplant patients. In this study we assumed the prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas and HPV among hemodialysed women. We examined 32 hemodialysed women aged 20–48 (mean 35.6 ± 8.23) and 100 healthy controls of the same ages. Two swabs were collected for detection of mycoplasmas and HPV. Culture of Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis was performed using Mycoplasma IST2 (bioMérieux, France), Identificaton of U. parvum and U. urealyticum was performed by Kong. Primers described by Jensen were used for M. genitalium. For detection of high-risk HPV types Amplicor HPV (Roche Molecular System, CA) was used. Prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas in the hemodialysed women (53.1%) was significantly higher (P = 0.0059), compared with controls (25%). In both groups, U. parvum was the most frequently isolated. Cooccurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas was shown in 75% of the HPV-positive hemodialysed women and in 30.4% of HPV-positive controls (P = 0.0461). Cooccurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas with HPV was significantly higher in hemodialysed women. The need to take into account these microorganisms in routine diagnostic, especially for hemodialysed patients, was demonstrated. Further studies to demonstrate the role of this cooccurrence in etiopathogenesis of infection in hemodialysed patients are required.
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High-resolution melt PCR analysis for genotyping of Ureaplasma parvum isolates directly from clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:599-606. [PMID: 24478494 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03036-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma sp. infection in neonates and adults underlies a variety of disease pathologies. Of the two human Ureaplasma spp., Ureaplasma parvum is clinically the most common. We have developed a high-resolution melt (HRM) PCR assay for the differentiation of the four serovars of U. parvum in a single step. Currently U. parvum strains are separated into four serovars by sequencing the promoter and coding region of the multiple-banded antigen (MBA) gene. We designed primers to conserved sequences within this region for PCR amplification and HRM analysis to generate reproducible and distinct melt profiles that distinguish clonal representatives of serovars 1, 3, 6, and 14. Furthermore, our HRM PCR assay could classify DNA extracted from 74 known (MBA-sequenced) test strains with 100% accuracy. Importantly, HRM PCR was also able to identify U. parvum serovars directly from 16 clinical swabs. HRM PCR performed with DNA consisting of mixtures of combined known serovars yielded profiles that were easily distinguished from those for single-serovar controls. These profiles mirrored clinical samples that contained mixed serovars. Unfortunately, melt curve analysis software is not yet robust enough to identify the composition of mixed serovar samples, only that more than one serovar is present. HRM PCR provides a single-step, rapid, cost-effective means to differentiate the four serovars of U. parvum that did not amplify any of the known 10 serovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum tested in parallel. Choice of reaction reagents was found to be crucial to allow sufficient sensitivity to differentiate U. parvum serovars directly from clinical swabs rather than requiring cell enrichment using microbial culture techniques.
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Kim Y, Kim J, Lee KA. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among healthy Korean women: implications of multiplex PCR pathogen detection on antibiotic therapy. J Infect Chemother 2013; 20:74-6. [PMID: 24462432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) using multiplex real-time PCR assay in healthy Korean women. We also evaluated the risk factors of STIs, and compared the various factors between the STI-positive and the STI-negative groups. A total of 799 endocervical swab samples from healthy Korean women who visited our hospital for general medical check-ups during January 2012 to October 2012 were included. Eight STIs including Human papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Ureaplasma parvum (UP), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) were detected using Anyplex II STI-7 Detection assay Detection (Seegene, Seoul, Korea) and Hybrid Capture 2 High-Risk HPV DNA test (Digene Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) according manufacture's protocols. Ninety-seven (12.1%) subjects were positive for HPV. Of 393 (49.2%) subjects were infected with at least one microorganism and a total of 499 STIs were identified. Among the 393 STI-positive subjects, the proportion of single, double and triple infection was 76.3%, 20.4% and 3.3%, respectively. The median age of the STI-positive group (47 years, range 42-52) was younger than the STI-negative group (49 years, range 43-56; P < 0.001). The infection rate of HPV was significantly higher in the STI-positive group (15.8%, 62/393) than the STI-negative group (8.6%, 35/406) (P = 0.002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Colonization of the lower urogenital tract with Ureaplasma parvum can cause asymptomatic infection of the upper reproductive system in women: a preliminary study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:1129-34. [PMID: 24318169 PMCID: PMC3984420 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-3102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Genital ureaplasmas are considered opportunistic pathogens of human genitourinary tract involved in adverse pregnancy sequelae and infertility. While association of Ureaplasma urealyticum with urogenital tract infections is well established, the role of Ureaplasma parvum in these infections is still insufficient. In the study, we compared how often cervicovaginal colonization with U. parvum is associated with the presence of these microorganisms in the upper genitourinary tract of fertile and infertile women. Methods We used PCR assay to determine the prevalence of U. parvum and U. urealyticum in pairs of specimens, i.e., vaginal swabs and Douglas’ pouch fluid samples from consecutive 40 women with no symptoms of genital tract infection. Results In total, 19 (47.5 %) of the 40 samples were positive for ureaplasmas. U. parvum was simultaneously detected in pairs of samples in five (55.5 %) of the nine (47.4 %) women positive in PCR assay. As many as 5 (18.5 %) of the 27 infertile women and 1 (7.7 %) of the 13 fertile women showed infection of the upper genital tract with U. parvum. Conclusion The results of the study demonstrated that colonization of the lower genital tract with U. parvum can produce asymptomatic infection of the upper reproductive system in women. These findings also imply that U. parvum may be present in the upper genital tract at the time of conception and might be involved in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Molecular detection of potential sexually transmitted pathogens in semen and urine specimens of infertile and fertile males. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:283-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burgher Y, Miranda L, Rodriguez-Roche R, de Almeida Campos AC, Lobo E, Neves T, Martínez O, Timenetsky J. Ureaplasma diversum in pneumonic lungs of swine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:486-8. [PMID: 23851111 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Miranda
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Evelyn Lobo
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Cuba
| | - Tássia Neves
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-II, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Rakhmatullina MR, Kirichenko SV. Current concepts of genetic variability of genital mycoplasmas and their role in the development of inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2013. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors disclose current concepts of the taxonomic and morphologic characteristics of genital mycoplasmas and their role in the development of inflammatory urogenital diseases and reproductive disorders. They also discuss such issues as genetic variability of genital mycoplasmas and possible interrelation with different variants of the clinical course of inflammatory processes in the urogenital tract.
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De Francesco MA, Caracciolo S, Bonfanti C, Manca N. Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated in Brescia, Italy, over 7 years. J Infect Chemother 2012. [PMID: 23192735 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis collected during 2004-2011 were determined. A total of 9956 individuals was analyzed. Identification was performed by use of the mycoplasma IST-2 kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility against doxycycline, josamycin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and pristinamycin was also tested by use of this commercial kit. Our results show a prevalence of 1856 positive patients for genital mycoplasmas (18.6 %). Among positive cultures, 89 and 1.1 % of isolates were Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis, respectively. For 9.8 % of isolates both urogenital mycoplasmas were grown. Doxycycline was the most active tetracycline for mycoplasma infections, and this is still the drug of first choice. Among macrolides, josamycin and clarithromycin are the most active agents against ureaplasmas; josamycin is also active against mycoplasmas and is an alternative to tetracyclines and erythromycin for mixed infections, especially for pregnant women and neonates. Fluoroquinolones had low efficacy against urogenital mycoplasmas. For Ureaplasma urealyticum, cross-resistance was found between erythromycin and macrolides (except josamycin) (40-80 %) and between erythromycin and ciprofloxacin (79 %). Antibiotic resistance over the test period did not vary significantly. Because of geographical differences among antibiotic resistance, local in-vitro susceptibility testing is recommended to avoid failure of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, P. le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Yamazaki T, Matsumoto M, Matsuo J, Abe K, Minami K, Yamaguchi H. Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis in Ureaplasma-positive healthy women attending their first prenatal visit in a community hospital in Sapporo, Japan. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:82. [PMID: 22471518 PMCID: PMC3342208 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported pathogen that causes urogenital infection such as urethritis or cervicitis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum, which are commensals in the genital tract, have also now been recognized as contributors to urogenital infection. However, whether the presence of either U. parvum or U. urealyticum is related to that of C. trachomatis in the urogenital tract remains unknown. We therefore attempted to estimate by PCR the prevalence of C. trachomatis, U. parvum and U. urealyticum in endocervical samples obtained from healthy women attending their first prenatal visit in Sapporo, Japan. METHODS The samples were taken from 303 apparently healthy women, and the extracted DNAs (n = 280) were used for PCR detection targeting C. trachomatis, U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS PCR detection revealed that the prevalence of C. trachomatis, U. parvum and U. urealyticum was 14.3% (40/280), 41.7% (117/280) and 8.9% (25/280), respectively. C. trachomatis ompA genotype D was most frequently identified. Surprisingly, either C. trachomatis or Ureaplasma spp. was detected in almost half of the healthy women. Mixed infection of C. trachomatis with either U. parvum or U. urealyticum was also observed in 9.2% (26/280) of the women. There was a significant association between C. trachomatis and either U. parvum (p = 0.023) or Ureaplasma total (p = 0.013), but not U. urealyticum (p = 0.275). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the presence of Ureaplasma had a significant effect on the presence of C. trachomatis in the genital tract of healthy women, suggesting that mixed infection is an important factor in bacterial pathogenesis in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Patel KK, Salva PS, Webley WC. Colonization of paediatric lower respiratory tract with genital Mycoplasma species. Respirology 2012; 16:1081-7. [PMID: 21722263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recently, much attention has been given to the possible role played by pathogens that colonize neonatal or paediatric airway and their potential involvement in chronic respiratory disease. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence of Mycoplasma organisms in the BAL fluid of paediatric patients suffering from a variety of chronic respiratory diseases to determine if there was any clear disease association with bacterial presence. METHODS We examined 319 paediatric BAL samples for the presence of M.genitalium, M.hominis, U.urealyticum, U.parvum and M.pneumoniae DNA with species-specific PCR. RESULTS Mycoplasma DNA was found in 32.6% (104/319) of patient samples; 10% (32/319) for M.pneumoniae, 8.8% for U.parvum, 2.8% for U.urealyticum; 4.7% for M.hominis and 9.1% for M.genitalium. There were no significant clinical and laboratory differences except serum IgE in asthmatics according to Mycoplasma colonization or not. Elevated levels of IgE were found more often in Mycoplasma DNA-negative patients than patients with bacterial DNA, 85/109 versus 24/109 respectively (P<0.0001). There was no difference in the frequency of Mycoplasmas between the asthmatics and the non-asthmatics; 30.6% (69/225) versus 37.2% (35/94) for Mycoplasma 16S DNA, and 8% versus 14.9% for M.pneumoniae, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that in addition to M.pneumoniae, urogenital Mycoplasma species may colonize the airway of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. There was, however, no association between chronic asthma diagnosis and Mycoplasma colonization in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katir K Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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Role of Mycoplasma and ureaplasma species in female lower genital tract infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2011; 12:417-22. [PMID: 21308549 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-010-0136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genital mycoplasmas are commonly found in the female genital tract. Despite ongoing debate, the evidence that they cause lower genital tract disease in women remains sparse. The data that Mycoplasma genitalium is primarily transmitted sexually are accumulating, but its role as a cause of symptomatic urethritis or cervicitis is open to debate. Although Mycoplasma hominis may be a co-factor in bacterial vaginosis, it has otherwise not been implicated as a cause of lower tract disease. Now that Ureaplasma urealyticum has been divided into U. urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, their role in causing urethritis and cervicitis remains even more unclear. To date, no convincing evidence exists that antimicrobial therapy should be directed solely at these organisms when treating women with urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or cervicitis.
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Extensive horizontal gene transfer in ureaplasmas from humans questions the utility of serotyping for diagnostic purposes. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2818-26. [PMID: 21697330 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00637-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum are sexually transmitted, opportunistic pathogens of the human urogenital tract. There are 14 known serovars distributed between the two species. For decades, it has been postulated based upon limited data that virulence is related to serotype specificity. The results were often inconclusive due to the small sample size and extensive cross-reactivity between certain serovars. We developed real-time quantitative PCRs that allow reliable differentiation of the two species and type strains of each of the 14 serovars. To investigate species and serovar distributions, we typed 1,061 clinical isolates of human ureaplasmas from diverse patient populations. There was only a tenuous association between individual Ureaplasma serovars and certain patient populations. This may in part be explained by the fact that almost 40% of the isolates were genetic mosaics, apparently arising from the recombination of multiple serovars. This explains the extensive cross-reactivity based upon serotyping and the lack of consistent association of given serotypes with disease.
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Rakhmatulina MR, Kasatkina IS. The role of Genital Mycoplasmas for the development of urogenital pathology in children. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2011. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern data of the epidemiological aspects and clinical peculiarities of inflammatory urogenital diseases caused by genital mycoplasmas in children are represented. Contemporary methods of laboratory diagnostics and therapy for inflammatory urogenital diseases caused by genital mycoplasmas are described.
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